6.6 Onshore and Offshore Pipeline Design Philosophy PDF

KCP-GNS-PLD-DPR-0001
Revision: 04
Project Title:
Kingsnorth Carbon Capture & Storage Project
Document Title:
Onshore and Offshore Pipeline Design Philosophy
Page 1 of 3
Kingsnorth CCS Demonstration Project

The information contained in this document (the Information) is provided in good faith.
E.ON UK plc, its subcontractors, subsidiaries, affiliates, employees, advisers, and the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) make no representation or
warranty as to the accuracy, reliability or completeness of the Information and neither E.ON UK plc nor any of its subcontractors, subsidiaries, affiliates, employees,
advisers or DECC shall have any liability whatsoever for any direct or indirect loss howsoever arising from the use of the Information by any party.
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TableofContents
1. Scope and Functional Requirement ................................................................................................ 4

1.1. Scope of Document ................................................................................................................. 4
1.2. Definitions................................................................................................................................ 4
1.3. Abbreviations........................................................................................................................... 5
1.4. System of Units ....................................................................................................................... 6
2. Assumptions .................................................................................................................................... 7
2.1. General.................................................................................................................................... 7
3. Design Requirements ...................................................................................................................... 8
3.1. Design Life .............................................................................................................................. 8
3.2. Operating Philosophy .............................................................................................................. 8
3.3. Operating Data ........................................................................................................................ 8
3.3.1.
Product Composition ....................................................................................................... 8
3.3.2.
Design and Operating Pressures .................................................................................... 9
3.4. Design Codes ....................................................................................................................... 10
3.5. Pipeline Hydrotest Parameters ............................................................................................. 10
3.6. Onshore Pipeline Location Class .......................................................................................... 10
3.7. Materials ................................................................................................................................ 11
3.7.1.
Linepipe Materials ......................................................................................................... 11
3.7.2.
Corrosion Resistant Alloys ............................................................................................ 11
3.7.3.
External Corrosion Protection ....................................................................................... 11
3.7.4.
Concrete Weight Coating .............................................................................................. 11
3.8. Onshore Pipeline Routing .................................................................................................... 11
3.8.1.
General.......................................................................................................................... 11
3.8.2.
Description of Proposed Route ..................................................................................... 12
3.8.3.
Routing Constraints ....................................................................................................... 13
3.9. Offshore Pipeline Routing .................................................................................................... 14
3.9.1.
General.......................................................................................................................... 14
3.9.2.
Routing Constraints ....................................................................................................... 14
3.9.3.
Additional Routing Considerations ................................................................................ 16
3.10. Onshore Pipeline Installation and Construction .................................................................... 17
3.10.1. General.......................................................................................................................... 17
3.10.2. Landfall .......................................................................................................................... 18
3.10.3. Onshore Pipeline Construction in Near Shore/Landfall Areas ...................................... 19
3.11. Offshore Pipeline Installation and Construction .................................................................... 19
3.11.1. General.......................................................................................................................... 19
3.11.2. Outline Installation Methodology ................................................................................... 19
3.11.3. Trenching and Burial ..................................................................................................... 20
3.11.4. Crossings and Third Party Ownership Considerations ................................................. 20
3.11.5. Landfall Design.............................................................................................................. 20
3.12. Offshore Pipeline Protection Design ..................................................................................... 20
3.13. Connections Design .............................................................................................................. 21
3.14. Risk Assessment ................................................................................................................... 21
3.15. Pigging .................................................................................................................................. 21
3.16. Future Expansion of System ................................................................................................. 22
3.17. Environmental Design Data .................................................................................................. 22
3.18. Pipeline Safety and Control Systems .................................................................................... 22
3.19. Condition Monitoring ............................................................................................................. 23
3.20. Onshore Pipeline Sectional Valves ....................................................................................... 23
3.21. Offshore Pipeline SSIVs ....................................................................................................... 24
3.22. Pre-Commissioning and Commissioning .............................................................................. 24
3.23. Pipeline Surveillance and Maintenance ................................................................................ 24
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4. Mandatory References................................................................................................................... 26
4.1. Regulations and Statutes ...................................................................................................... 26
4.2. Project Documentation .......................................................................................................... 27
4.3. Design Codes ........................................................................................................................ 27
5. Supporting References .................................................................................................................. 28
5.1. Project Documentation .......................................................................................................... 28
5.2. Design Codes ........................................................................................................................ 28
TableofFigures
Figure 1.1: Outline Pipeline System Schematic ...................................................................................... 4

Figure 3-1: Proposed Onshore Pipeline Route ..................................................................................... 13
Figure 3-2: Offshore Pipeline Outline Route ........................................................................................ 16
TableofHolds
HOLD No.
Description
Section
Cleared
Maximum Allowable Pressure
Cleared
Cleared
Cleared
Minimum Flow Rate (Injection)
Cleared
Bend radii
3.9.2
Straight route length
3.9.2
10
Cleared
11
Cleared.
12
Cleared
13
Cleared
Table 3.3.2-a
Table 3.3.2-a

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1. Scope and Functional Requirement

1.1. Scope of Document
This document presents the design philosophy, assumptions and design guidelines for the
onshore and offshore sections of the CO2 pipeline from the Kingsnorth Power Station to the
Hewett field. Error! Reference source not fo und. is an outline schematic of the overall
system.
Figure 1.1: Outline Pipeline System Schematic
1.2. Definitions
COMPANY
E.ON UK or its nominated representative.
CONTRACTOR
The companies designated on the purchase order form

as being the selected Contractor of materials and
services.
WORK
The task, process or operation being conducted by the

CONTRACTOR on any tier on behalf of COMPANY.
Shall
Indicates mandatory requirement
Should
Indicates preferred course of action
May
Indicates optional course of action

