Author Ref

Soil Bioengineering References
Arranged by Author
WSDOT 8/2001
Author
Allen, H.H.
Year Title
1990 Biotechnical reservoir shoreline stabilization
Anderson, Charles
1996 A Manual of Native Plant Communities for

Urban Areas of the Pacific Northwest
1984 Vegetation in Civil and Landscape Engineering
1987 Vegetation in coastal and stream-bank
protection
1988 The enhancement of slope stability by
vegetation.
1995 The Way Ahead - Continuing and Future
Developments in Vegetative Slope Engineering
or Ecoengineering
Bache, D.H. and MacAskill

Bache, D.H. and MacAskill
Barker, D.H.
Barker, D.H.
Barker, D.H. ed.
1995 Vegetation and slopes - stabilisation, protection

and ecology
Barley, A.D.
1994 A combination of multidisciplinary techniques vegetation and soil nailing
Bayfield, N.G.
1994 Species selection and management for slope

protection
Bayfield, N.G. , Barker,

G.H. & Yah, K.C.
Bayfield, N.G. and Aitken,
R.
Bayfield, N.G. and
McGowan, G.M.
BC Ministry of forests
Biotec d.o.o.
1992 Erosion of Road Cuttings and the Use of

Bioengineering to Improve Slope Stability
1992 Managing the Impacts of Recreation on
Vegetation and soils
1990 Re-establishment of Mountain and Moorland
Vegetation
1995 Forest Road Engineering guidebook
1995 Bioengineering of Steep Slopes
Bishop, A.W.
1955 The use of slip circle in the stability of earth

slopes.
1964 Landslips on logged areas in Southeast Alaska.
Bishop, D.M. and Stevens,

M.E.
Blunt, S.M. and T.C. Dorken
1994 Erosion of highway slopes in upland Wales:

problems and solutions
Boe, K.N.
1975
Bohm, W.
Bonham, A.J.
1979
1980
Bonham, A.J.
1983
Brenner, R.P.
1973
Publication
US Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station,
Vicksburg, MS, Information Exchange Bulletin Vol. 8 No.1.
Cascade Biomes, Inc. PO Box 22410, Seattle, WA 98122-0419
(206) 322-0528
Grenada Publishing, London
Landscape Planning, 8, 363-385
Ground Engineering, April 11-15
Keynote Paper, Proceedings of the internat. Confr., University
Museum, Oxford 09/29-30/94published in Vegetation and Slopes Stabilisation, protection and ecology, ISBN:0727720323
Describes important continuing and future

developments in the interaction of
vegetation and slope processes as seen
by civil-geotechnical engineers.
American Society of Civil Engineers, Publications Sales
Proceedings of the international
Department, New York, NY (in U.K. Redwood Books, Trowbridge, conference, University Museum, Oxford
Wiltshire)
09/29-30/94 Many papers presented.
Discussion, Proceedings of the internat. Confr., University
Describes several case studies of
Museum, Oxford 09/29-30/94published in Vegetation and Slopes - combination projects.
Stabilisation, protection and ecology
Keynote paper, Proceedings of the internat. Confr., University
Emphasizes strategy in selection and
Museum, Oxford 09/29-30/94published in Vegetation and Slopes - maintenance of vegetation. Factors
include: site characteristics, range of
species and management.
Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, vol.13 pp.75-89
Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Banchory
Laboratory screening trails 1988-9. Institute of Terrestrial
Ecology, Banchory.
Poster 4, Proceedings of the internat. Confr., University Museum, Using vegetation strips system to
Oxford 09/29-30/94published in Vegetation and Slopes revegetate steep slopes in Slovenia.
Stabilisation, protection and ecology, ISBN:0727720327
Geotechnique, 5, 7-17
USDA Forest Service Research Paper NOR-1,18
Paper 5, Proceedings of the internat. Confr., University Museum, Extensive case study of erosion
Oxford 09/29-30/94published in Vegetation and Slopes processes in upland Wales, including a
literature review, site surveys, and
management review.
Natural seedlings and sprouts after regeneration Pacific Southwest and Range Experimentation Station, Research
cuttings in old-growth redwood
Paper PSW-111, Berkley, California
Methods of studying root systems.
Springer-Verlag (publishing)
Bank protection using emergent plants against
Hydraulic Research, Wallingford Report #IT206
boatwash in rivers and canals
The management of wave-spreading vegetation Landscape Planning, 10, 15-30
as bank protection against boat wash
A Hydrologic Model Study of a Forested and a Bulletin Hydrologic Sciences, Vol.18, No.26, pp.125-143
Cut-over Slope

Arranged by Author
WSDOT 8/2001
Brown R.L. and A.L.

Hafenrichter
Brown, F and Clark, J
1962 Stabilizing sand dunes on the Pacific Coast.
Brown, N.
1994
Brunsfeld, S.J. and F.D.

Johnson
Buckley, G.P.
Burroughs, E. and J. King
1985
Burroughs, E.R. [Jr.] and

B.R. Thomas
Canning, Douglas J.
1977
Carlson, J.R.
1992
Carlson, J.R., Conway, g.l.

