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GE 03GeologicalMapping
GEOLOGICALMAPPINGIN
EXPLORATION
By:
MegaF.Rosana,Ir.,MSc.,PhD
Euis Tintin Yuningsih,ST.,MT.,Ph.D.
Dr.Ir.Ildrem Syafrie,DEA.
EmiSukiyah,Ir.MT.
Yuyun Yuniardi,ST.,MT.
Adi Hardiono,ST.,MT.
Ir.Cecep Yandri Sunarie.,Meng
Ir.Undang Mardiana,MT.
AtonPatonah,ST.,MT.
Courses Outline
Part 1: (2) INTRODUCTION
Introduction
Concept exploration
Geological Mapping
Remote Sensing
Airborne geophysics
Ground geophysics
Submarine geophyscs
Type drilling
Drilling method
Logging
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EXPLORATION METHODS
A. Airbone Mapping
Topographicmapping
Aerogeochemicalsurveys
Aerogeophysicalsurveys
Aeromagnetic
Electromagnetic
Radiometric
Gravimetric
B. Ground Mapping
Preliminary/Regional
mapping
Scale1:250,000~1:50,000
Detailmapping
Scale1:20,000~1:1,000
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GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Whymakea
map?
Thenatureof
Geological
Mapping
Smart
Mapping
Choosingthe
best
technique
Choosingthe
bestscale
Theuseof
satellite
navigation
(GPS)
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Geologicalsectionisidenticalin
naturetoamapexceptthatdataare
recordedandinterpretedonavertical
ratherthenahorizontalsurface
Mapsandsectionsareessentialtools
invisualizingspatial,three
dimensional,geologicalrelationships
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Geologicalmapisimportantcontrol
documentforallsubsequentstagesof
explorationandmining(including
drilling,geochemistry,geophysics,
geostatisticsandmineplanning)
Makingageologicalmapisafundamental
skillforanyexplorationorminegeologist
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Presentsaselectionoffieldobservationsandusefultothe
extentthatispermitspredictionofthingswhichcannot
beobserved
Twodifferentkindsofgeologicalmap
largescale factorobservationaloroutcropmaps
smallscale interpolationmadebyremotesensed
imagedata:satellite,radar,airphotographs,
aeromagneticmaps
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SMART MAPPING
Geologiststartthe
fieldworkwithideasabout
thegeologywhichhasto
bemapped
Theideasaredeveloped
fromlookingatpublished
maps;interpretingair
photos,remotesensing;
aeromagneticdata;aero
geochemicaldata;or
followedanintuitive
hunch
Themappingsequence
dependsonthepostulated
geologydrivenfromthe
ideas
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MAPPING TECHNIQUE
Airphoto
mapping
Mapping
with
plane
table
Mapping
onpegged
grid
Mapping
withtape
and
compass
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Theidealbaseisanairphotographs
Satelliteimageryprovidesuitablebasefor
regionalmapping
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SATELLITE
LANDSAT
AIRBORNE
HYPERSPECTRAL
GROUND
Field Spectrometer
Alumbrera, Ar
Pengumpulan data dari
citra satelit dan sensor
airbone. Kemudian
data tsbt dikalibarasi
dan diverifikasi
menggunkan
spectrometer di
lapangan
CUPRITE, NV
Goldfield, NV
Geologicalmappingprocedure
12
Survey
Establishingcontrolpoints
Compassandtapetraverse
GPStraverse
Factgeologydatacollection
Pitandtrenchmapping
Prospectscalesurfacemapping
Districtscalemapping
Useoffieldmanualforstandardsymbolsand
codes
Mapgenerationandarchiving
Mapscales
Mapfoliosystem
Mapinterpretation
GISmapsgeneration
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Surveyprocedure
13
Establishingcontrolpoints
EstablishonedifferentialGPScontrolpointfor
earlystagemappingworks.Tiealltraversesfrom
thispoint.
Forgridmapping establishcornerpointsof
gridusingdifferentialGPSorTotalstationEDM.
Compassandtapetraverse
TobeconductedonlyifGPScannotbeused.
ImportantingriddingifareahaspoorGPS
signal.
TraversesshouldbecorrectedusingCSS
GPStraverse
UseGarmin60Csxfor2dmappinginearlystage
mappingworks
UsedifferentialGPSforgriddinginopenareas.
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Mapping factgeologydata
collection
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Pitmapping
mapat1:500scale(100metresperA4
mapsheet)
projectdatafrommidbench
maprocktypebycolouringthe
groundsideofthebenchlinewith
appropriatelithologycolour(field
manual)
mapalterationbycolouringtheair
sideofthebenchline
indicatestructuralcontacts(dip/dip
direction)usingappropriatesymbol
sketch(orphotograph)thebenchface
asanoffsetdiagramparalleltothe
benchmap.