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1.3. Abbreviations
3LPP
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3 Layer Polypropylene
ALARP
As Low as Reasonably Practicable
ASME
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
BLEVE
Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion
BS
British Standard
CCS
Carbon Capture and Storage
COS
Carbonyl Sulphide
CP
Cathodic Protection
DCS
Distributed Control System
DNV
Det Norske Veritas
DP
Dynamic Positioning
EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment
ESD(V)
Emergency Shut Down (Valve)
FJC
Field Joint Coating
FEED
Front End Engineering Design
GHS
Globally Harmonised System
HAZID
Hazard Identification
HAZOP
Hazard and Operability
HSE
Health and Safety Executive
ID
Internal Diameter
IID
Intelligent Inspection Device
ISO
International Standardisation Organisation
KP
Kilometre Point
MAOP
Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure
MAPD
Major Accident Prevention Document
MCA
Maritime and Coastguard Agency
MMscmd
Million Standard Cubic Metre per Day
Mt
Million tonnes
N/A
Not Applicable
NPS
Nominal Pipe Size
PEXA
Practice and Exercise Areas
PSR
Pipeline Safety Regulations
ppb
parts per billion
ppmv
Parts Per Million by Volume
PWHT
Post-Weld Heat Treatment

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RCIS
Route Corridor Investigation Study
SMYS
Specified Minimum Yield Strength
SI
System International
SPA
Special Protection Area
SAC
Special Area of Conservation
SSIV
Sub Sea Isolation Valve
SSSI
Site of Special Scientific Interest
SCADA
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
WHP
Wellhead Platform.
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1.4. System of Units

Units to be used throughout the FEED design are defined in ref. [M34], Overall Project Units.
During the injection and production regimes, the CO2 may exist in the gas, liquid or dense
phases with varying densities. As a result, the flow rate in this report is given in tonne/day and
Mt/year (as opposed to MMscmd). Specific assumptions made to adapt this mass flow rate to its
equivalent volume flow rate will be clearly stated in the relevant reports.

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2. Assumptions
2.1. General
The following assumptions have been made:
Pipeline will be required to cater for both gas and dense phase flow;
The dryness spec is 100 ppmv or better to ensure that liquid water will not exist in the line. This figure is
the minimum requirement and may change during FEED 1a. However, the specification delivered to the
pipeline will ensure that no free water or hydrate potential will exist in the pipeline or CO2 transport
system;
Standard conditions that will govern the design flowrate are assumed as 1.01325 bara, and 15 C.

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3. Design Requirements
3.1. Design Life
It is assumed that the pipeline system will have a design life of 40 years.
3.2. Operating Philosophy

The pipeline will be designed for CO2 transportation for injection at the Hewett field. The
Hewett field has been in production for 40years, and it is anticipated that during the initial
injection years, the reservoir pressure will be as low as 3bara. Current preferred choice is to
start injecting gaseous CO2 into the reservoir until reservoir pressure has increased to
approximately 40barg and change to dense phase thereafter. Consequently, the pipeline
transportation will be in gaseous phase in the early years and dense phase in later years.
The maximum and mean CO2 flow capacity will vary over time as the reservoir pressure rises.
Under initial (gaseous) flowing conditions it is anticipated that the maximum flow rate in the
gaseous phase is 9470 tonnes per day at startup and 13380 tonnes per day at 40 bar, after
which the system will be switched to dense phase operation.
To operate in dense phase, and to avoid problems with two-phase flow in the pipeline, requires
the arrival pressure to rise to 80 barg. As the reservoir pressure rises further the required arrival
pressure gradually increases to approximately 90 barg, corresponding to approximately 120
barg pipeline inlet pressure.
The CO2 from Kingsnorth CCS Plant will need to be dehydrated prior to export to avoid free
water drop out and increased likelihood of corrosion and hydrate formation.
Whether in gaseous or liquid phase, pipeline design will be based on a single phase fluid being
transported, refer to E.ON Kingsnorth Project Scope of Work Dispersion Experiments and
Modelling for static and dynamic modelling of the system, ref.[S5]. However further work on 2phase operations is planned and this will be analysed to determine any potential problems.
3.3. Operating Data

3.3.1.Product Composition
The CO2 is captured using an amine capture process, and is compressed and dried prior to reaching
the export pipeline. The Basis of Design for Studies (ref. [M33] contains typical post compressor i.e.
pipeline inlet composition of the gas.
Significant deviations from the given composition over time are not expected, although the burning of
different coals may give rise to minor variations.
During normal operations, it is not anticipated than anything will be added to the CO2 stream at any
point in the capture, compression, transportation or injection process. Odourisation of the gas may
be considered, however, and other (as yet unknown) chemical injection may also be required. Under
upset and shutdown conditions oxygen scavenger may be added to the CO2 stream to prevent
corrosion; this shall be confirmed during the FEED 2 study.
It is a design requirement that the CO2 will be dried at the dehydration plant to a water content less
than the values listed in Section 2 (the dryness spec is 100 ppmv or better to ensure that liquid water
will not exist in the line). If assumed then dryness sensitivities will be required unless it can be stated
as a design requirement.

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3.3.2.Design and Operating Pressures

A normal operating pressure of approximately 50 barg would be suitable for gas phase
transportation, but as the pipeline is to be capable of dense phase transportation as well then a
significantly higher MAOP is required. It should be noted that the compression plant at Kingsnorth
must be designed such that it cannot exceed the MAOP of the pipeline i.e. so that the pipeline is fully
rated.
The maximum allowable operating pressure of the pipeline and the inlet to the platform is estimated
to lie in the range 150 to 200 barg. This includes an allowance for future increases in capacity, plus
allowance for a degree of linepack, due to diurnal swings in CO2 production for example.
The finalised design pressure of the pipeline system shall not be less than the maximum allowable
operating pressure, and shall take into consideration transient effects in the system, as well as
linepack and potential future expansion of the system. Finalisation of the design pressure will be
undertaken during FEED 2 and shall take into consideration the cost of providing additional steel to
withstand the higher pressure vs the operational flexibility that this additional material would provide.
Pipeline operating parameters used during this phase are summarised in Table 3.3.1-a.
Description.
Unit
Value
Design Pressure
barg
150
Maximum Allowable Operating

Pressure
barg
HOLD 2
Maximum Design Temperature
70 3)
Inlet Temperature (Injection)
Seabed ambient
Inlet Temperature Range to

Pipeline (at Compressor after
cooling - Kingsnorth end)
30-50
Minimum Design Temperature
HOLD 4
Minimum Design Temperature

(Materials)
-20oC offshore
-85oC onshore
Minimum Flow Rate (Injection)
tonne/day
Design Flow Rate (Kingsnorth

tonne/day
Only)
Table 3.3.2-a Overall Pipeline Operating Parameters
HOLD 6
28000
During gas phase operation of the pipeline, no pressure control valve or heating is required on the
platform. A fired heater is provided to mitigate the low temperature produced across the valve due to
Joules-Thomson cooling, during start-up, dense phase operation of the pipeline or any other
condition which results in a situation where the pressure in the pipeline is significantly greater than
that in the wellbore. It should be noted that during line pack operations (i.e. where the Hewett choke
is either partially or completely closed and the pressure in the pipeline allowed to rise) then this may
also need heating duty or limits set on the degree of choking at Hewett to ensure that the
downstream temperature does not fall below design limits.

