Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Part 1
Designc r i t e r i a
(Incorporating Amendment No.1)
S t a n d a r d s
A u s t r a l i a
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AS 1684.11999
(Incorporating Amendment No. 1)
Australian Standard
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COPYRIGHT
Standards Australia International
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of the
publisher.
Published by Standards Australia International Ltd
GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
ISBN 0 7337 3040 X
AS 1684.11999
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand
Committee TM/1, Timber Structures.
This Standard incorporates Amendment No. 1 (February 2002). The changes required by
the Amendment are indicated in the text by a marginal bar and amendment number against
the clause, note, table, figure, or part thereof affected.
This Standard is the result of a consensus of representatives on the Joint Committee that it
be produced as an Australian Standard.
The objective of this Standard is to provide users with the design methods, assumptions and
other design criteria, which have been used in the preparation of the Span Tables, uplift
forces and racking pressures contained within AS 1684.2, AS 1684.3 and AS 1684.4.
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Continued development of timber framing systems and the need to cater for a widening
variety of materials and design conditions have led to a total revision of structural framing
design. These developments include
(a)
(b)
(c)
provisions catering for open plan living larger spans, wider openings and bigger
rooms, which need a more rational approach to bracing design;
(d)
(e)
(f)
The term normative has been used in this Standard to define the application of the
appendix to which it applies, A normative appendix is an integral part of a Standard.
AS 1684.11999
CONTENTS
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AS 1684.11999
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Australian Standard
Residential timber-framed construction
Part 1: Design criteria
S EC TION
S C OP E
AND
G E NER A L
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This Standard sets out the design methods, assumptions and other criteria used in the
preparation of the Span Tables, uplift forces and racking pressures contained within
AS 1684.2, AS 1684.3 and AS 1684.4.
The design criteria apply for the preparation of design data for traditional timber-framed
construction where the loading and performance requirements correspond to those for
Class 1 and Class 10 buildings as defined by the Building Code of Australia.
This Standard should be read in conjunction with AS 1684.2, AS 1684.3 and AS 1684.4, the
AS 1170 series, and AS 1720.1.
NOTE: Whilst this Standard may be used as a reference for the design of Class 10 buildings, less
conservative levels of design for this building class may be permitted by building regulations and
other Australian Standards.
1.1.2 Application
The design criteria contained herein may be used as a basis for the preparation of Span
Tables and design data for structural wood products, having stress grades and sizes other
than those included in AS 1684.2, AS 1684.3 and AS 1684.4 where the application and
performance are claimed to be consistent with AS 1684.2, AS 1684.3 and AS 1684.4.
NOTE: The use of the design criteria contained in this Standard may provide evidence of
satisfactory safety and serviceability performance.
1684
1684.2
1684.3
1684.4
1720
1720.1
Timber structures
Part 1: Design methods
Standards Australia
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AS
4055
AS 1684.11999
CSIRO
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The overall width at any section, excluding eaves and lean-to verandahs but including
verandahs under the main roof, does not exceed 16.0 m.
(b)
(c)
Roof shapes may be skillion or gable, hip or gable ended or any combination of these.
(d)
The number of trafficable floors supported by timber framing does not exceed two.
(e)
Wall height, measured from floor to ceiling, does not exceed 3.0 m.
NOTE: For further definitions of these limitations refer to AS 1684.2, AS 1684.3 and AS 1684.4.
1.4.5 Durability
The structural design criteria have been developed on the assumption that materials used
and their installation and maintenance ensure that components will fulfil their intended
structural function for the intended life of the structure.
NOTE: In the selection of materials, specific consideration should be given to the risk of and
resistance to biological attack and corrosion, long-term durability of adhesives and the long-term
strength and rigidity of materials taking into account the short-term and long-term conditions of
exposure.
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AS 1684.11999
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Dead loads are based upon standardized allowances for the mass of roof, wall and floor
constructions.
NOTE: Where mass allowances different from those referred in the Standard are used, then such
variation should be noted in any published data.
(a)
The partial-area live load for floor areas less than 10 m is not considered.
(b)
(c)
To allow for balconies or decks 1 m or more above the ground, the cantilevered
portion of floor joists and bearers and the main spans of floor joists and bearers for
decks are designed for 3.0 kPa floor live load for the strength limit states and 1.5 kPa
for the serviceability limit state.
(d)
The area used to calculate the distributed roof live load resultant from stacked
materials or equipment used in repair or maintenance is taken as the area supported in
the plane of the roof and not the plan projected area.
(e)
The occasional loading on roof and ceiling members is taken as 1.1 kN.
NOTE: Live loads specific to construction, for example, loads resulting from the use of fall
protection devices or scaffolding attached to the structure, are not considered.
Standards Australia
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AS 1684.11999
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For installations where greater than usual rigidity may be required, then it is anticipated that
larger sizes and or materials with higher or more uniform modulus of elasticity will be used
(see AS 1720.1).
The limits on deflection used as part of the definition of the serviceability limit states are
limits intended for comparison with calculated deflections only. Actual or measured
deflections may differ from calculated deflections due to any or all of the following factors:
(a)
Differences between actual loads and design loads used for serviceability calculations.
(b)
Differences between the actual modulus of elasticity of components and the average
value used for design.
(c)
Differences between the structural behaviour of the system and the structural models
used for design.
1.5 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this Standard, the following definitions apply.
1.5.1 Balcony
An external trafficable floor area of a house including a deck that is 1 m or more above
ground level.
1.5.2 Birdsmouth
A triangular notch cut into the underside of a sloping beam (e.g. rafter) to permit seating on
the supporting member.
1.5.3 Bracing
An assembly intended to resist racking forces including diagonal members, shear panels,
diaphragms, cantilevered columns or portal (rigid) frames.
1.5.4 Cladding
Material used for the external surface of walls or roofs.
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Standards Australia
AS 1684.11999
1.5.9 Nogging
A horizontal member fitted between studs in a wall frame which restrains the studs against
buckling in the plane of the wall. Noggings may also be used for attachment of cladding or
lining or as part of a bracing system.
1.5.10 Non-loadbearing walls
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Partition walls not supporting roofs or floors. Non-loadbearing walls may support ceilings.
NOTE: This definition differs from that given in the Building Code of Australia.
Truss spans have traditionally been measured from outside to outside of pitching plates.
= breadth of member
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AS 1684.11999
= depth of member
Lo
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AS 1684.11999
S EC TION
DES IG N
O F
R O OF
MEM BER S
Rafter or truss
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Batten
spacing
n
t te
B a pa n
s
Batten overhang
2.1.2.2 Loads
The loads used for the determination of the design action effects are determined as follows:
(a)
Dead loads (G) Dead loads, corresponding to the typical roof constructions, are
determined as in Table 2.1.1.
TABLE 2.1.1
DEAD LOAD FOR ROOF BATTENS
Roof type
Sheet roof
Tile roof
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11
(b)
AS 1684.11999
Live loads The uniformly distributed live load, Q1 (in kN/m), and concentrated live
loads, Q2 and Q3 (both in kN), used for design are obtained as follows:
(i)
. . . 2.1.2(1)
(ii)
Q2 = g44 1.1
. . . 2.1.2(2)
. . . 2.1.2(3)
where
g44 = the lesser of 1.33S and 1.0
L
and
g45 is calculated in accordance with Paragraph B3, Appendix B, assuming a
9
2
bargeboard of rigidity E fI f = 18 10 Nmm is attached to the ends of the
parallel overhanging battens, and g 47 = 1.0 (i.e. no birdsmouth notch).
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NOTES:
(c)
The formula for distributed live load is derived from the formula for roof live load given
in AS 1170.1, where the plan area is taken as 2LS and is always less than 14 m2 for the
spans and spacings considered.
