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Historical Note
In the preface to his A History of the Giza Necropolis, Volume I (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard
University Press, 1942, p. ix), Egyptologist George A. Reisner (18671942) described his plan for
forthcoming additional chapters and volumes in the Giza Necropolis series. Upon his death at Giza in
June 1942, 4,000 typewritten manuscript pages for these Giza Necropolis volumes lay in various
stages of preparation. At the closing of Harvard Camp on the Giza Plateau in 1947, these pages,
along with other Harvard UniversityBoston Museum of Fine Arts Expedition archives, were
shipped to the MFA in Boston. While the chapters and pages are not clean enough for traditional
printed publication, they nevertheless contain critical information on the Giza excavations not
available elsewhere. Hundreds of mastaba tombs are described in detail, accompanied by interpretive
chapters on funerary architecture, Old Kingdom royal and private family genealogies, burial
equipment, and other topics.
This digital document contains scanned images of one chapter or appendix from A History of the
Giza Necropolis, Volume III, written by Reisner and edited by him and his staff during the 1930s
and 1940s. Evidently the pages for all three volumes were written around the same time, with
decisions about which pages would go with which volume made at a later time. The parts finally
decided upon for Volumes I and II are clear. But regarding Volume II, note that after Reisners
death, his assistant and successor, William Stevenson Smith (19071969), published a much shorter
volume with the same name: A History of the Giza Necropolis Volume II. This book focuses on the
shaft tomb of Queen Hetepheres I (G 7000 X), and ceramic and stone vessel typologies. Thus, the
formally published Giza Necropolis II (Hetepheres) is completely different from the pages contained
in the previously unpublished Giza Necropolis II (interpretive chapters).
Volume III was not as far advanced in the editing process and Reisners intentions are less clear.
Pages are often arranged out of order and renumbered by hand. For example, the tomb descriptions
for the major and minor mastabas of Cemetery G 4000 were written about together, originally
arranged in order by tomb number, but were found pulled apart and reorganized as separate
sections.
The appendices for Volume III start with Appendix G. There is no mention of appendices E and F.
Volume I was published with appendices A-D. Volume II, unpublished, was found to contain two
official appendices, A and B. Volume III, unpublished, contains appendices G-P, but also picks up
where Volume II leaves off with Chapters 15 and 16. There is evidence that Reisner originally
intended for Volume II appendices to be called E and F, but changed his mind at some point before
the final manuscript was typewritten. If so, then the numbering and lettering of the contents for the
entire series, A History of the Giza Necropolis, was originally designed to include Chapters 1 16 (or
17) and Appendices A-P, spread across three volumes.
Reisner mentioned his intention to create a Volume IV in the preface to A History of the Giza
Necropolis, Volume I, p. ix: Vol. IV will complete the description of the secondary mastabas and the
rock-cut tombs. However, there is nothing in the archives specifically labeled Volume IV. All the
secondary mastaba information is labeled as part of A History of the Giza Necropolis, Volume III.
What we are calling [Chapter 17: Analytic Overview of] Cemetery G 10001600 in Volume III
was titled by Reisner: Chapters 17. This may be evidence of the beginnings of the mysterious
Volume IV.
Because the design and chapter layout for Volume III was incomplete when Reisner died in 1942,
and because the pages have been handled and possibly reorganized by others over the intervening
years, we cannot know for certain what the final organization of the volume would have been. We
have attempted a logical reconstruction of chapters and appendices for Volume III that will make the
vast body of data accumulated by the HarvardMFA Expedition at Giza accessible to contemporary
researchers. The original manuscript pages remain in the archives of the Egyptian Section of the Art
of the Ancient World Department of the MFA. See below for preferred citation information.
Annotations
Yellow squares with black text are used to clarify a handwritten note that is difficult to read,
correct an error in the manuscript, or to explain something about the page.
Printing
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closest to modern legal size paper (8.5" x 14"). Note: Paper size is an option under Page Setup
under the File menu in Adobe Acrobat. To print correctly, in the Adobe Acrobat Printing

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choose Fit to Printer Margins. The legibility of handwritten margin notes will depend on the
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Searching
The PDF pages are partially searchable. All the pages were put through an optical character reader
(OCR). However, the character recognition of old-fashioned typewritten text is not perfect,
especially on pages with numerous handwritten notes, hieroglyphic transliteration, and editing
marks. The text that the program (Adobe Capture 3.0) generated was not corrected. It exists in an
invisible layer behind the scanned page image as dirty OCR. This means that a word search
through the manuscript will not always return perfect results. If your search was unsuccessful, try
searching for part of the word.
Alternatively, search the Giza Archives Project database (www.gizapyramids.org or www.mfa.org/giza)
to find individual pages that contain specific tomb, object, photograph, or people references. All
extant expedition photographs and drawings relating to individual tombs or objects mentioned on
these pages can also be examined in detail using the Giza Archives Project website search engine.
Understanding References
Tomb number examples: G 2110, G 7000 X, G 4940, Lepsius 23, D 20 (spaces are
necessary when searching the database for tomb references)
Ancient name examples: Seshemnefer, Nefer, Ankh-haf, Iasen (alternate spellings have been
included in the database)
Modern name examples: Junker, Fisher, Smith, Floroff, Quibell
Photo negative number examples: A4935, B8301, C13953, D60 (no spaces are used when searching
the database for photo numbers)
Object Register number examples: 12-1-15 (this means: in 1912, month of January, this is the 15th
object logged), 27-2-247 (this means: in 1927, month of
February, this is the 247th object logged)
MFA accession number examples: 13.3144, 37.1311, (12.1483 means: in 1912 this was the 1483rd
object accessioned by the MFA)
Preferred Citation
Reisner, George Andrew (18671942). Chapter Title. A History of the Giza Necropolis III,
Unpublished 1942 Manuscript. June, 2008. The Giza Archives Project, Museum of Fine Arts,
Boston. Access date <URL>.
Additional Information
Imaging
The original paper pages are yellow with age and contain red and blue-pencil editing marks. In order
to minimize file sizes for the PDF, color information was discarded and the brightness, contrast, and
sharpness were enhanced for each scan to make it more legible to the optical character reader.
The optical character reader (Adobe Acrobat 3.0) was set up to create a digital stand-in for the paper
page. The digital page usually displays handwritten notations in grayscale and typewritten text in
black and white. Occasionally, the OCR interpreted a handwritten notation as black and white text,
and typewritten text as grayscale (sometimes as both). If the OCR program encountered something
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occasionally difficult to read when printed.
Linking
The hyperlink in the bookmarks at the end of each chapter is intended to link to the next chapter,
but you will have to download the next chapter to the same folder on your desktop for the hyperlink
to function. Each chapter and appendix for Volume III is a separate downloadable PDF file.
Catherine Pate, Project Archivist
Peter Der Manuelian, Project Director
Giza Archives Project
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
May 19, 2008

Note: The page numbering is

incorrect on this hadwritten
version of the contents. Use the
bookmarks panel to find these
headings.

Note: The page numbering is

incorrect on this hadwritten
version of the contents. Use the
bookmarks panel to find these
headings.

Po 115.

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVIZ VOL. III*

CHAPTER XVI: THE ROYAL FAMILY OF DYN*IV.

_
_
I

m e reconstruction od a fhmily through several generations depends

on the material preserved in the tombs of the-family. Usually the clearest
evidence is in the scenes and the bscriptions preserved on the walls of the
funerary chapels,

Unfortunately the walls of the chapels are often partly or

totally destroyed.

The tombs of Dyn.IV cover six reigns of kings, Sneferuw,

Cheops, Radedef, Chephren, Mycerinus and Shepseskaf.

the families

Qf

The tombs of the members of

these six kings have been found at ledum, mhshur, Giza and Abu

Roash adjoining pyramids of the kings. The site of Dahshur has not been complete-

ly excavated.
Before I begin the reconstruction of the royal family of Dyn,Iv,
it is necesaary to discuss the titles of the members of the royal family and the

significance of those titles.

1. The Titles Borne by Members of the Families of the King.

The names and the chronological order of the kings of m . 1 ~from

Sneferuw to Shepseskaf is now well established:-

1) Sneferuw: buried in the Worth Stone Pyramid at Dahshur: he had two pyramids but
the southern pyramid has not been identified: sometimes the Medum
Pyramid is assigned to that king and sometimes the Bent-Pyramid
of Dahshur.
2) Khufuw: First pyramid at Giza, G I.

3) Radedef: unfinished pyramid at Abu Roash.

4) Khafra: Second pyramid at Giza, G 11.
5) Menkauwra: Third Pyramid at Giza, G 111.
6) Shepseskaf: mastaba at Dahshur called the Matabat-el-mraont!.

These six were recognized by the royal family and by the tradition of the scribes,

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI; voL*111.

p.116.

In several lists of kings, three other kings are named who represat
/

the descendants of Fiadedef and the Lybhn line of the family of aeOPS* In
It,

p,246,

I have attempted the reconstruction of the kings of Dyn.IV

including the three Lybian Kings.

Bakara,

son of Radedef, was a contemporary

of mephren and the other two kings were contemporaries of Mycerinus and Shepseskaf.

mether any of the three men actually sat on the throne of Egypt m y be

doubted, but all three certainly lead revolts against the legitimate kings of
m . 1 ~ . The tombs of the six kings of the dynasty are known and only the tombs

of their relations have been identified.

I therefore takeR in order the dlamilies

of the six legitimate kings Of Dyn-IV.

The natural members of a faaily consist of a man and his wife or

In the c h p e l of a man, usually

wives and the children produced by the prents.

his figure, his titles and name are given.

At& the same time his wife or wives

and his children are also depicted with names and titles.

Often the motherx of

the owner is added, but it la rare that the father of the owner is represented

(see the tomb of Queen Meresankh 111) . In a few chapels, the brothers and the
sisters are recorded (see the tomb of Iymery, G 6020).
are also represented.

Occasionally grandchildren

In the royal family the man is a king of Upper and Lower

Egypt, the wlfe bears the titles of a queen of Egypt, and the children are princes

or princesses (sons of daughters of the king)

The titles borne by the members

of the ro$al family have to be clearly defined.

a. The Titles Held by Queens.

The ordinary title of a queen is "the wife of the king"(hmt nswt).
Eut uswlly the wives of the kfng were members of the royal family and are

- - _

designated by the title of 'daughter of the kingtt(sit nuwt) or occasionaliy

I'

''daughter of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt with the names of the king (sJt
nswt-blty-Hwf'w etc.)

Another title of the highest importance defines her relation to

her son or sons who ascended the throne of Egpt.

Usually this title is

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL.III* '. 3 c

/I 7

''the mother of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt" (mwt nswt bity).

One queen,

Queen Kbentkauws the Wife of Neferirkara (3rd king of Dyn.V) bears the title of
"mother of Mu!t two kings of Upper and Lower Egypt" (mwt nsrit-bity nswt bity).
She was the aother of X'eweserra and was buried in his reign at Giza.

Between

Neferirkara and Neweserra stand two kings with short reigns, Shepseskara
(7years) and Referfra ( 4 years).

Probably one of these kings was also a son

-.-

L.

of Queen Khentkauws ( p o b bly Neferfra)

Three queens buried at Giza bear the title "the daughter of the
god of hfs body", two of Dyn.IV and one of Dyn.V.

a t'mother of the king of Egypt".

Each of these three queens was

Hetep-heres I was the mother of Cheops,

JChamerernebty 1 was the mother of Mycerinus.

Neweserra and probably also Neferfra.

Queen Khentkauws was the mother of

The evidence that the title was only held

by the queen whose son ascended the throne is reinforced by the titles of
Fhamerernebty I and Khamerernebty 11.

Khamerernebty I held the title of 'rmother

of the King &f Upper and Lower Egypt" and the title of "daughter of the godfr.
Phamerernebty I1 who was a daughter of Khamerernebty I and Chephren does not bear
either of the twro titles borne by her mother.

The descent of Khamerernebty 11

from parents of the blood-royal was equal to the descent of her mother, but we
have no evidence that she was the mother of the king (Shepseskaf). The names and
titles of the mothers of Radedef and Chephren are not preserved because of the
destruction of fwerary chapels at Giza and Abu Roash.

The name and the titles

of the mother of ShepsesJmf are not preserved, either at Giza or at the tomb of

the king (matabat-el-mraon)

The title ''daughter of the god of his bodyftapparently refers to

a queen of royal blood.

But this title was only held by the queen whose son

ascended the tkrone of Egypt.

The fact that the queen was the mother of the king

who is ulso a god (Horus, etc.) Proves her divine 4escent from the preceedfng
kings of Egypt, and she was called ''daughter of the god'' in order to emphasize
her divine descent.
Other titles designating a wife of a king are as follows:1) m;]t

Hr St, '?shewho behold9 the Horus and Setrf(meaning the king): the
cornon title of a wife of any rank in the haroem of the king.

2) sm;t Hr, "she who is united With Horus" (the kilgg)

2) smft Hr, "she who is united with Horus" (the kigg).

3) sm;t JTbty, Itshewho is united with the lord of the two crownsft.

g*

imy ht Hr, Itshe wk7.0 follows Hortt(the king).

6) tist

Hr.

3) Wrt

hswt, "great one of praise'?.

g) wrt

hts.

61)

hrp ifmt ssm pr.

10) Dft iht nb irt n-s*

of the queens of Dyn.IV,

66
x

1-t-

-h

are recorded who bear the titles)

of queens, (1) Hetep-heres I wife Sneferuw; (2) Merytyetes recorded on a stela

found by Marqiette and now disappeared; (3)Queen Henutsen(?) in the chapel of

her son G 7140;

(4)Queen

Khentet-ka wife of Radedef;

(6)Queen Meresankh

(8)Queen

11, wife of Radedef;

Hetep-heres 11, wife of RaBede$j

(7)Queen Khamerernebty I, wife

Chephren; ($) Queen P~rsenet,Wife of Chephren;

(9)
Queen Hezhekenuw,

of

wife of

GIZA HECROPOLIS: CHAPTEK XVI: VOL. 111.<'

+-I

zhephren; (ib)Queen Meresankh 111, wife of Chephren;

11, wife of Mycerinus;
Ruwnefer;

(1%)

I8

(le) Queen J(hamerernebty

&men Rekhetra wife of Mycerinus;

(13)queen

(I@ Queen NimafathapAll the kings, the husbands of the 1bwomen, wore buried alone
Some of the queens were also buried alone in small pyramids

in pyramids.
s a .

ad,bvrr-

@
/I

%I

the pyranids of kings.

or rock cut tonbs.

At least four queens were buried in mastabar

Other queens are mentioned In the chapels of their

children.
VJk-en the titles of the queens were inscribed on their chapels , on
those of their children, or on their own coffins, their husbands were usually
dead
The title of wrt hts in borne by ten queens.
opinion that this designates a queen whose Wsband is dead.

I am of the
tFJrt means 'Ithe

1
or "end~ttl'~
.
great lady" and hts means something indicatidng 'Tcompletiont*

n great b.dy-whosemarried life is ended"

Together wrt bts could m ~ ? ~"the

in other Fords "tt;a widow of a king".

funerary chapels or on coffins.

This phrase is found on the walls of

The wife of Sneferuw, Hetep-heres I on her

carrying chair made by her son Cheops is not called wrt hts probably because
she used that chair in her life time while Cheops was on the throne.

Meryt-

yetes, wife of Sneferuw is called wrt hts nt Ynfrw, wrt hts nt Wfw, imJh(t)
him hr Fcfrc.

That inscription was made probably in the reign of Chephren.

For the queens of Cheops no titles are preserved except some of the titles of
Henutsen (?).

One queen of Radedef(?), Queen Meresankh 11, bears the title

wrt hts on her granite coffin which was m d e in the reign of Chephren.

Three

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CFTAPTER XVI: voL*111-

si-t I9

of the queens of m-ephren, mamerernebty I, PerSenet, and Meresankh 111, bear

the title of wrt hts in their own chapels whi&
Chephren.

were made after the death

Of

queen Hezhekenuw is only recorded in the chapel of her son

(prince Sekhemkara).
bear this title.

Two queens of Mycerinus,Khamererne't-,tyI1 and Hekhetra,

Khamerernebty I1 bears the title in the chapel of her mother

and in the chapel of her son, Khuwnera.

wade after the death of Mycerinus.

Hekhetra bear the title in her own tot&

TWO other queens, Buwnefer and Nematathap,

not connected with a name of any king also bear the title of wrt hts in the
chapels of their own tombs.
wrt hts.

La

c-

of the &+queens do not bear the title of

Tbe inscriptions of Hetep-heres were found only on burial equipment

used bn her life time.

The titles of queen Benutsen

only partly preserved in the chapl# of kkdtr son#.

ctne

were
The titles of Queen

m-entet-n-ka &a only preserved on an incomplete statue.

Queen Hezhekenuw is

shortly recorded with short titles in the tomb of her son.

Queen Hetep-heres I1 bears the sole title "Wrt hts" on three
quarry inscriptions of G 753047540.
wrt hts Rtp-hrs.

After the date the inscription reads

I date these quarry inscriptions to the year 13 of Chephren.

Hepepheres 11 was first married to the eldest son of Cheops her brother and was
8.

daumter of Cheops by an inscription in the chapel of her daughter Meresa&h

111.

After the death of prince Kawa'ab, LAetep-heres 11 was married to her

brother Radedef.
was dead.

At the time when the mastaba G 753047540 was built, Radedef

In spite of the fact that LLetep-heresI1 had the titles of sft nswt,

hmt nswt and other titles of the queen of Egypt, on the white casing of the
mastaba constructed for her ( G 753047540) she was given only the title wrt hts.

0
I conclude that this title wrt hts designated her as a widow of the king of

Upper and Lower Egypt.

widow of a king.

I take the title of wrt hts as generally meaning

GIZA NECROPOLlS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL.111.

--

8.. The Titlesof

__ a

\
.
7 /$/

Child of a King.

_
I

s.,t msdt

The title)- of sj nswt 4@?8 borne by three classes of different

II

relations to the king.T

The first class included the actual sons or daughters

of a king borne of a queen of that king.

According to the relation of the

queen to the royal family, the children have different claims or inheritance,

(1) a queen who is a full sister of the king, (2) a queen who is a half sister
of the king ~QX& (3) a queen who is a tninor member of the family (granddaughter
or niece) and (4) a queen from

family not connected with the royal family.

The second class of princes and princesses have inherited their titles from
their fathers and mothers such as the children of Prince Khufuwkhaf (G 7130+714?

A third class includes the stepchildren of a king (see the children of Queen
Hetsp-heres 11).

A fourth class was formed by the persons who reached high

offices in the service of the king and were allowed to use the title of a
,et

prince.

sas

$*Lg

We know of at least two veziers Wto held the title of princeft,

Seshathetep ( G 5150) and Seshemnofer I11 ( G 5170).

It is to be remembered

that the great princes of the royal family usually held the hi&

offices such

as vezlerb. at isw usual in the Near East to give courtesy titles to the
b

heads of the administratO&$*

Certainly a man in that position would be called

by his subordinates by the highest titlex that a man

kfng.

Certainly in his funerary c h a m 1 such

EX

could bear under the

man would claim all the titles

given to him by his subLordinates and servants.

The names of the princes of Dyn.IV who hald the office of
vveziertrare as follows: (1) princes related to Sneferuw, Nefermafat ( M e d m 16),

p. 122 .

GIZA P?ECROPOLB: CIUPTER XVI: VOL. 111.

Kanofer (Dahshur No,28), Ankh-haf ( G 7510): (2) related to Cheops, Rabauwf(?)

(7310+7320),Minkhaf ( G 743087440): sons of Chephren, Nekara (LG 87), Sekhemkara
&m--F-

,
7
+

:other

(LG 89)

princes of m.Iv, Minyuwen (LG 92), a prince whose name is lost, the fatherx of
rrprincer'
Seshathetep G 5150.

After the princes had held this, the highest office

da

under the king, it was natural that lesser men held the highest office were

addressed with the courtesy title of "prince".

m e veziers who held the titles of ''prince!? are as follows:1) rrPrfnce't
Hemyuwen ( G 4000), who is placed by Junker as a son of prince
Nefermafat of Medum 16.
2) "Prince" aefemacat ( G 7060), son of pincess Nefertkauw, daughter of Sneferuw.
3) "prince" mnumbaf (9 5230), a grandson of Chephren, on fragments of statues.
\I

a son of Seshemnofer I ( 6 5080).

4) ?'Prince Seshemnofer ( G 5170):

c. The Meaning of the Word Smsw.

m e title of s] nswt or s;t nsw-t is followed in many cases by the
word smsw or smswt.

This word is usually translated by ?'eldesttrson or daughter

of the king.
In examining the titles of the princes and princesses of Dyn.IV,
we find several sons of each king labelled smsw.
title of

SI

Three sons of Sneferuw bear the

nswt smsw, Neferma'at (Medum 16), Kanofer

The sister-wife of Prince Ankh-haf is

NO.^), and Ankh-haf(G 75109

sjt nswt n ht-f smswt.

Among the child-

ren of Cheops only one son 1s marked with the title of s; nswt smsw, Prince KawaB
whose mastaba is on the most important site in the Eastern Field.

Among the sons

of Radedef, three men are labelled s J nswt smsw, Baka, Hor-ent, and Setka.

Also

three sons of Chephren are marked with the adjective smsw, Nekara, Sekhemkara,

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. 111.

p.123.

---j
--.

andyUenra,i One son of Mycerinus , Khuwnerab is a s) nswt smsw .Prince Ankhmara

\
\
.

(Selim Hassan) who3 I assign as a son of Mycerinus also bears the adjective smsw,
and the only child of Shepseskaf known to us is a daughter named Kba-mafat who
bore the title sjt nswt smswt.

None of these princes became a king of Egypt

It is obvious that the word smsw does not mean the eldest child

of the king but is a varbtion of the word "eldest".

It is possible that the word

sasw designated the eldest child of' the queen who bore him or her.

The king had

usually three or more queens and by the suggestion each king could have three or
more sons with the adjective smsy.

In the case the sons of Chephren with the

titles s; nswt smsw, Prince Nekauwra was a son of Queen Persenet, Prince Sekhemkaq
was a son of Queen Hezhekenuw, and prince Yuwenra was the eldest son of a branch
of the family of ChepFren but without the name of the queen-mother being preserved,

we do not knm the titles of any king of Dgn.IV before his accessia
as a king of Egypt.