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3.4. Design Codes

The design code for the pipeline will be BS EN 14161, supplemented by the code of practice
PD 8010. DNV OS F101 shall be used for design of the offshore section. To date there have
been no pipelines constructed for the transport of CO2 in the UK, and therefore PD 8010 does
not specifically address CO2 transport, in particular the transport of dense phase CO2. The
DNV OS F101 code does refer to CO2 (but as a non-flammable non-toxic gas, thus falling into
Category C). ASME B31.4 code makes provision for CO2 pipelines, including dense phase
CO2. Whilst mixing of codes is generally not accepted, the approach of ASME B31.4 if
appropriately applied could assist the infilling of areas not specifically addressed by the
UK/European codes.
For 2 design purposes the dense phase CO2 anticipated to be produced from the Kingsnorth
power station will be classified as Category E substance under BS PD 8010-1 (toxic fluids that
are gases at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure conditions and are conveyed as
gases and/or liquids). This classification and treatment of CO2 is subject to confirmation by 3rd
parties. It is expected that there will be ongoing discussions with the HSE on this aspect and
on issues concerning design code selection and code compliance generally.
It is also expected that there will be particular issues relating to the pipeline system, in
particular the transport of the dense phase CO2, that will require further research and
development, and the results of this research incorporated in the pipeline Design
Philosophy/Data during FEED 2.
A list of Mandatory and Supporting References, including Design Codes, are listed in Sections
4 and 5, respectively. The new DNV code for pipeline transport of CO2, ref. [M40], is expected
to be available during this phase of the project.
3.5. Pipeline Hydrotest Parameters

Mill hydrotest pressure for the linepipe shall be determined in accordance with ISO 3183.
System hydrotest strength and leak test pressures for the onshore and offshore pipeline shall
be determined in accordance with the appropriate design codes. It is anticipated that a golden
weld i.e. 100% radiographically tested, will be performed at the landfall location (onshore /
offshore tie-in weld) in lieu of an overall onshore/offshore leak test.
Refer also to Pipeline Testing and Drying Philosophy, ref. [M30].
3.6. Onshore Pipeline Location Class

Location classes will be confirmed during FEED 2, after completion of the route surveys and
assessment of the population densities. Preliminary location classes, in accordance with PD
8010-1, will be adopted to estimate pipeline wall thickness requirements and proximities. The
following general pipeline location classes shall be considered as a starting point:
Class 2 (Areas with a population density greater than or equal to 2.5 persons per hectare) to
be adopted for a distance of 800m (as a minimum) from High Water Tide Level towards
offshore;
Class 1 (Areas with a population density less than 2.5 persons per hectare) where applicable
for other sections along the onshore pipeline route.

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3.7. Materials
3.7.1.Linepipe Materials
Carbon steel linepipe is the economical choice for CO2 transport. Subject to any additional
requirements such as those discussed in the Pipeline Material Selection, Corrosion Protection
and Monitoring Philosophy ref. [M32] with respect to low temperature capability/toughness
and internal corrosion mitigation, ISO 3183 L450M (API 5L X65 equivalent) linepipe steel is
expected to be generally suitable for construction of the onshore pipeline. Direct
depressurisation of dense phase CO2 could lead to temperatures lower than the minimum
design temperature of the carbon steel, hence this issue will need to be addressed as part of
the pipeline depressurisation/blowdown studies.
Final linepipe material selection will be made during FEED 2.
3.7.2.Corrosion Resistant Alloys
Although the main pipeline is expected to be fabricated from carbon steel, there is likely to be
a requirement for corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs) at particular locations in the system, for
example valve materials, or spoolpieces subject to particularly low temperatures. Selection of
suitable CRAs shall take into consideration all relevant aspects of the service environment,
including the pre-commissioning and commissioning phases.
3.7.3.External Corrosion Protection
The pipeline shall be protected against external corrosion using a standard anti-corrosion
coating and cathodic protection. Where the linepipe is to be subsequently concrete coated for
hydrodynamic stability and/or protection, the anti-corrosion coating shall be compatible with
the application of the concrete weight coating.
3.7.4.Concrete Weight Coating
The onshore section of the pipeline route may cross areas of ground which may be subject to
periodic flooding and may require the installation of anti-buoyancy. This may be undertaken
with the installation of concrete weight coating or other measures, which will be reviewed
during the FEED 2 design phase.
3.8. Onshore Pipeline Routing

3.8.1.General
Above 73 barg and 31C carbon dioxide is supercritical, and its physical properties are
intermediate between gas and liquid. It exhibits high solvency characteristics, and if released
would quickly form a cloud and solid CO2 particles whilst causing extreme freezing around
the point of release.
In high concentrations, for example above 30 per cent, the gas can quickly kill as it displaces
oxygen.
The onshore pipeline poses a potential threat to the general public, therefore further work
needs to be conducted in the modelling of releases of CO2 in its dense phase to satisfy and
address risks concerned with potential releases from the pipeline.
Onshore pipeline route selection is, in general, a balance between availability of a viable,
unimpeded route, proximity of the route to population accumulations and individual dwellings,
and the stress levels within the pipeline material.
In accordance with BS PD 8010-1, a pipeline carrying a Class E substance may not be
routed through high populations density areas i.e. towns and cities. Provided that the stress
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level in the pipe material remains less than 0.3 x SMYS, pipelines conveying
Class E
substances may be routed through Class 2 population density areas (above 2.5 persons per
hectare but excluding towns and cities). The Code provides guidance on proximity distances
to buildings for Class 1 areas.
3.8.2.Description of Proposed Route
The pipeline starts within the confines of the proposed Kingsnorth Power Station. The
preferred pipeline route heads in a northenly direction from the Power Station towards the
landfall location and landfall valve in the vicinity of St. Marys Marshes where it will cross the
intertidal mud flats and continue eastwards down the Thames Estuary.
The landfall valve site shall include provision for future tie-ins from other CO2 capture
sources. Such provision shall enable connections to be made without interruption to the flow
from Kingsnorth to Hewett.
The following lists the main features and principal crossings en route including:
Small watercourses;
Industrial access roads;
Access tracks;
A rail line;
A gas pipeline
An A road;
Lower class roads.
The onshore route is outlined in Figure 3-1.

