Mitosis.

is a cell division whereby each

daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent
cell

Cell Division.

is the process in

reproduction and growth of which a parent cell

divides into two or more daughter cells

Cytokinesis. is an organic process

consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a

Nucleotide.

cell following karyokinesis bringing about the

nucleic acids

separation into two daughter cells

Meiosis.

Is a cell division whereby the

number of chromosomes in the daughter cells is

reduced by half, to produce haploid gametes

is the basic structural unit of

Senescence. also known as cellular aging,

is the process by which a cell becomes old and
die

Telomerase. also known as telomere

terminal transferase, is an enzyme made of
protein and RNA sub units that elongates

chromosomes by tagging sequences to the end of

requirements for a cell to survive, grow and

existing chromosomes which maintains

multiply

telomeres and prevents them from shortening

during cell division

Telomere.

Centrifugation.

is the process of

separating substances of different densities by

is a cap at the end of each

strand of DNA that protects our chromosomes

the use of a centrifuge

Centrifuge.

is an instrument used to

separate cells or cell organelles using centrifugal

force

Affinity Chromatography. it is a

Chromatography.

it refers to a variety

of techniques used to purify biological molecules

branch of chromatography that uses very special

such as proteins and nucleic acids

and very specific interaction between two

molecules

Compound Microscope.

Cell and Tissue Culture. is a

systems: the objective and the eyepiece and is

modern biological technique which is achieved

with the use of a medium containing all the food

is a

light microscope that has two converging lens

commonly used in schools

Confocal Scanning

Fluorescent Microscope.

Microscope.

illuminates objects and stained with fluorescent

is used to examine the four

dimension structure of a cell or an organelle

DNA Cloning.

it is used to produce large

quantities of specific DNA fragments, it involves

the linking og a gene of interest into a cloning

it

dyes

Gas Electrophoresis. is a powerful

technique used to separate and visualize proteins
or nucleic acids

vector that will serve as a carrier

Gel Filtration

DNA Sequencing. is used to determine

Chromatography.

the sequence of nucleic acids present in a given

size of molecule as the basis of purification

gene or DNA fragment

Electron Microscope.

Hybrid Technology. is the production

it uses

streams of electrons to enlarge an object up to

250 000 times

it makes use of the

of monoclonal antibodies

Immunoassays.

Is a wide variety of

techniques that use antibodies to recognize avery

specific substance called antigen

Ion Exchange
Chromatography.

Polymerase Chain Reaction.

is the ionic charge of

a substance being used as the basis for

purification

Microarrays.

is a relatively new technique

used to identify genes involved in a particular

disease or genes involved in the different
processes inside the cell

Microscope.

is used to examine objects

is a

method used to amplify or make copies of a given

DNA using an enzyme called DNA Polymerase

Scanning Electron Microscope.

is used to examine the surfaces or shapes of
objects such as viruses

Spectrophotometry.

is used to

determine the concentration of protein or nucleic

acids in a solution

that are too small to be seen with the naked eyes

Stereo Microscope. is used to examin

Phase- contrast Microscope. is

the external structures of the specimen

used to examine highly transparent objects such

as unstained cells

Transmission Electron
Microscope.

is used to study the internal

structures of cells through sectioned specimens

Video Microscopy.

are records of

experiments that are seen in media

characteristics from the parents to their

offsprings

Monohybrid Cross.

Is a cross

between parents that differ in one trait

Blending Hypothesis.

Is the general

belief that offsprings possess imtermediate traits

from both parents

Cri-du-chat.

Dihybrid Cross.

deletion of material on the 5th chromosome, and

Is a cross between

parents that differ in two contrasting traits

Genetics.

Is a special field of biology that

studies heredity and the factors affecting

heredity

Heredity.

is a disorder due to the

is characterized by the cat-like-cry made by cridu-chat babies

Chromosome Mutation.

is the

state of changing the structure of the

chromosome or the loss or gain of part of a

Refers to all biological processes

involved in the transmission of traits or

chromosome

Deletion. is the change of structure of a

Inversion.

chromosome due to breakage

sequence breaks off, flips around backwards and

Down Syndrome. is a congenital

it occurs when a chromosome

reattaches

condition characterized by moderate to severe

Mutation.

mental retardation

sequence of DNA that affects the genetic

is the changes in the nucleotide

information

Duplication. it occurs when a gene

is the failure of

chromosomes to separate during meiosis and

causes gametes to have too many or too few

sequence is repeated

Frameshift Mutation.