Gibbs, J.L., and J.C. Hoag
1991
1995 The West Coast Road in St. Lucia, An Approach Paper 11, Proceedings of the internat. Confr., University
to Slope Stabilization
1989
1989
1991
Chatwin/Howe/Schwab/Swan 1991
son - Revised
Cheng C.C.
1972
Clark, J., Foy, T., and
Hellin, J.
1995
Coppin, N.J., Barker, D.L.

and I. Richards
Coppin, N.J., Greenwood,
J.R., R.Morgan, and D.
Churcher
Crowder, W. and Darris, D.
1990
Crowder, Wayne and

Pullman PMC
Darris, D.C. and S.M.
Lambert
Darris, D.C., Flessner, J.R.
and J.D.C. Trindle
DOT
Duddles, R.E. and
Landgren, C.G.
Ecabert, R.M.
U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service Publ. 892. 18 pages
Case study of soil bioengineering in

conjunction with a widening project in the
Caribbean. Provides species
identification.
Rehabilitation of natural forests in the humid
Keynote, Proceedings of the internet. Confr., University Museum, Addresses the acute problem of land
tropics
Oxford 09/29-30/94published in Vegetation and Slopes restoration and erosion control, and
examines the potential of the natural
vegetation for providing solutions.
Field Guide to the Willows of East-Central Idaho University of Idaho. Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment
Station
Biological Habitat Reconstruction
Belhaven Press, London
Reduction of Soil Erosion on Forest Roads
USDA Forest Service Intermountain Research Station, INT-264 Covers various techniques to reduce
erosion on road cuts and road surfaces
Declining root strength in Douglas-fir after
Paper INT-190. Ogden, UT: USDA Forest Service, Intermountain
felling as a factor in slope stability.
Forest and Range Experiment Station. 27 p.
Shoreline bluff and slope stability: Management Washington Dept. of Ecology . Shorelines technical assistance
options
paper No. 2.
Selection, production and use of riparian plant
In: Proceedings - Intermountain Forest Nursery Association.
Not available online. To order, click here.
materials for the Western United States
USDA FS Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-211. Fort Collins, Co.
Design criteria for revegetation in riparian zones In: Proceedings - Symposium on Ecology and Management of
or the intermountain area.
Riparian Shrub Communities. USDA Forest Service Gen.Tech.
Rep. RM-65
A Guide for Management of Landslide Prone
Land Management Handbook # 18 BC Ministry of Forests Terrain in the Pacific Northwest
Study on the tensile strength of introduced
J. Chinese Soil and Water Conserv. Taiwan. 3, 2, pp. 159 - 178
grass root system.
Review of the Natural Resources Institute's Bio- Paper 12, Proceedings of the internet. Confr., University
Engineering Research in the Caribbean.
Use of vegetation in civil engineering
CIRIA, Butterworths (Sevenoaks, Kent, England)
1994 CIRIA field evaluation and demonstration trials

for bioengineering
1999 Producing Pacific Northwest Native Trees and
Shrubs in Hardwood Cutting Blocks or Stooling
Beds
Paper 8, Proceedings of the internat. Confr., University Museum,

Oxford 09/29-30/94published in Vegetation and Slopes Stabilisation, protection and ecology
Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials
Technical Note No. 38 Pullman, WA
Collecting Willow, Poplar, and Red Osier Natural Resources Conservation Service
Dogwood Hardwood Cuttings for
Riparian Site Plantings
1993 Native Willow Varieties for the Pacific
Northwest
1994 Plant Materials for Streambank Stabilization
1980 - 1992
1993 The Wild Flower Handbook
1993 Selecting and Buying Quality Seedlings
Describes the site conditions, geotech.

problems, types of vegetation and the
monitoring regime for FED trials.
Creating your own cutting source for
restoration projects.
Plant material guide, planting methods,
propagation techniques.
Corvallis Pant Materials Center. USDA Soil Conservation Service

Natural Resources Conservation Service, Portland, OR 172 pp.
Corvalis Plant Materials Center Technical Report
Department of Transport, London
Oregon State University Extension Service Circular 1196
1993 Coppicing: A Management Program for Trees on Cincinnati Urban Landscape Tree Care Specialists, 2pp
Hillsides that Block Views
Guide to reforestation: tree seedling

selection, quality and installation.

Arranged by Author
Edminster, F.C., W.S.

Atkinson and A.C. McIntyre
ELWd Systems
WSDOT 8/2001
1949 Streambank erosion control on the Winooski

River, Vermont
1999 Bibliography of Aquatic Habitat Enhancement
Manuals and References
Federal Interagency Stream 36069 Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles,

Restoration Working Group
Processes, and Practices
FHWA
1995 Best Management Practices for Erosion and

Sediment Control
FHWA
1987 Design of Roadside Channels with Flexible

Linings
Flessner, Theresa R.
1997 Factors Affecting Selection, Acquisition and

Use of Plant Materials in a Soil Bioengineering
Project
1994 Erosion control above the timberline in South
Tyrol, Italy
Florineth, F.
Fontaine, B.L. and Merritt,

T.D.
Franklin, Jerry and
Dyrness, C.T.
Franti, Thomas G.
Fridl, W.F. and P.E.
Demetrious
Gellatley, M.J. Mcginnity,
B.T., Barker, D.H. and W.J.
Rankin
Goldsmith, W. and L.
Bestmann
Goldsmith, W., Franklin, C.
and Alminana, J.
Goldsmith, W., Franklin, C.
and Alminana, J.
Goodrich, Sherel
Gostelow, T.P. and Gibson,

J.R.
Gray D.H. and Maher, H.
1988 An Anchoring System for Fish Habitat

Structures: Field Technique, Evaluation, and
Application
1988 Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington
USDA Circular No. 837, 54 pp.