The load distribution factor g 44 is taken from CSIRO, Low-rise domestic and similar
framed structures (see Clause 1.2). The use of this load distribution factor is based upon
construction workers following the traditional practice of not treading at or near midspan
of closely spaced battens prior to the installation of roof claddings.
Wind load The wind load, Wu (in kN/m), applicable for the strength limit state, is
calculated as follows:
Wu = qu Cpt S
. . . 2.1.2(4)
where
qu
= free stream dynamic gust pressure, in kPa, for the ultimate limit state;
values of q u are given in Table B2, Appendix B, for each wind
classification
Wind classification
N1 to N4
C1 to C3
General areas
+0.7, 1.1
2.0
NOTES:
1
Local pressure effects are catered for in AS 1684.2, AS 1684.3 and AS 1684.4 by
notes attached to Span Tables specifying reductions in batten spacing near edges,
as appropriate.
Values given in this Table are based on the assumption that a separate ceiling is
provided and a maximum internal pressure coefficient (C pi ) in the roof cavity of
+0.2 for both cyclonic and non-cyclonic regions.
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AS 1684.11999
Structural model
1.25G
1.25G + 1.5Q1
2
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1.5Q2
L/2
1.25G
L/2
1.5Q3
1.25G
100
0.8G + Wu
1.25G + Wu
Load duration factor The member design capacity includes the modification factor
for load duration (k1). Values of k 1 appropriate for each load category are given in
Table 2.1.4.
TABLE 2.1.4
LOAD DURATION FACTORS FOR STRENGTH
Load category
1
2
3
4
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13
(b)
AS 1684.11999
(c)
(i)
(ii)
Member restraint For battens, breadth is greater than or equal to depth and, hence,
the lateral stability factor k 12 = 1.0.
Dead load (G) Dead loads corresponding to various typical roof constructions are
determined as in Table 2.1.1.
(b)
Wind load The uniformly distributed wind load, Ws (in kN/m), applicable for the
serviceability limit state is calculated as follows:
Ws
= q s Cpt S
. . . 2.1.3
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where
qs
= free stream dynamic gust pressure, in kPa, for the serviceability limit
state; values of qs are given in Table B2, Appendix B, for each wind
classification
TABLE 2.1.5
STRUCTURAL MODELS AND LOAD CATEGORIES SERVICEABILITY
Load
category
Structural models
G
Ws
Ws
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AS 1684.11999
TABLE 2.1.6
LOAD DURATION FACTORS FOR DEFORMATION
Load duration factor (j2)
Moisture content
Load category 1
(permanent loads)
Load category 2
(transient loads)
Seasoned
2.0
1.0
Unseasoned
3.0
1.0
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The limits on deflection defining the serviceability limit state are given in Table 2.1.7.
TABLE 2.1.7
LIMITS ON DEFLECTION
Deflection limits
Load category
Standards Australia
Midspan
End of overhang
Span/300
Overhang/150* or 4 mm
whichever is greater
Span/150
No limitation
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15
AS 1684.11999
2.2 RAFTERS
2.2.1 Description
Rafters are roof members which run parallel to the fall of the roof and support roof battens
or purlins. They may also support ceilings, either directly or via ceiling battens or joists.
Rafters may be either single span or continuous span and may be cantilevered to form an
eaves overhang either with or without a birdsmouth notch at the overhang support.
Continuous span rafters are assumed not notched at intermediate supports.
For the determination of the maximum overhang the ends of rafters are assumed rigidly
connected to a fascia which acts to share any concentrated or partial area loads to adjacent
members (see Figure 2.2).
Rafter spacing
Rafter spacing
Ridgeboard
Underpurlin
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Ridgeboard
Single
span rafter
Ceiling
joist
Continuous
span rafter
Fascia
Fascia
Overhang span
Dead loads (G) Dead loads, corresponding to various typical roof constructions, are
determined as in Table 2.2.1.
TABLE 2.2.1
DEAD LOAD
Roof type
Sheet roof only
Standards Australia
16
AS 1684.11999
(b)
Live loads The distributed live loads, Q1 , Q2 and Q3 (in kN/m), and concentrated
live loads Q4 and Q5 (in kN), are determined as follows:
(i)
Q1 =
. . . 2.2.2(1)
(ii)
Q2 =
. . . 2.2.2(2)
(iii) Q3 =
. . . 2.2.2(3)
(iv)
Q4 =
g 42 1.1
. . . 2.2.2(4)
(v)
Q5 =
g 45 1.1
. . . 2.2.2(5)
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where,
L
Lo
g 45
g 42, g 43 = are the load distribution factors for concentrated load and partial area
load, respectively, applied to a grid system, calculated in accordance
with AS 1720.1, assuming the crossing members are battens with
rigidity and spacing as follows:
(1) Sheet roofs: E cIc = 2.7 10 Nmm , and spacing = 1200 mm.
9
Wind loads The wind load, Wu (in kN/m), applicable for the strength limit state is
calculated as follows:
Wu = qu Cpt S
. . . 2.2.2(6)
where
qu
= free stream dynamic gust pressure, in kPa, for the ultimate limit state;
values of qu are given in Table B2, Appendix B, for each wind
classification
C pt
Main spans
Overhang
N1 to N4
+0.56 or 1.1
+0.56 or 1.6
C1 to C3
+0.72 or 1.6
+0.72 or 1.6
NOTE: The positive net pressure coefficients include the pressure combination factor K c = 0.8, which
allows for the combined effect of positive wind pressure on the roof and negative internal pressure.
Standards Australia
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AS 1684.11999
Structural model
Single span
Continuous span
1.25G
Overhang
1.25G
1.25G
1.25G + 1.5Q1
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1.5Q4
L/2
1.25G + 1.5Q2
1.25G
L/2
L/2
1.25G + Wu
1.25G
1.5Q4
1.25G
L/2
1.5Q5
100
1.25G + Wu
3
0.8G + Wu
1.25G + 1.5Q3
1.25G
0.8G + Wu
1.25G + Wu
0.8G + Wu
0.8G + Wu
Load duration factor The member design capacity includes the modification factor
for load duration (k1). Values of k 1 appropriate for each load category, as defined in
Table 2.2.3, are given in Table 2.2.4.
TABLE 2.2.4
LOAD DURATION FACTORS FOR STRENGTH
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Load category
0.57
0.94
1.15
Standards Australia
18
AS 1684.11999
(b)
(c)
(ii)
Strength sharing For scantling timber, the strength sharing factor (k 9 ) has been
determined as follows:
(i)
For the determination of the maximum main spans, k 9 has been determined in
accordance with AS 1720.1, assuming n mem = 5 and n com = 1 (for single
members).
(ii)
For the determination of maximum overhangs and for negative moment only, in
accordance with Appendix C
k9 = 1.24 0.24 (S/L o), but not less than 1.0
. . . 2.2.2(7)
where
S = spacing of rafters
L o = horizontal span of the overhang
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(d)
(ii)
Between supports
(A)
(B)
Dead loads and live loads Dead loads and live loads are determined as described in
Clause 2.2.2.2.
