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9/11/2014

GE 03GeologicalMapping

GEOLOGICALMAPPINGIN
EXPLORATION
By:
MegaF.Rosana,Ir.,MSc.,PhD
Euis Tintin Yuningsih,ST.,MT.,Ph.D.
Dr.Ir.Ildrem Syafrie,DEA.
EmiSukiyah,Ir.MT.
Yuyun Yuniardi,ST.,MT.
Adi Hardiono,ST.,MT.
Ir.Cecep Yandri Sunarie.,Meng
Ir.Undang Mardiana,MT.
AtonPatonah,ST.,MT.

Courses Outline
Part 1: (2) INTRODUCTION

Introduction
Concept exploration

Geological Mapping
Remote Sensing

Stream Sediment & Heavy Minerals Sampling


Soil Sampling
Rocks Sampling
Biogeochemistry, Hydrogeochemistry, Gasgeochemistry
Assaying

Airborne geophysics
Ground geophysics
Submarine geophyscs

Type drilling
Drilling method
Logging

Seminar (Presentation, Groups Discussion)


Mid Test
Final Test
Fieldtrip

Part 2: (3) GEOLOGICAL MAPPING IN EXPLORATION


PART 4: (4) EXPLORATION GEOCHEMISTRY

PART 4: (2) EXPLORATION GEOPHYSYC


PART 5: (2) EXPLORATION DRILLING
PART 6: (3) EVALUATION

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EXPLORATION METHODS
A. Airbone Mapping
Topographicmapping
Aerogeochemicalsurveys
Aerogeophysicalsurveys

Aeromagnetic
Electromagnetic
Radiometric
Gravimetric

B. Ground Mapping

Preliminary/Regional
mapping
Scale1:250,000~1:50,000

Detailmapping
Scale1:20,000~1:1,000

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GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Whymakea
map?

Thenatureof
Geological
Mapping

Smart
Mapping

Choosingthe
best
technique

Choosingthe
bestscale

Theuseof
satellite
navigation
(GPS)

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WHY MAKE A MAP?


Geologicalmapisgraphical
presentationofgeological
observationsandinterpretationsona
horizontalplane

Geologicalsectionisidenticalin
naturetoamapexceptthatdataare
recordedandinterpretedonavertical
ratherthenahorizontalsurface

Mapsandsectionsareessentialtools
invisualizingspatial,three
dimensional,geologicalrelationships
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WHY MAKE A MAP?


Makingageologicalmapisinvariablythe
firststepinanymineralexploration
programs

Geologicalmapisimportantcontrol
documentforallsubsequentstagesof
explorationandmining(including
drilling,geochemistry,geophysics,
geostatisticsandmineplanning)

Makingageologicalmapisafundamental
skillforanyexplorationorminegeologist

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THE NATURE OF GEOLOGICAL MAP


Constructedaccordingtothetheoriesofgeologyandthe
intellectualabilitiesofitsauthor

Presentsaselectionoffieldobservationsandusefultothe
extentthatispermitspredictionofthingswhichcannot
beobserved

Twodifferentkindsofgeologicalmap
largescale factorobservationaloroutcropmaps
smallscale interpolationmadebyremotesensed
imagedata:satellite,radar,airphotographs,
aeromagneticmaps
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SMART MAPPING

Geologiststartthe
fieldworkwithideasabout
thegeologywhichhasto
bemapped

Theideasaredeveloped
fromlookingatpublished
maps;interpretingair
photos,remotesensing;
aeromagneticdata;aero
geochemicaldata;or
followedanintuitive
hunch

Themappingsequence
dependsonthepostulated
geologydrivenfromthe
ideas

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MAPPING TECHNIQUE

Airphoto
mapping

Mapping
with
plane
table

Mapping
onpegged
grid

Mapping
withtape
and
compass

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CHOOSING THE BEST TECHNIQUE


Dependsupontheavailabilityofsuitable
mapsbasesonwhichtorecordthefield
observation.

Theidealbaseisanairphotographs

Satelliteimageryprovidesuitablebasefor
regionalmapping

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SATELLITE

Remote sensing is the science of remotely


acquiring, processing and interpreting spectral
information about the earths surface and
recording interactions between matter and
electromagnetic energy.