ELWd Systems Technical Note
A good source for further reading on

habitat structures and in-stream
structures.
Available in PDF online.
FISRWG (10/1998). Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles,

Processes, and Practices. By the Federal Interagency Stream
Restoration Working Group (FISRWG)(15 Federal agencies of the
US gov't). GPO Item No. 0120-A; SuDocs No. A
57.6/2:EN3/PT.653. ISBN-0-934213-59-3.
FHWA-Eastern Federal Lands Highway Design, FHWA-FLP-94Covers various erosion control
005
techniques, their design and construction.
Can be obtained from www.ntis.gov/
FHWA-IP-87-7 (HEC-15),
Covers the design of vegetated and
riprap lined ditches and small channels
Can be obtained from
www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/hydpub.htm
Information about plant materials for Soil
Technical Note No. 18 Portland, OR
Bioengineering, good reference section.
Keynote paper, Proceedings of the internat. Confr., University
Museum, Oxford 09/29-30/94published in Vegetation and Slopes Stabilisation, protection and ecology
Research Note PNW-RN481 Portland, OR: USDA USFS Pacific
Northwest Research Station
Case study of extensive revegetation in

geologically unstable alpine regions.
OSU Press
A generalized account of the major

vegetation types within OR and WA.
Provide bibliographic reference to specific
information.
1996 Bioengineering for hillslope, streambank and

lakeshore erosion control.
1982 Biotechincal bank stabilization
Coop ext., Inst. of Ag. and Nat. Resources, U of NebraskaLincoln

Public Works
1994 Interaction of vegetation with the LUL surface

railway system
1992 An overview of bioengineering for shore
protection.
1994 Healing public streambanks
Paper 3, Proceedings of the internat. Confr., University Museum, Assesses the interaction of vegetation
Oxford 09/29-30/94published in Vegetation and Slopes with LUL earthworks slopes and structures
within the corridor.
Pro. Conf. XXIII, International Erosion Control Association.
February 1992
Erosion Control, March/April 1994
1993 Lakeside bioengineering
Land and Water, 37. March/April 1993
1992 Summary flora of riparian shrub communities of Proceedings - symposium on ecology and management of riparian Not available online. To order, click here.
the Intermountain region with emphasis on
shrub communities; USDA Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-289 Ogden, UT
willows.
1995 Corine Land Cover Data: Its Application to
Paper 13, Proceedings of the internat. Confr., University
GIS mapping of land use and correlation
Regional Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in
Museum, Oxford 09/29-30/94published in Vegetation and Slopes - to landslide occurrences.
Basilicata, Tialy Using GIS
1988 Admixture Stabilization of Sands with Random
Proceedings XII Intl. Conference on Soil Mechanics and
Fibers
Foundation Engineering, ICSMFE.

Arranged by Author
WSDOT 8/2001
Gray D.H. and Ohashi H.
1983 Mechanics of Fiber Reinforcement in Sand
Gray, D.H.
1970 Effects of forest clear-cutting on the stability

of natural slopes
1991 Proceedings: Workshop on biotechnical
stabilization.
1997 Selection/Design of Biotechnical Groundcover
Systems
1994 Vegetation and Slopes: Influence of vegetation
on the stability of slopes
Gray, D.H.
Gray, D.H.
Gray, D.H.
Journal of Geotechnical Engineering (ASCE) Vol. 112 No. GT3, p.

335-353
Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists vol.7, 45-66
The University of Michigan
National Short Course on Applied Biogeotechnology, San
Francisco, CA 08/11-13/97 Copyrighted 1997
Keynote address, Proceedings of the internat. Confr. , University Outlines different hydro-mechanical
Museum, Oxford 09/29-30/94published in Vegetation and Slopes - mechanisms that explain the protective
role of vegetation (mechanical
reinforcement, hydrological changes).
Proceedings of the symposium on soil reinforcing and stabilization
techniques in engineering practice. Sydney, Australia
Gray, D.H.
1978 Role of woody vegetation in reinforcing soils

and stabilizing slopes
Gray, D.H. and A.T. Leiser
1982 Biotechnical slope protection and erosion control Van Nostrand Reinhold, NewYork, NY
Gray, D.H. and R. Sotir
1996 Biotechnical & soil bioengineering slope

John Wiley and Sons.
stabilization: a practical guide for erosion
control.
1992 Biotechnical stabilization of a highway cut slope. J. Geotechnical Eng. Amer. Assoc. Civil Eng. Vol 118, No. 9.2

Gray, D.H. and Sotir, R.B.

Gray, D.H., Leiser A.T. and
C.A.White
Greenway, D. R.
1992 Biotechnical stabilization of cut and fill slopes.

Proceedings, ASCE-GT spec. conf. On slopes
and embankments.
1995 Biotechnical stabilization of steepened slopes.
1980 Combined vegetative-structural slope
stabilization
1989 Biotechnical slope protection in Hong Kong
Greenway, D.R.
1987 Vegetation and Slope Stability
Greenway, D.R., Anderson,

M.G. and Brian-Boys K.C.
Grillmayer, Rick
1984 Influence of vegetation on slope stability in

Hong Kong
2000 Best Management Practices for Soft
Engineering of Shorelines
Grime
Grimshaw, R.G.
1979 Plant Strategies and Vegetation Process

1994 Vetiver grass - Its use for slope and structure
stabilization under tropical and semi tropical
conditions
Gullickson, D., Josiah S.

and Flynn, P.
Hall, Pheobia
1999 Catching the Snow With Living Snow Fences
Hambidge, G. , et al.
Harden, D., et al.
1949 Climate and Man

1978 Mass movement in the drainage basin of
Redwood Creek, Humbolt County, CA - A
Progress Report
1998 Environmentally Friendly Alternatives to

Concrete Drainage Ditches
Berkeley, CA
Transportation Research Record. (1474) pp23-30