(b)
Wind loads The uniformly distributed wind load, Ws (in kN/m), applicable for the
serviceability limit state is calculated as follows:
Ws = q s Cpt S
. . . 2.2.3
where
qs
= free stream dynamic gust pressure, in kPa, for the serviceability limit
state; values of qs are given in Table B2, Appendix B, for each wind
classification
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19
AS 1684.11999
TABLE 2.2.5
NET PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR RAFTERS SERVICEABILITY
C pt
Wind classification
Main spans
Overhangs
1.1
1.6
N1 to N4 and C1 to C3
TABLE 2.2.6
STRUCTURAL MODELS AND LOAD CATEGORIES SERVICEABILITY
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Load
category
Structural model
Single span
Continuous span
Q1
Q2
Overhang (cantilevered)
G
Q4
L/2
Q4
L/2
Ws
L/2
Q5
L/2
100
Ws
Ws
Ws
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AS 1684.11999
TABLE 2.2.7
LOAD DURATION FACTORS FOR DEFORMATION
Load duration factor (j 2)
Moisture content
Load category 1
Load category 2 or 3
Seasoned
2.0
1.0
Unseasoned
3.0
1.0
TABLE 2.2.8
LIMITS ON DEFLECTION
Deflection limits
Load category
End of overhang
Span/300
10 mm
Span/250
10 mm
Span/150
10 mm
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Midspan
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AS 1684.11999
Supports
(post, wall, etc.)
Ridge beam
Supports
(post, wall, etc.)
Intermediate
beam
Rafter
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Ridge beam
Supporting
wall or
intermediate
beam
Ridge beam
span
(a)
Supporting
wall
Intermediate
beam span
Ridge beam
(b)
Intermediate beam
Dead loads The uniformly distributed dead load, G (in kN/m), corresponding to
various typical roof constructions with additional allowance for the weight of the
rafters, are determined as follows:
2
RM
. . . 2.3.2(1)
where
2
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AS 1684.11999
(b)
Live loads The distributed live loads, Q1 and Q2 (in kN/m), and concentrated live
load, Q3 (in kN), are determined as follows:
(i)
1.8
Q1 =
+ 0.12(RLW ) or 0.25(RLW), whichever is greater
L
. . . 2.3.2(2)
(ii)
0.9
Q2 =
+ 0.12(RLW ) or 0.25(RLW), whichever is greater
L
. . . 2.3.2(3)
(iii)
Q3 = 1.1
. . . 2.3.2(4)
where
L
Wind loads The uniformly distributed wind load, Wu (in kN/m), applicable for the
strength limit state is calculated as follows:
Wu
qu Cpt (RLW)
. . . 2.3.2(5)
qu
= free stream dynamic gust pressure, in kPa, for the ultimate limit state;
values of qu are given in Table B2, Appendix B, for each wind
classification
Cpt
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where
TABLE 2.3.1
NET PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR ROOF BEAMS STRENGTH
C pt
Wind classification
Main spans
Overhang
N1 to N4
+0.56 or 1.1
+0.56 or 1.6
C1 to C3
+0.72 or 1.6
+0.72 or 1.6
NOTE: The positive net pressure coefficients include the pressure combination factor
K c = 0.8, which allows for the combined effect of positive wind pressure on the roof and
negative internal pressure.
Load duration factor The member design capacity includes the modification factor
for load duration (k1). Values of k 1 appropriate for each load category, as defined in
Table 2.3.2, are given in Table 2.3.3.
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23
(b)
AS 1684.11999
Unseasoned timber for load categories 2 and 3 given in Table 2.3.2, values
of k4 appropriate for thickness as given in AS 1720.1 are used. For load
category 1, k4 = 1.0.
(ii)
Load
category
Single span
Continuous span
1.25G
Overhang
1.25G
1.25G
1.25G + 1.5Q1
1.5Q3
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L/2
1.25G + 1.5Q2
1.25G
L/2
1.25G + Wu
1.25G
1.5Q3
L/2
1.25G
L/2
100
1.25G + Wu
1.25G + Wu
3
0.8G + Wu
1.5Q3
0.8G + Wu
0.8G + Wu
0.8G + Wu
TABLE 2.3.3
LOAD DURATION FACTORS FOR STRENGTH
Load category
1
2
3
(c)
Strength sharing Where multiple sections of scantling timber are nail-laminated, the
strength sharing factor (k9 ) is applied for the combined member, assuming n mem = 1
and ncom = number of combined sections.
(d)
(ii)
Between supports:
(A)
The top edges of roof beams are assumed restrained at 1200 mm centres.
(B)
NOTE: Where nail-laminated members are used, the breadth of member used to derive the
slenderness coefficient (S 1 ) is taken as the breadth of an individual lamination.
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AS 1684.11999
Dead loads and live loads Dead loads and live loads are determined as described in
Clause 2.3.2.2.
(b)
Wind loads The uniformly distributed wind load, Ws (in kN/m), applicable for the
serviceability limit state, is calculated as follows:
Ws
= q s Cpt (RLW)
qs
= free stream dynamic gust pressure, in kPa, for the serviceability limit
state; values of qs are given in Table B2, Appendix B, for each wind
classification
Cpt
. . . 2.3.3
where
Wind classification
Main spans
Overhangs
1.1
1.6
N1 to N4 and C1 to C3
Structural model
Single span
Continuous span
Q1
Q2
Overhang (cantilevered)
G
Q3
L/2
Q3
L/2
Ws
L/2
Q3
L/2
100
Ws
Ws
Ws
Standards Australia
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AS 1684.11999
Load category 2 or 3
Seasoned
2.0
1.0
Unseasoned
3.0
1.0
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TABLE 2.3.7
LIMITS ON DEFLECTION
Deflection limits
Load category
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Midspan
End of overhang
Span/300
10 mm
Span/250
10 mm
Span/150
10 mm
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AS 1684.11999
2.4 UNDERPURLINS
2.4.1 Description
Underpurlins provide intermediate support for rafters in coupled roof construction. They are
orientated as shown in Figure 2.4 and primarily support roof loads normal to the plane of
the roof over the middle part of the rafter length.
Sections with depth to overall breadth ratios greater than four are not considered for
application as underpurlins. Further, where the depth to overall breadth ratio exceeds two,
underpurlins are assumed torsionally braced at supports and fly-braced back to rafters at
intervals not exceeding 1200 mm along their span. These requirements are intended to
minimize weak axis sag which may reduce support to rafters and/or induce buckling,
particularly for more steeply pitched roofs.
Underpurlin
span
Ridgeboard
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Rafter
Rafter
spacing
Underpurlin
Roof strut
Dead loads Dead loads include the self weight of the underpurlin (G1 ) and
concentrated loads (G2) imposed by the rafters. G2 (in kN) is determined as follows:
G2 = 1.25 (0.01RM) SR (RLW)
. . . 2.4.2(1)
where
RM
SR
Standards Australia
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27
(b)
AS 1684.11999
Live loads Live loads imposed via rafters are considered as concentrated loads, Q1
(in kN), and are determined as follows:
Q1 =
1.8
+ 0.12 S R (RLW ) or 0.25 SR (RLW), whichever is greater
N
= number of rafters supportedover one span for the single span case,
or over two spans for the continuous span case
SR
. . . 2.4.2(2)
where
Wind loads Wind loads are considered as concentrated loads (Wu ), imposed via the
rafters. Concentrated loads, Wu (in kN), are calculated as follows:
Wu
qu Cpt SR (RLW)
. . . 2.4.2(3)
qu
= free stream dynamic gust pressure, in kPa, for the ultimate limit state;
values of qu are given in Table B2, Appendix B, for each wind
classification
Cpt
SR
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where
C pt
N1 to N4
or
C1 to C3
+0.7 or 1.1
2.4.2.3 Structural models and load categories used for strength design
The structural models used to determine the member design action effects are given in
Table 2.4.2. Load combinations shown in Table 2.4.2 are divided into load categories that
are used for the determination of member design capacity as specified in Clause 2.4.2.4.
2.4.2.4 Member design capacity
The requirements of AS 1720.1 are applied to determine member design capacities in
bending and shear. The following assumptions and modification factors are used:
(a)
Load duration factor The member design capacity includes the modification factor
for load duration (k1). Values of k 1 appropriate for each load category defined in
Table 2.4.2 are given in Table 2.4.3.