Above I have stated that the son of a king and his chief

queen, a full sister of the king, had the first claim on the throne.

Whatever the

word smsw means, it designate4 the son who was recogniad as chief of the branch
produced by his mother.

I assume that the son who succeeded his father, the king,

bore the adjectlve &f&jtatxBfx#a~axmcwsAsmimr.x smsw before his accession.

d. The Courtesy Title of Prince or Princess.

AS pointed out elsewhem, several men who are known as sons of

private men bore courtesy title of "prince" sometimes as s) nswt or sj nsnt n ht-f.
Hembers of the royal family who were not children of
titles of rtprincert
or princess".

king, also bear courtesy

le know of six children of Hetep-heres 11, the

or tlprincessrt
as the
children of prhce Kawarab, who bore the title of trprinceft
step children of Radedef,

We h o w of other members of the royal famdly who were

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. 111.

p.124.

children of a royal prince not of a king who bore the title of Ira son of the kingn

or "a daughter of the

or rht nswt.

UsUally the grandchild of a king was called rh nswt

But in the tomb of Khufuw-khaf (G 7140) three of his children have

the titles of children of the king.

In accordance with the fa&,

it is often difficult to determine

the family relation of a man bearing the title of !'son of the king".

The earliest

examp&e is nprincertHemyuwen of G 4000 m o m Junker identifies with a son of Prince

Nefermat (Medum 16) who was a son of Sneferuw.
the title of

At Giza Nefermafat, G 8060, bore

SI nswt and the title of vezler. This prince is a son of a daughter

of Snefermw, Nefertkauw, labelled smswt.

She was not called a "queenn and was

probably married to a man not a member of the royal family.

In three inscriptions

it is emphasized that the mother was a daughter of Sneferuw.

It is to be pointed

out that the princess Nefert-kauw was a daughter of Sneferuwx and that her son
Nefermafatwhose flather is not a king or prince claims the title of a "son# of the
kingt'. His son, sneferuw-khaf, also olaims the title of prince.

The history of

the mmily of Princess Pefertkauw makes clear the importance of the dessendants

of Sneferuw
The importance of the descendants of Cheops is illustrated by
the family history of "prince" Meriby son of the Princess Sedyt.
the flnther and the mother of Merib were children of Cheops.

Prohbly both

rlPrince"Merib claims

the title of a son of the king and his daughter, rtPrincessnmensezerka is also
labelled 8s daughter of the king.

It is obvious that the title of a child of the

king of Empt was often inherfted by the children and grandchildren of a prince
and by later descenants of that family.

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOX. I11

p.225.

e. The Titles Held by Grandchildren of a King ahd by Later Descendants.

m e grandson of a king is usually called in Dyn.IV, a "kinsman of
the kingf' (rh nswt) a n 2 a granddaughter is called '*a kinswoman of the king"
(rht nswt).

These two titles became hereditary in the end of ~ y n . 1and

~ were

used as an heriditary title8 in DyrsV-VI.

Several families of three or more

generations are known whose members bear the titles of rh nswt or rht nswt.

When

the ancestor of the family does not bear the titles rh nswt, it is obvious that
the children who bear the title had inherited it from their mother.

If a family

is establfshed with the men holdihg importat offices, it is not certain that the
later generations held the titles of rh nswt or rht nswt inherited from one
ancestress or fron other women married by the men of the family.

For exanple the

family of Shepseskaf-ankh (C0rn.G 6000) was begum by an estate steward, Shepseskafankh, who never bore the title of rh nswt.

Nevertheless his children, his gmnd-

children, and one great grandson claim the titles of rh nswt or rht nswt (see
'bBulletinof the Boston Mgseum Of Fine Arts, Vol.XXXVII, B0.220).

It ls rare that

a rh nswt or rht nswt can be definitely connected with any king of Egypt.

When

the approximate date of the mastaba can be defined by its position and its type-

forms, there are usually two or three kings who could be the ancestor of the
persons holding the title.

For instance in Cen. G 1200 the persons who bear those

titles could be descendants of Sneferuw or Cheops.

The common use of these titled

in DYnf,V and VI and. the inheritance of the title makes the name of the king a
matter of conjecture in that period.

As explained above, some grandchildren of a king had the titles

of "prince" or trprincess". I designate the titles borne by the children of a
prince or princess "courtesy titles", but that may have been inherited from their
parents.

The exm pies of the grandchildren and great grandchildren are listed

in section d "The courtesy title

Of

Prince or Princess" on "page 123. lost of

these examples of gmndchfldren bearing the titlex of "prince" or "princess" are

descendants of Sneferuw or Cheops

12-126

GIZA NECROP@LZSz CHAPTER XVI: VOL. 111,

m e Family of Sneferuw.
r
'

.I.

m e relations of Sneferuw were revealed by the excavation of the

tomb of Queen ~etep-heresI, found at Giza, G 7000 x. Hetep-beres was a queen

meferuv;, and the mother of Cheeps. By her titles, prticularly the title,

'*the dau@ter of the god of his body", Hetepheres was of royal blood.
Sneferuw was preceded by Huni the last king Of Dyn.111,
Eetepheres I was a daughter of Huni.
relations of meferuw himself.

4'

As

it can be assumed that

But we have no indication of family

As he was the first king of a new dynasty ( ~ p n . 1 ~

it is obvious that he was not a son of Huni.

&JA t ; L d

Probbly he W@&W&m4

his claim

to the throne of Egypt by marrying Hetep-heres I.

a. The Queen's of Sneferuw.

/T

previous to the discoverpy of the secret tomb of netep-heres at

Giza, two other queens were recorded by inscriptions.

The third queen, Hetep-her#

I, was the mother of Cheops- By her titles Hetep-heres was certainly the chief
queen of Sneferuw .
1) Queen Hetep-heres I: on the Carrying chair: "mother of the king of Upper and

Lower Egypt, follower of Horus, guide of the ruler, favorite lady

whose every word is done for her, daughter of the god of his bodyFt:
in the secret tomb, G 7O0ORX.
/

2) Queen yeryt-yetes: inscriptions on a stela recorded by E. de Rouge:

found at Giza and now disappeared: titles, ?'hmt nswt mryt-f, sm)t
nbty, imy-ht HOP, wrt hts nt Sneferuw, wrt hts nt HufuW, im;h(t)

hr Khf-Ra, dd iht nb ir-n-s."

3) Queen Meresankh I: in a graffito in the pyramid temple at Medum, dated to the
41st year of Thothmes 111: graffito records visit of a man of

Dyn.XVII1, and ends with an offering formula dedicated to Sneferuw

and to the goddess(?)-queen, Mereankh":

I\

Medum, p.40,

P1.xxxIII.

The name M e r e N k h was applied to two other queens of mn.IV and a princess and
8

queen of D Y L V (Saqqarah). we have recorded a number of ladies bearing the

name Per esankh ~ x ~ a x ~ ~ n x r ~ i ~ x l e k x ~ x ~ ~ ~ ~ f n m n x 8

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL$III.

who bear the title of "klngfs kinswoman".

p.lX7.
I am of the opinion that Queen

Meresankh I was a result of a confusion in the mind of the scribe who made the
grafito.

---------n

b. The Chdlldren of Sneferuw.

The chief children were undoubtedly those born by Queen Hetep-heres

Porn of that queen was the son, Cheops, who succeeded Sneferuw on the throne

I.

As full-sister of CheOpS, I would assign the queen of fyr. G I-a,

of Eapt.

whose name is not preserved.

The queen of Pyr. G I-b, I am of the opinion was

k k L L-cLq L $:-I

a Lyblan queen who brought red hair and the political troubles which followed on

!/

the death of C]seop.

Queen Henutsen of Pyr. G I-c was probably also a

full-

In addition to Cheops and his queens buried at Giza, tombs

connected with the name of Sneferuw have been recorded at Medum, at Dahshur South

and B h s h o z r North.

AS the site at Dahshur is incompletely excamted, some

doubt arises about the princes and princesses recorded at that site.

Other

children of Sneferuvlr were buried in mastabas at Giza such as Ankh-haf

( a 7150).

?T/
0

List of mAlldren of SneferuW:Cheops: buried in Pyramid G I: son of Sneferuw and Hetep-heres I.

Unnamed queen buried in Pyramid G I-a: probably a daughter of Sneferuvi and
Queen Hetep-heres.
Queen Renutsen, buried in Pgr. G I-c: w o b b l y a full sister of Cheops.

?L

(?*cS

4? %pa!4Wh Frefert-kauw: burled in the mastab, G

rtrof mefer

CHAPTER XVI: voI;.nI.

GIZA NECROPOLIS:

1. The Site of the Medum Pyramid.

.
c
.
-

_
I
_
.
_
_
_

See ''Tonb Development", pp.216-i%?1.

Medum Mastabas: Sons of Sneferuwb b e tombs at Medum of the Eastern group were
_
_
I
-

built later than the Pyramid. The pyramid was the southern
pyramid of Sneferuw. These tombs were theregore built in the
later p r t of the reign of Sneferuw, and in ,the following
priod down to the reign of Chephren. M.17,
f*st

appears to be the

mastaba built in the group, followed by 16, 15 and 14,

which also have the sloping passage type of substructure.

This substructure type is earlier than the shaft type.

The

northern group of mstabas in the 3astern Group begins with

Rahotep in Which the chief burial chamber is a built chamber
with cork 1 roof Ibn open rock cut pit (?) approached by a
cob. shaft.
16.6 is followed hy M.9, M.1 and M.S.

The mastabas of the Eastern group are those which have the names of princes.
These mastabas are of large size as indicated by the following list.
M 17) :
: 5317.38 sq.rn.
M 16) Nefermaft :
: 8160.00 sq.m.
M

6) Rahotep :3465.00 sq.m.

#I

9) Ranofer or Khent

8) N'y-haP z 796.95 sq.m.

7) z 316.4 sq.m.

1881.00 sq.m.

In selecting the princes named in the mastabas at Medum which are

probably sons of Sneferuw, I take Into consideration the size of the mstaba and
the types of the component arts.

Some names are not preserved and I list first

the princes whose names are recorded.

5) prince Nefemafat; buried in the southern shaft of the twin mastabas
A

~II

16:

: Refermafat bears the titles s f mswt smsw

iry-pctg, hfty-c, SJw Nhn, sdfwty bity, tfyty s f b tjty, r) P nb,

imy-rf k!t

nbt nt nswt, hrp ifwt nbt ntrt, hm-ntr Bfstt, hm ntr

Ssmtt, wbj(?) Mnw, hm ntr B f Cnpt, wr 5 pr Dhwty.

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOLo 112.

The size of tLe mastaba, the enapels and the t y p of the burial indicate a man

of high position.

The titles held by Nefennafat sonfirm this indication and

include the title of a prince.

Among the list of 32 estates, is an estate

bearing the narne i?!enat-Sneferuw. I am of the opindon that Prince Nefermafat of

Medurn No.16 was a son of dneferuw.

Wife of Nefermatat: Atet (It-t), rht nswt: the sons of Nefermatat appear

to have been born of Atet.

Second ?Afife(?): nub(Nb), rht ngwt: possibly a daughter.

n

Chdildren of Ref erma fat:

Hamyuw en,

- 6
6) Prince Rahotep: buried in the southern shaft of Medum

m:
his

titles are sj nswt n ht-f, wr mj Dnw, imy-rf mdc,

hrp tmj, wr md smc, ed-mr wij, hrp cprw nfrw, hrp mr Cwy.....
imy-rJ stt(?), imy-rj iswt, hkf ht, mdh fms, wc wr hb, wc wr

sppyw, wr n Pt, hrp hntt mr( ?)

The titles of Prince Rahotep include three important titles, "the high-priest of
Heliopolis", the "comander of the army" and the "commander of the fleet", but
indicate a position not as important as prince Nefermafat. The size of the
mastaba is less than that of Nefermafat and its position indicates that the
mastaba was built later than Medurn 16.

The type of burial chamber (a built

chamber in an open pit) confirms the dating of the rnastaba as later than M e d m 1 6 d
It is to be noted that the statues bf Rahotep and his wife have attitudes used

in the early prt of Dyn.IV (Sneferuw and Cheops).

prince Rahotep was a son of Sneferuw, motably
Nefermafat.

I am of the opinion that

younger brother of Prince

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. I n.

P. 130

Wife of Prince BahotepL Nofret, rht nswt, mitrit:

Children of Prince Rahotep:
1) Son,

mi, rh nswt.

2) Son, ftw, rh nswt.

3) Son, Nefertkauw, rh nswt,

4) Daughter, Nedem-ib, rht nswt.
5) Daughter, Sttt, rh nswt.
6) Daughter, mrrt, rht nswt.

7) The owner of Medum 80.17 whose name and titles have not been preserved/:

the size of the mastab and the types of the parts of the tombs indicatt
that the owner was an important man possibly a son of S n e f e m : the
tomb appears to have been built before Medum 15.
8) Prince Nihap, buried in southern shaft in Nedum ~0.8: burial chamber, built

and roofed with slabs: G

A

crLuQ

three -niched

mastaba, with exterior cob. chapel.

m e only connection with Snefedw is afforded by the position of the mastaka at
Medum.

Nihap was protably a son of Sneferuw buried in the reign of Cheap.

The other tombs in the eastern group at Medum have no names or

titles preserved.

The open tranch and pit substrucjmre of Medum No3.14 and 15

may have been contemporary with Medum 15 and 17, and these may have been tombs
of children of Sneferuw but no evidence exists at the present time.

The other

tombs, Medum 9 and 1, have burial chambers like that of Prince Rahotep and
Prince Nbhap and may have been assigned to the same period as Medum 5 and 8.

yo indication is given by the evidence re8arding the titles of ledum 9 and 1.

Apparently yariette gave the name of the owner of Medum 9 as ''Ranofer''.

Petrie

recorded in Medum PLXIV, a Prtly destroyed wall relief but no name is given on
this wall relief.

Another man is named on the northern niche of Medum N0.4,

named Heknen, with the titles of nfrw idw, iry iht pr cj, rh nswt.

This man may

have been a grandson of SneferuW but certainly not a son of that king.

GTZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL-111.

P. 131.

--

if. The Site of mhshur, East of the Two Pyramids, The North Stone Pyramid
4

I
_
_
_
-

and The Bent mramid.

As said above the incomplete excavation of the Site of Dahshur

and the incomplete record makes it difficult to trace the fhlnily re)ations of
the persons known from the tombs at Dahshur.

I select the following persons as

children of Sneferuw:9) Prince Kanofer: in a mastaba reported by de Morgin in Bhshur 1894-95, on

_
N
_
-

page 23, numbered as mastaba ~0.28east of the North Stone

Pyramid: mastaba area, 916.9 sq.m.:
FOA stands for Francis
"Frank" Olcott Allen,
Reisner assistant and
manager of the
expedition after
Reisner's death in 1942.

the stela

LvtrS

11

made by

his son Kawa'ab probably in the reign of Chephren: the

offering &sin was made by his son Kanofer (rh nswt): the
titles are,

The size of the mastabbuilt by his son for him and the titles which he held,
make prince Kanofer one of the most important men in the reign of hid father,
Sneferuw, and he probably held some of the titles also in the reign of his
brother Cheops and later.

5w

Wjfe of Prince Kanofer: Hw-n-m, rhD nswt, priestess of Hathor mistress of

the sycamore tree, hm ntr Wp-t-wfwt Nt mhit inbw, mistress of m n w

m iswt nbt hm ntr nbt imjh hr ntr cjQ kmx hkrt nswt.
Children of Prince Kanofer:

1) Eldest son, Kawarab, rh nswt.

2) Son, Kanofer, rh nswt.

3) Daughter, Meresankh, rhtx nswt.

4-6) Three standing men on the tack of the outer niche who are

possibly sQns, named Sneferuw-duwat, Sneferuw-khaf and

P. 132.

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. 111.

Snefe ruw-baf
TWO

fanerary priests on the south behind Kawafab: hm k) iw and

Inm-k) Iti.

lo) Prince Ked-Shepses: in a mastab reported by De Morsn in Bhshur 1894.5,

I
_
_
-

page 22, mastaba No.27: east of the North Stone Pyramid at

Dahshur, adjoining mastaba ~0.28(Kanofer) on the south:

poor tomb not completely excavatedt:apparently the tomb of

another Ked-shepses, a a rh nswt, the grandson of Prince
Ked+shepses : the stela recorded three generations,
(1) Prince Ked-shepses, mxsbnxnamiqx%h~x~&wd~wxaf
(21 his

son Nekara, rh nswt, and (3) the son of Nekara, Ked-shepses,

rh nswt hm ntr Hr Nb-Ann m)ct (Sneferuw), hm ntr Sneferuw,
imth hr nb-f:

Prince Ked-shepses bears the titles of

iry pcty, s) nswt n ht-f.

The Prince Ked-shepses is recorded by his grandson, rh nswt Ked-shepses in a

TL

chape) built .in end of Dyn.IV or in early Dyn.V.

I

p&st

A Sneferuw, which

The grandson held the title of

is the only evidence that the grandfather was a son of sneferuw.

The position of mastaba No.27 Close to that of Prince Kanofer strengthens the
conclusion that Prince Ked-shepses was a son of Sneferuw)

--

11) Prince Iy-nefer: in partly destroyed rnastaba at Dahshur South: recorded by

Rarsmti in Armales V01.111, PP.198-201: two niches cased
with white limestone carved in hi&

relief assigned by us to

the reign of Sneferuw: titles of Iynefer, hJty-c, imy is,

iry Nhn, r, f nb,

S)

nswt, obscure titles with the name of

Sneferuw, hry hb, hrym tp Nhb, and other partly preserved

titles .

I take it that Prince Iy-nefer was a son of Sneferuw based on the quality and
probable date of the reliefs.
sons of Sneferuw.

The titles as pmserved are those borne by other

GIZA NECROPOLB: CHAPTER XVI: VOL.111.

Po133.

12) Prince Ka-aha-f: on palace ka-door of white limestone carved in high relief:

the fragments of stela were found in a chapel connected with

a complex of chapels or mastabas, situated north of the
causeway of the North Stone Pyramid at Dahshur (the burla1
place of Sneferuw): the titles of Ka-aha-f are, st nswt n ht-.
f,

imy-rf msc, wr md smew,

...........kJt nswt,

hm ntr

Sneferuw, (hry sst)) n Snfrw, imy rf Snfm-(h)f?), (imjh)w

hr nb-(f); one fragment bears the words

...

Ddw prt-hrw,,...

UndYgrtunately the mastaba was not completely excavated and we know nothing of
the mastaba, or the burial Chamber.

Even the stela with early high reliefs was

Some of the

found in fragrllents

titles gathered from the fragments indicate a man of high position.

In view of

the uncertain date of the stela, Prince Ka-aha-f may be a son of Snefefhw or a
ovn A

later king, wbo was buried at Dahshur because he held a priesthood of sneferuw.

It is to be noted that mastaba No.5 south of the complex of Ka-aha-f, had a

burial chamber built and roofed with a corbel vault probably datable to the early
reign of cheops.

This chamber contained a reserve head of limestone.

This

mlgxlp

owner of N0.5 may have been a prince, son of Sneferuw, but no inscriptions were
recovered giving his name of titles .
At mhshur, east of the North Stone Pyramid and east of the

Bent Pyramid, the tombs of the Old Kingdom are generally connected by the
funerary service of Sneferuw and include several persons who bear $he title of

king's son or daughter.

children of Snefermw.

none of these persons can be plausibly identified as

I list the persons as fol1avs:-

--

(a) Prince Nefer-her-Sneferuw: in De Morgan, Dahshur 1894-5, p.14: tomb ~0.11,

50 m. east of the tomb of prfnce Kanofer: mastab overbuilt

by mastaba No.8: E-W offering m o m with a drum inscribed

found in the room:

"S!

nswt Nfr-hr-Snfrw": perhaps a grandson

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOE. 111.

P44.

of SneferuW with courtesy title: by position the mastaba was

later than that of Kanofer: by the E-W offering room of type
(7)its chapel Was probably of D p . V (see-GizaNecropolis I,
.
I
_
-

p.260,

303).

(b) Princess Neferet-nesuwt: reported by Barsanti in Annales 111, p.202:

2

in the tomb of her son, Ka-em-ked, rh nswt: the titles of

WSS stands for William

Stevenson Smith who was one of
Reisner's assistants on the
expedition and later, author,
professor, and Curator of
Egyptian Art at the Museum of
FIne Arts, Boston (19591969).

Neferet-nesuwt are

SJ

nSWt, hm ntr Sneferuw, hm ntr Hathor

nbt nht, rht nswt: mastaba in the group around that of

prince Iy-nefer at Dahshur: the record made by BarSanti is
$W incomplete:IQ!W

no evidence

mastaba .

given of the date of the

c. Children of Sneferuw Buried or Aecorded at Giza.

The cemeteries of Me&m

and Dahshur were irregular family

ceqeteries with each site selected by the owner of the tomb.

At Giza the cemeterg

of the royal family was planned by Cheops or his public works.

He had three

G21oo
cemeteries (Cems. G 1200, @l&&@0,
and G 4000) laid out on a unified plan.

East

! 4

of his pyramid he built three small pyramids for his queens and laid out a
cemetery ollz a unified plan for his favorite children.

As the result of the

history of the construction of the pyramids and the mastabas, before the
comp7etion of the necropolis the whole site had taken the appearance of a city of
the dead planned by one m n .
stone instead of

For the first time all the mastabas were built of

crude briok.

Thus the Giza Uecropolis in the early years

of the reign of Cheops had taken on an imposing appearance.

It was to be expected

that several brothers and cousins of Cheops would prefer to be have their tombs
at Giza instead of at Medurn Or Dahshur.

It is seldom in the Inscriptions of a prince or princess that

evidence is given of his parentage or the name of his father.

Therefore in some

mses the parentage of a child Of a king cannot be clearlv defined.

Tn the

GTZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL.III*

1358

great necropolis of Giza surrounding the Pyramid of Cheops, several princes or

princesses could be children of Sneferuw or Cheops.

I select the follm-ing

persons as possible children of Sneferuw.

13) Prince Ankh-haf: G 7510: see

14) Princess netep-heres: wife of prince Ankh-haf, G 7510: see

Orh,

15) Prince Hempwen: G 4000: asigned by Junker as son of Prince Nefermafat of

Medum 16: see No.1, above and Family of Cheops No.9.