Nondisjunction.
chromosomes

is the state of

inserting or deleting one or more nucleotides and

Point Mutation. is the change of a

when the proteins are built incorrectly

single nucleotide and it includes deletion,

Gene Mutation. is the change in the

nucleotide sequence of a gene and may only
involve a single nucleotide

insertion, or substitution of one nucleotide in a

gene

Translocation.

it occurs when a part of

one chromosome is transferred to another

chromosome and involves two chromosomes that

are not homologous

Turners Syndrome.

is characterized

by a female phenotype with underdeveloped and

usually infertile ovaries and short stature

Anticodon.

is the compliment of codon

Chromosome.

A threadlike strand of

DNA in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in

a linear orde

Codon.

refers to each triplet codemade up of

particular sequence of nitrogenous base

Deoxyribonucleic acid.

also called

DNA, is a long linear polymer found in the

nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides
and shaped like a double helix; associated with
the transmission of genetic information

Gene.
Albinism.

is caused by mutation of the

gene responsible for the production of the skin

pigment, melanin

is a portion of DNA molecule that is

responsible for the transmission of a trait from

parents to their offspring

Hemoglobin.

is commonly found in red

blood cells to transport oxygen or carbon dioxide

in the body

Insulin.

Reverse Transcriptase.

enzyme that helps the central dogma to occur

Ribonucleic acid.
it regulates the sugar level in our

blood

Melanin.

is the

also known as RNA,

is another type of polynucleotide that consists of

a sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous

It provides color to our skin

Mutagens.

refers to any agent (physical or

base

Transcription.

occurs when the RNA

polymerase strands binds to DNA, separates the

environmental) that can induce a

strands, then uses one as a template to assemble

genetic mutation or can increase the rate of

mRNA

mutation

Replication.

Translation.
Occurs when the DNA

molecule produces two identical new

complementary strands following the rules of
base pairing

Occurs when the cell uses

information from mRNA to produce proteins

DNA Technology.

refers to a wide range

of techniques used to study, improve, create or

manipulate the genetic material

Genetically Modified
Organism.

also known as transgenics or

GMO, is produced through recombinant DNA

Technology

Recombinant DNA Technology.

refers to the process of creating a DNA molecule
by joining together DNA or segments of DNA
obtained from different species

Molecular Genetics. is the field

of biology and genetics that studies the structure
and function of genes at a molecular level

Pharmaceutics.

is the discipline of

pharmacy that deals with the of turning a new

chemical entity (NCE) or old drugs into a
medication to be used safely and effectively by
patients

Virology.

is the study of viruses

submicroscopic, parasitic particles of genetic

material contained in a protein coat and virus-

of scientific techniques and technologies used to

improve the efficiency and environmental
footprint of modern industrial production

Cellulose Enzyme Technology.

like agents

it allows coversion of crop residues (stems, leaves

and hulls) to ethanol

Ethanol.

is a renewable fuel made from

corn and other plant materials

Fermentation.

it usually implies that the

action of microorganisms is desirable

Biocontrol Agents.

is the use of

microorganisms to control insect pests, pathogen

or weeds

BioTechnology and Industry.

also known as white biotechnology, is a collection

Flocculant.

it speeds the rate of

congultation of sludge

Metabolite.

is a substance formed in or

necessary for metabolism

Microbial Technology.

also known as

Agricultural BioTechnology.

is

fermentation, is the use of microbes to obtain

really a collection of scientific techniques,

product or service of economic value

including genetic engineering, used to improve

Microbes.

it can be employed to recover

valuable metals from low grade ores

Substrates.

Is a surface on which an

organism grow to which it is attached

plants, animals and microorganisms

Biotechnology. is the application of

scientific techniques to modify and improve
plants, animals, and microorganisms to enhance
their value. Agricultural biotechnology is the
area of biotechnology involving applications to
agriculture

Biology-Technology.
Government.

is the

exploitation of biological processes for industrial

is the governing body of a

nation, state or community

and other purposes, especially the genetic

manipulation of microorganisms for the
production of antibiotics, hormones, etc.