(b)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
Strength sharing Where multiple sections of scantling timber are nail-laminated, the
strength sharing factor (k9 ) is applied for the combined member, assuming n mem = 1
and ncom = number of combined sections.
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Standards Australia
28
AS 1684.11999
(d)
(ii)
Between supports:
(A)
(B)
Underpurlins with a depth to overall breadth ratio greater than two are
assumed torsionally restrained at 1200 mm centres.
(C)
NOTE: Where nail-laminated members are used, the breadth of member used to derive the
slenderness coefficient (S 1 ) is taken as the breadth of an individual lamination and not the
overall breadth.
TABLE 2.4.2
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Design action
effect
Single span
Continuous span
w
w
P
SR
SR
P
SR
SR
SR
P
SR
In bending
L/2
L/2
L/2
w
P
P
SR
P
SR
P
SR
L/2
w
P
P
SR
P
SR
P
SR
P
SR
P
SR
In shear
1.5d
1.5d
Load
category
Design loads
NOTES:
1
The number of concentrated loads considered will vary according to span, rafter spacing and locations of
concentrated loads.
Loads within 1.5d of supports are ignored in the determination of the design action effect in shear.
Standards Australia
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29
AS 1684.11999
TABLE 2.4.3
LOAD DURATION FACTORS FOR STRENGTH
Load category
1
2
3
0.57
0.94
1.15
(b)
Live Loads Concentrated live loads, Q1 (in kN), are determined as follows:
1.8
. . . 2.4.3
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where
N
= number of rafters supported over one span for both the single and
continuous span cases
SR
Load
category
Single span
G2
G2
SR
Continuous span
G2
G1
G2
G2
SR
SR
G2
SR
G2
SR
G2
G1
SR
1
L/2
Q1
L/2
Q1
SR
L/2
Q1
SR
Q1
L/2
Q1
SR
Q1
SR
2
L/2
L/2
L/2
L/2
Standards Australia
30
AS 1684.11999
TABLE 2.4.5
LOAD DURATION FACTORS FOR DEFORMATION
Load duration factor ( j 2)
Moisture content
Load category 1
Load category 2
Seasoned
2.0
1.0
Unseasoned
3.0
1.0
TABLE 2.4.6
LIMITS ON DEFLECTION
Standards Australia
Load category
Deflection limits
Span/300
Span/250
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AS 1684.11999
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Roof
strut
Strutting
beam span
Strutting
beam
Dead loads Dead loads for strutting beams include the self weight of the strutting
beam, G1 (in kN/m), and the roof dead load as a concentrated load, G2 (in kN),
calculated as follows:
G2 = 0.01 (RM + 10) A
. . . 2.5.2(1)
where
2
RM = standardized roof mass allowance, i.e. 20 kg/m for sheet roofs and
2
60 kg/m for tile roofs
A
(b)
Live loads Roof live load is considered applied as a concentrated load, Q1 (in kN),
calculated as follows:
Q1 = (1.8 + 0.12A) or 0.25A, whichever is greater
. . . 2.5.2(2)
where
A
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AS 1684.11999
(c)
Wind loads Wind load applicable for the strength limit state is considered applied as
a concentrated load Wu (in kN), calculated as follows:
Wu = qu Cpt A
. . 2.5.2(3)
where
qu
= free stream dynamic gust pressure, in kPa, for the ultimate limit state;
values of qu are given in Table B2, Appendix B, for each wind
classification
C pt
+0.7 or 1.1
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Load duration factor The member design capacity includes the modification factor
for load duration (k1). Values of k 1 appropriate for each load category, as defined in
Table 2.5.2, are given in Table 2.5.3.
(b)
Unseasoned timber for load categories 2 and 3 given in Table 2.5.2, values of
k4 appropriate for thickness as given in AS 1720.1 are used. For load
category 1, k4 = 1.0.
(ii)
(c)
Strength sharing Where multiple sections of scantling timber are nail-laminated, the
strength sharing factor (k9 ) is applied for the combined member, assuming n mem = 1.0
and ncom = number of combined sections.
(d)
(ii)
Between supports strutting beams having a depth to breadth ratio greater than
three are assumed torsionally restrained at midspan (the assumed load point).
NOTE: Where nail-laminated members are used, the breadth of member used to derive the
slenderness coefficient (S 1) is taken as the breadth of an individual lamination.
Standards Australia
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AS 1684.11999
TABLE 2.5.2
STRUCTURAL MODELS AND LOAD CATEGORIES STRENGTH
Design action effect
Structural models
w
P
In bending
L/2
L/2
P
In shear
L/3
Load category
Design loads
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2L/3
TABLE 2.5.3
LOAD DURATION FACTORS FOR STRENGTH
Load category
1
2
3
0.57
0.94
1.15
Structural models
G2
G1
1
L/2
L/2
Q1
2
L/2
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L/2
Standards Australia
34
AS 1684.11999
Load category 2
Seasoned
2.0
1.0
Unseasoned
3.0
1.0
LIMITS ON DEFLECTION
Standards Australia
Load category
Deflection limits
Span/300 or 20 mm max.
Span/250 or 20 mm max.
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AS 1684.11999
Underpurlin
Rafter
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Roof
strut
Counter
s trutting
beam
st r C ou
ut t n t
i ng er
be
am
Hanging
beam
Dead loads Dead loads include the self weight of the counter strutting beam (G1 )
and the concentrated load due to the roof and ceiling loads, G2 (in kN), which is
calculated as follows:
2
G2
RM
= standardized roof mass allowance, i.e. 20 kg/m for sheet roofs and
60 kg/m2 for tile roofs
. . . 2.6.2(1)
where
2
CLW = ceiling load width for the counter strutting beam, in metres
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Standards Australia
36
AS 1684.11999
(b)
Live loads Roof live load is considered as a concentrated load, Q1 (in kN), applied
via a roof strut and calculated as follows:
Q1 = (1.8 + 0.12A) or 0.25A, whichever is greater
. . . 2.6.2(2)
where
A
(c)
Wind loads Wind load is considered applied as a concentrated load, Wu (in kN),
applied via a single roof strut and calculated as follows:
Wu = qu Cpt A
. . 2.6.2(3)
where
qu
= free stream dynamic gust pressure, in kPa, for the ultimate limit state;
values of qu are given in Table B2, Appendix B, for each wind
classification
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TABLE 2.6.1
NET PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS
FOR COUNTER STRUTTING BEAM
Wind classification
C pt
N1 to N4
+0.56 or 1.1
C1 to C3
+0.72 or 1.6
Load duration factor The member design capacity includes the modification factor
for load duration (k1). Values of k 1 appropriate for each load category, as defined in
Table 2.6.1, are given in Table 2.6.3.
(b)
(c)
(i)
Unseasoned timber for load categories 2 and 3 given in Table 2.6.2, values of
k4 appropriate for thickness as specified in AS 1720.1 are used. For load
category 1, k4 = 1.0.
(ii)
Strength sharing Where multiple sections of scantling timber are nail-laminated, the
strength sharing factor (k9 ) is applied for the combined member, assuming n mem = 1.0
and ncom = number of combined sections.
Standards Australia
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37
(d)
AS 1684.11999
(ii)
NOTE: Where nail-laminated members are used, the breadth of member used to derive the
slenderness coefficient (S 1) is taken as the breadth of an individual lamination.