Amer. Assoc. of Civil Engineering, Vol. 50 No.1, pp.82-85
Proceeding of Conference XX, International Erosion Control
Association. February, 1989. Vancouver, B.C. Canada
Slope Stability, edited by Anderson and Richards, John Wiley &
Sons, N.Y.
Proc. 4th International Symposium on Landslides. Conclusion
Geotechnical Society, Toronto
Nottawasaga Valley Conservation Authority (unpublished)
Wiley, Chichester
Keynote paper, Proceedings of the internat. Confr. , University
Museum, Oxford 09/29-30/94published in Vegetation and Slopes Stabilisation, protection and ecology
4photos, 7 fig, 17 Ref.
Good case study of 7y.o. cribwall with a

example of rock retaining wall on opposite
bank.
Describes the unique characteristics of

vetiver grass Vetiveria zizanioides, and its
potential use for stabilising slopes and cut
and fill structures.
University of Minnesota Extension Service, St. Paul MN (612)625- Forward, Chapters 1 and 2 are available
6281
online!
University of South Alabama (unpublished study)
Basic study of literature, makes case for
soil bioengineering to be part of solution
(with greenways and wetlands)
USDA Agricultural Yearbook, Washington, DC
USGS Open File Report76-486, 161p.

Arranged by Author
WSDOT 8/2001
Harker, D., Evans, S.,

Evans, M., Harker, K.
1993 Landscape Restoration Handbook
Lewis Publishers United States Golf Association
Hathaway R.L.
1973 Factors affecting the soil binding capacity of

the root systems of some Populus and Salix
clones.
1960 Key to Important Woody Plants of Eastern
Oregon and Washington
1994 Earthwork monitoring: A project management
system
M.Sc. Thesis in Botany, Massey University, Palmerston North

N.Z.
Hayes, D.W. and G.A.

Garrison
Heath W. and B.McKinnon
Helliwell, D.R.
1995 Rooting Habits and Moisture Requirements of

Trees and Other Vegetation
Helliwell, D.R.
Henderson, J.E.
1990 The Extent of Tree Roots

1986 Environmental designs for streambank
protection projects.
1992 Willows: The genus Salix.
Vegetative Measures for Streambank
Stabilization
Hewsholme, Christopher
Heyer, Teri
Hoag, J.C. and H. Short

Hoag, J.Chris
Horton, J.S.
Howell, R. J.
Huang, Y.H.
Hunter, Christopher
Hynson, J.R. P.R. Adams,
J.O. Elmer and T. Dewan
International Erosion Control
Association (sponsor)
Janda, R.J.
Johnson, A.W. and J.M.

Stypula, eds.
Juelson, Tom C.
Kadlec; Robert H.
Robert L.
1993 Use of Willow and Cottonwood Pole Cuttings for

Vegetating Shorelines and Riparian Areas
Using Dormant Cuttings to Revegetat Riparian
Areas
1949 Trees and shrubs for erosion control in Southern
California mountains
1971 Slope erosion transects, Lake Tahoe Basin
1983 Stability Analysis of Earth Slopes
1991 Better Trout Habitat: A Guide to Stream
Restoration and Management
1983 Environmental features for levee projects.
1992 Bioengineering techniques for streambank and
lakeshore erosion control
1975 Watershed conditions in the drainage basin of
Redwood Creek, Humbolt County, CA, as of
1973
1993 Guidelines for Bank Stabilization Projects in the
Riverine Environments of King County
1980 Suggestion for Streambank Revegetation in

Western Washington
Knight; 1995 Treatment Wetlands
Describes the dominant ecological

communities of continental US, with
principles and guidelines for
"naturalization" programs.
Agricultural Handbook No.148 USDA Forest Service

Paper 4, Proceedings of the internat. Confr., University Museum, Outlines an inexpensive management tool
Oxford 09/29-30/94published in Vegetation and Slopes for large-scale earthworks using aerial
photography, a computer database and
software.
Poster 1, Proceedings of the internat. Confr., University Museum, Discourse on rooting habits and moisture
Oxford 09/29-30/94published in Vegetation and Slopes content of soil types and the movement
of moisture in soils.
Aboricultural Journal Volume 10, 341-347
Water Resources bulletin 22(4): 549-558
Portland, OR: Timber Press, Inc. 224p.
USDA Forest Service, N.E. Area State & Private Forestry
Program.
http://willow.ncfes.umn.edu/Stream/str_cov.htm
Natural Resources Conservation Service, Aberdeen Plant

Materials Center, Aberdeen, ID
Natural Resources Conservation Service Publication
Four projects, all streams exhibited

severe streambank erosion, lack of
riparian forest, and excessive stream
bedload. Treatments: tree revetments
and/or dormant woody plantings.
Popular report of the Aberdeen Plant
Materials Center
Available online.
Interim Report No. M&R 657078-1, Materials and Research Dept.,

Division of Highways, State of California, Sacramento, CA
VonNostrand Reinhold Co. New York, NY
Paperback 320 pages (November 1991) Island
Press;ISBN:0933280777
U.S. Army Corps of Eng. Wash. D.C. Tech. Rept. E-83
Pro. Conf. XXIII, International Erosion Control Association.
February 1992
USGS Open File Report75-568, 267p.
King County Water & Land Resources, 700 5th Ave. Ste. 2200,
Seattle, WA 98104 (206) 296-6519; 68p. $3.50 Illstr. 22 Refs. In
Print
Washington State Department of Game Applied Research
Information Report No.13
CRC Press, Published: 12/13/1995
ISBN/ISSN: 0873719301
The Guidelines document is a practical

guide for all steps of a bank stabilization
project

Arranged by Author
Kauffman, H.B. and W.C.