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Figure 3-1: Proposed Onshore Pipeline Route
3.8.3.Routing Constraints
A single onshore route shall be defined as early as possible in the FEED process. This will
permit release of the topographical and geotechnical survey workscopes, and the
commencement of the full EIA, which is anticipated to take a year to fully complete.
In parallel with the onshore pipeline route selection, a suitable landfall location will be
confirmed. This is dependent on agreement of a suitable offshore pipeline route, and
clarification of outstanding near shore routing issues. Routing constraints which will be
considered during overall route selection for the onshore pipeline will include the following:
Proximity distances to inhabited areas to be maximised;
CO2 dispersion issues;
Ease of installation and construction of the pipeline - shortest route length to be maintained
where possible;
Project stakeholder preferences, including Local Authority, Environment Agency, Natural

England;
Landowner issues;

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Environmental impact, including impact on ecology, archaeology and landscape. to be

minimised;
Impact on existing and on any proposed future infrastructure, including pipeline, cables and
other utilities to be minimised;
Impact on any future developments e.g.in local plans, to be minimised;
Local community issues, particularly during construction, to be taken into consideration;
Interaction with any known areas of landfill or contaminated ground to be minimised.
3.9. Offshore Pipeline Routing

3.9.1.General
The offshore section starts at the proposed landfall, then runs east towards deeper water
before deviating northwards towards Hewett. Further details of the various routing options
considered during pre-FEED are contained in ref. S2.
An offshore route survey, will be performed at an early stage during FEED 2, and on
completion, and on obtaining agreement with stakeholders, the route selection will be
confirmed.
The offshore routing is currently being modified as part of an ongoing RCIS.
3.9.2.Routing Constraints
The following considerations and constraints shall be taken into consideration in defining the
route of the offshore pipeline:
The shortest route length to be maintained where possible;
Pipelay will likely be initiated from the landfall to enable the laybarge to lay into deeper water.
Laydown will likely be performed adjacent to the Hewett field WHP;
Bend radii of 3000m (HOLD 8) to be maintained at route deviations;
Straight route lengths of 500m (HOLD 9) to be maintained preceding and following any route
deviations;
The pipeline to be routed in such a way that it maintains a minimum clearance of

approximately 500m from wind farm structures, to allow for maintenance operations;
Routing to deeper water where possible, to minimise routing through the shallower water
zones;
Clearances to be maintained to munitions dump sites;
Military Practice and exercise areas (PEXA) to be taken into account;
Clearances to be maintained to disposal dump sites;
Dredge sites to be avoided;
Pipeline, umbilical and cable (telecoms and power) crossings to be minimized;
Licensed block holders (some in the Thames Estuary);
Disturbance of fishing breeding grounds to be minimized ;
Areas of reef forming organisms to be avoided;

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Clearance to shipping access channels, future channels and consideration of future dredging
requirements for these channels to be taken into account as per ongoing RCIS;
Shipping separation zones to be avoided;
Anchoring zones to be avoided ;
High intensity of shipping to be avoided ;
High intensity of fishing to be avoided;
Areas of mobile seabed to be avoided;
Seabed sand banks to be avoided;
Seabed sandwaves and megaripples to be avoided;
Ship wrecks to be avoided ; and plane wrecks;
Clearance of 500m to wells and installations to be maintained;
Clearance to drill rigs to be maintained subject to anchor patterns;
Consideration to be given to the routing of the pipeline past the major ports of Great
Yarmouth and Lowestoft so as to minimise any disruption to marine activity during
construction, and minimise risks to the pipeline throughout its operating life.
The outline offshore pipeline route is shown on Figure 3-2.

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Figure 3-2: Offshore Pipeline Outline Route

3.9.3.Additional Routing Considerations
There is a significant constraint just offshore from the Isle of Grain in the wrecked SS Richard
Montgomery, a Second World War munitions ship left partly submerged on a shallow
sandbar. The ship still contains significant quantities of explosives. The route shall be chosen
so as to pass a safe distance from this constraint, but the precise distance will be considered
as part of the RCIS.
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The route also crosses busy shipping lanes. Shipping lanes can be crossed though
consideration needs to be given to safety during construction and the potential for the pipeline
to limit future use of the lane. Trenching/burial depths shall be established in conjunction with
the MCA and other relevant parties in order to allow for future maintenance dredging.
Further potential and actual obstacles are present including:
Wind farm concession areas Round 1, Round 2 plus latest Round 3;
Dredging licence areas and dredging application areas;
Disposal sites;
UK mineral rights extent;
Existing cables and pipelines; and near future cables (Britned) and pipelines including Baird
and ENI future pipeline routes;
Military practice exercise area (PEXA).

The number of pipeline and cables crossings should be minimised. The crossings are
estimated to be 6 pipelines and at least 12 cables, depending on the finalised routing.
There is a large MOD practice area, which the most logical pipeline route crosses. This may
be feasible and is being investigated as part of the ongoing RCIS work.
The northern section of the pipeline route is known for its predominance of sandwaves and a
highly mobile seabed. For a large diameter pipeline this implies seabed preparation by
dredging and post-lay trenching of the pipeline. This is a high cost activity, which will require
further study to optimise. Sandwaves may also occur in the southern part of the route.
Drawings of the offshore routing detailing the locations of wind farm concession areas and
PEXA shall be issued during FEED 2.
3.10. Onshore Pipeline Installation and Construction

3.10.1. General
The proposed construction methodology to be fully developed during FEED 2 and set out in a
Construction Philosophy which shall comply with all relevant Health and Safety, and
Environmental legislation. Construction techniques shall minimise the overall environmental
impact of the onshore pipeline.
Consents will be required for certain construction activities e.g. planning permission from local
planning authorities for any buildings, fences or bunds along the pipeline route.
An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) will be required, in accordance with European
Directives.
The onshore pipeline will be buried along its entire length, with a minimum depth of cover of
1.1m, and with increased cover at crossings.
All items of infrastructure on the proposed onshore pipeline route shall be identified and 3rd
party owners confirmed. These shall be documented in the routing report.
Construction specifications will be prepared covering all aspects of design and construction
including:
Fencing and right of way preparation to ensure delineation of the working area and to
minimise unauthorised access;
Top soil strip, soil management and reinstatement on completion of the works;

