Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OCT 2011
Prof Harry Tan
Outline
Biot Theory (2D and 3D Coupled
Consolidation))
FEM compare with Schiffman et. al. 1967
(Mandel-Cryer Effect in 2D)
Undrained, Consolidation and Drained
Response
Case 1 WCRS Excavation
Compare CRISP with Plaxis
Case 2 Barcelona Breakwater
2
Equilibrium Equations
10
Cryer-Mandel Problem
11
Comments on True 3D
Consolidation
True 3D consolidation couples total stresses and
continuity of soil
soil-water
water (excess PP)
Psuedo 3D uncouples these two phenomena
When total stress distribution is constant at all
time, the rate of change of excess PP = rate of
change of volume at all points in the soil
This
Thi is
i true
t
only
l for
f 1D consolidation
lid ti where
h
there is a direct relationship between excess PP
and volume change
12
14
15
Me an Ef f ectiv e Stre ss
Ex cess Pore Pressure
0.5
Mean excess PP
0.4
Input:
k=0.001 m/day
0.3
Eoed=10000 kPa
cv=k*Eoed/
cv=k
Eoed/w
0.2
0.1
0
1 e -3
cv=1 m2/day
1 e -2
0.1
10
1 00
1 e3
Time [da y ]
16
To
Ver 7.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1e-5
1e-4
1e-3
1e-2
0.1
10
Time [day]
17
Chart 2
Displacement [m]
0
Ver 8.2
V 7.2
Ver
72
-2e-3
-4e-3
-6e-3
-8e-3
8 3
-0.01
1e-5
1e-4
1e-3
1e-2
0.1
10
Time [day]
18
At Base
Excess PP [kN/m2]
1
Point B
To
Point B
0.8
0.6
To=0.1
To=0.5
0.4
0.2
0
1e-5
1e-4
1e-3
1e-2
0.1
10
Time [day]
19
TYPES OF ANALYSIS
Drained
Undrained
Loading/Construction/
g
excavation: very
y slow ((in relation to the
soil permeability)
Both
B
th mechanical
h i l and
dh
hydraulic
d li (fl
(flow)) problems
bl
iinteract
t
t
More complex computations: coupled analysis
20
10
DRAINED / UNDRAINED
permeability is high
rate of loading is low
short term behaviour is not of interest for problem considered
k E oed
T
t
w D2
k
Eoed
w
D
t
Tv
=
=
=
=
=
=
permeability
oedometer modulus
unit weight of water
drainage length
construction time
dimensionless time factor
22
11
K total K'
K total
Kw
Eu
2 G 1 u
n
31 2 u
31 2 u
E' 1 u
31 2 u 1 '
assuming u = 0.495
Note:
- this procedure gives reasonable B-values only for < 0.35 !
- real value of Kw/n ~ 1.106 kPa (for = 0.5)
- NB: in Version 8, B-value can be entered explicitly
23
= 0.3,
K = 2 500 kPa,
with
u = 0.495
1
nK '
1
Kw
Example 2:
E = 3 000 kPa,
= 0.45,
K = 10 000 kPa,
u = 0.495
12
13
1 'o
'yo sin ' c' cos '
2 x
Fig.6 Mohr Circle for evaluating undrained shear strength (plane strain)
27
28
14
29
30
15
31
,
m
32
16
1.403
26
24
22
Water Level
Eleva
ation (m)
20
18
16
14
Water
Description: Clay
Soil Model:
Model Mohr
Mohr-Coulomb
Co lomb
Unit Weight: 16
Cohesion: 2
Phi: 24
12
10
8
6
1:2 Cut
4
2
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Distance (m)
33
2.085
26
24
22
Water Level
Elevattion (m)
20
18
16
14
Water
12
Description: Clay
Soil Model: S=f(datum)
Unit Weight: 16
C - Datum: 1.83
Rate of Increase: 1.94
Datum (elevation): 20
10
8
6
4
2
1:2 Cut
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Distance (m)
34
17
18
37
38
19
0,
=0
0
Effective stiffness parameters E50=15000 kPa, =0.2
39
0,
=0
0
Undrained stiffness parameters E50=18625 kPa, =0.49
40
20
PLAXIS
SLOPE/W
1 40
1.40
A+Consolidation
1.37
1.40
Undrained (A)
2.26
2.09
Undrained (B)
2.13
2.09
Undrained ((C))
2.14
2.09
41
Embankment on Clay
(Total Undrained Condition)
PLAXIS Method
M th d A
FS=1.019
1.029
12
10
8
Description: fill
Soil Model: Mohr-Coulomb
Unit Weight: 20
Cohesion: 0
Phi: 33
Piezometric Line #: 1
Height (m)
4
2
Water Table
Description: Clay
Soil Model: S=f(datum)
Unit Weight: 16
C - Datum: 1.83
Rate of Increase: 1.94
Datum (elevation): 0
Piezometric Line #: 1
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
10
20
30
40
Distance (m)
42
21
Embankment on Clay
(Drained Condition)
2.592
10
8
Description: fill
Soil Model: Mohr-Coulomb
Unit Weight: 20
Cohesion: 0
Phi: 33
Piezometric Line #: 1
6
4
2
0
-2
Water Level
Description: Clay
Soil Model: Mohr-Coulomb
Unit Weight: 16
Cohesion: 2
Phi: 24
Piezometric Line #: 1
-4
-6
-8
-10
0
10
Undrained Method A+
Consolidation FS=2.11
20
30
40
SUMMARY
embankments)
factor of safety against failure is lower for long term (drained)
conditions for unloading problems (e.g. excavations)
44
22
45
46
23
Effects of Permeability
Heave at A (0.5m below Fmn Level)
Uy-A(0.5...