Krueger
Kay B.L.
Kay B.L.
Kay B.L. and R. Mearns
Keller, E.A. and Brookes, A.
Keller/Bauer/Aldana
Kochenderfer, J.N.
Kraebel, C.J.
Krukeberg, Arthur
Lake, D.W. and J.A.
Jackson
Larson, Marit and Derek
Booth
WSDOT 8/2001
1984 Livestock impacts on riparian ecosystems and

streamside management implications
1974 Erosion control treatments on coarse
decomposed granite.
1973 Revegetation of mountain sites above 3,000 ft.
in California
1973 Erosion control treatments on fine sands.
1984 Considerations of Meandering in Channelization
Projects: Selected Observations and
Judgements
1995 Caminos Rurales Con Impactos Minimos 1972 Root Distribution Under Some Forest Types
Native to West Virginia
1936 Erosion control on mountain roads.
1993 Gardening with Native Plants of the Pacific
Northwest
1989 Cost effective biotechnical slope protection
trials in New York, Amer. Soc. Agric.Eng. Pap.
No. 892654
Evaluation of Large Wood in Urban Stream
Restoration Projects
Journal of Range Management. 37:430-438

Agronomy Program Report 60, 7 pages.
Proceedings, Conference on Rivers, 1983, pp.384-397
Ecology, 54:45-448
USDA Circ. No. 380, 43 pp.
University of Washington Press. Seattle, WA ISBN 0-29596853-2
1989 International. ASCE meeting New Orleans, LA
Center for Urban Water Resources Management

http://depts.washington.edu/cssuw/Research/Projects/ulwd.html
Evaluation of the effectiveness of inchannel wood structures in rehabilitation

projects on urban and sub-urban streams
in degraded watersheds
Keynote, Proceedings of the internet. Confr., University Museum, Describes challenges of search for
Oxford 09/29-30/94published in Vegetation and Slopes stabilization methods using vegetation in
Nepal, including little scientific knowledge
of native plant species and the difficulty
of monsoon-type storms.
Environmental Laboratory, US Army Corps of Engineers
Waterways Experimentation Station. Environmental Impact
Research Program Instruction Report EL-85-2. Vicksburg, MI
Lawrance, C.J.
1994 Low cost engineering and vegetative measures

for stabilizing roadside slopes in Nepal
Lee, C.R. et. Al.
1985 Restoration of problem soil materials at Corps

of Engineers construction sites
Leiser, Andrew T.
1994 Biogeotechnology for slope protection and

erosion control
1994 Obtaining and handling plant materials
1974 Revegetation of disturbed soils in the Tahoe
Basin.
Dept. Environ., Horticult., Agron., and Range Sci. U of Calif.,

Davis Final Rept. 71pages.
2000 Soil Bioengineering an Alternative for Roadside

Managers - A Practical Guide
USDA Forest Service San Diams Technology and Development

Center
1972 An Approach to the Problem of Progressive

Failure
1942 Controlling coastal sand dunes in the Pacific
Northwest.
1980 An evaluation of 1978 rehabilitation sites and
erosion control techniques in Redwood National
Park,
1990 Static Response of Sands Reinforced with
Randomly Distributed Fibers
Canadian Geotechnical Journal 9(4):407-429
Leiser, Andrew T.
Leister A.T., J.J.
Nussbaum, Kay B., Paul J.
and W. Thornhill
Lewis, Lisa
Lo, K.Y.
MacLaughlin, W.T. and R.L.
Brown
Madej, M.A., Kelsey, H. and
Weaver, W.
Maher, M and Gray, D.H.
U.S.D.A. Washington D.C., Circular 660, 46 pages

US National Park Service Arcata, CA Technical Rept. No.1, 113p.
Journal of Geotechnical Engineering (ASCE) Vol. 116 No. 11, p.

1661-77
Covers bioengineering applications for

erosion control, slope stabilization, and
eroded gullies. Can be viewed and
downloaded from
fsweb.sdtdc.wo.fs.fed.us/

Arranged by Author
Maia, Eric
WSDOT 8/2001
Northwest Native Plants: Identification
King County Water & Land Resources, 700 5th Ave. Ste. 2200,
Seattle, WA 98104 (206) 296-6519; 68p. $3.50 Illstr. 22 Refs. In
Restoration Projects. with supplemental Print
& Propagation for Revegetation and
sections Noxious Weeds and Aquatic

Margolin, Malcom
Meadows, A., Meadows,

P.S. , Muir Wood, D. and
Murray, J.H.M.
Menashe, Elliott.
Mifkovic, C.S. and
Petersen, M.S.
Myers, Rian; Washington
Dept. of Ecology
Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Natural Resources
Natural Resources
Natural Resources
Natural Resources
Natural Resources
Natural Resources
Natural Resources
Natural Resources
Natural Resources
Natural Resources
Natural Resources
Plants
1982 The Earth Manual
Hunt & Mifflin. The United States Bureau of Land Reclamation
1994 Microbiological effects on slope stability: an

experimental analysis.
Sedimentology 41
1993 Vegetation Management: A guide for Puget

Sound Bluff Property Owners
1975 Environmental aspects - Sacramento bank
protection
1993 Slope Stabilization Erosion Control Using
Vegetation: A Manual of Practice for Coastal
Bluff
1997 A Technical Glossary of Stream and River
Stabilization, Restoration, and Bioengineering
Terms
1989 How to Plant Willows and Poplars for Riparian
Restoration
1990 Identification of Ten Willows Used for
Streambanks (revision)
1940 Lake bluff erosion control
Washington State Department of Ecology, Pub. 93-31
1995 Native plants recommended for wetland/riparian

plantings in the Pacific Northwest
1978 Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses: a Guide to
Conservation Planning
1999 Rooting Characteristics of Black Cottonwood
and Pacific Willow
1990 Streambank Rehabilitation in Washington Using
Willow Species and Hybrid Cottonwoods
Streambank Revegetation
Use of Vegetation for Streambank Erosion