There are other persons burled at Giza who could have been children of Sneferuw,

see Children of Cheops, Mos .3 (Ka-m-aha), 4(~efret-yabtyt),S(Nepemnofret),

and 16 ( G 2000)e
d. Summary of the Children of Sneferuw.
TO sum up the children of Sneferuw the following children have

been recorded at Giza:-

1) Cheops, son of Queen Hetep-heres.

2) Queen pf Pyr. G I-a, probably a daughter of Hetep-heres I.

3) Queen Henutsen, Pyre G I-c: probably a daughter of Hetep-heres I.

4)

' 3 h L c e SI

Igefert-kauw: mastaba G 7050.

At Medum, the following children have been recorded:.

5) Prince Nefema 'at, ?dedum No.16.
6) Prince Rahotep: Medum No.6.

7) Medum No.17: no name preservsd.

8) Prince Mihap: Xedum No.8.

At mhshur, the following chaidren are recorded:.

9) Prince Fanofer: at Dahshur North, No.28.

IC) Prince Ked-shepses: close to the mastaba of Kanofer: mastah ~0.27.

11) Prince Iy-nefer: at Dahshur South.

&mA

This list contains eight/axthree daughters, With a total of eleven children.

Po 186

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL.111.

It m n be assumed that other children of Sneferuw have escaped being recorded

because of the destruction of the tornbs at Medum and by the incomplete excavation

of the tornbs at Dahshur.

Possibly Prince Xa-aha-f (N0.12) was a son of Sneferw

but his relation is dou&fu$.

Prince ?defer-her-Sneferuw and the Princess

Yefert-nesuwt, (a) and (b) above, cannot be considered as children of Sneferuw.

At Giza at least three persons were recorded who are connected

with the faaily of Sneferuw (Nos.13-15 above).

I am confident that prince

Ankh-haf and his wife Princess Hetep-hems were children of Sneferuw.

The

relation of Prince Hemguwen to Sneferuw is more doubtful.

3. The

Family of cheops.
King cheops was a son of Sneferuw and queen Hetep-heres I as said

above in the section dealing wdth the family of Sneferuw.

The members of the

family of Cheops were buried mostly at Giza and prtly at A h Roash.

a. The Queens 8WQ&%%

meops.

The queens of Cheops are repmsented by three small pyramids built

on the eastern side of the southern half of the pyramid of Cheops, G I.

In the Western Field Cheops founded three cemeteries

with unified plans which represent three branches of the farnily of Cheops.

In

the Eastern Field he began another Cemetery on a unffied plan for his favorite
children.

1) Queen of Pgr. G I-a: name not preserved: by the position of the pymmjd the
mr.G F a was the burial place of the chief queen of Cheop:
undoubtedly a daughter of meferuw and Hetep-heres I, a full
sisted of Cheops: attached to the pyramid on the south is a
boat grave for a sun-bark.

GIZA W3CROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL*III*

P.q%

2) Queen of Pyr. G I-b: by the position of the pyramid, this queen was second

wife of Cheops: I would identify her as the mother of

Radedef and Hetep-heres 11, a Lybian lady who brought the
red hair into the family of Cheops.
3) Queen Henutsen, buried in Pgr. G I-c: probably the mother of Prince Khufuw-

khaf: her chapel converted in the late New Kingdom into a

temple of Isis, Mistress of the Pyramids.

, were certainly daughters of meferuw.

The queens of Pyr. G I-& and c

1 am of the opinion that the queens Nos.1 and 3 were daughters of Queen Hetep-

heres

u
,.
A

As said above, queen

~0.2, was from the western desert and did not belong to the royal family of

b n . TV except by marriage .
I would. assign as children of Queen No.1 $he persons buried in the

-A

northern twin mastaws in Cem. G 7 0 0 0 ~ &e

twin-mastabas as children of Queen No.3.

persons buried in the four southern

No evidence exists for identifying the

royal children buried in the Western Field as children of known queens of Cheops.
Nevertheless it is possible that royal children in the Western Field may have
been closely related to children buried in the Eastern Field.
b. The Children of Cheom

Cheops was succeded on the throne by two of his sons Radedef and
%@phren.

Radedef followed on his father and built his pyramid at Abu Roash

where he founded a new royal cemetery.

After 8 years of his reign, Radedef was

succeeded by his younger brother, Chephren.

Chephren returned to the royal

cenletery of his father and built the Second Pyramid at Giza.

P. 13%.

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL*III.

At Giza, in the Western Fie1

e have three nucleus cemeteries

and one isolated mastats bgun in the m i g n of Cheops.

mstabas have the names of their owners recorded.

Only part of these

Among the mastabas with

inscriptions a number belonmd to royal children and some to persons of lower

rank.

Other mastabas without inscriptions m y h v e belonged to royal children

or other persons.
constructed,

m u s the list of princes and princesses cannot be definitely

At the same the, the relation of the royal children to Cheops

cannot be ma de out,
1) Radedef: probably a son of the queen buried in Pyr. G I-b: a brother of
Hetep-heres 11: lUp&&fS

Nq-L

see belowz
(2)
ka protably

buried in th3 Pyramid of Abu Roash:

fhmily o

Radedef'' married to (1) Khentet-na Likk CLOPS m d

daughter of Cheops a d the Lybian queen of

E,cJii-L,

/I

Pyr. G I-b.
2) Chephmn: buried in the Pyramid G 11: see his family below: married to

(1) his full sister, Khamerernebty I, (2) Queen Persenet a

daughter of Cheops, (3) Queen Hezhekenuw, probably a daughter
of Cheops: see below, Queen Meresankh 11 and Queen Bunefor.

The other children of Cheops are registered in the order of the

ceveteries in which they are recorded.
3) Prince Xa-m-aha: buried in G 1223, in process of enlargement when Chops died:

with a slab stela: titles, imy-r] sJw spcw, wr md smcw, sj

nswt.
4) Princess Nefert-yabtyt: buried in G 1225, in process of enlargement when

Cheops died: with slab stela: titles stt nswt: probably a

sister of Prince Ka-em-aha.
5) Prince Wep-m-nofret: buried in G E O 1 in process of enlargement when Cheops

died: with slab stela: titles, mdh ss nswt rndh

...........

(lioness with stick upright on her back), hm ntr Ssft hnt-t

pr mdlL rh nest hm blw P, hm ntr Hr mhty hm ntr Inp, cd mr

wit(K), Wr md smew, hk! Blhyt, (dte.lioness). hm ntr Hkt ht HI

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. Irr.

p*3$*

(desert sign on standard), s; nswt:

Probably a brother of NoS.3 and 4.
5) Prince or princess a prent of "Prince" Merib: in G 2100, uncased: with an
emplacement for a slab stela (not preserved): the mother of
tlprince"Merib recorded in his chap1 was princess Sedyt,
certainly a daughter of Cheops.
7) prince ment-ka: buried in G 2130 cased with white limestone: with decorated

chapel of type (3a): titles, s; nswt (n ht-f), mry-f smr wctg

in burial chamber a sealing with the name of Cheops.
8) Prince(?) Shesat-sekhentiuw: buried in G 21'20, h process of being cased with

white limestone with an exterior chapel of type (2b): an

emplacement for a slab stela and gragments of that stela
found near the emplacement: on the slab stela, no titles
preserved: on a red granite drum, hry-(hb) hry tp...........
The size of the cased mstaba and the type of the chap1 and burial chamber

prove that the mastaba was built in the reign of Cheops for a member of the royal
family probably a son of Cheops.

The titles on the granite drum confirm that

the owner held high offices usually held by princes at Giza.

In Cem. G 4000,

the initial mastabas form a block on the western side, numbered G 4000, 4150,
4160, 4250, 4260,

TWO

of the chawls belonged to princes, G 4000 to Prince

For the three other mastakas no name or

Hemyuwen and G 4150 to Prince Yuwnuw.

title was preserved although they each had an emplacement for a slab stela.
The first addition to the nucleus complex consisted of eight mastabas, G 43604660, 0 435004650.

Only one of these added staba as can be identified with a

child of a king, G 4650 belonging to

in 9n.V.

princess Yabtyt deprated by her ka-priest

h

The secone addition consisted of nine mastabas, G 4140-4740, G 4550

and G 4760, connected by the type of burla1 chamber, type 2 with

partly lined an6 partly with the lining unfinished.

ramp or stair

In this addation aBe two

P*l$B.

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. III.

royal children clearly identified, G 4140 belonging to princess Merytyetes and

G 4240 to lrprince meferuw-seneb.

Thls group contained 8 reserve heads.

~y the

similarity of the head of the owner of G 4440 to the head of Prince Sneferuw-

seneb, the owner of G 4440 was undoubtedlya brother of prince Sneferuw-seneb

but his name is not preserved.
G 4330-4830, G 4840-4860.

The third addition included another 8 mastabs,

In this group only one child of a king was recorded ,

Princess Weneshet in G 4840.

In the rows 1 and 2 there remain eleven mastabas.

In the final addition, five mastabas are identified with the names of the Owners,
but none of the owners bear the titles of a child of a king.

In C m . CT 4000, six persons are identified with owners bearing

the titles of a prince or princess.
a prince by his reserve head.

A seventh child of a king is identified as

AS usual, identification of the father of these

royal children presents great difficulty.

In the case of prince Hempwen ( G 4a00)

it is doubtful whether Hempwen was a son of Sneferuw, or of Cheops or bears an

honorary title of ltprince". In regard to other children of a king, I assign
them as child-ren of Cheop.
9) Prfnce Hempwen: buried in mastaba G 4000: core of type I1 b(area, 1008.15/3q.t1$

enlarged with mssive cozework of type IV-iii, cased with

white li1,sstone (final area, 1424.16 sq.m.):

with decorated

interior chapel of type (5a): the titles are, (1) r-pc-t,

(2) hfty-c, (3) tfyty-sJb-t!ty, (4) sdwty-bity, (5) SJW Nhn ?
(6) r; P nb, (7)hm ntr BJstt, (8) hm ntr Ssmt.t,

(9) hm ntr

.R;-cnP.t, ($0) mdw HP, (11) mdw Kf-hd, (12) rnrrrv nb-f,

(13) mry nb-f, (14) smsw is .t, (15) wr 5 pr mwty, (16)-smp

wcty, (17) mEh

SSW

nswt, (18) mdh

...

(19) hrp mrwt smcw

mhw, (20) 5my-r; kJy nbt nt nswt, (21) hry hb, (22) hrp ijwt
nbt ntryt, (23) S J nswt n ht-f: see Junker Giza I, p.148-151:
the titles are the same as those borne by Prince Nedemarat
of Medurn and eleven titles borne by Prince Kanofer of Dahshuri

GIZA WBCROPOLIS: CPAPTER XVI: VOL*1x1.

the titles borne by the eldest son of Prince Neferrnafat with
the name of Hemyuwen, includbdg the early titles of Prince
Hempwen of Giza: in spite of the title of s) nswt n ht-f
borne by Eernpwen of Giza, Junker believes that Heqyuwem
of Giza was a son of prince Nefermafat of Medum and bore that
title as am honorary or coubtesy title (as known in Dyn.XV):
Junker also says that Hemyuwen of Giza was possibly a son of
Sneferuw or even a son of Cheopsi the mastaba G 4000 was m d e

in the reign of Cheops.

Rlhether Hemyuwen of Giza was the

eldest son of Prince Nefermafat of Medum or a son of Sneferuw

or Cheops, he claimed the rank belonging to a king's son.

In )his ahapel he claimed the titls of prince of the royal
family and was recognized by Cheops as sdch.

The courtesy

title of s) nswt n ht-f may have been given to him by Cheops

but I agree Kith Junker that Hemy-uwen was not a son of Cheop.

10) Prince Yuwnuw: buried in G 4150 with corn of t y p I1 b enlarged with massive
aorework of type IV-Iii: slab stela in an emplacement in the
core of type I1 b: titles of the slab stela, imy-rf sjw smcw
wr md smcw sj nswt: a prince of minor rank: probably a son of
Cheops

11) Princess yabtyt: buried in mastaba G 4650: titles on a E - d o o r made by imy-rJ

pr hm k) K f i p in Dyn.V:
nbt im;h hr ntr c;:

titles of Yabtyt, s)t nswt nt ht-f

the burial appears to have been made

after the middle of Dyn.IV: probably a daughter of Cheops.

12) Princess Merytyetes: buried in mastab G 4140 core of type 111-1, being cased
with white limestone with a chapel of type (2b): and burial
s&L
chamber of type 2 brx( ramp) s&?m stela on the &acing of the

'1

core: titles on the slab stela, s,'t (nswt) (n)t ht-f: in

burial chwber two reserve-heads, one of the princess and
the other of her husband: probably a d.aughter of Cheops.

15) Prince Snefemw-seneb: buried in G 4240: core of type IV-i with casing of
white limestone with exterior c h a p 1 of type (2b): casing,
and decoration of the chapel not finished: burial chamber of

type 2 br(stair), unlined: redserve head of m n found in

shaft: a reserve-head of a woman found in G 5020-anneX is

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL*III*

assigned to G 4240 as the wife of the Prince: probably a son

of Cheops: titles on the tablet of the ka-door, sm hrp sJdwt
cd-mr Dp, rJ P nb, smr s J nswt n ht-f mry-f.

14) A prince a brother of Sneferuw-seneb by comparison of the two reserve heads:

buried in G 4440: core of type IV-I: cased with white limestone with exterior chapel of type (2b), both casing and
chapel unfinished or destroyed: no name preserved: burial
chamber, type 2 brx(ramp) not lined: two reserve-heads, that

of a man resembles that of Prince Sneferuw-seneb and the

woman was a negress: probably a son of Cheops like Sneferuwseneb.

15) Princess Weneshet: buried in mastaba G 4840: core type IV-I uncased, with
chapel of type (2b) on south and a later ka-door on the
north: burial chamber of type 4 b(2): a fragment of a slab
stela bearing

(SJtnswt) n ht-(f) mry(t)-f hm ntr Hathor

nbt nht hm ntr Nt Wnst: on the later northern stela, the

titles are sJt nswt nt ht-f, hrn ntr Hathor nbt nht, hm ntr
mt mhtt inbw imfh hr ntr: probably a daughter of meops

buried in the reign of Chephren or laterL northe*

stela

probably made in Dgn.v.

Children of Princess Weneshet:

1) Son: imy rJ mdc Iymery.

2) Son: wr m,(JYuwnuw Ka-meni.

3) Daughter: rht nswt Mryt-yetes.

4-7) Four girls, dsughters(?): with the titles of rht nswt,

(4) Thenty: (5) Khentkauw: (6) Neheri: (7)Whem-nofret.

8) Grandson: Ka-amr, son of the dsughter Merytyetes.

In the Western F i e l d . l s h B x a t b S x h m were recorded a numberx of

persons who bore the title of s,( nswt but none of them can be listed as a son

of a king.
16) The important personx buried in the enormous mastaba G 2000:

s-+

0%

of meops, butxno name was preserved and no titles.

a son

P. '4-3

+Gm?-*

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. 111.

In the Eastern Field the mastabas begin with the four northern
twin mastabas in which were buried the favorite children of Cheops.

17) Prince Ka-wa tab: buried in the southern half of the twin mastaka, G 71104
7120: finished in the end of the reign of Cheops: titles on

the red granite coffin, s; nswt n ht-f smsw (hm ntr Inpw),
hm ntr Srkt: chapel of type (sa) with exterior stone chapel
containing two rooms and a pillared portico: fragments of
reliefs bear the name of Ka-wa'ab and a few titles (sj nswt

n ht-f hry hb): on other fragments, figures of hid mother,

his wife, and several children: in the chapel were found
broken statues and statuettes of Ka-watab, (1) r-pcty s;
nswt Ka-wa'ab, (2)wr md smcw K8-wa'ab and (3) htty-c Ka-watal

(15) smr wcty n mmt: In the chapel of queen Meresankh 111,

her father Ka-wa'ab bears the titles, r-pcty s; nswt n ht-f
smsw, hry hb, hry tp, hpr iJwt ntrt Ct BW;W (btopolis):

in the chapel of Meresankh 111, her father was Kawa 'ab, her
mother was fletep-heres 11,

daughter of Cheops: Kawa'ab was

certainly a son of Cheops and probably a son of the unnamed

queen buried in G I-a.
On the fagade pnels of the doorway to the interior offering room, on the north

is a figure of Kawafab with small figures of Rrsonal attendants.

On the south,

the figure of his mother probbly like the southern fagade panel of G 7140, with
the figure
of Kawa'ab.

of Kawatab

standing behind his mother and behind him the children

A stone which we place on t he left side of the southern facade

5

panel bears p r t s of smaller figures of two girls of which one bears the name
of Merytyetes with unintelligible signs giving her titles.

Above the girls were

probably the figures of the sons.

Wife of Prince Ka-acatab: IBn the chapel of Meresmkh 111: see 18 below.
m z l d r e n of Prihce Ka-aa tab:

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. 111.

3)'lp-cl *

bu-L-,

33

-hut

o.\

kt-g ,%A

P-14-4
%It-{ r,L-f3rli5ih
&<I,

4) "PrincettKa-ern-Sekhem: SI nswt, smr wcty n

g rtprincetr
Mindedef: r-pcty, sdwty bity, sjw

%t - / .

4%

it-f, hlty-c,

Nhn, sj nswt hfty-c,

(smr wcty) n it-f, s J nswt n ht-f m-ry-f, hry sstj nb n nswt

(m) iswt-f nb.

6)

G 7750: name not preserved: probbly a son of Kawatab.

7) Daughter:

Merytyetes on the southern fkcade

p n e l of the chapel of
s

G 7120: titles unintelligible: perhaps buried in G 7650.

3-5
m e children NosxMM have estates composed with the name of Cheeps:
I,

In the titles of the sons, NOS.~W&~-S~

inherited from Kawa'ab or fietep-heres 11.

the word t'his father" appears to

* refer

to Radedef to whom their mother was

married after the death of their actual fhther, Kawatab.

18) Queen Hetep-heres 11: the red hired daughter of Cheops and the Lybian queen
of Pyr. G I-b: married f b s t to the eldest son of Cheops,
Kawa'ab, and after his death to her fill brother Radedef:
first her tomb was designed in the northern part of the twin
mastaba of Kawa'ab, G 7110f7120 but that tomb was not finished

or used for burial: in the middle of the reign of Chephren,

a second mastab , G 753047540 was prep red but the chapel was
not finished and no burial chamber was made: later in the
first year of Shepseskaf, Hetep-heres I1 had a rock cut tomb
made under the northern pirt of the mastaba, numbered G 7530,
for her daughter Queen Meresankh 111: her burial is not
definitely identified but I assign as her burial place G 7350

in shaft A: in the remains of the chapel no name was

preserved but the titles indicate the owner as a queen who

was the mother of a queen, which I would identify as Hetepheres I1 the mother of Meresankh 111.

Am!&kmxm%s$dEmx

aa8srx~~~~xf~xratf~xnt%xtr~a~:xHPrf5~
R

Anotlr.er Hetep-heres was recorded in the chapel of Prince Ankh-haf(G 7510)

apparently the wife of that prince.

Her titles of the northern ka-door in the

chapel of G 7510, are s#t nswt nt ht-f smswt.

On another two fraignentrshe bears

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. 111.

the titles (sft nswt nt ht)f smsw (hm)-ntr ..............hm
Htp-(hr)-s.

rn

ntr

............

the mastaba G 7510, there is only one shaft in the position of

man's shaft but no shaft for the wife.

has not been identified at Giza.

The burial of this princess Hetep-heres

This princess was probably a daughter of

&-5

Sneferuw married to her full brother Ankh-haf buried in the reign of Chephren
after the death of his wife.

19) Prince Hordedef: buried in the southembalf lEna of the twin mastab, G 7210+

7220: chapel of type (3a), badly destroyed and with the name
and titles on the ka-door purposely erased: titles on ka-door
s f nswt n ht-f, hfty-cy irny is iry Nhn: on fragments of wall
scenes, other titles are added, imy-rf kf(t)

-R&vJ

red granite coffin, unfinished: mzr%kh

papyrus as son of Cheops.

in

. .., cd mr

wif:

~ H $ ~ C Westcar
P ~ W

wife: buried in the northern half of the twin mastaba, Cr 7210,

with c h a m 1 partly unfinished and partly destroyed: no name

or titles preserved: in the burial chamber were fragments of

white limestone coffin with a flat lid.
2 ~ )
Prince Ra-bauw-f(?): identified as the third son of Cheops in the Westcar
papyrus: buried in the southern half of the twin mastaba
G 731Gf7320: cham 1 of type (3a) like G 7120, and G 7220,

nearly destroyed: on fragments, the titles are r-pcty, tfity

s f b tfty, nb imfh hr ntr cf, cf m a ; wnrw ( f r W a t ek e e p m of
the god Dw/"), (see Kees, A.2 37b, p.127) hm ntr bJ cnpt,
h;ty-c sfw Mhn, irny is, (mr) wsht, hrp ch, imy-rf kft nb nt
nswt, hm ntr Spdw(?), s f (nswt) n ht-f), hm ntr Bastt and
other fragmentary titles: in burial chamber, no evidence of
stone coffin, but with built canopic recess.
On the casing blocks the name of the working gang of m e o w .
Wife of Prince Ra-bauw-f: buried in the northern half of G 7310f7320:
chapel of type (Za) nearly destroyed but not decorated: in
burial chaaber, a broken red granite coffin with flat lid,
nbt inscribed.
Cl@iJdren

of Prince Ra-bauw-f: no evidence.

GIZA NECROPOLIS : CTUPTER

xvr:

VOL-111-

A-4PW U

21) prince Hor-(baf):kburie

d:cf

e-146

L 7T
c
_

in the southern half of th twin mstaba, G 7410.)

der+d & k
t
1 (pk L L d 4 bUsankl\E:

GrCLr

7 4 2 0 c X c h a ~ 1of type (3aT negrly destroyed: a fragmt of an

architrave, with a figure of rmn on the left end, inscription

..... s f nswt ..... Hr-(bf-f): on

another fragment are two

estates one has the name h-t Hwfsv (in cartouche): in the
northern chapel ( G 7410),,fragments

bearing titles of a

princeland one on which a princess is represented on a boat

with the title

.... S;t

nswt nt ht-f

.....: the

fragments

with male titles bear the titles hry hb, hry tp, (wr) 5
Handwriting belongs to
Evelyn Perkins, expedition
secretary, 19311947.

