JOSEPH NATIVIDAD

BABY HOOD
Babyhood extends from the end of the second week of life to the end of the second
year. Hurlock (1982) cites that infancy, compared to babyhood, is characterized by
extreme helplessness. The word toddler has been increasingly used to denote a
baby that has achieved enough control of his body to permit relative independence,
such as moving about, feeding himself, etc.
Emotional Development

Dr Fernando Hofilena (1983), How babies learn to love. It is at feeding time

that the baby receives the earliest lesson in love, along with the earliest
stimulation of his intellect.
Babies may show profound disturbances in health and in motor, social, and
language development as was found in a study by Rene Spitz (1983).
Common emotional patterns shown in babyhood: anger, fear, curiosity, joy
and affection

Socio Emotional Development

Starts to show emotion love, anger, fear, curiosity, joy, affection

Learns love when theyre cradled in their mothers arms and when she sings
them to sleep.
If baby becomes separated from mother when they have a strong
relationship, the child starts to display negative behaviors crying, searching,
aggressive and panic behavior, etc

Behavioral and Social Learning Theories

Beliefs that describe the importance of the environment and nurturing in the growth
of a child.
Behaviorism

Developed as a response to psychoanalytical theories.

Behaviorism became the dominant view from the 1920's to 1960's

John Watson

Early 20th century, "Father of American Behaviorist theory.

Based his work on Pavlov's experiments on the digestive system of dogs.
Researched classical conditioning
Children are passive beings who can be molded by controlling the stimulusresponse associations.

Development of socialization

For toddlers, friendship involves as element of choice. An important indication

of a first friendship is preference for one particular child over all other kids.

Another sign is sharing happiness, even joy, when the toddlers greet each
other.
Signs: banging spoons on a table simultaneously, using the same color of
crayons to draw similar patterns or figures, or playing with similar, if not
identical toys. Kimberly Whaley believes that the exact mimicking show an
awareness between the children and acts to forge a connection that excludes
others and creates a history for them. all the relationship sprang up between
boys and girls, rather than children of the same sex.

Play
Frank and Theresa Caplan consider it abnormal for a child not to play since playing
is a valuable way for a child to absorb information, learn skills, and aid his personal
development.
Play patterns of babyhood
Sensorimotor play, exploratory play, imitative play, make-believe/ Fantasy play,
Games, Amusement

B. F. Skinner

Proposed that children "operate" on their environment, operational

conditioning.
Believed that learning could be broken down into smaller tasks, and that
offering immediate rewards for accomplishments would stimulate further
learning

Social Learning Theory

Albert Bandura

Stressed how children learn by observation and imitation.

Believed that children gradually become more selective in what they imitate.