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Mapping factgeologydata
collection
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Trenchmapping
mapat1:100scale(10metresperA4
mapsheet)
mapthefloorofthetrench
colourthemapbasedonlithology
describefeaturesinlonghandusing
abbreviationsinfieldmanual(format:
texturelithoalteration
mineralisation)
indicatestructuralcontactsusing
appropriatesymbol
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Organizationalhintsforefficientmapping
Faults,jointandcontactlithology measurement
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Mapping factgeologydatacollection
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Trenchmapping
mapat1:100scale(10metresperA4map
sheet)
mapthefloorofthetrench
colourthemapbasedonlithology
describefeaturesinlonghandusing
abbreviationsinfieldmanual(format:
texturelithoalterationmineralisation)
indicatestructuralcontactsusing
appropriatesymbol
sketchonewallofthetrenchasoffset
diagramsparalleltothetrenchfloor
map.
decideonthesamplingcut(eitheralong
wallorfloor)andinterval
tabulatefromtosamplingintervalon
theA4map
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Mapping factgeologydata
collection
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Detailedprospectscale
mapping
mapat1:1000scale(dataplottedinfield
bookorA4millimetersheetsand
transfertomapfoliosincamp)
drawoutconfigurationofoutcropas
actuallymeasured(usesolidlinefor
outcropanddashlinesforfloatsor
subcrops)
colourthemapbasedonlithology
describefeaturesinlonghandusing
abbreviationsinfieldmanual(format:
texturelithoalterationmineralisation)
indicatestructuralcontactsusing
appropriatesymbol
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Mapping factgeologydata
collection
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Districtmapping
mapat1:5,000scale(plotdataona
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1:5000scaletopomap),useGPSfor
locatinginthefield
sketchconfigurationofoutcrop(use
solidlineforoutcropanddashlines
forfloatsorsubcrops)
colourthemapbasedonlithology
describefeaturesinlonghandusing
abbreviationsinfieldmanual(format:
texturelithoalteration
mineralisation)
indicatestructuralcontactsusing
appropriatesymbol
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MapGenerationandArchiving
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Mapconsolidation
Pitmapping:consolidatemapsinto1:500
benchplans
Trenchmaps:plottrenchmapsonto1:1000
factmap
Prospectscalemapping:maintainafoliomap
system(donotdigitise factmaps,canbe
scannedandthenregisterinGIS)
Mapinterpretation
Pitmapping:Useoverlaysonthebenchfact
mapstointerpretgeology(withstructures)
andalterationinseparatesheets.
Prospectanddistrictscalemapping:Use
overlaysofthesamesizeasthemapto
interpretgeologyandalterationasabove.
Generateinterpretivesectionsatthesame
scaleasthemaps.
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Mappingoutcrops:usemultipleoverlays
Colorseparationismaintainedbyplotting:
Lithologic contacts,faults,veins,andotherstructuralon
basemap
Pervasivealterationandalterationhalosonthefirst
overlay
Mineralortheiroxidationproductsonsecondoverlay
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MapGenerationandArchiving
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Mapfiling
Maintainanorderlyfilingsystemofhardcopy
mapsintheprojectoffice(hangersormap
cabinets)
Mapinterpsaretobedigitisedandincluded
intheGISfilesfortheproject
Ensurethatfilenameofshapefilesarecorrect
andupdatedeverymonthwiththecentral
server
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Indications
Pace &
compass
1:100 ~
1:1000
Rough prospect
Quick. No
Poor survey
map. Infill between assistance and accuracy especially
survey points
minimal
on uneven ground
equipment
needed
Tape &
compass
1:100 ~
1:1000
Detailed prospect
maps: Linear
traverse maps.
Mine mapping
Quick. Good
accuracy. No
preparation
needed
May need
assistance. Slow
for large
equidimensional
areas
Grid
1:500 ~
1:2500
Detailed maps of
established
prospects
Fair survey
accuracy.
Relatively
quick
Expensive. Requires
advance
preparation.
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Advantages
Disadvantages
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Mapping
Technique
Scales
Indications
Plane table
1:50 ~
1:1000
Detailed
High survey
prospect mapping accuracy. No
in complex areas ground
preparation
required
Slow. Requires
assistance.
Geological
observation and
map making are
separate steps
Topographic
map sheet
1:2500 ~
1:100 000
Regional mapping
& reconnaissance
where no
photography
available. Base
for GPS
observations
Accurate map
base with
regional
coordinates.
Height contours
Difficulty in
exact location.
Irrelevant map
detail obscures
geology. Not
available in large
scale
Air
photographs
1:500 ~
1:100 000
Ideal geological
mapping
technique at all
scales
Geological
interpretation
on photo.
Stereo viewing.
Easy location on
features.
Scale distortion.
Expensive survey
if standard
coverage not
available
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Disadvantages
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REMOTESENSINGAPPLICATION
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