Dhwty(?), imy tis)

SJW

Hhn, s f nswt, smr wcty,

...;ht-(wfw)

(det. with Pyr.)P: the burial chamber in rJ 7420 A, was empty

but was the only chamber which could admit the granite coffin
of prince Horbaf nuw in the Cairo Museum: the sk;aft had a
turning recess in the north wall: the coffin of Prince Horbaf

is of type e(p) with a krst lid and each of the four sides
c
_
.

has a palace *md~door with "sf nswt Hr-bf-f" on the crossbar: on the lid is an offering formula in the name of Kx#xnxxe1

rts,rnswt Hr-bf-f": b e coffin of Hor-baf is assigned to this

burial chamber, G 7420 A, by the name Hor-(baf) found in the
southern chapel and because the size of tlrat coffin could
fit the passage of that burial chamber<
For the person buried in the burial chamber, G 7410 B see
below Queen Meresankh 11, No.82.
22) Queen Meresankh 11: buried in the northern half of G 741047420: red granite
coffin in burial chamber G 7410 B, with jackal on the lid:
the coffin gives the titles of Meresankh I1 as wrt hts, sit
nswt nt ht-f, hmt nswt, milt Hr St ht Hr wrt hts: in the
nobthern chapel, the decoration is only preserved in fragmenb

L[-

R+

with a scene of a pr ncess in a swam

.Q,L!.-cJ1, be-

assigned to Prince H o r b f

L*-1-F+-W--P***

scene and male titles

A

on a fragment from the northern

doorjamb of the chapel are depicted two girls one of which

bears the naae Nbty-tp-it-s ("The two crowns on the head of
her father") .
Queen Yeresankh was undoubtedly a daughter of Cheops and mrried either to
Radedef or Chephren.

The mastaba G 7410+7420 was Originally assigned to her

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHUPTFR XVI: VOL. 111.

husband, at that time a prince, a son of
of Cheops.

c Beops

and to herself also as daughter

When her husband became a king of Egypt, he prepared his burial

place either at Abu RoaSh or in the second pyramid at Giza and the southern half

of g 7410+7420 was left derelict.

Probbly at that time the burial chamber had

cu,-.,

been made owing to its size (area, 32.49 sq.m.: capcity, 120.21 -):

I consider more plausible that Meresankh I1 was a wife of Hadedef and she
preferred. to return to the necropolis of her father on the death of Radedef.

4-.

I consider

probable that prince Horbaf was a son of

Heresankh JJ and her husband.

The queen and the prince were buried in red

granite coffins probably made in the reign of Ch

T$men

each of a separate type.

The decoration of the two chapels cannot be definitely described.

In both

chapels appear the tit.les of a prince and in the southern chapel an incomplete
name which I restor as Horbaf.

In the northern chaml, one swamp scene included

a woman sitting on a throne on a boat with lappet wig and long tunic and her
titles 8s preserved were those of a princess hut may have included originrilly
the titles of a queen.

The evidence is incomplete and the facts can be explained

in several ways but I oonclude that Prince Horbaf was a son of Queen Meresankh 11

and her husband, either Rsdedef or Chephren.

The estate with the name of Cheops

was probably in&erited from Gueen Meresankh I1 who had inherited that estate
from Cheops.

The name of the girl in the northern chapel, Nebty-tp-it-y indicate

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER

xvr:

Q. 4 8

VOL-III-

that she must have been a daughter of Neresankh I1 and her husband a king of
Egypt (Radedef or Chephren). Thus I conclude that in the northern chapel
Meresankh was represented as a queen with the son HOrbaf appearing as a
subsidiary figure.

In the southern chapel the chief figure was Prince Horbaf.

Jb k

The decoration of both chapls was made protably in the r e i s of Chephren.

eo Gras h L L d b U s - L l T 7 - ,IC=&eLpd krso --&*
-ur;nL
P=.
The four southern twin mastabas in Cem. G 7000 differ from the

kbhd q[t;~^+ik

four northern twin mastabas.

The cores of the southern mstabas consist each

of one original nucleus core with the addition on the south of corework of type
Iv-iii.

Each rnastaba contains two burla1 shafts which are both in the northern

part of the core.

Thus the southern mastabas are twe-shaft mastabas.

The

western mstaba was finished with two interior chapels and is actually a twin
mastaba, G 713047140.

The second mastaba, G 723047240 had an unfinished white

casing and was cased with crude brick resting on the unfinished white casing.
The third mastaba, G 7330.)74l40 W

used uncased.
a
s

The fourth mastaba, r; 7430+7440 was reconstructed in the r e i m of Chephren and

cased with white limestone.

Only two of these four mastabas are identified by

inscriptions, G 7130+7140 with the name of prince Khufuw-khaf, and G 7430f7440

with the name of Prince Nfinkhaf.
23) Prince KhufiaV-Khaf: decorated chapel in G 7140: buried in the southern burial

chambe r, G 7130 B, two-room burla 1 a m rtment with large room

designed as type 3 but left unfinished as type 4 a(1): total
area, 45.43 sq.m. and total capacity of 115.58 cu.m.:

with

red gmnite coffin wibh a flat lid, uninscribed: the decorat&

chapel gives his mother as a queen whose name is lost
(probbly Queen Henutsen of Pyr. G I-c), his wife, the
princess Nefert-kauw and two sons and a daughter: the names
of the estates are compounded with the name of Cheops:

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER xu:

voz. I n =

titles of the prince,

SI nswt n ht-f mry-f, r Pcty, cd mr DP,

irny-rf wdt mdw, hry wdbw, hm ntr H u m , sdwti bity, mdw ~ p ,

hm ntr Hor K J i c, smr wcty, hrp ch, hrn BJw Nhn, hry wdb htcnh, in the northern chapel which is destroyed, fragments
bear male titles of a prince and the prince was represented

in the chapel of his wife: Prince Kkufuw-khaf was a son of

Cheops
WNIEe of Prince Khufuw-khaf: buried in G 7130 A: chapel of G 7130 destroyed
but only fragments found not including any reference to the
wife: in the chapel of the prince, G 7140, the wife is
depicted on the northern and the western walls of room a:
on the north wall, she wears a lappet wig and a long tunic
with a lotus flower in the left hand with inscription above
with only the name without titles preserved: on the western

L-

wall, north of he ka-door, she stands with her husband ,

wearing a cap (%nearhead?) on the head, collar, bracelets

CI

and anklets, long tunic: with two line+bove

.........

(titles not preserved) hmt-f Nefert-kauw: as the children

(two sons and one daughter) bear the title of a son or
daughter of

rrt

Ring, probbly Nefert-kauw was also a princess,

a daughter of Cheops.

m e Children of Prince Khufuw-khaf:

1) "prince'? wet-ka: on facade p n e l on the N labelled sj-f;on the
5

northern and southern jambs of the doorway, s& nswt.

2) "Prince" mn-kJ: on facade p n e l on the N labelled sJ-f: behind
5

Wet-ka on the %arnbs, labelled s / nswt.

3) A Aughter is represented standing behind the chair of the prince
on the northern jamb, on the southern jamb and on the scene
on the eastern wall: the inscription above the daughter is
only prtly preserved on the north jamb (sjt) nswt (Nfr)t-Kj,

A descendant of prince Khufuw-khaf was recorded in a later mastaba

G 7150, built south of G 7130$7140: the owner was "Prince"

Khufuw-khaf I1 bearing the titles sj nswt rh nswt, wr md

smcw nstt hntyt hry sstf n nb-f.
see
24) Princess( ?) Nefert-KauW: Wife of prince KhufuW-khafpZ3 above) and probably

a aughter of Cheom.

GIZA NECROPOLID: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. 111.

25) Prince Min-khaf: in G 743047440: with core similar to the other three

mastabas of the four southern mastabas:

cased with white

limestone: the southern chapel recess was walled up and not

used for a chapel: a northern c h a m 1 of type (Sa) was built

in G 7430 in

hole broken in the core&:two sdbsidigy ka-

doors north and south of the interior chapel: outside the

hnterior offering room was built an exterior chapel of
limestone Of five rooms (prtly nummulitic and partly of
white limestone), and two crude brick rooms: the inscriptiom
in room a and on the subsidiary niches e v e the title of
Min-khaf as s f nswt n ht-f, r-pcty, hfty-c, t&ty

sjb tjty,

hr 5 pr Dhwty, imy-rj kjt nbt nswt, s;w ~ h ,n r P nb, smr

wcty, hry hb, hry tp: red granite coffin of type e(p) with
simplified panelling, in shaft G 7430 A, (see W.S.Smith
j.E.A.,

VOl.XIX,

in

p.lLSOff), titles s; nswt n ht-f, imy-rj

kft nbt nswt, hry hb, srnr wcty: prince Minkhf was undoubted.
ly a son of Cheops.
Wife of Prince MinMaf: buried in a wooden coffin in shaft G 7430 B: no
name or titles preserved.

f&LLA.y

Children of Prince hrinkhaf: only one son was recorded on the southern
!l

ka-door:
on the right flange of the tablet is represented
_
.
the head of a dale figure facing to the left inscribed
s;-f hfty-c smr hrp ch Rc-kjw: on the northern back of the
outer recess, is a small figure (a boy) with bare head,
W

Wh%lbW@

and pleated skirt, racing to left with staff in

right hand and mpyrus-roll in left hand inscribed

...

iry Nhn, smr wcty Rc-kjw.

C.

Other Members of the Royal Family Buried at Giza.

In identifying the princes and princesses buried at Giza, it must

be remembered that the members of the royal family of Dyn.IV may have been
children of Sneferuw or Cheops himself.

As it is seldom that the father of the

royal chilerwn is named by inscriptions, it is cBif'ficult to assign the royal

ch.ildren to Sneferuw or Cheops.

Probably the princes and princesses buried in

the three cemeteries in tF.e Western Field were mostly children of Cheops, but
it must be admitted. that several Persons could have been brothers or sisters of

of Cheops who preferred to be buried at Giza instead of in the cemeteries of

Sneferuw at Yedurn or Whshur.

The identity of the children of the king is

further complicated by the possible use of courtesy titles of prince or princess,

At the end of the reign of CheOPS, the two sons of Prince Khufuw-khaf (~0.23

above) bear twice the title SI nswt.

In the reign of Hadedef, his Stepdaughter

p.131.

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. 111.

Meresankh 111 was given tkle title of BJt nswt n ht-f.$rw&&g$

that her brothers were given the title of

SJ

I conclude

nswt n ht-f by Radedef.

Prof.Jwker would place the title of an early prince (Hemyuwen, G 4000, No.9,

above) as a courtesy title a % ~ ~ x ~ a r ~ esnd

x p expresses
? h ~
the opinion that
Renyuwen was a son of Prince Neferma'at of Medum.

Later in the period including

the rejgn of Sepseskaf down to the reign of Neferirkara, two other persons had
courtesy titles of prince.

The first was "Prince" Seshat-hetep, G 5150, who

bears the title of si rrrprd nswt and also rh nswt.

The second was Seshem-nofer

111, the son of Seshennofer I ( G 5080), who bears the title of sJ nswt.
AS a result of this evidence several princes recorded at Giza

Bave doubtf'ul relations to Cheom

In the Western Field Prince Wep-a-nofret of

G 12@1 might have belonged to the family of Sneferuw.

In that case, the prince

Ka-em-aha ( 3 1223) and the princess Nefert-yabet ( G 1225) would also have been
related to Sneferuw.
In the Eastern Field, Prince Ankh-haf, the owner of the l a r e
aastaba G fdbb 7510, about the size of G 2000 in the Western Field, could also

have been a son of Sneferuw,

younger brother of Cheops.

Another person,

Queen Merytyetes from a stela found by Msryiette at Giza, is clearly connected

T k q-0
ts&kdmm
116
with Sneferuw (see rraan&&ylof' Sneferuw,
above) but her tomb cannot be

identified,

___

The prsons in the Eastern Field whose family connections are

doubtf'ul, I list below.

~

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. 111.

!Ef

p.152.&

l+~tPJcLUS:

Wife of Prince Ankh-hafzAon the northern ka-door in the chapel:

s;t nswt n ht-f smswt,Annh- ,....(Hathor?),. hm ntr

......(Nt?).

Children of prince Ankh-haf: no children preserved in partly destroyed

chapel: but a grandson is represented on the Nestern wall.
Grandson of Prince Ankh-haf: on western wall between the two doors, behind
the standing figure of the Prince is represented a naked boy with
his finger in his mouth, labelled s! sft-f Cnh-it-f.
The mastaba G 7510 was built in the early years of the reign of Chephren.
Prince Ankh-haf obviously belongs to a generation earlier than the sons of
Chephren.

Assigning him as a son of Cheops is made improbable by the name and

titles of his wife, s;t nswt nt ht-f smswt Hetep-heres.

Cheops Bad a daughter

Retep-heres 11 recorded in the chapelk of her daughter Meresankh 111, decorated

in the first year of Shepseskaf.

At that time Hetep-heres I1 bore the titles

of a queen including wrt hts, as a widow of Radedef.

It is improbable that

Cheops had two daughters named Hetep-heres

Besides this fact the

B~x&keclr

titles of Hetep-heres the wife of Ankh-haf do not correspond with those of

Hetep-heres 11.

It is to be noted that the wife of Ankh-haf has the title of

stt nswt n ht-f smswt while Hetep-heres I1 never hears the adjective smswt.

In the chapel of Ankh-haf, made in the early years of Chephren, a grandson of

his daughter is depicted.

So the eldest &ughter of Ankh-haf was probably born

before the middle of the reign of Cheops, prhaps in the reign of Sneferuw.

Fy these facks, I conclude that Prince Ankh-haf was a son of Sneferuw married

to his sister Hetep-heres, a daughter of Sneferuw. I estimate his a g e at the

accession of Chephren about 41 to 51 years.
eldest living son of Sneferuw.

At that time Ankh-haf was the

As his wife was not buried in his mastaw, she

had been buried earlier. As vfe have not identified her burial place at Giza,

she was probably buried at Medum or at Dahshur.

p*152 b rn

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI; VOL. 111.

2) Princess Hetep-heres, a daughter of Sneferuw see above under ~0.1.

3)sW,

f
i
e
L
f

A a L &

4 s+w-

Prince Nefermafat: buried in G 7060: son ofI,@mmm Nefert-kauwL

mastaba of type VI built of nunmulitic limestone: chapel of
type (3b): titles of Nefermafat, s f nswt n ht-f, r-pcty,
Hfty-c, srnr wcty, tJyty s f b tJty, wr pr 5 Dhwty, s)w Nhn,
hry tp Nhb, sdwty bity, hrp ch, imy-is, hrp i)wt nb ntrt.
Jqother of Prlnce Weferma'at:

on the architrave in r, 7060 and on two

archftraves in G 7070, nswt bity Snfrw sft-f smswt Nfrt-kfw:

,-

Wife of prince ~eferma'at: represented on the west wall south of E - d o o r

and on scene on the east wall: on the west wall her name is
preserved as Meresankh with p r t of hm-ntr title,
Children of Prince Nefema'at:
1) Bis eldest son Sneferuw-khaf: on west wall north of ka-door standing holding the staff of his fither inscribed sf-f smsw sdwty
bity, nfr sf: buried in G 7070 of same type and c b p e $ as G 7060

but with addition of a serdab on south: title sj nswt, r-pcty,

hfty-c, sdwty bity, mdw Hp, smr wcty, s f w Nhn, rf F nb.
Grandson of Prince Neferma'at: song of Sneferuw-khaf: on the doorjambs of
G 7070: on the northern and southern jambs, behind the figure of

Sneferuw-khaf, stands a smaller figure: on the southern an

inscription is pirtly legible, (1)

.......(traces)

(2)hm ntr

m
f
w hry sstf (Kj-m-)nfrt: on the northern janb between the figure

of Sneferuw-khaf and his staff are the feet of a small boy,

another grandson of Neferna'at.

maam are six

other Persons bearing the titles of mildpen of the

king, who appear8 to be the children of Prince KaWafgib and Hetep-hepes 11,

Hetep-

heres I1 after the death of K4wafab married Radedef, and her children were given
the courtesy t itles of 'prince
4, "princess" Heresankh

Chaphren);

5
'
' op It pr incess680

Who later

Ww88

married to mephren(see fourth queen of

burzed in the rock Cut tomb

Prepared by her mother Hetep-heres 11,

a 7530,

fully decorated,

p. 153.

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. 111.

Princess Merytyetes: recorded in the chapel of G 7650, on the northern kadoor; title of that ka-door, (sft) nswt nt ht-f mryt-f

ntrt-it-f on the eastern wall, sjt nswt nt ht-f, hm ntr Hwfw,

hm ntr Ht-Hr, hm ntr It, Mryt-it-s: the mastaba is cased in
white limestone with an area of 988.42 sq.m.:

three shafts,

A and C with burial chambers type 3 alx(A) and 3 afx(c);

A with area of 24.65

c has

sq.m.,

an area of 25.7 sq,m.,

with capacity of 92.44 cu.m.:

and a capacity of 100.23 cu.m.

and contained a large red granite coffin of type e(p).

Husband of Princess Merytyetes:

(1) on the west Wall, standing in the table scene in which the c w f
figure is a woman sitting at a table of bread(?).
(2) on the south Wall is an offering scene with a family group mnaakfPrPm

continued on the southern end of the east wall in whiah the

chief figures are a standing man on the south wall and a
sitting woman on a throne in the continuation on the E wall,
(3) in the s w m p Scene on the east wall, the chief figures stand
facing to the right in a family group: the second figure

is a large figure of a man and the fourth figure behind is

the wife, Merytyetes: between the hustand and wife stands a
daughter and behind the wife stands another daughter.
_
2
-

(4)

on the north wall, a presentation scene in which the chief figure

is a man leaning on a staff, wearing full wig and hery heb

sash labelled,

.... hm

ntr Hwfw (cartouche), smr wcty,

..

hm ~ f Nhn
w hrp ch, Cd-mr- wi], Akhet-hetep;
(5) on the doorway jambs, feet of a man with his wife behind him on

both jambs.
(6) facade
p n e l on north: large figure of rnan facing in to the left,
S

with small figures of funerary priestsbehind him:

(7)facade pine1 on south: a large figure of a man
E

at

facing to right

labelled with the name of Akhet-hetep (titles not preserved)

Children of Princess Merytyetes: on the southern end of the east wall, in
in family group continued from the south wall, stand three
or four s m 1 1 boys: on the south wall another boy is
represented and apparently two daughtersE=.inthe family m
p
y
group on the northern end of the east wall, is represented

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI; VOL. 111.

p. 154.

a small boy and tmo daughters: the daughter behind the wife
is labelled sJt s nt ht-s Hwfw

......: in

the table scene on

the west wall between the two ka-doors, a boy and a

girl ar(

depicted between Akhet-hetep and the woman sitting at the

table: behind the figure of Akhet-hetep remains of three
registers of children, (1) with two naked boys, (2) illegible
(3) two girls labelled Htp-hrs and Hwfb

.. .: on

tkie

southern facade panel remains of two boys and two girls

4

behind the figure of Akhet-hetep: one of the girls is

labelled Hwfw........:

thus there appear to have been five

sons and two daughters of which only the names of the two
daughters are preserved.

1) Daughter, Htp-hr-s: on west wall behind Akhet-hetep.

2) Daughter, Hwfw (cartouche)

......; on

west wall, on east wall and

on the southern facade

pnel.
f
The name Merytgetes was in DyS. Iff-V commonly used for women.
I,

Two ladies of

that name bear the title of Princess, recorded in G 4140 and in G 7650.

A daumter of Prince Kawafab , a granddaughter of Cheops, bore the name Bt

Merytyetes but her titles are not legible.

In the damappd state of the chapel in G 7650, the interpretation

of the decoration of the chapel is difficult.

I conclude that the wornan

represented as the chief figure in the scene of the west wall and on the southern
end of the eastka wall, was PrinmSS Merytyetes in spite of the fact t b t she
is represented behind Akhet-hetep on the northern end of the east wall and on
the jambs.

~y final conclusion is that the two persons buried in the

and her husband,

mastaba and ~ E B
recorded in the chape1,were Princess Merytqyetes
7
Gkhet-hetep.

The southern ka-door, now missing was inscribed in the name of

Akhet-hetep and the northern ka-door in the name of the Princess according to the
c
.

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL.III$

custom at Giza.
stages.

g.155.

The decoration of the chapel with reliefs was made in two

The first stage included the table scene on the west wall between the

n\.clrLs
two **R&@ and the family group on the south wall continued on the southern end

of the east wall.

The second stage included the swamp scene and the family

group on the northern half of the east wall , the northern wall, the door-jambs
and the facade pnelsin the embrasure north and south of the doorway.
s

In the

two scenes in the first stage, Princess Merytyetes was the chief figure in the
first scene on the west wall and her importance in the other scene was emphasized

by her seated attitude on the east wall.

I am of the opinion that the decoratior

of the ka-doors belonged to the second stage and that the event which closed
the first stage was the burial of the princess in shaft C.

After the death of

the princess, Akhet-hetep finished the decoration in which he figured as the

chief person and was buried in Shaft A.
m e mastaba G 7650 was finished about the years 23-25 of Chephren
by quarry marks on the casing. When the decoration was begun the princess had
produced at least 7 or 8 children, including two daughters who are represented
approaching maturity.
50-60 years old.

Thus the princess was at that tine a married woman about

It -Is impossible to fix the reign in which she was born but

it was probably in the reign of Cheops.

I am of the opinion that she was a

daughter of Prince Kaaaab, in whose chap1 is recorded a daughter named

Merytyetes,

daughter of Eetep-heres I1 and in that case she was given the

courtesy title of princess by her stepfather Radedef as were her sisters and
brothers .

P*G6*

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CPAPTER XVI: VOL. 111.

~y the assignment of G 7650 to 'tPrincess"Merytyetes, a daughter

of Prince Kawafab and Hepep-heres 11, the whole of the flamily of ltawa'ab are

assembled in mastabas close together in the Eastern Field.

G 753047540 was

built for Queen Hetep-heres and under it was made the rock cut tomb of one of
the daughters, Meresankh 111, married to Chephren.

Queen Hetep-heres 11 was not

buried in G 7530+7540 but I am of the opinion that she was buried later in
G 7350.

n
East of B 7530+7540 stands G 7650, in which. was burLied another daughte

of KaWafab, Merytyetes.