Heave at A [m]
0.03
k=1e-9
0.025
UND
DRN
0.02
k=1e-7
0.015
k=1e-8
0.01
5e-3
-5e-3
0
50
100
150
200
Time [day]
47
Effects of Permeability
Exc PP at D (1.5m below Fmn Level)
EPP-D(1...
Excess PP at D(1.5m) [kN/m2]
250
k=1e 9
k=1e-9
UND
200
DRN
k=1e-7
150
k=1e-8
100
50
0
0
50
100
Time [day]
150
200
48
24
Effects of Permeability
Exc PP at E (6.1m below Fmn Level)
EPP-E(6...
Excess PP at E(6.1m) [kN/m2]
250
k 1 9
k=1e-9
UND
200
DRN
k=1e-7
150
k=1e-8
100
50
0
0
50
100
150
200
Time [day]
49
k=1e-8 m/s
k=1e-9 m/s
50
25
51
Cu=Method B or C
95
Cu-Method
Cu
Method A
Depth (m)
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Cu (kPa)
1
Method A, Cu is: Cu c' cos ' ( Ko 1) v' sin '
2
52
26
Undrained
Drained
53
Undrained
Drained
54
27
Consolidation Analysis
assume: k=1e-7, 1e-8 and 1e-9 m/s
55
k = 1e-7 m/s
k = 1e-8 m/s
k = 1e-9 m/s
56
28
k = 1e-7 m/s
k = 1e-8 m/s
k = 1e-9 m/s
57
k = 1e-7 m/s
k = 1e-8 m/s
k = 1e-9 m/s
58
29
UND
0.15
k=1e-7
k=1e-8
0.1
k=1e-9
0.05
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
Time [day]
59
k=1e-7
0.02
k=1e-8
0.015
k=1e-9
0.01
5e-3
5e
3
-5e-3
0
30
60
90
120
Time [day]
60
30
61
- 8.00E+00
-7.00E+00
- 6.00E+00
-5.00E+00
- 4.00E+00
-3.00E+00
- 2.00E+00
-1.00E+00
0.00E+00
0
10
15
20
Depth, m
- 1.00E+01
25
30
35
62
31
WT-7 next to INSEAD D1.8m CBP Wall with 30m deep cut,
20m soils, 10m rock excavation
63
20
80
100
0.00
120
5.00
10.00
Depth (m)
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
Drained
Undrained
I19
35.00
40.00
64
32
CONCLUSIONS
From the above study, the following conclusions can be made:
The site at WCS showed fairly consistent thick layers of sandy soils with
GSD consisting of more than 60% sands and gravels.
Limited field permeability tests showed k-values in these soils ranging from
1e-5
1e
5 to 1e-7
1e 7 m/s.
These soils are likely to have k-values > 1e-6 m/s, therefore, they should be
modeled as drained materials.
The consolidation parametric studies showed that with soils of stiffnesses
greater than 20,000 kPa, k=1e-7 m/s will result in drained response over
any reasonable construction period of 1.5 to 2 years.
Experience from the recent One North excavation supports this observation.
Undrained analysis cannot apply to this site.
y
must be done veryy carefullyy to reflect the true
Consolidation analysis
stiffnesses and permeabilities of the site soils, and this will show results
very close to fully drained behavior.
It is more prudent to design the excavation system using fully drained
analysis for this site
65
Set PP=0 at
each top level
Track PP at 1m and 6m
below last excavated
level
66
33
67
68
34
70
35
71
72
36
73
Barcelona breakwater
Caisson
Rubble
20m
3
50m
10
x
11
12
6
13
Gravel
74
37
D d i
Dredging
Bench
construction
Consolidation
75
Caisson
construction
Consolidation
Storm loading
76
38
Groundwater head
77
78
39
Initial
After 30 days
Final
79
Bench construction
Consolidation
80
40
Caisson construction
Displacements
81
Initial
After 30 days
Final
82
41
Incremental displacements
Factors of safety
After construction
FS=1.06
After 30 days
FS=1.60
End of consolidation
F=1.74
83
42