TABLE 2.6.2
STRUCTURAL MODELS AND LOAD CATEGORIES STRENGTH
Design action effect
Structural models
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In bending
L/2
L/2
w
P
In shear
L/3
2L/3
Load category
Design loads
TABLE 2.6.3
LOAD DURATION FACTORS FOR STRENGTH
Load category
1
2
0.57
0.94
1.15
Standards Australia
38
AS 1684.11999
Structural models
G1
G2
1
L/2
L/2
Q1
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2
L/2
L/2
Load category 2
Seasoned
2.0
1.0
Unseasoned
3.0
1.0
Standards Australia
Load category
Deflection limits
Span/300 or 12 mm max.
Span/300 or 12 mm max.
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AS 1684.11999
Underpurlin
Rafter
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Roof
strut
n
tt i
tru n
s
- pa
ng
gi am s
n
Ha be
Ceiling
joist
Dead loads Dead loads include the distributed load due to self weight and the weight
of the ceiling (G1 ) and the concentrated load due to the weight of the roof (G2 ).
G1 (in kN/m) and G2 (in kN) are calculated as follows:
2
(i)
G1
. . . 2.7.2(1)
(ii)
G2
= 0.01(RM + 10) A
. . . 2.7.2(2)
where
CLW = ceiling load width for combined hanging strutting beam, in metres
RM
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= standardized roof mass allowance, i.e. 20 kg/m for sheet roofs and
2
60 kg/m for tile roofs
Standards Australia
40
AS 1684.11999
(b)
Live loads Roof live load is considered as a concentrated load, Q1 (in kN), applied
via a single roof strut and calculated as follows:
Q1 = (1.8 + 0.12A) or 0.25A, whichever is greater
. . . 2.7.2(3)
where
A = roof area supported by the combined hanging strutting beam, in square
metres
(c)
Wind loads Wind load is considered as a concentrated load, Wu (in kN) applied via a
single roof strut and calculated as follows:
Wu = qu Cpt A
. . . 2.7.2(4)
where
qu
= free stream dynamic gust pressure, in kPa, for the ultimate limit state;
values of qu are given in Table B2, Appendix B, for each wind
classification
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C pt
N1 to N4
+0.56 or 1.1
C1 to C3
+0.72 or 1.6
Load duration factor The member design capacity includes the modification factor
for load duration (k1). Values of k 1 appropriate for each load category, as defined in
Table 2.7.2 are given in Table 2.7.3.
(b)
(c)
(i)
Unseasoned timber for load categories 2 and 3 given in Table 2.7.2, values of
k4 appropriate for thickness as specified in AS 1720.1 are used. For load
category 1, k4 = 1.0.
(ii)
Strength sharing Where multiple sections of scantling timber are nail-laminated, the
strength sharing factor (k9 ) is applied for the combined member, assuming n mem = 1.0
and ncom = number of combined sections.
Standards Australia
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41
(d)
AS 1684.11999
(ii)
NOTE: Where nail-laminated members are used, the breadth of member used to derive the slenderness
coefficient (S 1 ) is taken as the breadth of an individual lamination.
TABLE 2.7.2
STRUCTURAL MODELS AND LOAD CATEGORIES STRENGTH
Design action effect
Structural models
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In bending
L/2
L/2
w
P
In shear
L/3
2L/3
Load category
Design loads
TABLE 2.7.3
LOAD DURATION FACTORS FOR STRENGTH
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Load category
1
2
0.57
0.94
1.15
Standards Australia
42
AS 1684.11999
Structural models
G1
G2
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L/2
L/2
Q1
2
L/2
L/2
Load category 2
Seasoned
2.0
1.0
Unseasoned
3.0
1.0
Standards Australia
Load category
Deflection limits
Span/300 or 12 mm max.
Span/300 or 12 mm max.
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AS 1684.11999
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Ceiling joist
Ceiling batten
Dead loads Dead load includes dead load due to self weight and due to the mass of
the supported ceiling lining, G (in kN/m), which is calculated as follows:
G = 0.12 S + self weight
. . . 2.8.2(1)
where
S = the spacing of the ceiling battens, in metres
(b)
Live loads Strength limit states for live load are not considered.
(c)
Wind loads Wind load for the strength limit state is considered applied as a
uniformly distributed load, Wu (in kN/m), and calculated as follows:
Wu = qu Cpt S
. . 2.8.2(2)
where
qu
= free stream dynamic gust pressure, in kPa, for the ultimate limit state;
values of qu are given in Table B2, Appendix B, for each wind
classification
44
AS 1684.11999
TABLE 2.8.1
NET PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS
FOR CEILING BATTENS
Wind classification
C pt
N1 to N4
+0.50 or 0.5
C1 to C3
+0.85 or 1.0
Structural models
1.25G
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1.25G + W u
2
0.8G + W u
Load duration factor The member design capacity includes the modification factor
for load duration (k 1). Values of k 1 appropriate for each load category, as defined in
Table 2.8.2, are given in Table 2.8.3.
TABLE 2.8.3
LOAD DURATION FACTORS FOR STRENGTH
Standards Australia
Load category
1
2
0.57
1.15
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45
(b)
AS 1684.11999
(ii)
(c)
(d)
Member restraint For ceiling battens breadth is greater than or equal to depth and,
therefore, k12 = 1.0.
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Seasoned
2.0
Unseasoned
3.0
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AS 1684.11999
Hanging
beam
Ceiling
joist
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Rafter
Overbatten
Ceiling
joist
spacing
Dead load Dead load, G (in kN/m) for ceiling joists supporting ceiling lining (and
battens, if appropriate), as follows:
G = 0.12S + self weight
. . . 2.9.2(1)
where
S = spacing of ceiling joists, in metres
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(b)
AS 1684.11999
Live loads Live load for ceiling joists is considered as a concentrated load, Q
(in kN), and calculated as follows:
Q = g42 1.1
. . . 2.9.2(2)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
(B)
Wind loads The wind load, Wu (in kN/m), applicable for the strength limit state is
calculated as follows:
Wu = qu Cpt S
. . . 2.9.2(3)
where
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qu
= free stream dynamic gust pressure, in kPa, for the ultimate limit state;
values of qu are given in Table B2, Appendix B, for each wind
classification
C pt
N1 to N4
+0.50 or 0.5
C1 to C3
+0.85 or 1.0
Load duration factor The member design capacity includes the modification factor
for load duration k1. Values of k 1 appropriate for each load category, as defined in
Table 2.9.3, are given in Table 2.9.4.
(b)
(c)
(i)
Unseasoned timber for load categories 2 and 3 given in Table 2.9.3, values of
k4 appropriate for thickness as given in AS 1720.1 are used. For load
category 1, k4 = 1.0.
(ii)
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AS 1684.11999
(d)
(ii)
Between supports:
(A)
For dead load and the dead load plus downward wind load cases the
bottom edge is assumed loaded and continuously restrained.
(B)
For net upward wind load plus dead load, the bottom edge is assumed
continuously restrained.
(C)
For the dead load plus live load case, the top edge is assumed loaded and
not restrained (i.e. Lay = span), except for ceiling joists installed with
over-battens, L ay is taken as one half the span.