Around these two tombs, G 7530+7540 and G 7650, stand

four mastabas of nummulitic limestone of type VI a in which four sons of Kawafab

mwa-ne-hor, pa-em-sekhem, Mindedef and another whose dame is missing, are
buried,

trobably the mastabas south of the lines 5 and 6 belonged to the

descendants of the same family, G 7550 and G 7670.

r: 7450,

of which the owner Is not identified.

There remains one mastaba,

The corework, standing between

G 7350 and G 753047540, is uncased but the chapel of white limestone was built

bht now destroyed.

The mastaba has two shafts of which only one was used,

shaft A.

6)

"Princet' Duwa-ne-ITor: buried in G 7550 B: mastaba of type VI a: chapel of

tyDe (3a) of nummulitic 1heStOnp: titles, sj nswt n ht-f,
mry-f, smr n it-f, nb imfh n it-f: identified as a son of
Prince Kawa'ab and Hetep-heres 11.
Wife of "Prince" Duwane-hor: represented on the west wall, on south jamb
of the boorway, and on both u&

fhcade pnels, but her name i:

5

not preserved.
Children of Prince Duwa-ne-Hor:

43~3 on the west wall, on south jamb

of the doorway, and on both of facade p n e b a r e represented

5

two small boys and a daughter: only the name of the daughter

is preserved, Nebty-hetep.

p.197.

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. 111%.

7)

"PrincetrFa-en-sekhem: buried in G 7660: mastaba of type VI a: with chapel

of type (sa) of numnulitic limestone: sj nswt, smr wcty n
It-f, hrp ch,: buried in shaft B, burial chamber type 3 afx
with a coffin boom on the west, area 26.5 sq.m.:
72.87 cu.m.:

capacity,

red gmnite coffin of type d, inscribed on four

sides, s f nswt and namekon the presentation scene on the

west wall, are represented fifteen estates of which the
names of five estates are preserved all compounded with the
name of Cheops.
Wife of "Prince" Ka-en-sekhem: represented on the west wall labelled (hmt-f
mryt-f) Kf-cpr.
Children of Prince Ka- ern-sekhem: two children are represented;

1) Son on west wall, labeIled sj-f n ht-f Mnw-hcf.

2) On the southern facade p n e l a son is obliterated with the name
5

Rc-wr preserved above

"Prince" Mindedef; buried in G 7760 of type VI a, with chapel of type (sa)
of nummulitic limestone: hls titles are sj nswt n ht-f, rpcty, hfty-e, (amr wcty) n it-f, sdwty bity, s;w ~ h n ,hry
sstj nb n nswt, (m) lswt-f nb: 12 estates (6 on the sides
of the niche and 6 on the west wall south of the niche):
only 4 names are legible and all 4 are compounded with the
name of Cheops: buried in shaft B with a burial chamber of
type 3 a1 with a coffin room on the west: total area, 40.71

sq.m.:

camcity, 122.84 cu.m.:

red granite coffin of type d,

inscribed nswt dy Inpw htp hnty sh ntr krs m srnyt iqntyt m

nb imjh hr ntr c; r-pcty sdwty bity iry Nhn,
Mnw-ddf

S$JK

sj nswt

Wife of "Prince" Mindedef: represented on the west wall and on the

m&&m

northern jamb where the wife is labelled rht nswt Khufuwankh.

Children of "prince" Mindedef: only one child is shown on the west wall,
a naked boy, labelled s J-f RC..

9)

......

Owner of G 775o:whose name is lost: mastaba type VI a: chapel of type (sa)

of nunmulitic limestone, decorated only on the ka-door and

jambs of the doorway: ka-door nearly obliterated: on

northern jamb, man and wife, (unfinished, in one plane) and

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. 111-

p.148.

before them two registers of small figures (finished in

relief): on the southern jamb, the chief figure is the
prince(?) with a small son in front of him and behind the
the chief figure stands another small figure: the two boys
are obviously sons but the name and titles of the chief
figure are obliterated: the two burial chambers are of type
3 but both small: B chamber had an area, of 6.86 sq.m. and
a capacity of 12.35 cu.m.
Wife of the Owner: represented on the northern doorway jamb, no name
preserved.
Children of the owner: on the northern jamb are three small figures in two
registers, of which the first figure was obviously a son and
the two figures dn register 2 were possibly also sons:
no names or titles preserved: on the southern jamb two sons
with titles and names preserved:
1) Son, represented with side lock and skirt: labelled st-f n htf ss c nswt rh nswt Hnw-kf.

2) Standing behind the chief figurn, with short wig and short

skirt but holding staff and wand, labelled rh nswt KI-mnh.

de Summaw of the Family of Cheops.
Cheops was a son of Sneferuw and Queen Hetep-heres I, and
probably a grandson of Huni the last king of %n.III.

He hid

L
e
&ktm

queens buried

in three small pyramids.

The

chief queen whose name has been lost was buried in Pyr. G I-a.

The second

queen whose name has also been lost was buried in Pyr. G I-b whom I would
identify as the Lybian lady the mother of Iikdedef and Hetep-heres 11.

The third

queen was buried in Pyr. G I-c and I reconstruct her name as Henutsen.

The princes and princesses buried at Giza cannot all be identified

as children of Cheop.

The total number of persons who could be assigned to the

P.vii9.

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTSR XVI: VOL-111.

family of Snefemw or Cheops amount to 31 persons.

If the inscriptions had

been preserved in all the m s t a w s the number would be increased by several naqes

the list of princes and princesses, I take it with confidence

that Prince Ankh-haf of G 7510, was a son of Sneferuw, a younger brother of

aeops and I include with him his wife Princess Hetep-heres as his sister a
daughter of Sneferuw.

The unnamed owner of the similar sized mastaba in the

fi

Western Field, G 2000, can be also plaus$ibly taken as a son of Sneferuw.

Prof.Junker considered Prince Hemyuwen
of Ncdum.

Of

G 4000 as a son of Prince Nefermatat

Prince Herllyuwen by this reconstruction was a grandson of Sneferuw,

a nephew of Cheops bearing a courtesy title of prince.

Other persons could

possibly be counted as children of Sneferuw.

I take the following princes and princesses as children 6f meops:

1) In Cem. G 1200, prince WeFernnofret ( G 1201), Prince Ka-em-aha ( G 1223), and

Princess Nefe rt-yabet (G 1225).
2) In Cea. G 2100, the owner Of G 2100 (prokbly Princess Bedyt), Prince Khent-

ka ( G 2130), and prince(?) Seshat-sekhentiuw ( G 2120).

3) In Cem. G 4000, ,Prince Yuwnuw ( G 4150), Princess Yabtyt (G 4650), Princess

MerytyeteS (G 4140)p Prince Sneferuw-seneb ( G 4240), an unnamed
prince (G 44401, Princess Wenishe t (G 4840).
4) In Cem. G 7000: Prince Kawa'ab and pt?inCeSS Hetep-heres 11 ( G 7110f7I20 and
G 7530), Prince Hordedef ( G 7210f7220), Prince Rabauwf

(a 73104

7320), Queen Meresankh I1 ( G 741047420), Prince Khufuw-khaf and

his wife Princess(?) Nefert-kauw ( G 713047140), Prince linkhaf

( G 7430)7440),

5) Radedef and Chephren who came to the throne were certainly sons of Cheeps:

the queen of Radedef, Khenterka, was certainly a &u&Cer

of

Cheeps: three wives of Chephremtr were also daughters of Cheops,

Queen Khamererhebty I, Queen PerSenet, and Queen Hezhekenuw.

P. 160

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL-III.

mis list contains

46

14
m
sons

of .Cheeps and 12 princesses daughters of C h W P S

amounting to I!$?$ children assigned to CheoP.

one prince, Prince Horbaf (No.21), was probably a son of Quem
Meresankh 11 and either Radedef

011

ChePhnn.

six persons are identified as children of prince Kawafab and

Hetep-heres 11 who bear courtesy titles given to them by Radedef who married
their mother after the death of Kawacab.

Two of these children were daughters

(*

Pincess Meresankh (later queen Meresankh 111) and "princessrtMerytyetes

"

FOU~!
sons were identified as children of Kawa'ab and Hetep-

heres 11, '?prince" muanehor , "Prince" Ka-em-dekhem, "prince" Mindedef, and a

m n in G 7750 whose name has been lost.
The importance of the individual princes is given by the titles
indicating their admlnistra tive effices and their religious offices

The

evidence of the list of titles depends on the preservation of a decorated

chapel.

The princesrecorded on slab stelae have a shorter list of titles

because of the small space for titles on those stelae.

n
I. Titles Relating to Blood kinm-hip to a King.
I

_
L
_
_
-

Every man who claims the rank of a k h g prince bears the titlea:
7

of "kingfs son", 'pkin@ son of his body" whether he is actually a son of the
king or holds a courtesy title.

I know of no nmmk man of m . I V claiming the

rank of prince who is not a son or a grandson of a king.

Other titles which

appear to be inherited because of the tribEL1 connectionR or family connections

81-e r-PctY, hlty-c, Smr, and m r WCty (with added words as n nswt, or n it-f),

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL*III*

p. 141.

11. Titles Indicating Administrative Offices.

_
3

m e great minces held administrative offices the chief of which

is "VeZier" (t;yty s;b t;ty).
vezier.

L
m of these

meferuw),asM

Five princes buried at Giza bear the title of

princes are related to Sneferuw, Ankh-haf (a son of

-4

N,b.,(.'.s

+d-

$S-c.--I

Hemyuwen (a gxandson(?) of 3neferLw)L The other princes are

cxmd

assigned as sons of Cheeps,. Rabauwfk Minkhaf,

It 2s prohble that

lfnkhaf held office in

Hempwen, Rabauwf and Ankh-haf were veziers of Cheops.

the last years of Cheops or in the early years of Chephren.

was probably a vezier of Chephren.

hsw
We do not know long

CI

whether gor life (improWble) or a fixed term of years.

important princes held the office of vezier.

Nefermafat of Giza

vezier held his office

In any case the most

In the end of Dyn.IV and later in

0~m.v several persons who were appointed to the office of vezder claimed the

11y

cou-btesyafx title of s; nswt n ht-f.

p
)

Seshat-hetep ( G 5150) and Seshemnofer

The two most striking examples were

a(5170)
G

Another important title is '?the seal-bearer of the king of

Vpp3r Egypt" (sdwty bity) . The Giza princes who held that office Were Hemyuwen,
Ankh-haf, Khufuw-khaf and Nefermaft%tt. Three of these men held the title of
vezier but Khufuw-t?.afnever reached that office.
The third title of importance Is "the overseer of the all works

of the king of L W e r Egypt" (hy-rt kft nbt nt nswtj.

The following princes

held that title,- H@-nyuwen, Ankh-haf, Eordedef, RabauWf, Minkhaf, of which foUp
were veciers.

Four g m a t Princes h e m the title of Itcontroller of the. palace"

mb

(hrp ch),-Ankh-haf, RabZWf, Khu@'UW-hafrp and Neferma 'at . Three of these m n

were veziers.

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. 111.

P.lb2.

Four princes bear the title of Itthe great one of the Upper
Egyptian tens" (wr md smcw), Wepemnofret, Ka-m-aha, Yuwnuw and Kawatab.

This

title was held by other men in Dyn.IV and by men of lower rank in DyrsV-vI.
Titles held by the great winces include the following:-

(a) "The controller of the singers of Upper and Lower Egypt" (hrp mrt smcw mhw)
held by Hemyuwen and Ankh-haf; both veziers.
(b) "Overseer of the great hall" (imy-rj Wsht): held by Rabauwf and Ankh-haf.
(c) "Overseer of commands to the offering priests" (imy-r; wdt mdw hry wdbw);

held by Khufuw-haf.

(a) "Admiral

of the fleet" (cd mr wij) : held by Wepmnofret and Hordedef.

(e) "The craftsman

&vd P & k

?> of tku3 king" (mdh ss nswt: held by Hemyuwen and

yep-ern-nofret
(f) "Overseer of the gua'rds !or working gangs) of Upper Egyptft(by-rj sjw smcw
held by Ka-em-aha and Yuwnuw.

111. Titles Xndicating Judgeships.

The common title of

judge is sjb but that title is not held by

kakj-aijt 0
the princes in the reign of Cheops at Giza

c L~ fL

t*t%-# U-!'^s"2
3

Another title which I interpret as

a judgeship is given below:

1) '?Thegreat one of the five of the house of Thoth" (wr 5 pr Dhwty): held by
Eemyuwen, Ankh-haf, Min-khaf, Nefemafat, of which all four were
veziers .
IV. Funerary offices.
The funerary priesthoods of princes were in the service of the
king to whoa they were related.

At the same time many common men were in the

funerary service of the same king.

1) "Lector priest" (hry-hb): held by Hemyuwen, Ankh-haf, Kawatab, and Minkhaf.

z)*-2Hthe

first lector priest" (hry hb hry tp): held by Ankh-haf,

GIZA NECROPOLIS:

cmPTER XVI:

VOL~III

p.163.

xawa q ab, Minkhaf, Seshat-sekhentiyuw .

3) "Funerary priest of Cheops" (hm ntr HwfW) held by Khufuw-haf, princess

ysryt-yetes (and her husband Akhet-hetep): office held by nany

persons in Late Dyn.IV, Dyn.V, and Dyn.VI.
4) "Overseer of the pyramid city of Cheop" (imy-rf Hwfw-fcht) held by prince

Horbaf: held by a number of men of DySV-VI.

5) "Controller of the food offerings of the house of life" (hry wdb ht-cnh):

held by Khufuw-haf; held by men of rank from the end of Dynr~v-v.

V. Religious Titles

1) "Scribe of the divine book" (ss mdft ntr): held by Minkhaf (on coffin) ; held
by several men in late DynSIV and Dyn.V.

2) '?Controller of the meadowSof the shrine" (hrp mr-wy) (det. by a shrine):

held by Hemyuwen and Neferma'at of Medum.

3) "&-priest,

controller of the apron" (sm hrp sndwt): held by Sneferuw-seneb,

and by other men in hn.V.

4) "Controller of all divine Offices" (hrp ifwt nb ntrt): held by Hemyuwen,

Ankh-haf, RaWar8b, and Nefennafat: these four men were great

princes and three of them were veziers.

5) "Gate-keeper(?) of the god D w f w m (cf Cuvfw):held by Ankh-haf, KaWa'ab, Rabauf

s-5
and Khufuw-khaf: later held by
of Chephren and other

"princes".

6) A priestly title, wnrw: held by Rabawf with ~ o . 5above.

7)

among the great onesof the feast'? (we m mew hb) : held by Khufuw.

I?

haf.

_-

8) "Bigh priest of Heliopolis",.

VI. Tmditional Titles, Prokbly Honorary Titles.

1) "Guard of Nehen'' (sjw Nhn): held by Hemyuwen, Ankh-haf, Hordedef, Rabauwf

Minkkhaf, Mefermafat.

p.164.

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL-III.

2) "Overlord(?) of Nekhab" (hry tp Nkb): held by Ankh-haf and Neferma'at.

3) "The mouth of a11 the -of

Pet'(rJ P nb): held by Hemyurien, Kawafab,

Minkhaf and Snefe ruw-seneb

4) "Adqfnistrator of Dep" (cd mr Dp): held by Khufuwhaf and Sneferuwseneb.

VII. T&tles with Uncertain Meaning.

1) The title imy is: held by Hordedef, Rabauwf, Neferrna'at.

2) The title smsw is: held by Hemyuwen, Ankhehaf.

3) m e title mdh

..... (a

lioness with a stick upright on her back): held by

Hemyuwen, and Wep-m-nofret

VITI. Honorary Epithets

m e honorary epithets included with the titles consist of phrases

\\

I/

If

\\

based on the word ttbeloved't,"loving", honored and lord of honor.

The
t*

I#

significance of these phrases depends 001 the mention of his 4fkther or Ithis lord'
When the phrase refers to the "great god" the meaning is doubtful.

The trgreat

godttmay be the klng or one of the great gods of Egypt or the god of the dead.

When a prince uses the words "his fhthertrin all these phrases it is to be
concluded that the prince is a son or stepson of the king.

other phrases such

as ''he who does all that his lord wishes", occur frequently but have no s%gnzf%Ax
ll.+wJ

significance regarding the rank of the man

t CA

the epithet.-

1) r%aster of honor before his father" (nb imfh hr it-f): held by Minkhaf.
2)

3) "Master of' honor before the great god'' (nb imfh hr ntr c]):

held by Ankh-haf,

Hordedef, and Rabuwf.

In addition to the high titles held by the individual princes

the irnportance pf princes is indicated by the size of their tombs and the

pa 165

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CITAPTER XVI: VOL*III*

excellence of the masonry.

The normal size of the mastabas in the nucleus

cemeteries in the Western Field was about 250 sq.m.

princes and princesses exceeded that saze.
Sneferuw has an area of over 5000 sq.rn.(G

Most of the mastabs of

The tomb of prince Ankh-haf, son of

7510).

G 2000 in which no title or name

was preserved is assigned to a royal prince because of its size, 5586.0 3q.m.
Among the twin mastabas in the mstern Field six tombs were identified with the
narnes of children of Cheops, and these six mastabas range from 1800 sq.m. down to
1200 sq.m.

In the Western Field G 4000, the tomb of prince Hemyuwen had an area

of 1400 sq.m.

In the Eastern Field In the first addition to the nucleus cemetery

G 7350, assigned to Queen Hetep-heres 11, has an area of 1200 sq.m.

Mastaba

G 7530;7540

built for Eetep-heres I1 and used for Meresankh I11 has an area of

1000 sq.m.

Another mastaba, B 8820, exceeded an area of 1000 sq-m. because it was

budlt on a slope to the north-east.

The rest of the mastabas belonging to numbers of the royal family
are less than 1000 sq.m. ranging down to the normal size of the cores in the
nucleus cemeteries.

Three mastabas have an area of over 900 sq.m. ( G 1201, 7650,

G 78601, two mastabas have

mastabas are over 600 sq.m.

four are over 400 sq.m.

an area of over 700 sq.m.,

( G 7560, 7810), three

( G 7550, 7750, 7660), one over 800 sq.m.

( G 2130),

( G 2120, 1225, 1223, 4150) and three are over 300 sq.m.

( 0 7050, 4140, 7060).

The queens and princesses held titles defining their family

relationx.

Other titles held by women are the pristhoods of certain goddesses,

such 8s Hathor and Neith.

In general the important princes indicated by the mastabas are also

indicated by their administrative offices.

Only one nprincelr,He fe,rmatat of 70.60,

a grandson of Sneferuw, appears to hold offices not commensurate with his mastaba.
the
Neferma tat held administrative titles of importance vezier, seal-bearer o f m g of

p. 166.

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. 111.

4
(YLLNAfl-C'.?

m Egypt,

the controller of the place.

princes whose mastabas are of large size,

. The mastaba

These titles were held by great

-Em&&

of Neferma'at

was probably

built late in the reign of Chephren or in the early years of Mycerinus.

obviously made by private means.

It was

Neferrna'at was probably a vezier of Chephren

and reached hls ilnportance In that reign.

4%.

The Family of Radedef.

Radedef was a son of cheops and succeeded him on the throne.

He left the necropolis founded by his father at Giza and began a new necropolis
at Abu Roash.

He reigned only eight years and never finished his pyramid but

was buried in the burial chamber of that unfinished pyramid.

From the facts

revealed at Giza mostly in the tomb of Queen Meresankh 111, G 7530, I reconstruct

his history as a son of the Queen of Pyr.G I-b, who I would identify as the
Lybian queen the mother of Radedef and Hetep-heres 11, the queen pictured with
The break with the family of Cheops is emphasized by his short reign,

red hair.

his founding a cemetery at Abu Wash, and the claim to the kingship made by his
son Baka and two other descendants.
The important material for the fkmily of Radedef was found by

--

the French Institute at A h Roash and published in Comptes

Rendus of the French
Academy in 1901.

Most of the objects were statues or statuettes of the family

of Radedef,
The map of the site of Abu Roash, (LD I, Qp.11) shows the prtly
finished pyramid of Radedef (No.11) approached by a causeway rising from the
plain from ENE.

The remains of the pyramid temple is against the northern? side

of the pyramid where Chassinat found the fragments of statues and statuettes.
At the S
I
V corner of the pyrzmld stands a snail -pyramid probbly of a qdeen of

Radedef.

West of the pyramid

ion in two lines,

Of

Radedef stand three mastabas with N-S orientat-

Xn the eastern line one largpr mastaba and in the western

line, two smaller mastabas.

These three mstabas were probably occupied by

members of the family of Radedef.

But we have no evidence of the names of the

queen's pyramid or the three mastabas.

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL.III*

a. The Queens of Radedef.

u

d Y I

Two queens and possibly three queens can be identified as wives

of Radedef.

1) Queen Khentt-n-k;:

Compte9 Rendus, 1901, p. 617.: Hmt nswt (ifmt)mrt-f,

_
I
_
-

Hr (St), hm ntr Nt: I assign her as daughter

imfht hr nb-s: m;t

of meops: probably buried in the small pymmid SW of the pymmid

of Radedef.
fS

2) Queen Hetep-heres 11: her life reconstructed f m m the scenes and inscriptions

in the tomb of her ckughter, Meresankh I11 ( G 7530): on the west

wall, N end, mwt-s a f f tHr St wrt hts ssm ifmt shm pr hmt n nswt:

k Lkd pz,J.&

on the east wall in swamp scene, mwt-s sjt nswt b ty Hwfw wrt hts.

4 MSNSCmkA E -d

the inscription giwesthe fhther as Prince Kawafab who neeer came

to the throne: the titles of Queen Hetep-heres I1 prove that she

-5

was the wife of a king who could have been one of her brothers,

I,

Radedef or Chephren: Chephren is excluded by the fact that he

ad+L

4 ~ctp-)u/usz:

aarried M%asmkX.@&m Meresankh I11 one oflestates placed in the

endowment of Queen Meresankh 111, was compounded with the name
of Radedef which could only have been inherited from Radedef by
marriage: thus I conclude that after the death of Kawatab, Radedef
married Hetep-heres 11: Meresankh I11 a daughter of Prince KawafalC
bears the title s!t

nswt nt ht-f, a courtesy title given by her

stepfather Radedef .
Queen Hetep-heres I1 had two tombs prepared for her: (1) in the
northern p r t of the twin mastaba G 7110$7120, for Kawafab and
Hetep-heres 11: the burla1 chamber prepared for the widb was
never finished or used: (2) the large mastaba G 753047540 was
built in the reign of Chephren for Hetep-heres 11 by quarry
marks on the white casing, but no burial shaft was constructed
in the rnastaba: later under the northern part of the mastaba was
made the rock cut tomb for Queen Meresankh 111: I would identify

tL

final rest ing pla c8

E
9Q-G 7350k.etf-keus
A.