Control
2001 Waterjet Stinger: A Tool to Plant Dormant
Unrooted Cutting of Willows, Cottonwoods,
Dogwood, and Other Species.
1989 Wattling for Hard-to-Stabilize slopes
The Earth Manual comprehensively

covers the engineering of earthen
structures. Extensive bibliographies
supplement each chapter. An exhaustive
index references and cross-references
hundreds of terms in the book.
A guide for using vegetation to stabilize

bluff property.
Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers

101(HY5), 543-55
Washington Dept. of Ecology . Shorelines technical assistance
publication 93-30
Technical Note No.32
http://www.wsu.edu/pmc_nrcs/glossary/tn
32intr.htm
Plant Materials Technical Note #23
Wattling for Hard-to-stabilize slopes

Rept. Prepared by US Soil Conservation Service, Lansing, MI
http://www.wsu.edu/pmc_nrcs/technotes/t
notes.htm

Technical Note No. 28
USDA Agricultural Handbook #537, Washington, DC
Available online, click here.

http://www.wsu.edu/pmc_nrcs/technotes/p
lant_materials/tntpm39.htm
Not available on line, to order see:
notes.htm
Not available on line, to order see:
notes.htm

Technical Note No.9
Technical Note No. 5
Wattling for Hard-to-stabilize slopes

Arranged by Author
Nilaweera, N.S.
Nolan, K.M., harden, D.,

and Janda, R.J.
Nolan, M.F.
Nord E.C. and J.R. Goodin

Nordin, A.R.
Northcutt, Ben
O'Loughlin, C.L.
Oregon Department of
Transportation
WSDOT 8/2001
1994 Influence of Hardwood Roots on Soil Shear

Strength and Slope Stability in Southern
Thailand
1976 Erosional landform map of the Redwood Creek
Basin, Humboldt County, CA
1981 Vegetation on Corps of Engineers Project
Levees in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Valley,
CA
1970 Rooting cuttings of shrub species for plantings
in California wildlands
1995 Slope Instability Problems, The Malaysian
Experience
Ph.D. Dissertation, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok
USGS Water Resources Investigation Open File Map 76-42

In California Riparian Systems Conference, edited by Warner,
R.E. and Hendrix, K.M. University of California, Davis
U.S.D.A. Forest Service Res. Note PSW-213, 1-3
Poster 2, Proceedings of the internat. Confr., University Museum, The rapid urbanization of Malaysian
Oxford 09/29-30/94published in Vegetation and Slopes landscape is leading to devegetation and
soil stability and erosion problems.
Comments on the potential of soil
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1994 Applications of soil bioengineering technology in

the United States
1974 The Effects of Timber Removal on the Stability Journal of Hydrology (NZ) Vol 13, pp121-134
of Forest Soils
1999 Hydraulics Manual - Volume 2 - Erosion and
Oregon Department of Transportation
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BMP's advantages, disadvantages, and

design criteria for each. Available by
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engineering assessment.
Parsons, D.A.
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U.S.D.A. Sedimentation Lab., Soil and Water Conserv., Research
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Perry, T.O.
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Significance Thereof
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Must-have guide to Pacific Northwest
Native Plants
Reid, G.
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A.S. Barnes and Co. New York, NY
Reistenberg, M.H. and
1983 The Role of Woody Vegetation on Stabilizing
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Slopes in the Cincinnati Area
Reistenberg, M.M.
1994 Anchoring of thin colluvium on hillslopes by
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roots of sugar maple and white ash.
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Schiechtl, H.
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Sheilds, F.D.
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Sheilds, F.D. and Gray,
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D.H.
Integrity of Sand Levees

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WSDOT 8/2001
Shewbridge, S.E. and Sitar,

N.
Sidle, R.C.
Sidle, R.C.
Simon, Katrina and
Steinmann, Anne
1989 Deformation Characteristics of Reinforced

Sand in Direct Shear
1980 Impacts of Forest Practices on Surface Erosion
1980 Slope Stability on Forest Land
2000 Soil Bioengineering: Challenges for Planning and
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pp. 1134-1147
Pacific Northwest Extension Publication #195
Pacific Northwest Extension Publication #209
Journal of Urban Planning and Development June 2000, Volume
126, issue 2 pp89-102
Skempton, A.S.
Smoltczyk, U. and K.
Malcharek
Sotir, R.
1964 Long-Term Stability of Clay Slopes

1983 Living sheets on steep slopes.
Geotechnique, 14, 75-101

Proceedings, 2und Intl. Conf. On Geotextiles Vol2 Las Vegas, NV
pp. 253-257
Prepared by Geotechnical Unit, NCDOT and Soil Bioengineering
Corporation, Marietta, GA
Sotir, R.
Sotir, R.
Sotir, R.
1991 Project evaluation of fill slope repair using soil

bioengineering systems: NC 126, BurkeMcdowel counties, NC
1998 Brushing up on erosion control.
1997 Designing soil bioengineering streambank
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American City and County. Vol.113 No 2

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1997 Soil Bioengineering - Applied biotechnology Sensible solutions for our built environment
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Sotir and Associates, Soil Bioengineering Consultants, Marietta
Sotir, R.
1998 Soil Bioengineering Takes Root
Sotir, R. and Gray, D.
1989 Fill Slope Repair Using Soil Bioengineering

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1997 Stabilization of high soil and rock cut slope by
soil bioengineering and conventional
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1995 Soil Bioengineering Experiences in North
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http://www.pubs.asce.org/ceonline/julyabs.html#soilbio
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Sotir, R.
Sotir, R. and M.A.