LANDSAT

AIRBORNE
HYPERSPECTRAL

GROUND
Field Spectrometer

Alumbrera, Ar
Pengumpulan data dari
citra satelit dan sensor
airbone. Kemudian
data tsbt dikalibarasi
dan diverifikasi
menggunkan
spectrometer di
lapangan

CUPRITE, NV
Goldfield, NV

Geologicalmappingprocedure
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Survey
Establishingcontrolpoints
Compassandtapetraverse
GPStraverse

Factgeologydatacollection

Pitandtrenchmapping
Prospectscalesurfacemapping
Districtscalemapping
Useoffieldmanualforstandardsymbolsand
codes

Mapgenerationandarchiving
Mapscales
Mapfoliosystem
Mapinterpretation
GISmapsgeneration

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Surveyprocedure

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Establishingcontrolpoints
EstablishonedifferentialGPScontrolpointfor

earlystagemappingworks.Tiealltraversesfrom
thispoint.
Forgridmapping establishcornerpointsof
gridusingdifferentialGPSorTotalstationEDM.

Compassandtapetraverse
TobeconductedonlyifGPScannotbeused.
ImportantingriddingifareahaspoorGPS

signal.

TraversesshouldbecorrectedusingCSS

GPStraverse
UseGarmin60Csxfor2dmappinginearlystage

mappingworks
UsedifferentialGPSforgriddinginopenareas.

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Mapping factgeologydata
collection

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Pitmapping
mapat1:500scale(100metresperA4

mapsheet)
projectdatafrommidbench
maprocktypebycolouringthe

groundsideofthebenchlinewith
appropriatelithologycolour(field
manual)
mapalterationbycolouringtheair
sideofthebenchline
indicatestructuralcontacts(dip/dip
direction)usingappropriatesymbol
sketch(orphotograph)thebenchface
asanoffsetdiagramparalleltothe
benchmap.

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Mapping factgeologydata
collection

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Trenchmapping
mapat1:100scale(10metresperA4

mapsheet)
mapthefloorofthetrench
colourthemapbasedonlithology
describefeaturesinlonghandusing

abbreviationsinfieldmanual(format:
texturelithoalteration
mineralisation)
indicatestructuralcontactsusing
appropriatesymbol

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Organizationalhintsforefficientmapping
Faults,jointandcontactlithology measurement

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Mapping factgeologydatacollection

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Trenchmapping
mapat1:100scale(10metresperA4map

sheet)
mapthefloorofthetrench
colourthemapbasedonlithology
describefeaturesinlonghandusing

abbreviationsinfieldmanual(format:
texturelithoalterationmineralisation)
indicatestructuralcontactsusing
appropriatesymbol
sketchonewallofthetrenchasoffset
diagramsparalleltothetrenchfloor
map.
decideonthesamplingcut(eitheralong
wallorfloor)andinterval
tabulatefromtosamplingintervalon
theA4map

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Mapping factgeologydata
collection

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Detailedprospectscale

mapping
mapat1:1000scale(dataplottedinfield

bookorA4millimetersheetsand
transfertomapfoliosincamp)
drawoutconfigurationofoutcropas
actuallymeasured(usesolidlinefor
outcropanddashlinesforfloatsor
subcrops)
colourthemapbasedonlithology
describefeaturesinlonghandusing
abbreviationsinfieldmanual(format:
texturelithoalterationmineralisation)
indicatestructuralcontactsusing
appropriatesymbol

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Mapping factgeologydata
collection

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Districtmapping
mapat1:5,000scale(plotdataona

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1:5000scaletopomap),useGPSfor
locatinginthefield
sketchconfigurationofoutcrop(use
solidlineforoutcropanddashlines
forfloatsorsubcrops)
colourthemapbasedonlithology
describefeaturesinlonghandusing
abbreviationsinfieldmanual(format:
texturelithoalteration
mineralisation)
indicatestructuralcontactsusing
appropriatesymbol