TABLE 2.9.3
Load
category
Single span
Continuous span
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1.25G
1.25G
1.5Q
1.25G
1.5Q
1.25G
2
L/2
L/2
L/2
L/2
1.25G + W u
1.25G + W u
0.8G + W u
0.8G + W u
TABLE 2.9.4
LOAD DURATION FACTORS FOR STRENGTH
Standards Australia
Load category
1
2
0.57
0.94
1.15
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AS 1684.11999
Continuous span
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Seasoned
2.0
Unseasoned
3.0
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AS 1684.11999
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Hanging
beam
n
Ha
g in
be
am
sp
an
Dead load The uniformly distributed dead load, G (in kN/m), is calculated as
follows:
G
. . . 2.10.2(1)
where
CLW = ceiling load width for the hanging beam, in metres
(b)
(c)
Wind load The uniformly distributed wind load applicable for the strength limit
state, Wu (in kN/m), is calculated as follows:
Wu
= q u Cpt (CLW)
. . . 2.10.2(2)
qu
= free stream dynamic gust pressure, in kPa, for the ultimate limit state;
values of qu are given in Table B2, Appendix B, for each wind
classification
Cpt
where
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AS 1684.11999
TABLE 2.10.1
NET PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS
FOR HANGING BEAMS STRENGTH
Wind classification
C pt
N1 to N4
+0.50 or 0.5
C1 to C3
+0.85 or 1.0
Structural models
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1.25G
1
1.25G
1.5Q
2
L/2
L/2
1.25G + Wu
3
0.8G + Wu
Load duration factor The member design capacity includes the modification factor
for load duration (k1). Values of k 1 appropriate for each load category, as defined in
Table 2.10.2, are given in Table 2.10.3.
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AS 1684.11999
TABLE 2.10.3
LOAD DURACTION FACTORS FOR STRENGTH
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(b)
Load category
1
2
0.57
0.94
1.15
Unseasoned timber for load categories 2 and 3 given in Table 2.10.2, values
of k4 appropriate for thickness as given in AS 1720.1 are used. For load
category 1, k4 = 1.0.
(ii)
(c)
Strength sharing Where multiple sections of scantling timber are nail-laminated the
strength sharing factor (k9 ) is applied for the combined member, assuming n mem = 1.0
and ncom = number of combined sections.
(d)
Member restraint The following assumptions relating to lateral restraint are used:
(i)
(ii)
NOTE: Where nail-laminated members are used, the breadth of member used to derive the
slenderness coefficient (S 1) is taken as the breadth of an individual lamination.
Structural models
G
Q
2
L/2
Standards Australia
L/2
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53
AS 1684.11999
Load category 2
Seasoned
2.0
1.0
Unseasoned
3.0
1.0
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LIMITS ON DEFLECTION
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Load category
Deflection limits
Span/300
Span/270
Standards Australia
54
AS 1684.11999
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Hanging
beam
Co
un
te
sp r be
an am
Counter
beam
Ceiling
joist
Dead loads Dead loads include the distributed load due to self weight G1 (in kN/m),
and a concentrated load imposed by the hanging beams, G2 (in kN), which is
calculated as follows:
G2
. . . 2.11.2(1)
where
CLW = ceiling load width for the counter beam, in metres
L
(b)
Standards Australia
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55
(c)
AS 1684.11999
Wind load Wind load is considered as a concentrated load, Wu (in kN), and is
calculated as follows:
Wu
qu
= free stream dynamic gust pressure, in kPa, for the ultimate limit state;
values of qu are given in Table B2, Appendix B, for each wind
classification
Cpt
. . . 2.11.2(2)
where
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C pt
N1 to N4
+0.50 or 0.5
C1 to C3
+0.85 or 1.0
Structural models
1.25G2
1.25G1
1
L/2
L/2
1.25G2 + 1.5Q
1.25G1
2
L/2
L/2
1.25G2 + Wu
1.25G1
L/2
L/2
3
0.8G1
0.8G2 + Wu
L/2
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L/2
Standards Australia
56
AS 1684.11999
Load duration factor The member design capacity includes the modification factor
for load duration (k1). Values of k 1 appropriate for each load category, as defined in
Table 2.11.2 are given in Table 2.11.3.
TABLE 2.11.3
LOAD DURACTION FACTORS FOR STRENGTH
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(b)
Load category
1
2
0.57
0.94
1.15
Unseasoned timber for load categories 2 and 3, given in Table 2.11.2, values
of k4 appropriate for thickness as given in AS 1720.1 are used. For load
category 1, k4 = 1.0.
(ii)
(c)
Strength sharing Where multiple sections of scantling timber are nail-laminated, the
strength sharing factor (k9 ) is applied for the combined member, assuming n mem = 1.0
and ncom = number of combined sections.
(d)
(ii)
NOTE: Where nail-laminated members are used, the breadth of member used to derive the
slenderness coefficient (S 1) is taken as the breadth of an individual lamination.
Standards Australia
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57
AS 1684.11999
TABLE 2.11.4
STRUCTURAL MODELS AND LOAD CATEGORIES SERVICEABILITY
Load category
Structural models
G2
G1
1
L/2
L/2
Q
2
L/2
L/2
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The requirements of AS 1720.1 for the calculation of deflection are applied using the
duration of load for creep deformation as given in Table 2.11.5.
TABLE 2.11.5
LOAD DURATION FACTORS FOR DEFORMATION
Initial moisture content
Load category 2
Seasoned
2.0
1.0
Unseasoned
3.0
1.0
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Load category
Deflection limits
Span/300 or 15 mm max.
Span/270 or 15 mm max.
Standards Australia
58
AS 1684.11999
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Verandah
beam
Rafter or truss
Rafter
or truss
spacing
Verandah
beam span
Dead loads Dead loads include the self weight of the verandah beam, G1 (in kN/m),
and concentrated loads (G2 ) imposed by the rafters. G2 (in kN) is determined as
follows:
G2
. . . 2.12.2(1)
where
RLW = roof load width for the verandah beam, in metres
Standards Australia
RM
SR
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59
(b)
AS 1684.11999
Live loads Live loads imposed via rafters are considered as concentrated loads,
Q (in kN), and calculated as follows:
Q
where
N
= number of rafters supported over one span for the single span case,
or over two spans for the continuous span case
SR
Wind loads Wind loads are considered as concentrated loads Wu (in kN), imposed
via the rafters and calculated as follows:
Wu
= qu Cpt SR (RLW)
qu
= free stream dynamic gust pressure, in kPa, for the ultimate limit state;
values of qu are given in Table B2, Appendix B, for each wind
classification
Cpt
SR
. . . 2.12.2(3)
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where
TABLE 2.12.1
NET PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR
VERANDAH BEAMS
Wind classification
C pt
N1 to N4
or
+0.4 or 1.2
C1 to C3
2.12.2.3 Structural models and load categories used for strength design
The structural models used to determine the member design action effects are given in
Table 2.12.2. Load combinations shown in Table 2.12.2 are divided into load categories that
are used for the determination of member design capacity as specified in Clause 2.12.2.4.
2.12.2.4 Member design capacity
The requirements of AS 1720.1 are applied to determine member design capacities in
bending and shear. The following assumptions and modification factors are used:
(a)
Load duration factor The member design capacity includes the modification factor
for load duration (k1). Values of k 1 appropriate for each load category defined in
Table 2.12.2 are given in Table 2.12.3.
(b)
(ii)
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60
AS 1684.11999
(c)
Strength sharing Where multiple sections of scantling timber are nail-laminated, the
strength sharing factor (k9 ) is applied for the combined member, assuming n mem = 1
and ncom = number of combined sections.
(d)
(ii)
Between supports:
(A)
(B)
NOTE: Where nail-laminated members are used, the breadth of member used to derive the
slenderness coefficient (S 1) is taken as the breadth of an individual lamination and not the overall
breadth.
TABLE 2.12.2
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Design action
effect
Single span
Continuous span
w
w
P
SR
SR
P
SR
SR
SR
P
SR
In bending
L/2
L/2
L/2
w
P
P
SR
P
SR
P
SR
L/2
w
P
P
SR
P
SR
P
SR
P
SR
P
SR
In shear
1.5d
1.5d
Load
category
Design loads
NOTES:
1
The number of concentrated loads considered will vary according to span, rafter spacing and locations of
concentrated loads.
Loads within 1.5d of supports are ignored in the determination of the design action effect in shear.