McCaffery
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Sutton, R.F.
1969 Form and Development of Conifer Root
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1992 Environment Friendly Solutions to
Alberta Transportation and Utilities
Tetteh-Wayoe, Helen
Tetteh-Wayoe, Helen
Thien, H.W., Reistenberg,

M.M. and A. Fledge
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1994 Soil Bioengineering Demonstration Project in
Alberta
1994 Root properties for design of slope stabilization
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Case study describing how soil

bioengineering systems can be used to
meet aquatic and riparian habitat
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Guide to soil bioengineering techniques,

design, and construction for riparian and
upland applications.
(2 Phot., 2 Fig)
7photos, 5 fig,
Case studies from N. America
Summary of a research project aimed at

introducing soil bioengineering to Alberta
Transportation and Utilities
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Arranged by Author
WSDOT 8/2001
Thomas, M.R., Kropp, A.

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Tobias, S.
1989 Biotechnical stabilization of a debris flow scar
Tschantz, B.A. and Weaver,

J.D.
Tsukamoto, Y. and
Kusakaba O.
U.S. Army Coastal
Engineering Research
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U.S. Army Corps of Eng.
Allen, H.H.
1988 Tree Growth on Earthen Dams: A Survey of

State Policy and Practice
1984 Vegetative Influence on Debris Slide
Occurrences on Steep Slopes in Japan
1975 Shore Protection Manual, volumes I and II

Allen, H.H. and J.R.Leech
1995 Shear Strength of the Soil Root Bond System
1992 Bioengineering technique of reservoir shoreline

erosion control in Germany
Bioengineering approaches to streambank
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Proceedings, XX Intl. Erosion Control Assoc. Conf. Vancouver,

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Civil Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, 36 p.
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Erosion and Slope Stability, Envl. Policy Institute, Honolulu, HI
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technical paper

Allen, H.H. and J.R.Leech
1997 Bioengineering for Streambank Erosion Control
US Army Corps of Engineers, waterways experiment station,

technical report EL-97-8

Allen, H.H. and J.W.Webb
1984 Marsh transplant establishment analysis along

the northwest shoreline of Theadore Island,
Mobile Bay, AL
1993 Bioengineering methods to establish salt marsh
on dredged material
Paper, 11th Annual Hillsborough Community College Symposium

Webb, J.W., Allen, H.H.
and O.S. Shirley
U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers
1991 Biotechnical shoreline stabilization
Coastlines of the Gulf of Mexico, Amer. Soc. Of Civil Eng.

Publication (paper presented at Coastal Zone 93 conference,
published in "Coastlines")
Wildlife Resource Notes -Information Exchange Bulletin Vol.9
No.1 11/01/91 (prepared IAW AR 25-30)
U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers
1990 Biotechnical shoreline stabilization: update report Wildlife Resource Notes -Information Exchange Bulletin Vol.8
No.1 03/31/90 (prepared IAW AR 310-2)
U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers
Help yourself - A discussion of erosion

problems on the Great Lakes and alt. Methods
of shore protection.
1986 Reservoir shoreline revegetation guidelines
A General Information Pamphlet
of
1971 Shore Protection Guidelines, National Shoreline

Study,
1983 Streambank protection guidelines
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A General Information Pamphlet
of
M.P.
1977 Literature survey and preliminary evaluation of US Army Corps of Engineers, waterways experiment station,
streambank protection methods
technical report H-77-9
U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers
U.S. Army Corps
Engineers
U.S. Army Corps
Engineers
U.S. Army Corps
Engineers Keown,
of
Documentation of a low-cost
bioengineering technique for reservoir and
shoreline erosion control in Germany.
Results of study of several treatments in
streams all over the country, in response
to flood events where fps ranged from
2.3 to 10.0 (max)
Guidelines for using bioengineering
treatments in a prudent manner, design
suggestions to ensure successful instream projects.
Continuing research on stabilization
alternatives for dredged material disposal
areas using salt marsh wetland plants
Continuing research on stabilization
Update on the continuing study of
establishing vegetation on shorelines
subject to varying water levels.
Continuing study of establishing
vegetation on shorelines subject to
varying water levels.
Feasibility study of establishing

vegetation on shorelines subject to
varying water levels.
*****Available on loan, U.S. Army

Vicksburg Research Library Gateway
(WebCat)
http://134.164.46.9/uhtbin/cgisirsi/5AkRI6
HB6h/0/49

Arranged by Author
U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation

Service
Service
Service
Service
U.S.Depatrment of
Transportation
U.S.Depatrment of
Transportation
United States Navy
WSDOT 8/2001
1974 A guide for the design and layout of vegetative Technical Release No.56
wave protection for earth dam embankments.
1992 Soil bioengineering for upland slope protection
Engineering Field Handbook (210-EFH, 10/92), Ch. 18
and erosion control.
1992 Streambank and shoreline protection.
Engineering Field Handbook (210-EFH, 10/92), Ch. 16
Vegetation for tidal shoreline stabilization in the
Mid-Atlantic States
1975 Highways in the river environment - hydraulic
and environmental design considerations.
Use of riprap for bank protection.
U.S. Gov. Printing Office S/N001-007-00906-5
1991 Soil bioengineering major gully washout repair,

Silverhill Airfield, Baldwin City. AL
1997 Engineering and Design Handbook for the
Preparation of Stormwater Pollution Prevention
Plans for Construction Activities
Naval Civil Eng. Lab., Port Hueneme, CA
US Army Corps of
Engineers
1990 Guidelines for vegetative erosion control on

wave-impacted coastal dredged material sites
US Army Corps of Engineers, technical report D-90-13
US Environmental
Protection Agency
USDA Forest Service
1975 Methods of quickly revegetating soils of low

productivity, construction activities,
2001 Minimum Impact Low-Volume Roads
EPA - 440/9-75-006, U. S. EPA, Washington, D.C.