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MapGenerationandArchiving

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Mapconsolidation
Pitmapping:consolidatemapsinto1:500

benchplans
Trenchmaps:plottrenchmapsonto1:1000

factmap
Prospectscalemapping:maintainafoliomap

system(donotdigitise factmaps,canbe
scannedandthenregisterinGIS)

Mapinterpretation
Pitmapping:Useoverlaysonthebenchfact

mapstointerpretgeology(withstructures)
andalterationinseparatesheets.
Prospectanddistrictscalemapping:Use
overlaysofthesamesizeasthemapto
interpretgeologyandalterationasabove.
Generateinterpretivesectionsatthesame
scaleasthemaps.
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Mappingoutcrops:usemultipleoverlays
Colorseparationismaintainedbyplotting:
Lithologic contacts,faults,veins,andotherstructuralon
basemap
Pervasivealterationandalterationhalosonthefirst
overlay
Mineralortheiroxidationproductsonsecondoverlay

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MapGenerationandArchiving

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Mapfiling
Maintainanorderlyfilingsystemofhardcopy

mapsintheprojectoffice(hangersormap
cabinets)
Mapinterpsaretobedigitisedandincluded
intheGISfilesfortheproject
Ensurethatfilenameofshapefilesarecorrect
andupdatedeverymonthwiththecentral
server

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Comparison of mapping techniques


Mapping
Scales
Technique

Indications

Pace &
compass

1:100 ~
1:1000

Rough prospect
Quick. No
Poor survey
map. Infill between assistance and accuracy especially
survey points
minimal
on uneven ground
equipment
needed

Tape &
compass

1:100 ~
1:1000

Detailed prospect
maps: Linear
traverse maps.
Mine mapping

Quick. Good
accuracy. No
preparation
needed

May need
assistance. Slow
for large
equidimensional
areas

Grid

1:500 ~
1:2500

Detailed maps of
established
prospects

Fair survey
accuracy.
Relatively
quick

Expensive. Requires
advance
preparation.

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Advantages

Disadvantages

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Mapping
Technique

Scales

Indications

Plane table

1:50 ~
1:1000

Detailed
High survey
prospect mapping accuracy. No
in complex areas ground
preparation
required

Slow. Requires
assistance.
Geological
observation and
map making are
separate steps

Topographic
map sheet

1:2500 ~
1:100 000

Regional mapping
& reconnaissance
where no
photography
available. Base
for GPS
observations

Accurate map
base with
regional
coordinates.
Height contours

Difficulty in
exact location.
Irrelevant map
detail obscures
geology. Not
available in large
scale

Air
photographs

1:500 ~
1:100 000

Ideal geological
mapping
technique at all
scales

Geological
interpretation
on photo.
Stereo viewing.
Easy location on
features.

Scale distortion.
Expensive survey
if standard
coverage not
available

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Advantages

Disadvantages

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CHOOSING THE BASE SCALE


Thescalechosenformappingcontrolsthetypesofdata
whichcanberecordedandtypesofobservationsinthe
field
Smallscalemapshowsbroadregionalpatternsofrock
distributionandmajorstructures
Intermediaterangescalecouldbedescribedasdetailed
regionalmapping;idealscalewhencombininggeological
mappingwithregionalprospectingorregional
geochemistry
Largescalemapisappropriateforshowingthefeatures
whichdirectlycontrolandlocalizeore

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Geological map at 1 : 5000


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Geological map at : 1 : 2500


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Geological map at : 1 : 1000


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THE USE OF SATELLITE NAVIGATION (GPS)


Idealforregionalgeologicalmappingontopublishedmap
bases
Idealforregionalprospectingandregionalanddetailed
geochemicalandgeophysicaldatacollection
Somelimitationsshouldbenoted:
GPSneedsanunobstructedlineofsighttothesatellitewhichprovidethe
locationsignal
RelyingexclusivelyonGPSfornavigationcancreateseriousproblems
GPScannotprovideaccuratepositioningonairphotographs
Plottinglatitudeandlongitudecoordinatesinthefieldisdifficult

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Example of Tape and Compass map

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REMOTESENSINGAPPLICATION

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