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Excavation and general open trench safe working;
Pipe handling and stacking to control storage and to minimise damage prior to installation;
Stringing and storage of the pipe alongside the pipeline route;
Field bending of the pipe to accommodate changes in alignment and elevation;
Welding, including any necessary weld or welder qualifications associated with pipelines for
the conveyance of CO2 and possible PWHT depending on WT;
Radiography and weld inspection;
External coating of welded joints;
Lift and lay to avoid pipe damage and to safely control site lifting operations;
Backfill of the pipe trench with suitably graded material and bedding layer;
Reinstatement of the working width to ensure minimal long term environmental impact.
Backfilling and reinstatement requirements will be developed during FEED 2 to minimise any
adverse effects of the proposed routing on natural drainage;
Quality control/inspection records and handover documentation;
Corrosion protection philosophy;
Weight coating at water courses and areas prone to flooding, taking into consideration
predicted sea level elevation changes;
Crossing construction where roads, railways, river or other services are to be crossed;
It should be noted that the following items are discussed in the relevant commissioning
philosophies (Ref. M29 and M30);
Hydro testing of the pipeline to demonstrate overall integrity;
Cleaning and dewatering of the pipe line prior to performing tie-in weld to the offshore
pipeline;
Air or vacuum drying of the pipeline system and filling with air or possibly nitrogen;
Dewatering of groundwater where required;
Commissioning of the pipeline system and introduction of CO2.

3.10.2. Landfall
The landfall area is a key aspect of the proposed pipeline route, and will be subject to
considerable interest from third parties and regulatory bodies. Early engagement and
discussion of the precise design solution (including other options considered) with these
bodies shall be undertaken.
For the St. Marys Marshes shore approach the provisions of the Habitats Regulations to
Ramsar sites, would require that the development proposals be subject to appropriate
assessment'. This assessment requires taking into consideration the site's conservation
objectives, including ensuring that the full range of Ramsar interests has been designated and
their vulnerabilities to any effects of the proposed development determined.
Designated sites are to a greater or lesser degree affected by activities which occur away
from or adjacent to those sites, as well as those on the construction site which is the case for
the shore approach for the offshore pipeline. Wetland sites are especially vulnerable to
factors such as hydrological change within or adjacent to the site. To meet the obligations for
Ramsar, a full environmental assessment will be required which would include benthic

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sampling and biology, water quality, wild life monitoring, marine mammal survey, and a video
survey, inter tidal biology, commercial fishery activity etc.
3.10.3. Onshore Pipeline Construction in Near Shore/Landfall Areas
The selection of the precise method of construction and sequence of activities to be followed
during near shore/landfall construction will depend upon factors such as line diameter, water
depth along the pipeline route, and environmental considerations (the objective is to minimise
damage and environmental impact in a RAMSAR site) and other conditions at the landfall.
The final choice of method would be made after consultations with all the interested third
parties and a review with E.ON concerning cost and schedule implications.
3.11. Offshore Pipeline Installation and Construction

3.11.1. General
The proposed construction methodology shall comply with all relevant Health and Safety, and
Environmental legislation. Pipeline routes and construction techniques shall also be
developed during FEED 2 to minimise the overall environmental impact of the offshore
pipeline, for instance by avoiding environmentally sensitive areas wherever possible.
The pipeline design work to be performed during FEED 2 shall include consideration of the
following:
Stability design (concrete weight coating limits);
Pipeline installation assessment and analyses;
Span analysis and bottom roughness analysis to determine if pre-sweeping is required, e.g.
sandwaves;
Trenching design and burial requirements (if any);
Pipeline and cable crossing designs;
Shore approach and landfall design;
Riser tie-in design;
Pre-commissioning and commissioning update.

3.11.2. Outline Installation Methodology
The offshore pipeline will be require to be installed using conventional S-lay techniques
employing anchor and dynamic positioning (DP) laybarges. An anchor barge may be used for
the shallow water depths from the landfall out to a water depth of approximately 18 to 20m,
which corresponds to approximately the first 60km. The pipeline will be laid down at this water
depth then recovered by the DP laybarge which will then continue the pipelay towards the
offshore storage site. Alternatively the DP laybarge may initiate lay at the offshore storage site
and then use a midline tie-in at the 18 to 20m water depth using davit lifts.
Some areas of the seabed, e.g. sand waves may require pre-sweeping prior to pipelay to
prevent over-stressing of the pipeline. Pre-sweeping operations may be subject to
environmental constraints.
Following pipelay and trenching, the pipeline will be pre-commissioned, including flooding,
cleaning, gauging and hydrostatic pressure strength testing. The pipeline will then be tied into
the riser at the offshore storage site using a conventional flanged spool piece; the flanged
connections will then be subject to a pressure leak test. Finally the pipeline will be dewatered

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and dried to a level to prevent corrosion and hydrate formation during commissioning
(gassing-up). The offshore pipeline will be tied into the onshore pipeline via a golden weld
before vacuum or air drying operations.
3.11.3. Trenching and Burial
Trenching and burial of the offshore pipeline will be minimised wherever possible, subject to
practical levels of concrete weight coating requirements and pipeline protection from thirdparty interaction. The level and limit of pre-trenching/burial that will be required in the shore
approach, shipping access channels and landfall regions shall be defined in both the onbottom stability and routing reports.
3.11.4. Crossings and Third Party Ownership Considerations
All pipelines and cables or other items of infrastructure on the proposed offshore pipeline
route shall be identified and 3rd party owners confirmed. The locations of these items shall
be confirmed by the offshore route survey. Future pipelines and cables that could be installed
before the CO2 pipeline shall also be identified. The FEED 2 work shall include preliminary
designs for construction of the required crossings.
It is critical that all consents, including those for the offshore pipeline and the storage of CO2,
are obtained in a timely manner, as failure to achieve this will have an impact on the projects
programme to deliver the project on schedule.
3.11.5. Landfall Design
The scope of the work to be carried out during FEED 2 for design of the landfall shall include:
Performing shore approach design for the pipeline up to landfall tie-in;
Determine pulling loads and potential requirements for temporary flotation aids;
Determination of pipeline profile in the shore approach and intertidal zones;
Determination of governing minimum cover depth requirements;
Determination of pipeline weight coating requirements for nearshore and landfall zones;
CP (cathodic protection) requirements for nearshore and landfall areas;
Spoil and rockdump volumes determination;
Production of Shore Approach and Landfall Design Report;
Preparation of General Arrangement drawings of the Shore Approach and Landfall.
3.12. Offshore Pipeline Protection Design