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AS 1684.11999
TABLE 2.12.3
LOAD DURATION FACTORS FOR STRENGTH
Load category
1
2
0.57
0.94
1.15
(b)
Live loads Concentrated live loads, Q (in kN), are determined as follows:
Q
1.8
. . . 2.12.3(1)
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where
N
= number of rafters supported over one span for both the single and
continuous span cases
SR
Wind loads Wind load is considered applied by the rafters as a series of concentrated
loads, Ws (in kN), and calculated as follows:
Ws
= q s Cpt SR (RLW)
. . . 2.12.3(2)
qs
= free stream dynamic gust pressure, in kPa, for the serviceability limit
state; values of qs are given in Table B2, Appendix B, for each wind
classification
Cpt
SR
where
C pt
+0.4, 1.2
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AS 1684.11999
TABLE 2.12.5
STRUCTURAL MODELS AND LOAD CATEGORIES SERVICEABILITY
Structural models
Load
category
Single span
G2
Continuous span
G2
SR
G2
G1
G2
SR
G2
G2
SR
SR
L/2
L/2
G2
G2
SR
G1
SR
1
L/2
L/2
Q
SR
SR
L
Q
SR
SR
L/2
L/2
2
L/2
Ws
L/2
Ws
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SR
Ws
Ws
SR
Ws
L
Ws
SR
SR
L/2
L/2
Ws
Ws
SR
SR
L/2
L/2
Seasoned
2.0
1.0
Unseasoned
3.0
1.0
Standards Australia
Load category
Deflection limits
Span/400 or 10 mm max.
Span/250 or 12 mm max.
Span/200
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63
SECTION
DES IG N
AS 1684.11999
O F
W A LL
MEM BERS
3.1 POSTS
3.1.1 Description
Posts are vertical loadbearing columns designed to support axial loads arising from the
vertical support given to roofs and floors.
Posts may be incorporated within or installed separate from walls. Posts are not used to
replace common studs in external walls and are, therefore, not designed to support lateral
loads.
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Posts are assumed laterally supported only at points of attachment to floor and roof
members (see Figure 3.1).
Post
Post
Loads
The loads used for the determination of the design action effects are determined as follows:
(a)
Dead loads Dead load is determined as the sum of the dead loads from supported
roof and floor areas. Expressions used for the determination of concentrated dead
load (G) are given in Table 3.1.1.
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64
AS 1684.11999
TABLE 3.1.1
DEAD LOADS
Source of load
Floor
0.4 AF
Roof:
Tile
Sheet
0.9 AR
0.4 AR
NOTE: A F =
AR =
(b)
Live loads Concentrated live loads, Q1 , Q2 and Q3 (all in kN), arising from support
given to floor and roof areas are determined as follows:
(i)
(ii)
(A)
(B)
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NOTES:
(c)
Wind loads The concentrated wind load, Wu (in kN), applicable for the strength limit
state arising from support given to roof areas is calculated as follows:
Wu = qu Cpt AR
. . . 3.1.2
where
qu
= free stream dynamic gust pressure, in kPa, for the ultimate limit state;
values of qu are given in Table B2, Appendix B, for each wind
classification
Cpt = net pressure coefficients for roof areas supported by posts, as given in
Table 3.1.2
AR = roof area supported, in square metres
TABLE 3.1.2
NET PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR ROOF AREAS
SUPPORTED BY POSTS STRENGTH
Wind classification
C pt
N1 to N4
or
C1 to C3
+ 0.4 or 1.2
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AS 1684.11999
TABLE 3.1.3
DESIGN ACTION EFFECTS AND
LOAD CATEGORIES STRENGTH
Load categories
N *c = 1.25 (G + Q1 )
N *c = 1.25 G + 1.5 Q 2
N *c = 1.25 (G + Q 1) + 1.5 Q3
N *c = 1.25 (G +Q1 ) + W u
N *t = 0.8 G + Wu
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Load duration factor The member design capacity includes the modification factor
for load duration (k1). Values of k 1 appropriate for each load category, as defined in
Table 3.1.3, are given in Table 3.1.4.
(b)
(ii)
(c)
Strength sharing Strength sharing is not considered to apply for posts, i.e. k 9 = 1.0.
(d)
Member restraint For the determination of the compressive capacity of posts the
effective length for buckling about either axis is taken as 0.85 times the post height.
Post height is the distance between supports and points of attachment to supported
floor and roof members, which are assumed to provide lateral restraint for both axes of
buckling.
NOTE: Nail-laminated posts are not considered in this Standard.
TABLE 3.1.4
LOAD DURATION FACTORS FOR STRENGTH
Load category
1
2
3
4
0.57
0.80
0.94
1.15
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AS 1684.11999
Rafter of truss
Rafter/truss
spacing
Rafter or truss
spacing
Upper
floor
joist
Stud
spacing
Stud height
Stud height
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Special consideration is given for studs notched for the installation of bracing. For notched
studs, notches are assumed in either face of the wall penetrating to a maximum depth of
20 mm in the depth of the studs (see Figure 3.2).
Stud
Stud spacing
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AS 1684.11999
Dead loads The concentrated dead loads (G) considered axially applied to common
studs, jamb studs and studs supporting concentrated loads in upper or single storey
walls or lower storey of two-storey walls are determined as given in Table 3.2.1.
TABLE 3.2.1
AXIAL DEAD LOADS SUPPORTED BY STUDS
Common studs
Studs
supporting
concentrated
loads
Jamb studs
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Application
Axial dead loads, G (kN)
Upper storey or
single storey
walls
(a) sheet roof
0.4 (RLW)S 1
0.4 AR
0.9 (RLW)S 1
0.9 AR
sheet roof
tile roof
Lower storey
walls of twostorey
construction
(a) Roof, upper
wall and
floor:
0.4 AF
LEGEND:
S1
the greater of the rafter (truss) or stud spacing in the wall, in metres
S2
the greater of the floor joist or stud spacing in the lower wall, in metres
Wo
AR
AF
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68
AS 1684.11999
(b)
Common studs
Jamb studs
Studs supporting
concentrated loads
Q1 = 0
Q1 = 0
Q 2 = 0.25 (RLW)S 1
Q 2 = 0.25 A R
Q3 = 0
Q3 = 0
Q3 = 0
Q 1 = 0.5 (FLW)S 2
Q 1 = 0.5 A F
Q2 = 0
Q2 = 0
Q2 = 0
Q 3 = 1.5 (FLW)S 2
Q 3 = 1.5 A F
LEGEND:
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RLW
FLW
S1
S2
Wo
AR
AF
Q1
Q2
Q3
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(c)
AS 1684.11999
Wind loads Wind loads for studs are considered applied as axial concentrated loads
(Wua) and uniformly distributed lateral loads (Wuw). Expressions used for the
determination of Wua and Wuw for common studs, jamb studs and studs supporting
concentrated loads are determined as given in Table 3.2.3.
TABLE 3.2.3
AXIAL AND LATERAL WIND LOADS FOR STUDS
Type of load
Common studs
Jamb studs
Studs supporting
concentrated loads
Studs in upper
storey or single
storey walls
W ua (kN)
q u C ptr (RLW) S 1
q u C ptr A R
W uw (kN/m)
q u C ptw S s
Not applicable
Studs in lower
storey walls of twostorey construction
W ua (kN)
q u C ptr (RLW) S s
Not considered
W uw (kN/m)
q u C ptw S s
Not applicable
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LEGEND
qu
free stream dynamic gust pressure for the ultimate limit state; values of q u are given in Table B2,
Appendix B, for each wind classification
C ptr
net pressure coefficients for roof areas supported by the wall as given in Table 3.2.4
Ss
Wo
AR
TABLE 3.2.4
PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS
FOR ROOF AND WALLS STRENGTH
Wind classification
C ptr
C ptw
N1 to N4
+0.70 or 1.1
+1.00
C1 to C3
+0.9 or 1.6
1.35
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AS 1684.11999
TABLE 3.2.5
STRUCTURAL MODEL AND LOAD CATEGORIES STRENGTH
Structural model
Common stud
Uniformly
distributed
lateral load
(w)
M = 0.125 w L 2
NOTES:
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Jamb stud
M = c w L2
M=0
where
(a) for L 2.4 m, c = 0.07;
(b) for L 4.2 m, c = 0.125;
and
(c) for 2.4 < L < 4.2,
c = (0.0306 L 0.003).