USDA Forest Service
Chapter 17 will cover erosion and

sediment control techniques
Washington Department of
Transportation
1999 Roadside Manual, - Chapter 700
Washington Department of Transportation
Covers various erosion control

techniques and practices. Can be
downloaded from
www.wsdot.wa.gov/fasc/EngineeringPu
blications
Washington Department of
Transportation
2000 Highway Runoff Manual
Washington Department of Transportation
Washington Dept. of Fish

and Wildlife
Watson, A, Marsden, M, and
Rowan, D
Restoring the Watershed : A citizen's Guide to

Riparian Restoration in Western Washington
1995 Tree Species Performance and Slope Stability
Well, T.C.E.
1987 The Establishment of Floral Grasslands.
US Army Corps of
Engineers
Training and Design Manual
US Army Corps of Engineers, publication No. EP-1110-1-16
Covers various Best Management

Practices one can use to control erosion
and streambank stabilization.
Advantages, disadvantages, and design
criteria is covered for each Best
Management Practice. Can be viewed
and downloaded from
144.3.144.209/corpusdata/usace/inet/usac
e-docs/eng-pamphlets/ep1110-116/toc.htm
Evaluation of vegetative stabilization
BMP's advantages, disadvantages, and

design criteria for each. Can be
downloaded from
www.wsdot.wa.gov/fasc/EngineeringPublic
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Washington Dept. of Fish and Wildlife, Habitat Division (360) 902- Native vegetation of Western Washington
2534
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Wu T.H., McKinell, W.P.

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Ziemer, R.R.
WSDOT 8/2001
1994 Effect of Fungal and bacterial colonies on slope Paper 1, Proceedings of the internat. Confr., University Museum, Findings of slope stability experiments
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1994 Vegetation of reclaimed colliery tips
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vegetation on steep slopes, 23, 15 and 5
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1989 Advances in plant material and revegetation
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1979 Strength of Tree Roots and Landslides on
Canadian Geotechnical Journal
Prince of Wales Island, Alaska
1994 Slope Stabilization, in Use of Vegetation in
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Erosion Control and Slope Stabilization
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1988 In-situ Shear Test of Soil-root Systems
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19-33
1988 Study of Soil-Root Interactions
Journal of Geotechnical Engineering (ASCE), Vol. 114, No. GT12,
pp. 1376-1394
1993 Stability of Shale Embankments
Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 119 (1):127-146
1995 Important Biological Considerations in Use of
Vetiver Grass Hedgerows (VGHR) for Slope
Protection and Stabilisation
1981 Roots and Shallow Stability of Forested Slopes

VGHR use, comments on producing
Museum, Oxford 09/29-30/94published in Vegetation and Slopes - quality planting materials, establishment
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Soil Bioengineering References

1996 A Manual of Native Plant Communities for

Bache, D.H. and MacAskill

Barker, D.H. ed.

1995 Vegetation and slopes - stabilisation, protection

1994 A combination of multidisciplinary techniques vegetation and soil nailing

1994 Species selection and management for slope

Bayfield, N.G. , Barker,

1992 Erosion of Road Cuttings and the Use of

1955 The use of slip circle in the stability of earth

Bishop, D.M. and Stevens,

1994 Erosion of highway slopes in upland Wales:

Describes important continuing and future

Soil Bioengineering References

Brown R.L. and A.L.

1962 Stabilizing sand dunes on the Pacific Coast.

Brunsfeld, S.J. and F.D.

Burroughs, E.R. [Jr.] and

Carlson, J.R., Conway, g.l.

Coppin, N.J., Barker, D.L.

Crowder, Wayne and

U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service Publ. 892. 18 pages

Case study of soil bioengineering in

1994 CIRIA field evaluation and demonstration trials

Paper 8, Proceedings of the internat. Confr., University Museum,

Describes the site conditions, geotech.

Corvallis Pant Materials Center. USDA Soil Conservation Service

Guide to reforestation: tree seedling

Soil Bioengineering References

Edminster, F.C., W.S.

1949 Streambank erosion control on the Winooski

Federal Interagency Stream 36069 Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles,

1995 Best Management Practices for Erosion and

1987 Design of Roadside Channels with Flexible

1997 Factors Affecting Selection, Acquisition and

Fontaine, B.L. and Merritt,

Gostelow, T.P. and Gibson,

1988 An Anchoring System for Fish Habitat

USDA Circular No. 837, 54 pp.

A good source for further reading on

FISRWG (10/1998). Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles,

Case study of extensive revegetation in

A generalized account of the major

1996 Bioengineering for hillslope, streambank and

Coop ext., Inst. of Ag. and Nat. Resources, U of NebraskaLincoln

1994 Interaction of vegetation with the LUL surface

1993 Lakeside bioengineering

Land and Water, 37. March/April 1993

Soil Bioengineering References

Gray D.H. and Ohashi H.

1983 Mechanics of Fiber Reinforcement in Sand

1970 Effects of forest clear-cutting on the stability

Journal of Geotechnical Engineering (ASCE) Vol. 112 No. GT3, p.

1978 Role of woody vegetation in reinforcing soils

Gray, D.H. and A.T. Leiser

Gray, D.H. and R. Sotir

1996 Biotechnical & soil bioengineering slope

Gray, D.H. and R. Sotir

Gray, D.H. and Sotir, R.B.

1992 Biotechnical stabilization of cut and fill slopes.

1987 Vegetation and Slope Stability

Greenway, D.R., Anderson,

1984 Influence of vegetation on slope stability in

1979 Plant Strategies and Vegetation Process