A detailed pipeline protection system design shall be performed during FEED 2.
The protection system design shall include consideration of the following:
Dropped objects;
Vessel anchoring (snagging and cable/anchor dragging);
Fishing activities (trawlboard and beam impact and pullover and hooking).
A dropped object study shall be performed during FEED 2 to determine the risk of dropped
objects from activities at the WHP.
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Security / protection of the land fall valve will require a security cage and intruder alarm or
similar.
Southern North Sea shipping activities are very dense especially within the vicinity of Thames
Estuary. An assessment of shipping within the region of interest for this project shall be
contained in the routing report.
A low to medium fishing intensity, with both Beam and Otter trawl efforts, exists along most of
the proposed pipeline route. Fishing interaction studies shall be carried out during FEED 2 to
evaluate risks from fishing and determine appropriate protection measures for the pipeline.
3.13. Connections Design

Pipeline connections shall be weld-neck flanges in accordance with the appropriate design
codes. Offshore pipeline spool piece flanges shall include swivel ring type to ease bolting.
The number of flanged connections will be minimized wherever possible. Consideration may
be given to hyperbaric welded tie-ins and possible stalking subject to water depth.
3.14. Risk Assessment

A hazard identification and risk evaluation will be undertaken to provide input to a major
accident prevention document (MAPD) as part of the Pipeline Safety Regulations (PSR) 1996
requirements (Regulation 23). This is based on defining the CO2 pipeline as conveying a
dangerous fluid in accordance with Regulation 18 and Schedule 2 of PSR 1996.
Dangerous fluids can be flammable and/or toxic. PSR 1996 defines a toxic fluid as classified
by The Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations 1994 (SI 1994
No. 3247) as follows:
Toxic - Substances and preparations which in low quantities cause death or acute or chronic
damage to health when inhaled, swallowed or absorbed via the skin. This definition would
suggest CO2 is not classed as toxic, however, there are no definitions of a dangerous fluid
for high concentrations such as that which would be released from a dense-phase CO2
pipeline. CO2 at elevated concentrations is known to have toxicological effects on the human
body.
Within the Globally Harmonised System (GHS) Acute Toxicity criteria, any substance that has
a median lethal concentration (LC50) of less than 5000 parts per million (ppm) (0.5% v/v in
air) is classified within one of the five defined Hazard Categories. A substance such as CO2
with a LC50 concentration greater than 5000 ppm is defined as Not Classified.
Clarification on the definition of CO2 pipeline transport will be obtained during FEED 2.
3.15. Pigging
The pipeline system will be equipped with a pig launcher at the Kingsnorth pipeline inlet and a
receiver at the offshore platform. These vessels will be specified to accommodate intelligent
pipeline inspection devices (IID) that will need to be designed specifically for use in the
flowing CO2 pipeline. There also may be a requirement to provide pigging heads at the
landfall location.
Studies shall be carried out during FEED 2 to develop tools that will be compatible with and
reliable in the CO2 environment. The devices will be equipped with an ultrasonic inspection
tool (non liquid interface type) along with other equipment and will be run as required. The
device will be designed to seek any evidence of localised or general internal/external
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corrosion or damage to the pipe wall. An operating strategy will be agreed in consultation
with the suppler of the IID inspection services during product development and this will
generate recommendations for the frequency of IID use.
The geometry of the pipeline system shall be compatible with frequent running of IIDs, with
bend radii of a minimum of 5 x outside diameter included in the tie-in spool pieces and
pipework. The pipeline shall have a constant ID to allow smooth transit of pigs. At branched
connections, guide bars shall be incorporated where the branched connection diameters
exceeds 25% of the pipeline diameter to ensure effective and safe pigging.
Refer to Full System Commissioning Philosophy (ref. M29) and Pipeline Testing and Drying
Philosophy (ref. M30) for more details on pipeline pigging philosophies.
3.16. Future Expansion of System

Consideration shall be given during FEED 2 to the future expansion of the CCS system i.e.
preparation for feeding in of the Thames cluster of power stations to the pipeline. This shall
include consideration of tie-in locations and layouts, flow assurance considerations arising
from mixing of the fluids, and pigging requirements for the system.
3.17. Environmental Design Data

Preliminary environmental data are contained in the document Onshore Pipeline Design
Data (ref. M28) and Offshore Pipeline Design Data (ref. M31). These data will be developed
during FEED 2. In order to ensure the availability of comprehensive environmental data the
following project-specific studies and surveys (as applicable) should be commissioned and
carried out during early FEED 2:
Metocean Study;
Fishing and Shipping Study;
Pipeline Bathymetric Survey;
Pipeline Route Geophysical/Geotechnical Survey, to include environmental survey;
Environmental Impact Assessment;
Morphology Study (to determine extent of coastal and channel erosion & extent of scour).
3.18. Pipeline Safety and Control Systems

Specific concepts and strategies for providing the pipeline Control and Safety Systems will be
developed through FEED 2 by consultation across design contributors/disciplines and by
enquiry with potential specialist suppliers. In some instances it may be necessary to engage
with suppliers early to identify where focussed product development work will be necessary
as the project develops.
System design will take into account HAZOP and HAZID studies, different available control
system types (SCADA, DCS etc) and technologies such as fieldbus, profibus etc, as well as
focus on the environment and the locations where the parts of the control system could be
installed. These will also be in compliance with internationally recognised standards such as
IEC 61511 Functional Safety, Safety Instrumented Systems for the process industry and
IEC 61508 - Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related
systems.
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Monitoring by the SCADA system will include the following:
Pressure switches;
Flow switches;
Temperature switches;
Position switches.
Safety management systems that will be considered include:
Continuous leak detection (acoustic);
Cathodic protection monitoring;
Internal Inspection devices (intelligent pigs);
Corrosion monitoring potentially including the use of probes and inline corrosion spools;
Coupons to provide monitored information on any reactivity between the flowing fluid and
representative material samples;
Automatic ESD systems (pipeline shutdown to safe condition may include some valves that
move to a fail-safe condition of open rather than closed).
Leak detection e.g. Pipeline Management System incorporating modelling of pipeline

operation, monitoring and control elements;
Sacrificial anode cathodic protection monitoring.
3.19. Condition Monitoring