3) Queen Yeresankh 11: buried in the twin mastaba, G 7410$7420: the southern

part of the mastaba was prepred for her husband who became a
king, either Radedef or Chephren but her husband was buried at

GIZA NECROPOLIS; CHAPTER XVI: VOL*111.

p.168.

Abu Roash or the second pyramid at Giza: later the southern p r t

was used for the queen's son Eiorbaf: titles on the red granite
coffin, wrt hts, s)t nswt nt ht-f, hmt nswt, m J J tHr St:

tLt

I conclude that Meresankh I1 was a queen of Radedef and her iChnda

c4bL

Lwas

m d e in the reign of Chephren.

-------------b. The Children of Radedef

At Abu Roash, on the fragments of statues and statuettes found

by massinat, three sons and two daughters were recorded.

At Giza are buried

four nen who can be counted as sons of Radedef or Prince Kawafab, born of Hetepheres 11.

Also at Giza a son of Queen Meresankh I1 may likewise be a son of

Radedef.

1) Prince Baka; titles on a statuette, sj nswt smsw, hm ntr Radedef, nb im)h hr

it-f, smr wcty, sj nswt n ht-f, mry-f, hry tp Nhb, srnr, hrp ch,

hry wdb Ht-cnh: probsbly a son of Queen Khentet-n-ka: I would

identify him as King Bakara inserted in certain lists at the
end of I)yh.IV.
2) Prince Hor-ent: recorded on two b s e s by massinat: titles, s; nswt n ht-f

3) Prince Set-ka: on a scribe (S statuette; titles, s; nswt smsw.

4) Princess Nefer-hetep-s: sjt nswt nt ht-f mryt-f hrn ntr Ht-Hr nbt nht.
5) Princess Betep-heresft',titles, sjt nswt imfht.

.. .

Around the mastaba of Hetep-heres and that of the daughter

FCerytyetes, a daughter of Rawafab, stand four rllastabas of type VI a which are
assigned by me to the sons of Prince Rawatab and Yetep-heres 11 given courtesy
titles of "Princes".

e4

It must admitted that these four "princes'? could have

been sons of Radedef and Queen Hetep-hems I1 assembled around the tomb of their

p.169..

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI; VOL. III.

Another wife of Radedef, Meresankh I1 is proposed above

)-.In

the mastaba G 7410.)7420, two children of Q&een

Meresankh 11 are indicated, Prince HoPbaf and Princess ~ebty-tp-it-es. 1 am

of the opinion that Meresankh I1 was married to Radedef because on her coffin
she bears the title of wrt hts ("widow of a king").

That coffin was made in

the reign of Chephren.

6) Prince Horbafz assigned to the southern p r t of the twin mastab G 741047420

prepared foe his father and his mother&'.in both chapels the
prince is representedy and I assign the red gmnite coffin of
prince Iforbaf (now in the Cairn Iquseum) to this prince: on the
fragments of the southern chapel, the name is p r t l y preserved

....xor-Ba(f):

titles irny (is), w r 5 pr Dhwty-

on the granite coffin Horbaf bears on the lid and on the four
sides of the box, the title s f nswt: Prince Horbaf is assigned
by me as a son of Radedef and Queen Meresankh 11, buried in the

reign of Chephren or in the early years of Mycerinus.

7) (Princess?) Nebty-tep-it-es: on a fragment found in the northern chapel of
G 7410f7420, from the north doorjamb, two small figures of girls

faclng in to left: the figure on the right is labelled Nbty-tp-

it-s: the name indicates that she was a daughter of a king.

8) A princess with name lost: elder sister of No.7: on the same fragment.
TWO other children of a king could be taken as children of

Radedef but doubtfully.

These persons are prince 2aty in G 7810 and the

princess Refertkauw in G 7820.

The mastabas are of type VI a probably built

in the latter part of the reign of Chephren or in the early half of the.rei@;n
of Vycerinus.

~n the chapel of prince Zaty ( G 7810), a son is represented twice

f'IosF4 '
labelled sf-f smsw wr md smcw imy-rf mslc (imy-rf) kft nbt nt nswt, Zaty. ,Qhesr
h
titles are held by the father Prince Zats wit-h the addition of si nswt -n

p. 170

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. III.

It appears that when the chapel was decorated the son was a

ht-f and smr.

-man

holding the same offices as his father.

In the chapel of Princess

Nefert-kauw (probably a sister of Prince Zlaty), a granddaughter is represented

on the northern fazade p n e l between Iynefer and Nefertkauw.

The facts indicate

that Zaty and Nefertkauw were born before the accession of Chephren.
could be children of Cheops or Radedef.

Thus they

It is possible that the mastabs

G 7810 and G 7820 by their postion were r e b t e d to G 7410$7420 the mastaba of

kirhnar Queen Yeresankh 11 whom I assume above Was a wife of Radedef . Nevertheless
those two mastabas are directly north of the mas ata of Prince Ankh-haf, l(kXt4

rr

7510 and could be taken as related to that prince as his children,

case the titles held by Zaty and Nefertkauw a-re courtesy titles.

I register these two roya1,children

In that

Temporarily

as belonging to the family of Radedef

with reserve.
9) Prince Zaty: buried in G 7810 of type VI a (area, 750.75 sq.m.)

with s ~ ~ I x

nummulitic chapel of type (sa): titles, s; nswt n ht-f, imy r;

msc, imy r; k)t nbt nt nswt, smr: two shafts: M e - ,

-GyP=3-bf--c--

-La1

capacity, 63-29 cu.d. ):

9U

Wife of Prince Zaty: represented on the table facing her husband at a

separate table sitting with husband dn the same chair on north
wall, (named

..... ib),

and on the northern facade ganel.

5

mildren of Prince Zaty: on the north wall are represented a smal

hoy

between the father and the staff and on the right three registers
of aquatting men: in the register 3, two men are labelled s;-f:
thus the sons may be calculated between 3 and 7.

1) Eldest son Zaty; on the west wall as small boy labelled, si-f n
ht-f smsw mry (-f):

....: on

the north facade pnel, labelled

f

sf-f smsw mry-f wr md Smcw imy-r; k f t nt nswt Zaty: on the south

fa ade panel the son 1s repmsented with the same label.

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. 111.

10) Princess Nefertkauw: obviously

sister of Yrince Zaty: burieA in G 7820 of

type VI a (area, 1032 sq.m.,

enlared by the area sloping down

to the NE) : nummulitic chapel of type (Sa): two shafts: burial

chamber B, type 3 afg area, 16.4 sq.m.:

capcity, 47.56

CU.~.):

a.
-*
capcity, 12.04):
I(
decoration obliterated except on ka-door on north jamb, on the

burial chamber A, type 4 b(1) (area, 6.88 sq.m.;

facade pnels: the chief figure is the husband named Iynefer

without any title preserved: on the nobthern back of the outer
niche of the n
ka-door stands a woman, labelled (s; nswt) nt ht-f
imjht hr it-s, hm ntr Nt Nfr-klw; on north doorjambs she appears
to be standing behind her husband: on the north facade panel she
stands behind her husband.

Husband of princess Nefertkauw: on the drum of the ka-door

Represented on the two facade pinels.

.......Iynefer:

Children of Princess Nefertkauw: on the south facade

pinel are represented
5
behind the Bther, a grown son holding a ppyrus roll in his left
hand and in front of the father two small children: on the north
facade pinel between the father and his staff stands a small boy

>

and between the father and the mother standsa small girl, labelled
sjt s)-f Nfrt-kJw.

The history of Radedef and his family is obscur

evidence at Abu Roash.

Apparently no inscriptions were found in the queen's

pyramid and the three nastabas on the west.

&.nT-t:

y the lack of

rma,Gt;Llm Grao

At Giza during the reign of Radedef

/iumlsLJ*
At the same time, the erasure of the titles

no 1

and name of prince Hordedef can only be dated to the reign of Radedef.
The eldest son of Cheops, Prince Kawa'ab did not come to the
throne in spite of the fact that he was a son of a sistekqueen of Cheops and
married to a daughter of Cheops.

nL

After his death which I date to Bnd of the

reign of cheepsJ Radedef came to the throne and married the widow of Kawacab.
chc) pwkL$ t k ett;L*Q-ERadedef had already married her sister or half sister, Khentet-n-ka

!l

Q. 172

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. III.

Hci (Mus

-Ab

ora to him at least five children (Nos.1-5 above).

.His son Baka, later

Bakara, was evidently msrked out as the crown prince and is marked by the lists
of kings as a Ring or an usurper placed at the end of Dyn.IV.
probably a son of the first wife of Radedef, Khentet-n-ka.

Baka(m) was

Thus Bhen Radedef

died and Baka(ra) came to the throne, Queen Khentet-en-ka would have have been
the "mother 3f the king of Upper and Lower Egypt".

tr,

6-4

66

The second branch of RadedBf was headed by Queen Hetep-heres 11,

the ?'red haired queen".

In the evidence in G 7530, one Of her dau&ters

yeresankh begotten by Prince Kawa'ab bears the titles sqt nswt nt htBf, a
courtesy title confered on Meresankh I11 by her stepfathBer Radedef.
and four brothers of Meresankh 111, I listed above
members of the royal family buried at Giza.
courtesy titles given by Radedef.

A sister
as

-These children appear to have

The children of Queen Hetep-heres 11 were

buried in mastabas built with private means around the tomb of Queen Hetep-heres

111

/67530.+7
540)The two daughters were begotten by Prince Kawafab. The four brothers

could have been sons of Kawafab or Radedef, but I conclude that they were sons

of Kawafab.

A third Rinily of Radedef, I suggest was produced by Queen

yeregankh 11.

The evidence is circumstantial.

I assign to her at least one

son, Horbaf, and two daughters N0.7(~ebty-tp-ites)and No.8.

It is possible

that prince Zaty (No.9) and princess Nefertkauw (H0.10) were also children of
and Radedef.

brought into the mmily two stepdaughters and probably 4 stepsons.

Queen

p-173

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. 111.

........3......

.......

Thus the children of Radedef Were at least 8 (4 sons and 3 daughters).

If the

stepchildren of Radeffef are counted as well the number of children was 14

(8 sons, and 6 daughters)

If the w i n c e Zaty and Princess Nefertkauw were

children of Radedefl then the total children and stepchildren amount to 16

(9x91sons and 7 daughters).

--

54. The Family of Chephren.

After eight years on the throne, Radedef was succeeded by his

brother Chephren.

Chephren reigned about 29 years f 5 years.

He built the

second pyramid at Giza with pyramid temple, the valley temple and the g
Great Sphinx.

He did not construct a field of mastabas for his own family, but

most of his fhmily were buried in rock cut tombs in the Cheops-Chephren quarq,.
Chephren was undoubtedly a son of Cheops but there is no evidence

of the name of his mother.

a. The Queens of Chephren.

The names of 4 queens of Chephren have been found in rodc cut &ma&
tombs, three in the Cheops-Chephren quarry and one in Cem. G 7000.

Three of

these queens were tburied in the rock cut tombs in which their names were

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CEAPTER XVI: VOL*111.

inscribed, Queen Khamerernebty I, Queen Persenet and Queen Meresankh 111.
fourth queen,Yedhekenuq ,was

agh

The

recorded in the tomb of MB son, Prince skhem-ka-ra.

L,

One small pyraqid was excavated by Holscher south of the Second Pyramid obviouslg
built for a queen of Chephren.

I would assign the pyramid to Queen Hedhekenuw.

I place Queen Khamerernebti I as the chief wife of Chephren.

She holds tbe titles of a chief queen including "the daughters of the god".
She was th.e mother of King Mgcerinus and hls chief wife Khamerernebty 11.

1) Queen KhaTerernebty I: buried in the Galarza tomb in the Cheops-Chephren

Quarry; type RC (iil) dated by me to the reip of Weserkaf:
titles, mwt nswt-bity, sjt ntr mj!t

ntr mwty, hm ntr

4ca.4a4.d,a

Hr St wrt hts, wrt hswt hm

hmt-nswt mryt-f sJt nswt nt ht-f,

nbt imjh hr ntr cj: the titles of her daughter, Kharnerernebty 11,
sjt-s smswt m:ft Hr St, wrt hts, wrt hswt, hm ntr Dhwty, hrn ntr

.......... ....,,t-Llst Hr,

sm)t Nbty, mry, hat nswt mryt-f, sjt

nswt nt ht-f nbt imjh hr it-s: daughter af Cheops, wife of

Cheghren and mother of Mycerinus ani? dueen Khamerernebty I1
(see chapter XV).

2) Queen Persenet: buried in LG 88: type RC (id): titles, sJt nswt nt ht-f, hmt
nswt nt ht-f wrt hts mother of Prince Mekaumrajdaughter of Cheops.

3) Queen Hedhekenuw: recorded in LG 89 the tomb of her son Prince Selchemkara:

titles, nb imJh mjjt Hr St, mwt-f (the prince) hm ntr .........:
the short inscriptions do not give the titles of sJt nswt and
therefore there is no evidence of her family connections.
4) Queen Meresankh 111: buried in G 7530, type RC (id): daughter of Prince

~ a w a f and
~ b Hetep-heres 11: a granddaughter of Cheops with courtesy title of princess& a niece of Chephren.
b. The Children of Chephren.
After

reign lasting 29f5 years, Chephren was succeeded by his

son Mycerinus born to Chephren by Gueen Khamerernebty I.

4.175
GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. I n .

1) King Mycerinus: buried in the Third Pyramid at Giza: see below.

?4ycerinus,had built three queens pyramids on the south of lfyne Third Pyramid,
and the three queens buried in those pyramids were probably sisters of Mycerinus
and daughters of Chephren.

In the rock cut tonb of Prince Khunera in the

I\fycerinusQuarry is recorded maqerernebty I1 identified with the daughter of

Khamerernebty I in the Calarza Tomb.
2) Queen plhamerernebty 11: see 3Tycerinus chief queen.

The majority of the members of the family of Chephren were buried

in the rock cut tombs in the Cheops-Chephren Quarry.

In the Upper scarp are

three tombs of princes who were certainly sons of Chephren, LG 87, LG 89 and

LO 06.
3) Prince Nekauwra: LG 87: son of queen Persenet,
titles, sf nswt n ht-f smsw, r-pcty, hfty-e: ttyty s]b tfty, wr
5 pr mwty, hry hb hry tp, hry hb n it-f, smr wcty, fmy is, hry
tp Nhb n it-f, c,(?) Dwfw, irnjhw

..... rc nb

TI

pr cj n it-f.

with 12 estates, two with names compounded with the ame of

is
Cheops and nine compounded with the name of Chepbren: will dated

&*

in 12 hjt sp (year 23) of the reign of Chephren.

r!

Rife of Prince Nekauwra: hmt-f rht nswt hm ntr Ht-fir, hm ntr Nt, Nbty-n-k-@
(Neka-Eebty),
Children of Prince Nekauwra: in the will, are references to a son, Nekauwra:

to his daughter; Hetep-heres: and his daughter Nekanebty-sher.

4) Prince Sekhemkara: son of Queen HedtPekenuw: LG 89, type RC ic: area, 50.36

sq.m.:

titles, sf nswt n ht-f, smr wcty, hrp ch, hry sstl n pr

M f t , nb imjh hr it-f, r-pcty, hjty-c, sdwty bity, hry kb hry tp.

18 estates with names compounded with the name of Chephren;

a later inscription on the north wall of room a-2, reads, imfh hr
it-f nswt hr ntr cf, imjhw hr nswt bity Hcfrc, imfhw hr nswt bity
Mn-kjw-Ba, imjhw hr nswt bity Spsskff, imfhw hr nswt bity VJsrkff
imjhw hr nswt bity Slhwrc: thus the prince died in the reign of
Sahura about 65-70 years old.

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER %VI: VOL*III*

Wife of Prince Sekhemkam: on the east wall of room a-1, she is labelled
hmt-f mryt-f rht nswt Khufuw

...............

Children of Prince Sekhemkara: on the eastern wall of room a-1, are

depicted four sons:-

1) rh nswt Sekhemka ra,

2) rh nswt Horkhaf.

3) rh nswt Rhafra-baf.

4) rh nswt Khafra-ankh.
5) Prince Nebemakhet: LG 86: son of Queen Meresankh I11 (evidence in G 7530 and

in his tomb): t y p RC (iic), area, 55.1 9q.m.:

titles, r-pcty,

sj nswt n ht-f, hry hb hry tp, ss mdft ntr n it-f, smr wcty n itf, smsw snwt, hrg sstf n it-f: on west wall south of inner door

in outer room, 64 estates all compounded with name of Chephren:

in G 7530, behind Queen Meresankh, his titles are sj-s s J nswt

n ht-f hry hb hry tp: on east Wall of the inner room of LG 86,
above the doorway is a family scene showing the nother, Queen
lqeresankh, a c i n g to left: before her are three children facing

(1) Prince Nebemakhet, (2) Princess

(Shepses)-t-kauw, a sister of Nebemakhet, (3) (Ra)-duwa: in the
outer room on the south wall, Shepsesetkauw is represented
behind Nebemakhet, and is labelled snt-f, Spsstkfw, slt nswt nt
ht-P, nbt im;h hr

...........:

in the room c of G 7530, three daughters are represented as

statues carved in the north wall of which the largest figure was
probably Princess Shepsesetkauw
Wife of Prince Nebemakhet; Nab-hetep (Mwbhtp): in the inner room on the
south behind her husband, and on the east wall south of the doorway# behind her husband: labelled hmt-f rht nswt hm ntr Ht-Hr m
iswt-s nbt, imjht hr

..........

Children of Prince Nebcmakhet: in LG 86, no children are represented as

the r w l b s are now preserved: in LG 12, the reliefs are nearly
obliterated with no trace of childmnf

p- 177

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHkPTER XVI: VOL*TII*

In the upper scarp there are three other tombs inscribed with the
names of princes,

Prince Ni-ankh-=

of LG 90) and prince Minuwen (LG 92).

relations

(west of LG 89), Prince Neweserra,(north

We have no indication of the family

of these three pyinces because of lack of decorations.

These princes

will be listed belowv as members of the royal family of doubtful relation.

Lower down in the Cheops-Chephren Quarry close to the southern
side of the causeway of Chephren, is a block of rock cut tombs of one fbmily.
The order of these tombs appears to be (1) Frincess Hemetra, (2) Prince mwen-ra

6) princess Hdetra; excavated by Selim 3ey, west of Queen Rekhetra: type ~ C ( i d )

area, 73.44 sq,rn.:

pillars and entrance decorated:

titles stt nswt nt ht-f.

six children represented on t b pillars, (1) Shepseska, son ,

(2) Shepsesra, son (3) Akhet-ra, son, (4) Khentkauws, daughter,
(5) Hetep-heres, daughter, (6) Meresankh, daughter:

Dated to reign of Mperinus.

7) Prince Yuwenra: excavated by Selim Bey: south of the tomb of Princess

Henet-ra: t y m RC (iii b): area, 27.82 sq.m.:

titles, nswt bity

Hcfra, sj-f smsw, r-pcty hlty-c, hry hb hry tp, n it-f, smr wcty
n it-f, hry ch, hry sst! n pr DPIlt, imy-rf klt nbt nt nswt, imthw
hr it-f: probably son of Chephren: made in the rei-

of Shepsesk&

p*17$.

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI; VOL. 111.

or th.at of Weserkaf.

This part of the page was cut with scissors and pasted on to page 188 as item 3.
The pencil note on this page that says "take out" was cut off during scanning.

s)Queen

Rekhet-m; excavated by Selirn Bey east of the tomb

type RC (id), area, 57.04 sq.m.:
m;]t

Of

hd.nCeSS Hemetm

entrance inscribed, titles

Hr St, stt nswt, wrt hts, hmt nswt: in the tomb of her ka-

priest, Ka-m-nofret about 30 m. to the south, Rekhetra is

labelled nswt bity Hcfrc sJt-f Rhtra: certainly a daughter of

Chephren and probably wife of Mycerinw: made in early Dyn.V(?).

These

tt;,
%rw

related.

children of Chephren by the position of their tombs are clearly

But we have no evidence of their mother or mothers.

Queen Rekhetra, was probably narried to Mycerinus.

The rame-

The sister
of the children

of Pflncess Hemetra include names well known in DynrIV and V, such as Hetepheres and Meresankh, and other names known in the end of Dyn.IV and in the first
half of' ~yn.v such as Shepseska, Shepses-ra, Akhet-ra and Khentkauws.

The

children were probably born in the reign of Mycerinus.

One mastaba, G 5110, decorated in the name of Prince -a-r,-Ra,
I assigndb to the family of Chephren.

The evidence consists of the following

facts:-

(1) In the rock cut tomb of Meresmkh 111, the chief funerary priest is
named ghemt en .
(2) East of G 5110 is the mastaba G 5220, Inscribed with the name of

Khemtm who Was lablled in an ornamental inscription around

the top of the Wstaba, irny pr n

SI nswt Kawacab, imy-r; pr ( h t )

nswt (stt nswt sjt nswt or wrt hts) Htp-hrs, imy r; pr n wrt hts
s;t nswt Mrscnh, imy r; pr (st nswt mwanra).

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL.111.

(3) In the rock cut tomb of Prince Nebem-akhet (LG 86) above the doorway

in the inner room is a family group with Queen Meresankh on the

right facing to the left with her children facing her, Prince
Nebemakhet,Princess Shepsestkauw, and an obliberated figure with
name partly preserved

... duwa ....

I take it that w i n c e was

originally labelled mwanera.

The connection between Khemten and the family of trine8 Kawa'ab is clearly
proved.

Prince Duwanera was a grandson of Prince Kawacab, a son of Queen

Meresankh 111.

The position of the two mastabas of prince Duwanera and

the

funerary priest Khemten is evidence that prince Duwanera z~zdxk3~.sxfmmq

~

I belonged
~ x ~

Ba

to
~ the
E Ifhmily
P
which Khemten served all his life.

amd

this reconstruction I take prince Duwanera as a son of Chephren

Meresankh 111.

