Professional Documents
Culture Documents
*Department of Dental Public Health and Community Dental Education, GKT School of
Dentistry, London and Dental Public Health, School of Clinical Dentistry, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield, UK
Introduction
Temporomandibular disorder [TMD also known as
craniomandibular joint dysfunction, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction] is a group of disorders of
the TMJ. The common signs and symptoms of TMD
include pain, joint sounds (clicking, grating), limited or
asymmetrical jaw movement and spasm of the chewing
muscles. These symptoms can have a profound effect
on health and quality of life (1).
It is a frequent problem (2). Prevalence studies have
reported approximately 75% of the population having
at least one sign of joint dysfunction (abnormal jaw
movement, joint noises, tenderness on palpation, etc.)
and approximately 33% having at least one symptom
(facial pain, joint pain, etc.) (3, 4). One other constellation of symptoms historically associated with TMD is
globus, which involves symptoms of choking sensations
or sore throat (5).
Various theories have been put forward that relate
the aetiology of TMD to organic disease of the TMJ,
2004 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
followed the Cochrane Oral Health Groups statistical guidelines. Results showed no difference
between OA and control group in symptom-based
outcomes for treatment or incidence of symptoms
for prevention. There is no evidence that OA treats
or prevents TMD. OA cannot be recommended for
the management or prevention of TMD. Future
trials should use standardized diagnostic criteria
and outcome measures when evaluating TMD.
KEYWORDS: occlusal adjustment, treatment, prevention, temporomandibular disorders
Accepted for publication 4 July 2003
287
288
Method
To be included in the review studies were to be
RCTs including quasi-randomized trials that assessed
OA in the management or prevention of TMD. Quasirandomized studies are studies where the method
of allocation was known but was not considered strictly
random. Non-randomized trials were excluded.
In trials of treatment, participants were to be adults
aged 18 years old or above with clinically diagnosed
TMD. The inclusion criteria required reports to state
their diagnostic criteria for TMD and for participants to
exhibit two or more of the signs and/or symptoms
(Table 1). There were no age restrictions for prevention
trials although prevention studies focused on children.
TMD was required to be clinically absent at baseline in
studies on prevention.
In each trial the treatment group was to have
received OA while the control group received no
treatment, placebo or reassurance. Studies where
splints had been used before treatment were excluded.
The interval required for outcome measurement was at
least 3 weeks after the intervention.
The primary outcomes were global symptoms, pain
and headache:
1 Relief from symptoms was assessed using global
measures of symptoms.
2 Data on pain were recorded according to frequency,
severity or duration. Where possible data for the
frequency, severity and duration of pain were aggregated using weighted mean differences but depended on
assessments of heterogeneity.
3 Similarly, data on headache were recorded according
to frequency, severity or duration. Where possible data
Results
The search strategy identified over 660 titles and
abstracts and from this we obtained 23 full reports.
A total of 17 trials were considered eligible according to
the defined criteria for trial design, participants, interventions and outcomes. Of the 17, 11 were excluded
because of attrition bias (three trials), incomparable
duration of intervention and measurement (two trials),
the control groups did not have the condition (two
trials), no valid control group (two trials), invalid
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290
Comparison/
outcome
Number of
studies
Number of
participants
OA v. placebo
Pain frequency
Pain severity
Headache frequency
Headache severity
Relief of globus
1
1
1
1
1
18
18
18
18
17
050
050
090
090
600
OA v. reassurance
Pain frequency
Headache frequency
Overall symptoms
1
1
1
50
50
50
013 (001258)
140 (045435)
312 (0128040)
OA v. no treatment
Pain frequency
Pain severity
Headache frequency
Headache severity
1
1
1
1
17
17
17
17
010
010
010
010
(007385)
(007385)
(013608)
(013608)
(0724984)
(000215)
(000215)
(000215)
(000215)
Discussion
There is no evidence that OA treats or prevents TMD.
Data available in the six trials indicate no significant
differences between OA and placebo, reassurance or no
treatment in the treatment or prevention of TMD.
Based on these data OA cannot be recommended in the
treatment and prevention of TMD. These conclusions
will be of interest not only to clinicians but also to
agencies involved in the funding of dental treatment
and remuneration of dentists.
It is important to distinguish between absence of
evidence and evidence of absence. There may not be
evidence of an effect because there are few data
regarding the effectiveness of OA for TMD. The small
number of studies and participants meant that the
confidence intervals were wide. An implication is that
more trials on the effectiveness of OA for TMD
are needed. The inclusion of future trials on
prevention into the current analysis may further
reduce the confidence interval and achieve statistical
significance.
Acknowledgments
Thanks go to Emma Tavender, Jayne Harrison, Lee
Hooper, Sylvia Bickley and Anne-Marie Glenny of the
Cochrane Oral Health Group for their invaluable help
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292
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