The main focus of monitoring will be to identify conditions that could give rise to internal and
external corrosion and to confirm that the operating conditions are being maintained in a way
that corrosion is being successfully inhibited. Condition monitoring is discussed further in
ref.M32.
3.20. Onshore Pipeline Sectional Valves

Section isolating valves shall be installed at the beginning and end of the onshore pipeline,
with consideration to further isolating valves at a spacing along the pipeline appropriate to the
substance being conveyed to limit the extent of a possible leak. The location and spacing of
valves shall be justified to the statutory authorities as part of the safety evaluation of the
pipeline.
The spacing of sectional isolating valves should reflect the conclusions of any safety
evaluation prepared for the pipeline, and should preferably be installed below ground. In the
locating of section isolating valves, account should be taken of topography, ease of access for
operation and maintenance, protection from vandalism and proximity to normally occupied
buildings.

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3.21. Offshore Pipeline SSIVs

Currently it is not anticipated to require SSIV's and sectional barrier valves for the offshore
pipeline, however, such requirements shall be identified and discussed with the HSE during
the course of the FEED 2.
3.22. Pre-Commissioning and Commissioning

The following philosophy documents address offshore pipeline pre-commissioning and full
system commissioning, respectively:
Offshore Pipeline Testing and Drying Philosophy (ref. M30);
Full System Commissioning Philosophy (ref. M29).

Pre-commissioning and commissioning plans shall be further developed during the FEED 2
study to include the following aspects:
CCS Plant start-up requirements;
Offshore platform start-up requirements, initial and after shutdown;
Hydrotest and dewatering philosophy (with alternatives);
Pre-commissioning methodology (including drying);
Dryness level feasibility;
Depressurisation/Blowdown Philosophy.
The agreed commissioning plan shall map out clearly the key activities and responsibilities
required to fully understand the commissioning requirements from the start of FEED 2 through
to implementation. During FEED 2 studies, focussing on pipeline and CO2 conditions, studies
shall also be carried out to understand the reality of pipeline condition once it has been
commissioned.
Comprehensive investigations and multiple scenario modelling shall be performed to fully
appreciate the commissioning scope of the project, both the individual components of the
CCS chain and the whole chain.
In order to establish the baseline parameters for commissioning the pipeline, a deviations
study shall be conducted during the FEED 2 stage to investigate targets and limitations for
pipeline drying, and to understand the emergency shutdown requirements of the pipeline.
Requirements for dense phase operation of the pipeline and for the transition from gas to
dense phase operation shall also be investigated, and any impacts of this phase of operations
on commissioning requirements identified.
3.23. Pipeline Surveillance and Maintenance

During operation, the onshore pipeline right-of-way will be monitored weekly to inspect for any
indications of leaks or external damage. Typically 2 individuals would be assigned to this
activity, an Operator / Mechanic and an Operator / I&E Technician.
Their basic
responsibilities would entail daily surveillance and daily routine maintenance of the onshore
pipeline and compressor unit.
It is anticipated that the pipeline system will be shut-in for at least one day per year for internal
inspection and annual compressor maintenance services, along with a more thorough
inspection of the cathodic protection system. If major maintenance is required on the
compressors or drivers it is anticipated that an outside manufacturer / certified service
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company would be utilized. Additionally, it is anticipated that onshore right-of-way

maintenance will be accomplished by an outside service company. Further details will be
provided in the Inspection and Maintenance Philosophy.

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4. Mandatory References
4.1. Regulations and Statutes
Pipeline construction and burial requirements shall comply with all related directives from the
appropriate Port Authorities and Councils. In addition, the following acts and regulations shall
be complied with:
[M1]
Construction (Design & Management) Regulations 2007;
[M2]
[M3]
Health and Safety at Work Act 1974;
[M4]
Offshore Installations (Safety Case) Regulations 2005;
[M5]
Pipeline Safety Regulations 1996; Construction (Design & Management) Regulations

2007;
[M2]
Coast Protection Act 1974;
[M3]
[M4]
Continental Shelf Act 1964;
[M5]
Environmental Protection Act 1990;
[M6]
Health and Safety at Work Act 1974;
[M7]
Offshore Installations (Safety Case) Regulations 2005;
[M8]
Offshore Installations and Wells (Design and Construction, etc.) Regulations 1996;
[M9]
Offshore Petroleum Production and Pipelines (Assessment of Environmental Effects)

Regulations 1999;
[M10]
Pipeline Safety Regulations 1996;
[M11]
The Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations 1994 (SI
1994 No. 3247);
[M12]
Pressure Equipment Regulations 1996;
[M13]
Town and Country Planning Act 1990;
[M14]
Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment, England and Wales)
Regulations 1999.
Pipeline Works Authorisation shall comply with all related Pipeline Inspectorate (Department of
Energy) directives. In addition, the following guidelines and regulations shall be complied with:
[M15]
Department for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (BERR), Petroleum Act
1998: Offshore Pipelines, Guidelines for the completion of pipeline works
authorisations (PWA's);
[M16]
EIA Offshore Petroleum Production and Pipe-lines (Assessment of Environmental

Effects) (Amendment) Regulations;
[M17]
EPC 2002 The Offshore Installations (Emergency Pollution Control) Regulations;
[M18]
EU ETS 2005 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme Regulations 2005 (as
amended);
[M19]
FEPA Part II (as amended) 1985 Food and Environmental Protection Act 1985, Part
II Deposits in the Sea (as amended);

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[M20]
Habitats 2001 Offshore Petroleum Activities (Conservation of Habitats) Regulations;
[M21]
OCR 2002 Offshore Chemicals Regulation;
[M22]
OPRC 1998 The Merchant Shipping (Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response Cooperation Convention) Regulations;
[M23]
PPC Offshore Combustions Installations (Prevention and Control of Pollution)

(Amendment) Regulations 2007;
[M24]
OPPC-2005 Offshore Petroleum Activities (Oil Pollution Prevention and Control)