9)Prince

mwanera: buried in G 5110: a large mastaba with an area of 1261.75

sq,m.:

c h a p 1 of type

cased with white limestone: -decorated

(6 b); titles, sj nswt n ht-f, hjty-c tjyty,

..... (axe on

1ioneH

iry ~ h n ,hry tp Nhb, a t Inp, hry hb hry tp, hry djfl nswt, cj
m w

....... ......., ...... ht

cnh, priest of Horus, whc scty ss

rndJt ntr hm ntr Hr:

one shaft with a burial chamber of type 3 af, area, 10.27 sq.m.:
capacity, 30.81 cu.m.:

with a red granite coffin of type

now in

Turin): a t e d to the reign of Mycerinus: the prince was a son of

Chephren and queen Meresankh 111.

In the chapel no wife a% or

children represented

la) Princess Shepsesetkauw: probably buried in Pyr.

G 111-b or c as a queen of

Mycerinas: recorded in the tomb of Nebema$het,see

as sister of

p&u ond
that p&ls&w&
Prince
A

No.7 above@,

Duwanera: identified as the

tallest statue of the aughters of Meresankh 111, on the north

wall of room c in G '7530: labelled in LG 86, snt-f Shcpsestkauw,
sjt nswt nt ht-f nbt imjh h r
Il-42)

........

TWO other daughters of Queen Meresankh are represented by statues in the

north wall of room c of G 7534: no names preserved.

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHlPTER XTJI: VOL*III*

13) The

queen of Mycerinus buried in Pyr. G III-c(?): probably a daughter of

Chephren and a sister of Mycerinus .

C.

Other minces of the royal family of Dvn.IV, not identified with the
name of a king.

Five princes are known by names which are npt clearly related to
any king.
Mycerinm

Each of the five princes would be a son of Chephren or a son of

or Shepseskaf.

Three of these princes were buried in the Cheops-

Chephren Quarry in the upper scarp, Minuwen, Neweserra, and Wiankhra.

TWO

other

princes were buried in mastabas, Kanineapwt, in G 2155 in the Western Field and
Khufuwdedef in the Cem. G I S, WO.3.

The relation of the last named princes

with Chephren is problematical.

1) prince Wfnyuwen: LG 92: type RC (ib), area, 54.16 sq.m.: with inscribed
entrance: title, s; nswt n ht-f, smsw, smr wcty n it-f, hry sstf

m pr dwft sdwty bity, hry hb n it-f, im)h hr it-f, hry hb hry tp,
hrp ch, r-pcty, tjyty sjb tfty, ss mdjt ntr, wr 5 pr Dhwty: tomb
at the southern end of the upper scarp, probably made in the
end of the reign of Mycerinus or in the reign of Shepseskaf:
possibly a son of Chephmn.
Wife of Prince Minyuwen: without titles, Khamerernebty.
2) Prince Neweserra: excavated by Selirn Bey west of LG 89: type RC (if), area,

37.71 sq.rn.:

entmnce inscribed, titles, sj nswt n ht-f, hry hb

hry wdb n it-f, smr wcty, sdwty bity: I would date the tornb later
than Plycerinus: no evidence of the prentage of the prince:
he could be a son of any king from Chephren to Neferirkara.
3) Prince 31-ankh-m: excavated by Selim Bey west of Bo.8d 2 above: type RC (via)

area, 17.2 sq.m.:

inscribed on entrance: titles, sf nswt srnr wcty

hry sstf n pr dwjt hry sst) nswt m iswt-f nbt, imy ib n nb-f, yrr
nb-f, hry hb, imy r] kft nbt nt nswt, tpi hr nswt: the type RC(vi91
was usual in Dyn.V:

the titles indicate that he bears the titles

under a king not his father or the alternative is that he was not

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. 111-

the son of a king but held the coubtesy title of a king's son:
it is impossible to ascribe him to the farnily of any king of

Dyn.IV,

V, or VI.

4) prince Kaninesuwt: G 2155, excavated by Junker: mastaba type VI1 X (cased

with mixed white and num. limestone), area, S99.28 8q.m.:

white

limestone chapel of type (4a) decorated, titles, s,(nswt n ht-f,

sm hrp sndwt, smr Wcty, wbj Hr, cd mr Dp, rj P nb, hry sstl n pr
dw;t,

hry tp Nhb, hry wdb h-t cnh, hkf bjt, hrp hjts, km, hm ntr

nb hm.t s; mhtt, hry hb, (imy-)ht Hj wc(m) wrw hb: Among the s
i
30 estates two nanes are compounded with the name of Sneferuw and
one with the name of Cheops: one-2-meter shaft, with burial
charllber of type 4 a(4) (aaea, 17.2 sq.m.:

capcity, 37.84 cu.m.)

with canopic pit: dated by me in the period from the accession

of Shepseskaf to the end pf Meferirkara.

Wife of Prince Kaninesuwt: rht nswt Nefert-H;-nswt.

Children of Prince Kani-nesuwt: three children, two boys and a daughter$:-

1) rh nswt pr-HC, on W wall: on north wall as naked boy labelled

rh nswt sj-f n ht-f Hr-wr.
2) sjrt-f nt ht-f W)dt-htp.

3) Naked boy with fingar in his mouth, sj-f n ht-f Kf-n-nswt-sr:

his tomb is built against of eastern faze of G 2155.

The royal estates bearing the names of Sneferuw and Cheops are only three among
30 estates.

Revertheless these estates connect the prince with the royal family

but do not prove that he was actually a son of a king.

The titlwlmostly

indicate an inferior position as they refer generally to religous obbices,

If

a
he was actually a son of king, the date of the mastab allows him to be a son

of any king from Chephren to Neferirkara, but later than Chephren.

5) Prince Phufuwrledef: excamted by Junker, Cern. G I S, No.3; mastaba core t y p

rv-i, cased first with z-masonry and with an outer+ casing of

white limestone: interior chapel of type (3a) bonded with the
z-casingiexterior c h a p 1 bonded with white casing: interior
chapel decorated but nearly dest&ed

: one shaft(?) with burial

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. 111.

chamber of ty@

3, containing a granite coffin of type d(p):

titles, sj nswt (on coffin), hry wdb nswt: no evidence of wife

or children: dated fbm Mycerinus or Shepsoskaf.

CI

Prince Khufuwdedef by the date of the finished mastaba could be assigned to the
family of Chephren or Mycerinus.

But I refrain from placing him as a son of

either king.
d. The Summary of the Family of Chephren.
.
.
I

_
I

The chronological order of Cheph.ren is now certain.

his brother or half brother, Radedef as the fourth king of Dgn.IV.

He followed
He was a son

of Cheops and one of his queens, probably the queen of the legimate line

l-

in Pgr.G I-a.
His chief wife was Khamerernebty I, buried in th? GBlarza Tomb
in the Cheops-Chephren quarry, wobably in the reign of Weserkaf, the first
king of W.V.

Queen Kharnerernebty I bore to Chephren the chief wife of

Ygcerlnus, Queen Khamerernebty I1 and probibly Mycerinus himself.

TIE other three queens of Chephren were Queen Per@enefl (LG 88),
Queen Hedhekenuw (in her son's tomb LG 89), and Queen Meresankh 111 (G 7530).
I would assign the queen's pyramid south of the pyramid of Chephren to Queen
Hedhekenuw.

It must be noted that

( Princess Hemetra, Prince Yuwenra,

8 fifth wife of chephren.

is possible that
above.

group of

I,

children of Chephren
and Queen Rekhetra) indicate

Bo tomb of this dueen can be identified at Giza.

-%

It

children of Chephren were born of the queens listed

t,

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL*I11

13

I h a w listed above W children of Chephren of which there

cannot be any doubt, and five princes of doubtful relation,

children of Chephren,

S&

are sons and seven are daughters.

Of these %&I3
If the five

doubtf'u1Z princes prove to be sons of Chephren, the sons are increased to flB 1 1
making a total of l$ children of Chephren.
The number of children born from the different queens w.ry
greatly.
each.

The queens pmst~ndPersenet and Hedhekenuw are creeited with one son

Possibly a queen could have borne a single child.

can be imagined 1ead.ing to that result.

Several circumstances

Ufisually in ancient Egypt a single

wife produced from three to seven children.

Meresankh I11 had at least two sons

(Rebernakhet and Duwanera) and three daughters (Shepsesetkauw, and

I j -12).
NOS

The chief queen Khaaerernebty was certainly the mother of Kharnerernebty 11 and
hfycernus,

m
m e daughters of a king bear only titles which give their blood
relation to the king and with added titles as priestess of Hathor, Neith and
other goddesses.
The titles of the sons of a king are very significant for the
administrative service in which they were employed.

?%.e chief administrative

office is ttyty s J b tfty which we translate as ''vezier".

of the princes

listed as sons of Chephren hold the title of vezier, Nekauwra (LG 87),-d
Sekhenkara (LG 89)1

Another important office is

recorded by the title sdwty bity, "the seal behrer of the king of Lower Egyptrt,
ed?

whjch was borne by lnvw prince$, Sekhemkara (Le 89)

I,

e
.

p. H34GIZA NXCROPOLIS: CFAPTER XVI: VOL. 111.

-I--

r*Ala-

~lpro other princes are labelled as holding the office

of "oyerseer of all the works of the king" (imy r; k)t nbt nt nswt), Yuwenra

Thus W e e e princes are marked as officials

( ~ 0 . 7above) and mwanera ( G 5110),

I.

CmA

of highest importance, Prince Nekauwra

TWO

Prince Sekhernkara-

other princes are marked as holding lesser offices, Prince Yuwenra and

Prince mwanera,

m e sixth prince is Nebemakhet who bears the usual titles

regarding his blood connection with the royal family and the usual offdces held
by vinces.

HIS most important title is ss mdjt ntr n it-f, "the scribe of the

divine book of his father".

The five princes of doubtful relation to Chephren, are of eftfsmxa
different ranks either measured by their titles or by the excellence of their
tombs.

Three of the princes are buried in rock cut tombs in the upper scarpk,

with inscribed doorways but no decoration inside.

princes Nos. 4 and 5,

ranfnesuwt and Khufuwdedef, are buried. in large mastabas cased with white limestone,

Both chapels of the mastabas were decorated with reliefs but t&

Khufuwdedef was nearly destroyed,

of

The aost important prince estimated b& his

titles is prince Minguwen (No.1) who bears the titles of "vezierttand x*'sealbearers of the king of Lower Egypt".

The highest title held by Prince Neweserra

(~0.2)is "seal-bearer of the king of Lower Egypt".

Prince Kaninesuwt buried

in a large Tastaba of excellent construction bears mostly religious offices of

which the chief was the Sem-PrieSt, "the controller of the apron".

Prince

Niankhra (110.3) does not bear any high titles and the use of the phrase nb-f
with ordinary titles indicates that he outlived his father or bears a coubtesy
title# of prince.

The fifth Prince, Khufuwdedef has only two titles preserved

''y-c,.

b
o
.

*I

and I would take him not to be a real princedwith an inherited title of st nswt.

Q- 185

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: voL. m.

,?g\,rJ;fluV:Ji

Of the five princes I woule assign Prkce Hemyuwen as a son of Chephren, leaving
the other four princes of very doubtful family relations.

6.

The Family of Mycerinus

Mycerinus succeeded his father Chephren on the throne of Egypt

and reigned 18 years.

Probbly in the reigns of both Chephren and Mycerinus,

the descendants of Radedef were from time to time in open revolt.

These

usurpers are represented by the three kings recorded in someof the lists of
kings at the end of DynoIVMycerinus was building the Third Pyramid at Giza but he did not
live long enough to finish it.

When he died, only a third of the pyramid was

cased with granite and the casing

in one room.
built.

Of

the walls of the temple was only completed

In the valley Temple only the limestone cores of the walls were

His son Shepseskaf finished the pyramid with white limestone and the

two temples with crude brick.

The work of Shepseskaf was done in his first

and second years.

It is d difficult to reconstruct the family of Mycerinus because

$&&h,&L-~R

-L

made mastabas or rock cut tombs for his family.

The three queens'

pyraaids bad no inssriptions recording the names of the ladies buried in the
small pyramids

a. The Queens of Mycerinus.

south of the Third Pyramid stand three small queen's pyramids

dtesignated Pg-

5 111-a, b, and c.

1) Pyr. G 111-a, the eastern pyramid was begun by Myce rinus who built the limestone core and set one course of granite casing. It was flnished

by Shepseskaf with a casing of white 1iaest.one. The temple was

GIZA NECRCPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL*111.

planned by Mycerinus as a stone building but he only built the
limestone platform of the western p r t of the temple.
Shepseskaf finished the temple with crude brick.
2) pyra G TlfI-b, has a stepped core built by Mycerinus and the completion of the

pyramidaJ.form and the casing was never carried out.

The temple

was constructed by Shepseskaf with crude brick.

3) Pyr. G IJI-C, like Pyr.G 111-b, had a stepped core built by Mycerinus and a
crude brick temple built by Shepseskaf.
Unfortunately no inscriptions were found in these three pyramids or their
tenples.

Thus the identity of the queens buried in the pyramids must be

reconstructed from other evidence.

Firstly it can be assumed that the three

queens were sisters or half sisters of Mycerinus.

a Queen,Khamerernebty

11.

We know one sister who became

In the tomb of queen NIeresankh 111, are recorded

three sis-ters of Mycerinus but Only one of them is known by name, the eldest
I,
eaughter of Queen Meresankh 111, narndlshepsesetkauw.
sisters are known, Princess Hemetra (see

&d-

xBmM$

Rekhetra (see

eL(&

of Chephren NO.$)

Two other sisters dr half

of Chephren, No.6) and Queen

Queen Hekhetra was probably married

to M cerinus but she was buried in a rock cut tomb of the Cheops-Chephren Quarry

not in one of the three pyramids south of the Third Pyramid.

c-

rl,

The Queen Khamerernebty was certainly buried in Pyr.G 111-a.

/I

We know from an inscribed flint peseshkaf-wand found in the rnaszine of the

pyramid temple of Mycerinus that Khamerernebty I was the mother of Mycerinus.

In the Galarza tomb, Khamerernebty I had a daughter Khamerernebty 11 who was

also a queen.

In the vycerlnus quarry, east of Pyramid G 1 1 1 4 and not fQr

from it, is the rock cut tomb of rince

rhaaemrnebty 11.

Khuwnera.

His mother is named

From this evidence I am confident that Queen Kharnerernebty 11

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTFB XVI: VOL. 111.

was buried in the eastern small pyramid, G 111-a.

1) Queen Khamerernebty 11: buried in Pyr.G 111-a: a daughter of Khamerernebty I

and Chephren: titles in the Galarza tomb, 9)-s smsvrt m)ft Hr St,
wft hts, wrt hswt, hm ntr Dhwty, hm ntr HIP, smJt Nbty mry (t-f),
hmtr nswt mryt-f, s:t nswt nt ht-f, nb imfh hr it-s: in the tomb

of her son Kkuwnera on E wall and S wall, titles, mwt-f mflt Hr St

wpt hts, imfht ssm sshmt pr hmt-nswt sjt nswt smswt nbt imfh:
as chief queen she would have been the mother of Shepseskaf, but
tke only son recorded is Khuwnera.
NO other queen Fs recorded by her name who could be buried in the

two other pyramids, P y S G 111-b and c.

his sisters or half sisters.

But probably the queens of Mycerinus werc

The only sister whose name is recorded is princess

Shepsesetkauw a daughter of Chephren and Meresankh I11 recorded in the rock cut
tomb of her brother Prince Webemakhet (LG 86).

I would identify her with the

eldest daughter of Meresankh reprhsented by a statue in the tomb of Queen

Meresankh ( G 7530). We have not found any tomb in which she was buried** It is
possible that she was later a wife of Mycerinus and buried in Pyr.G 111-b or
2-3) The two queens buried in P y a G 111-b and

C.

C.

Unidentified, possibly one

of them was Shepsestkauw,

4) Queen Rekhetra; buried in a rock cut tomb excavated by Selim Bey: see

Qhlldren of Chephren, Wo.8, titles mjjt Hr St, sjt nswt wrt hts,
hut nswt.

It is possible that another queen, Buwnefer was married to

Mycerinus ( see below under doubtful members of the family of JAycerinus ~0.l.).

b. The Children of lvlycerinus .

The evidence of the children of Mycerinus is meagre like the
evidence of his queens.

kyr

I find evidence of' Wmmm sons and no daughters.

GZZA NECRCPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL-111.

p- I m

PQOL?m r t

'
c
'
*-

Gs*

% B u

*L-

1) Shepseskaf; buried in the Mastab$ el-Faraon at mhshur, he completed the

Third pyramid and its temples in the first and second year of
his reign: See Mycerinus , P r-

2) Prince Khuwnera: buried in a rock cut tomb in the MyCerinus Qmrry: represent-

ed as a small boy with his mother on east and south walls, he is

labelled, s f nswt n ht-f smsw, smr wcty n it-f: as

man labelled

, S; nswt n ht-f smsw, mry-f, hry sstf nb n it-f, nb imfh hr it-f:

a statuettelr of a squatting scribe was found in the tomb of

Item 3, cut
out and
pasted from
page 178.

Khuwnera and also a red granite coffin

$) Prince Ankh-mara: excawted by Selim Bey north of the tomb of princess

Hemet-ra: type RC (i e), area, 48.67 sq.m.; titles, r-pcty s;

srmslu
nswt n ht-fLhry hb hry tp, sdwty bity n ip-f, hfty-c, tfyty
T : b

: made in

tfty: inscribed entrance: prohbly a son of

the reign of Shepseskaf or Weserkaf.

4) Prince Raeeded:

buried in the first rock cut tomb made in the eastern

promontory of the eastern cliff: type RC (vc), area, 61.33 sq.m:

naqe and title on granite drux, title s; nswt n ht-f: decorations

ST-dA

of the chapel obliterated: on the floor was found a pa r statue

g.-.'t

The tomb of Prince Kszeded was the first in the cliff.

South of it the tomb wax

Eo. 6 beI.onging to KhufuWer Was decorated by Mycerinus himself.

Another tomb

No.11, records an overseer of the mastab of the tomb of Shepseskaf, Neka-hor

(rh nswt shd wcb, imy rf Spskff-kbhw)

The evidence

ustified placing prince

Kazeded as a son of Mycerinus.

In the CalIsrza tomb in the Cheop-chephren quarry, there were

seven statues representing the members of the royal family attached to Qdeen
Khamerernebty I and her claughter dueen Khamerernebty 11.
two princes, Nekara and Sekhemkam.

TNOstRtues represent

I take these princes as sons of Mycerinus

and Queen Khamerernebty 11.

9) Prince

Nekara: in the Galarza Tomb,

statuette: no burial place identified,

but possibly buried &n one of the seprate burial chambers in

the Galarza Tomb: the princs is taken as a son of Mycerinus.

p.189.

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. 111.

6) Prince

Sekhemkara: in Galarza Tomb, a statuette: no burial place identified

but possibly buried in one of the burial chambers in the Wlarza
Tomb: the prince is taken as 'a son of h'fycerinus.

C.

The Doubtful Members of the Family of Mycerinus.

I
-

Other members of the family of Mycerinus are doubtful,

Above

under the children of Chephren I have listed five princes who could be sons of

(11,
(2)9
(3)9
Mycerinus , Prince M i n y u w e n m e , Prince Newes e r r a p $ , Prince N iankh ra7=$,
(4)9
Prince r a n i n e s u w t m and Prince Khufuwdedef (5).

In addition to these

princes we have at the southern end of the Cheop-Chaphren + a r r y two rock cut
tombs belonging to two persons, Queen Buwnefer and frince Kay who may be
members of the mrnily of Mgrcerinus.
Queen Buwnefer: excavated by Selim Bey, in the E-W scarp north of the
mastaba of Queen Khentkauws: type RC (ie), area 64.39 sq,m.:
decoration on pillars between room58 and b and inscribed drum in
room b: titles, mjjt Hr St, sjt nswt nt ht-f, hmt nswt mryt-f wrt
hst wrt hts(?): the tomb was made before the mastaba of Queen
mentkauws dated to the reign df Neweserra: Queen Buwnefer could
be a queen of Mycerinus, Shepseskaf or a queen of any one of the
first three kings of Dyn.V.

2) Prince Kay: excavated by Selia Bey, west n% or east of tLat of dueen Buwnefer
type RC (...),area,

..........sq.m.:

inside chapel titles,.

....

.......
I identify Kay with the prince Kay who deposited five alabaster
models in a Pot sunk in the floor of the offering room of the
temple of Pyr. G 111-a(Queen Kkamerernebty 11): I am of the
opinion that the prince was a son of Mycerinus by Khamerernebty
I1 or Queen Buwnefer.

P. 1go.

GTZA NXCROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. 111.

--

8. %&9t'if Summary of the Fbmily of Mycerinus.

--*----

_
I
-

The reconstruction of the farnily of Mycerinus is incomplete.

Only one of his queens has been recorded, Queen Khamerernebty 11, burieC! in
Pyre G 111-a.

The other queens buried in wrE. G 111-b and c, have not been

identified by name,

Possibly one of them was the half sister of Mycerinus,

princess Shepses,tkauw (the eldest daughter of Queen Meresankh 111).

It is

probable that a fourth queen Hekhetm buried in a rock cut tomb in the cheopsChephren Quarry, was a wife of Mycerinus.

The relation of Queen Buw&efem

buried in a torb in the same quarry is more dtoubtful.

Fro3 the B c t s it can be concluded that Mycerinus had the usual
royal hareem of a king of DYn-IV.
nebty 11, his full sister.

Certainly his chief wife was Queen Khamerer-

Four or five other wives were c4 full sisters or

half sisters.
He was succeeded by Shepseskaf who completed his pyramids and the
funerary temples of his tombs.
of Shepseskaf.

Unfor$unately we have no evidence of the mother

In the Galarza tomb her mother Khamerernebty I bears the title

of &h "the motFer of the king of Upper and b w e r Egypt", but in that tomb
Khamerernebty 11 does not bear that title.

I have concluded fro- the decoratdon

in that tomb, it could not have been made in the reign of Mycerinus or in the
reign of Shepseslaf.

Therefore I dzted the Galarza tomb in the reign of

Weserkaf, the first king of Dyn.V.

son of Khamerernebty 11.

otherwise in the Galarza Tomb she would have borne the

titles of a mother of the Ring.

SheDseskaf was a

grin

Thus it appears that Shepseskaf was not a

Nevertheless there could no doubt that

of Mvcerinus .