Regulations;
[M25]
ODS 2008 The Environmental Protection (Controls on Ozone-Depleting

Substances) (Amendment) Regulations;
[M26]
F-Gases 2008 The Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases Regulations 2008.
4.2. Project Documentation

[M27]
FEED Health and Safety Plan, KCP-GNS-SHE-PRO-0001;
[M28]
FEED Onshore Pipeline Design Data, KCP-GNS-PLD-DPR-0005;
[M29]
Platform and Pipeline Commissioining Philosophy, KCP-GNS-PCD-DPR-0011.;
[M30]
FEED Pipeline Testing and Drying Philosophy, KCP-GNS-PLD-DPR-0003;
[M31]
FEED Offshore Pipeline Design Data, KCP-GNS-PLD-DPR-0004;
[M32]
FEED Pipeline Material Selection, Corrosion Protection and Monitoring Philosophy,

KCP-GNS-PLD-DPR-0002.
[M33]
FEED Basis of Design for Studies, KCP-GNS-PCD-STU-0001;
[M34]
FEED Overall Project Units, KCP-EEN-PCD-DPR-0001 [M6]

and Safety Plan, KCP-GNS-SHE-PRO-0001;
Pre-FEED Health
4.3. Design Codes

[M35]
BS PD 8010:2004 Code of Practice for Pipelines Part 1: Steel Pipelines on Land and
Part 2: Subsea Pipelines;
[M36]
ISO 3183 Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries, Steel Pipe for Pipeline
Transportation Systems;
[M37]
DNV OS F101 Submarine Pipeline Systems;
[M38]
ASME B31.4: Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other
Liquids;
[M39]
ASME B31.8: Gas Transmission & Distribution Piping Systems;
[M40]
DNV CO2 Pipeline Transmission Guidelines (CO2PIPETRANS) (In preparation);
[M41]
BS EN 14161 Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries Pipeline Transportation

Systems.

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5. Supporting References
5.1. Project Documentation
[S1]
Kingsnorth Phase II CO2 Pipeline Project, Pipeline Design Basis, 80011-BOD-PL001;
[S2]
Kingsnorth Phase II CO2 Pipeline Project, Transport of CO2 by Pipeline, 80011-RPTEN-001;
[S3]
Kingsnorth Phase II CO2 Pipeline Project, Offshore Pipeline Routing Report,

80011-RPT-PL-001;
[S4]
Kingsnorth Phase II CO2 Pipeline Project, Project Summary Report, 80011-RPT-PM003;
[S5]
E.ON Kingsnorth Project Scope of Work Dispersion Experiments and Modelling;
[S6]
Submission D168,Basis of Design for the Offshore Installation;
[S7]
BS PD 8010-1:2004 Code of Practice for Pipelines Part 1 Steel Pipelines on Land.
5.2. Design Codes

[S8]
BS PD 8010-3:2009 Code of Practice for Pipelines Steel Pipelines on Land - Guide to the
Application of Pipeline risk assessment to proposed developments in the vicinity of major
accident hazard pipelines containing flammables Supplement to PD 8010-1:2004;
[S9]
BS EN ISO 16708 Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries- Pipeline Transport SystemsReliability-based Limit State Methods;
[S10]
BS 7361-1:1991 Cathodic Protection. Code of Practice for Land and Marine Applications;
[S11]
ISO 15589 Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries Cathodic Protection of Pipeline
Transportation Systems Part 1: On-Land Pipelines (2003), Part 2: Offshore Pipelines
(2004);
[S12]
DNV-RP-F105:2006 Free Spanning Pipelines;
[S13]
DNV-RP-F103:2003 Cathodic Protection of Submarine Pipelines by Galvanic Anodes;
[S14]
ISO 15589 Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries Cathodic Protection of Pipeline
Transportation Systems Part 1: On-Land Pipelines (2003), Part 2: Offshore Pipelines
(2004);
[S15]
DNV-RP-F109:2007 On-Bottom Stability Design of Submarine Pipelines;
[S16]
DNV-RP-F107 Risk Assessment of Pipeline Protection.


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KCP-GNS-PLD-DPR-0001

Kingsnorth Carbon Capture & Storage Project

Onshore and Offshore Pipeline Design Philosophy

Onshore and Offshore Pipeline Design Philosophy

Kingsnorth CCS Demonstration Project

Kingsnorth Carbon Capture & Storage Project

Onshore and Offshore Pipeline Design Philosophy

1. Scope and Functional Requirement ................................................................................................ 4

Kingsnorth Carbon Capture & Storage Project

Onshore and Offshore Pipeline Design Philosophy

Figure 1.1: Outline Pipeline System Schematic ...................................................................................... 4

Maximum Allowable Pressure

Minimum Flow Rate (Injection)

Straight route length

Kingsnorth CCS Demonstration Project

Kingsnorth Carbon Capture & Storage Project

Onshore and Offshore Pipeline Design Philosophy

1. Scope and Functional Requirement

Figure 1.1: Outline Pipeline System Schematic

E.ON UK or its nominated representative.

The companies designated on the purchase order form

The task, process or operation being conducted by the

Indicates mandatory requirement

Indicates preferred course of action

Indicates optional course of action

Kingsnorth CCS Demonstration Project

Kingsnorth Carbon Capture & Storage Project

Onshore and Offshore Pipeline Design Philosophy

As Low as Reasonably Practicable

American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion

Carbon Capture and Storage

Distributed Control System

Det Norske Veritas

Environmental Impact Assessment

Emergency Shut Down (Valve)

Field Joint Coating

Front End Engineering Design

Globally Harmonised System

Hazard and Operability

Health and Safety Executive

Intelligent Inspection Device

International Standardisation Organisation

Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure

Major Accident Prevention Document

Maritime and Coastguard Agency

Million Standard Cubic Metre per Day

Nominal Pipe Size

Practice and Exercise Areas

Pipeline Safety Regulations

parts per billion

Parts Per Million by Volume

Post-Weld Heat Treatment

Kingsnorth CCS Demonstration Project

Kingsnorth Carbon Capture & Storage Project

Onshore and Offshore Pipeline Design Philosophy

Route Corridor Investigation Study

Specified Minimum Yield Strength

Special Protection Area

Special Area of Conservation

Sub Sea Isolation Valve

Site of Special Scientific Interest