GIZA ITECROPOLIS: CHBPTEIi XVI: voL*111.

p.l$l.

The list of the children of Nycerinus is incomplete.

I have

SGf

listed above ilb+rrs princes including Shepseskaf.

Onlf one other son is clearly

recorded, Prince Ouvinem (No.2 above). Princes Nos.3-6 are based on

5
archaeological evidence, the names of Nos.+ and

prtly obliterated inscriptions.

6 were

reconstructed from

It is to be remembered that five pinces were

listed under the family of Chephren who could be sons of Chephren, Mycerinus

or Shepseskaf.

TO these five princes is to be added Prince Kay listed under

the fanily of Mycerinus of doubtful parentage.

The incomplete record of tlre family of' Mycerinas and in prticu3ar
his children, is due to lack of inscribed tombs at Giza.

The construction of

tombs of members of the royAl family came to an end with the accession of

Shepseskaf

79. The

--

F a m i Q of Shepseskaf.
.
e
-

we knm that Shepseskaf was

of Shepseskaf has been recorded,

title s;t nswt saswt.

9.

son of Mycerinus.

Only one child

daughter, Kha-Mafat. 1kis girl bears the

She fs known from the tomb of her husband Ptah-shepses.

His mastaba is at saqqarah, see Ftl-M., C 1, p@ 110 and see Sethe Urkunden I,
p.51-53.

Ptah-shepses was reared in the palace of Mycerinus and mepseskaf.

His chfef office was ''high priest of Ptah of Memphis", and he lived into the
reign of Yeweserra.
It is to be presumed that Shepseskaf had the usual hareem of a

king of Egypt, but he had a short reign calculated at between 4 and 6 years.
.RrS

In W 3 short life time he could not h v e . produced many children. His age

when he died may have hot have exceeded t w y years.

GIZA NECROPOLS: CHAPTBR XVI: voL*III*

E.

p.1q2.

m e Continuance of the Royal Family

Of

DW.IV in Oyn*V*

Shepseskaf was the last king of Wn.IV of the legitimate branch

&

of royal family.

III

the Abydos list of kings, Weserkaf follows on Shepseskaf.

In the aqqarah list there are four names between Mycerlnus and Weserkaf of
whiclh one was certainly ShePseskaf.

The other three names are to be assigned

to the eescendants of Radedef who were not recognized as legitimate kings by the
scribes following the family tradition.

The Turin papyrus seems also to give

three kings whose names are lost at the end of W.IV.

presents two names, Bicheris and Thamthis.

The list of Manetho

Ths placing of these names at the

end of the Dynasty Indicates the three kings were not recognized as legitimate
kings.

1 take them as descendants of Radedef who claimed the throne or were

usurpers during the reigns of Chephren, Mycerinus and Shepseskaf.

I estimate

the period between the death of Shepseskaf and the accession of Weserkaf as a
few months.

of Dyn.IV.

D9n.V

m e reign of Weserhf ended the internal troubles of the family

The daughters of the kings of DJrn.IV lived on and the kings of

legitimate their claim on the throne by taking their wives from women

descending from the a m i &

of Dyn.IV.

The families of the first and second kings aYf

reconstructed from th3 fnscriptions.

The pyramid of Weserkaf was Pound by ~

north-e8st of the Step Pyramid at Saqqarah.

have not been published.

0sn.v oarnot be

Many reliefs were recovered but

The pyramid of Sahura and his sun-temple were

excavated by the German Institute (Borchardt,

.............. ..... ....

9

The published material does not show any queen or

child of Sahura.

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. 111.

P.163.

The mmily of the third king of Dyn.V, Neferirkara, can be

connected with the old family of D p - I V , through one of his queens, Khentkauws.

68
(Borchardt, Neferirkara, P.47).

The mastaka of queen a%x Khentkauws was

discovered at Giza by Selim Bey east of the Third Pyramid and south of the
Cheops-Chephren Quarry.

She bears the titles "the mother of two kings of Upper

and Lower Egypt" and "the daughter of a king".

I interpret her titles of mother

of two kings that she was mother of Nefeffra and Neweserra,

made in the reign of Meweserra.
Shepseskaf.

Her mastaba was

She was obviously a daughter of Mycerinus or

In the tornb of Queen Meresankh, ( G 7530) two boys had been pinted

after the tomb was finlshed a m were labelled (1) ''king's son of his body,
I4

Neweserra (cartouche)-ankh and (2) "son of the king of his body, Duwara".
The figures of these boys were adCled later in the reign of Neweserra, probably
at the time when the mastah of Queen Khentkauws was made.
obviously sons of Newesserra and his wife

These boys were

Thus the boys were grand-

children of Eeferirkara and his wife queen Khentkauws.

The addition of the

figures of these two boys in the chapel of I$ueen Meresankh indicated a close
relation with Queen Meresankh 111.

I suggest that the eldest daughter of Queen

Meresankh 111, the princess Shepsestkauw had been married to Mycerinw or

Shepseskaf.

In any case, the marria@

of' Neferirkara to Khentkauirvs brouat the

blood royal into the descendants of Neferirkara and legitimatized his claim to
the throne,

The family of Dyn*XX V after the reign of Neferirkara was related

to the old family of DynoIV. The family of Dp.IV was descended from Hetepheres
I wife of Sneferuw and a daughter of Huni of Dyn.111.

Probably if we had the

necessaPy evidence the blood royal could be traced through the women from the

p.lq4.

GIZA RECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XvI: voL*111.

family of Menes down to Queen Hetep-heres I.

FOO~JOTE1: The kings of Dyn.XX V were buried at other places then Giza, for

the family of

4.

mn.v

our Expedition has not found any new materig

Other persons at Giza bearing Titles of Children or Wives of a King.

I
-

At Giza there are seven persons recorded who were connected by

their titles with the royal family of Dyn.V.

of 13yn.1~.

our

descended from the royal family

of these persons were women, Queen Nimalat-hap, Princess

Neferhetepes, princess Bunefer and =rincess Hetep-heres.

The other persons

were princes with courtesy titles, Seshathetep, Seshemnofer 111, and Khufuwkhaf 11.

1) Queen Nimafat-hap: G 4712: on independent site south of lime 8; mastaw

type, vII

(small masonry): area, 70.63 sq.m.:

chapel type (4b

with ka-door
-.--.
decorated: titles, mJ)t Hr St wrt hts: one shaft;
burial chamber, t y m 4 b(1) (area, 5.37 sq.m.:

capacity, 10.89

plundered: dated by me to mn.V before Neweserra.

cu.rn.):

2) Princess Refer-hetep-es: G 4714: LG 48, Textband I, p.72:

east of G 4712,

on independent site; mastaba type VI1 b, area, 83.75 sq.m.:

chapel type (4b): doorway drum found bjd Lepsius, titles,
s;t nswt nt ht-f Nfr-htp-s: two shafts: chief shaft A on north,
type 4 b(1) (area, 11.31 sq.m.2

capcity, 19.21

canopic pit, remains of wooden coffin:

models

The two mastabas were prohbl y

Neweserra.

CU.~.):

alabaster and copper

built about the same time in Dyn.V before

ms

I consider that G 4712 1118s built first ahd succeeded by G 4714,

L

In any case, the two ladies were related.

sisters or In the relation

Of'

The princess and the queen could be

mother and daughter.

By the positions of the

two mastabas, it seems plausible that princess Neferhetepes was a dau@+ter of

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL*III*

p*195.

Queen Nimatat-hap. Nimalat-hap does not appear to be

daughter of a king.

There was place on the crossbar to inscribe sjt nswt in place of the title
wrt hts.

Her dauater Neferhetepes was the daughter of a king, the husband of

Nimafat-Hap. Nimafat-Hapbefore her marriage was probably a rht hswt.

Neither of the ladies can be connected with any prticular king, but wit+
king reigding at the end of Dgn.IV or early Wn.V (Mycerinusrp Shepssskaf or

Weserkaf).

FOOTNOTE 1: The name Neferhetepes Was borne by one of the daughters'RadeAdef

( ~ 0 . 4under the Children of Radedef)

. I have

considered the

possibility that our princess could be the daughter of' Radedef.

If she was borna before the accession of Radedef, she was over
61 years old at the accession of Weserkaf.

At the end of the

reign of Neferirkara, she would have been 92 years old.

Her

mother would have been at least 15 years older making her age
107 years.

As the result of this calculation I think it is

impossible that our Neferhetepes can be a daughter of Radedef.

The princess Buwnefer was recorded in a large mstaba in the

Eastern Field as the wife of Ptah-sekhem-ankh who bears the highest Citles
usually borne,.--

11;cb2~

%I

3) Princess Buwnefer; G 7152 belonging to Ptah-sekhem-ankh: mastaba type VI a(%

area, 194.35 sq.m.:

b;yty

~ J tfty,
D

chapel type (4b) titles of Ptah-sekhem-anlrh,

adwty bity, ss c nsri, imy rj ss c nmt, imy rj

kjt nbt n nswt, imy r) wcbt, tp hr nswt, hjty-c, smr wcty n ib

nb-f, n ist ib nb-f, rh nswt, mdw myt, rj p nb, hry sstf:

on the subsidiary niche on the north (made later)

--

/
-

tit243 of

----_
4mtt,F'dhrm+

Princess Buwnefer is represented standing behind Ptah-sekhem-unh

and behind her stands a small girl labelled (si-t-f)mryt-f

Idqt-it-a; in the embrasure o the doorway to the chapel stood

two seated statues of Buwnefer, one on each sirle: north of the

doorway was a standing statue of Ptahsekhem-ankh:

P*186 *

GIZA XECROPOLIS: CFIAPTER FJI: VOL. 111.

two shaftsg,:A, man's shaft west of chapel, type 4 b(2), area,

12.39

sq,m,,

capacity, 24.78 cu,m.;

krst-lid: B, princess'shaft

attached stone coffin with

west of her niche, tyPe 6 a(2),

irregular, area, 6.15 sq.m.,

capacity, 10.15 cu.rn.:

the mastaba

is dated after Neweserra and probably in the reign of Isesy.

me faave no evidence of the parentage of princess Euwnefer.

She was probably

a daughter of Neweserra or Menkauwhor.

The three princes, Seshathetep, Sreshernnofer 111 and Khufuwkhaf
I1 were "princes" by courtesy.

4) "PrincefrSeshathetep: G 5160: see Junker, Giza 11, p.172 ff; core, type I1 a:
mastaba type VI1 a(Z), area, 325.04 sq.m.:

chapel type (4a)

nummulitic : titles, (1.) s f nswt n ht-f, (2) rh nswt, (3) wr md

smcw, (4) srnr, (5) hrp ch, (6) hry hb, (7)hry sstf kjt nb nswt,
(8) imy rJ kjt nb nswt, (9) (cd mr) wiJ, (10) wt Inpw, (11) mry

nb-f, (12) imfh hr ntr; on the back pillar of a standing p i r

are written another set of titles of greater importance,
LU
T nkhr

is of the opinion that the statue represented the father

and mother o

; the

xxgm.found pirtly

the statue on which the names are missing

in the southern serdab and prtly in the shaft

west of the serdab: the titles of the man of the statue are
sf nswt n ht-f smsw mry-f, r-pcty, ttyty ajb tfty, wr md smcw, x

wr m ] ~Ywnw, hrp ist bity, c J D'prfw, wn-rJ, hm ntr Hnthmy, hm ntr

b f cnp-t, hm ntr Ssmt, wc m wr-w hb,

...., Inpw, (ivy rf) ssw

mdit ntr, smsw snwt, imy rf kjt nbt nswt;

four shafts, two in the core (A on north and B on south) and two
shafts in the addition on the east; shaft A, type 3 ar
(area, 8.E.7 sg. m.:

camcity, 18.18 cu.m.),

containing a panelled

wooden coffin with krst-lid; shaft B, plundered, measurements

lost during the war (1914-1918); shafts I: and D small shafts.
Wives of **f9rinceft
seshathetep: on the backs of the outer niches of the
ka-doors is represented a woman who appears to be a wife:
)I% ct-kct
J) On the southern niche, g
rht nswt hm ntr Wt, hm ntr

_L

Ht -Ere

h,

GIZA EECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. 111.

2) On northern niche, Merytyetes, rht nswt hm ntr Nt, hm ntr

Ht-Hr: on FJ wall with husband, Merytyetes, hm ntr

.......

rht nswt.
possibly on E Wall north of the engrance is represented Hetep-ka,
Children of

Smshathetep: two groups of children in the cbpel:

a) In the presentation scene of the W wall:

1) Son, Hety, sf-f n ht-f.
2) N g h t e r , Merytyetes.

3) Naped boy, son, Sekhentiyuw-ka, ss pr mdft.

4) naked girl, Ne-sezer-ka.

5) Son, Seshathetep, sf-f n ht-f, heading register 2.
On N doorjamb, behind the seated man, stands NO.(^), hlerytyetes,

sft n ht-fa
b) On thtar +all,

north of the entrance, man and wife seated mcing

to left: before him two registers preserved:1) Daughter, Messat without title.
2) Daughter, Henutsen, rht nswt.

3) Bughter, Ny-sy-nswt, rht nswt.

4) Daughter, Hetsp-ib-s, rht nswt.

5) Daughter under chair, Aix fwt-ib, rht nswt.

The facts in the chapel of Seshat-hetep are incomplete because of

the prtial destruction of the walls, p%rticillarly of the upper part of the east

wall.

I agree with Junker that the statue 1s

Seshat-hetep.

figure of the father and mother

The father held the highest administrative titles and his title

s; nswt n ht-f smsw indicates that he was a son of a king.

Be do not know of any

courtesy titles of a prince including the ad&ective smsw,

m e twox ka-doors are inscribed with the nickname of Seshat-hetep

(ftHetl+t)
with the titles used on the walls of the chapel, not with the titles of
his Pather.

120

On the northern panel of,southern

niche is a woman facing to left ,

with her name and titles-, rht nswt hm ntr Nit hm ntr Ht-hr Hetep-ka.

In a similar

poaftion on the northern niche is a woman labelled rht nswt hm ntr Nit hm ntr

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. III.

Ht-Hr Merytgetes.

p.198.

- ks

On the north wall Yerytyetes is represented behind SeshatThe woman on the southern niche named

hetep as a wife of that man.

could be a second wifeA

N&p

&

the mother of Seshat-hetep, but if she was the mother

she vould certainly have been labelled "his mother".

Therefore I conclude that

Seshat-hetep had two wives, Hetep-ka and Nerytyetes, both with the title of
probably Petep-ica

')rht nswtR.

WBS

the firat wife

dk the chief wife.

The

children hnmx of these t@o Wives are depicted in the presentation scene on the
west waJ.1 between the two niches, three sons and two daughters.

None of' the

children bear the tj-tle rh nawt or rht nswt, probably because they were not
grmdchildren of the king.
CR the east Wall north of the doorway is a Tamily group &partly

preserved.

On the right a man and wife are seated facing to the left.

part of the wall is destroyed

SO

The upper

that the titles and the names of the p i r are

preserved. Before the seated s i r are pzsser~vsdthe figares of four daughters1

and under t're chair is .% fifth daughter
Probably on the ulsE.'er part of the wall
30%

were represented the sons.

The f m ~names
?
of the girls bear the title rht nswt

and the title of first girl is broken away.

@@ters

of' a king.

The daughters were probably grand-

It is obvbus that the seated pxir represented the prents

of the five girls a;nd that the f8ther at least was a royal prince.

Like Junker

I come to the conclusion that the seated pair were also the parents of Seshathetap
The date of the mastaba is the first half of Dyn.V, before
geweserra.

If the dating is approximately correct, Seshathetep was probably

born in the end of Dyn.IV in the last years of Mycerinus or in the reign of
T

Sh-epseskaf. If his father was a royal prince,

was probably a son of

Mycerinus .
real title

WEIS

"king's kinsman" (rh nswt) and in the early years of Dyn.V,

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL. 111.

he was probably a grandson of a king.

His titles show a man whose administrati

4vo office was hry sstf kft nb nswt ("councillor of the public works of the
kingfr),and irny- ~f

kjt nb nswt ("overseer of public works of the king"). On

the statue, the man bears the title of "veziert*,"high priest of Beliopolistf,
''controller of the singing in the south and north", ''kt@xpsfersds the great one
of the great ones of the festivals", "overseer of' scribes of the books of the

god", and other important titles.

G-s/u

pn0Lq

titles of his father,

statue

As said above these titles on the unnamed

In any case it is obvious that Seshathetep was not a son of a

'-in?q

(cf. the title rh nswt).

5) "Prince" SeshemnoferL: G 5170: see Junker, Giza 111, p.192ff:
mastaba type VI1 a, area, 307.2 sq.m.:

core type 11 ai

with exterior serdab on

south and corridor on east; total area, 426.72 sq.m.:

interior

chap1 of t y w (4a); sized nummulitic limestone: titles, imy rf

ss c nswt sJb cd mr, nst hntt, hry sst; n nswt, hry sstf n wdtmdw n'o n nswt, iTy rf prwy chfw (weapons): on S wall, s f nswt

n bt-f, h1ty-c irny-is, hry hb, tlyty sfb tfty, imy rf kJt nb nt
nswt, hry sstf n pr dwft, (imy) ht Mnw, smr wcty: buried in

shaft B, type 4 a(4)x (area, 18.66 sq-m.); capcity, (38.62 cu.m)

white liaestone coffin with krst lidi
Mother of 'rPrince" Seshemofer: Henutsen, mwt-f rht nswt imfht, hm ntr Et,

wpt wjwt, hm ntr Ht-Hr m swt-s nbt: on N wall represented in

f\

G 5080 as wife of Seshemnofer I: one of the sons of Sesehemnofer

I and Henutsen is namedsesbennofer.

Fife of ttPrincett
Seshemofer 111: Hetep-heres, hmt-f mryt-f, sft nswt,
rht nswt, hm ntr Ht-Hr nbt nht, hm ntr Nt wpt wfwt.
Children of '!PrfncetfSeshemofer: in the offering scene on the S wall,
in registers 5 and 6, are represented four men of which three
bear the name rtSeshemoferft
and the fourth the name Nefer-seshemTtah.

exia;bsca,

GIZA NECROPOLIS: CHAPTER XVI: VOL.III.

1) In 5th register, holding out to his father a lotus flower, sf-f sasw

imy r; ss c nswt Seshemnofer.

2) ~n 5th register, squatting, ss c n nswt SsSm-nfr.

3) Behind No.2, squatting, ss c n nswt Ssm-nfr.

4) Rehind N0.3,

squa$ting, ss c n nswt Nfr-ssm-Ptah.

It cannot be determined whether the three sons named Beshemnofer represent

three seprate sons or duplicates of one son: if the three were separate
individuals, then two of them represent sons who have died (living in the

Wes tland)

Brothersof ?'princetrSeshemnofer: on the W wall, north of the northern ka-

door are four registers each with two standing men facing to left:

the four men in r e s 1 and 2, are bringing offerings (funeral meal);

v-

the four men in regs3 and 4, show two men in each register in

respectful attitudes-L* the firs

rnas-d-t
n is labelled ''his brother" and

possibly the four men are brothers or cousins of Seshemofer 111:

1) ~eg.3, a, sn-f ss c nswt Ra-wer.

2) Reg.3,

b, s f b shd ss Hc-Kr, cousin or nephew.

3) Reg.4, a, ss c nswt Ssm-nfr.

4) Reg.4, b, ss pr mdjt Ssm-nfr.

In G 5080 belonging to his father, in addition to himself three

brothers are recorded Rc-nfr-htp, RC-m, and PhqPth; two sisters are also
represented, yryt-it-s and Ndt-m-pt: Rawer was buried in C 5270 (Junker, Rawera
'Iphe evidence that ''prince" Seshemnofer of G 5170

of a king is clear.

was not a son

Mis wife "Princess" Hetepheres is proved

to have borne also a courtesy title by her title of rht nswt.

I conclude that

when Seshemnofer 111 was given the title of vezier he assumed the courtesy
title of a 'tson of the king".

Pertlaps the use of the title of "Princeitby

veziers was recogpized by the king and was customary in D;ynSIV-V.

The wife,

Hetepheres, was probably a granddaughter of a king and assumed the courtesy

title of '*princessft
wken her husband obtained the office of vezier and the
ti-tleof "prince''

R 024

GIZA NECROPOLIS; CHAPTER XVI: VOL. I n .

6) "PrincessttHetep-heres: wife of Seshernnofer I11 ( G 5170): titles in G 5170,

hmt-f mryt-f, sjt nswt, rht nswt, hm ntr Ht-Hr, nbt nht, hm ntr
Nt wpt wfwt: she bore a courtesy title: she was probably buried

in the northern s m f t of G 5170, type 3 b(3) (area, 6.85 sq.rn.;

capacity, 8.91 cu.m,),
'7)

attached stone coffin with krst-lid.

"Prince" Khufuw-khaf 11: G 7150; composite mastaba built in 4 stages;

area, 190.08 sq.ra.:

type VI11 a with exterior chapel of type

(8g): titles, SI nswt, rh nswt, w r md smcw, nst hntt, hry sst;

n nb-f; mastab built against the southern side of the SW corner

of G 7130f7140 (Prince Khufuw-khaf I): the ''Prince" was buried

in shaft B, t y p 4 a(2) (area, 15.5 sq.rn.;

with rough num. coffin with &tolid;

capacity, 33.32 cu.m.)

a procession&l funeral

ramp on the W side of the mastaba to reach the top of the

mastaba witha an inscription on the SW corner, wr md smcw, nst
hntt, hry sst) n nb-f HwfW-he-f: dated to reign of Neweserra or

lrater: probably a descendant of Khufuwhaf I.

Wife of rFPrince'rKhufuwhaf 11;

Children of Rhufuwhaf 11:

rtPrince"Khufuwhnt I1 obviously bore a courtesy title (see the inscription above

the funeral ramp).

By the Position of the aastaba with relation of G 7130+7140

(Prince Jkufuwkhaf I) he was a descendant of Khufuwkhaf I.

The two sons of

that son of Cheops bear the title "Prince" In the chapel of their father.
Pearly

century had elapsed between the carving of the two sons in the chapel

of 5 7140 and the buildine; of mastab G 7150.

It is more probable that Khufuw-

In any case the descendants of the

haf 11 was a great grandson than a grandson./sons of' ch-sx8-Ee
courEs7
title of "princer' for two or three generations.