Load category
Design loads
P = 1.25 (G + Q 1)
and
w=0
P = 1.25 G + 1.5Q 3
and
w=0
P = 1.25 G + 1.5Q 2
and
w=0
P = 1.25 (G + Q 1) + K c W ua
and
w = K c W uw
P = 0.8G + K c Wua
and
w = K c W uw
P = 1.25 (G + Q 1)
and
w = Wuw
NOTE: Where K c = 0.8 is the wind pressure combination factor applicable where load effect results from wind
pressure on two or more surfaces.
Load duration factor The member design capacity includes the modification factor
for load duration (k 1). Values of k 1 appropriate for each load category, as defined in
Table 3.2.5, are given in Table 3.2.6.
(b)
(ii)
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71
(c)
AS 1684.11999
Strength sharing:
(i)
For common studs the strength sharing factor (k 9 ) is applied for bending only,
assuming nmem = 5 and n com = number of sections combined in a stud.
(ii)
For jamb studs the strength sharing factor (k 9 ) is applied for bending only,
with nmem = 1.0 and ncom = number of sections combined in the jamb stud.
(iii) For studs supporting concentrated loads the strength sharing factor (k 9 ) is not
applied.
(d)
Member restraint For the determination of bending and compressive capacity, the
following assumptions relating to lateral restraint are used:
(i)
(ii)
For bending:
(A)
(B)
For compression
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(A)
For buckling about the major axis the effective length of studs is taken as
g13 L, where L is the height of the stud and g 13 is determined as follows:
(1)
(2)
(B)
L 2.4 m, g 13 = 0.75
NOTE: For studs formed by nail laminating one or more sections together, the breadth of
section used to determine the slenderness coefficients (S 1 or S 4 ) is taken as the breadth of an
individual lamination.
(e)
Notched studs for studs up to 125 mm deep and notched to a maximum depth of
20 mm for the installation of diagonal bracing only, the bending capacity is
determined as 0.6 times the bending capacity of an un-notched stud. The tensile and
compressive capacities are determined using the net cross-section at the notch as the
effective cross-sectional area.
NOTE: The method used for studs notched for diagonal bracing is based upon CSIRO BCE
Report, Notched composite beams, Dec. 97/169M, September 1997.
TABLE 3.2.6
LOAD DURATION FACTORS FOR STRENGTH
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Load category
1
2
3
4
0.57
0.94
0.97
1.15
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AS 1684.11999
3.2.3.2 Loads
The distributed wind loads (Wsw) used for the serviceability limit state for common studs
and for jamb studs are determined as shown in Table 3.2.7.
TABLE 3.2.7
SERVICEABILITY
HORIZONTAL WIND LOAD
Type of stud
W sw (kN/m)
Common stud
q s C ptw S
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Jamb stud
LEGEND:
q s = free stream dynamic gust pressure for the serviceability limit state;
values of q s are given in Table B2, Appendix B, for each wind
classification
C ptw = net pressure coefficient for walls given in Table 3.2.8
S
= spacing of studs, in metres
W o = width of opening in wall, in metres
TABLE
3.2.8
N1 to N4
or
C1 to C3
1.0
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AS 1684.11999
TABLE 3.2.9
STRUCTURAL MODEL FOR DETERMINATION OF DEFLECTION
Structural model
For jamb studs
Lateral load, w
Lateral load, w
w = Wsw .
0.013
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w = Wsw .
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AS 1684.11999
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Rafter or truss
spacing
Rafter or truss
Top plate
(single or
upper storey)
Upper
floor joist
or
lo n g
f
i
r
pe ac
Up s t s p
i
jo
Bottom plate
(single or
upper storey)
Stud
Top plate
(lower storey
of two storeys)
Bottom plate
(lower storey
of two storeys)
Stud
Stud
spacing
(a)
Stud spacing
(b)
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AS 1684.11999
Dead loads the concentrated dead load (G) is determined as given in Table 3.3.1.
TABLE 3.3.1
DEAD LOADS FOR WALL PLATES
Application
G = 0.01 RM (RLW) S R
Bottom plates
Top plates
Bottom plates
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LEGEND:
RM
RLW
FLW
SR
SS
SJ
(b)
Live loads the concentrated live loads (Q1 , Q2 and Q3 ) are given in Table 3.3.2.
TABLE 3.3.2
LIVE LOADS FOR WALL PLATES
Application
Upper storey or
single storey walls
Top plates
Q1 = 0
Q 2 = 0.25 (RLW) S R
Q3 = 0
Bottom plates
Q1 = 0
Q 2 = 0.25 (RLW) S S
Q3 = 0
Lower storey of
two storeys
Top plates
Q 1 = 0.5 (FLW) S J
Q2 = 0
Q 3 = 1.5 (FLW) S J
Bottom plates
Q 1 = 0.5 (FLW) S S
Q2 = 0
Q 3 = 1.5 (FLW) S S
LEGEND:
RLW
FLW
SR
SS
SJ
Q1
Q2
Q3
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AS 1684.11999
(c)
Wind loads the concentrated wind load (Wu ) considered acting vertically on wall
plates is determined as given in Table 3.3.3.
TABLE 3.3.3
VERTICAL WIND LOADS ON WALL PLATES
Application
q u C ptr (RWL) S T
Bottom plates
q u C ptr (RWL) S S
Top plates
q u C ptr (RWL) S J
Bottom plates
q u C ptr (RWL) S S
free stream dynamic gust pressure for the ultimate limit state; values of q u are
given in Table B2, Appendix B, for each wind classification
C ptr
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RLW =
ST
SS
SJ
TABLE 3.3.4
PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR ROOF
A1
Wind classification
C ptr
N1 to N4
+0.70 or 1.1
C1 to C3
+0.7 or 1.5
3.3.2.3 Structural models and load categories used for strength design
The design action effects for the strength limit states are determined assuming wall plates
are three span beams loaded by equally spaced concentrated loads arranged as shown in
Table 3.3.5. The spacing between loads and the design spans assumed for each type of wall
plate are given in Table 3.3.6.
The design loads and the load combination used for their computation are also given in
Table 3.3.6.
The design loads shown in Table 3.3.7 are divided into load categories that are used for the
determination of the corresponding member design capacities as specified in Clause 3.3.2.4.
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AS 1684.11999
TABLE 3.3.5
STRUCTURAL MODELS AND LOAD CATEGORIES
FOR WALL PLATES STRENGTH
Structural model
For determination of design action effect in
bending
SR
L/2
SR
SR
L/2
1.5d
P
SR
SR
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LEGEND:
SR =
L =
d =
depth of plate
P =
NOTE: For design action effect in shear, loads within 1.5d of supports may be ignored.
TABLE 3.3.6
LOAD SPACING AND SPANS FOR WALL PLATES
Application
Span (L)
Upper storey or
single storey
walls
Top plate
Rafter/truss spacing
Bottom plate
Joist spacing
Lower storey of
two storeys
Top plate
Bottom plate
TABLE 3.3.7
DESIGN LOADS FOR WALL PLATES STRENGTH
Load category
Design loads
P = 1.25 (G + Q 1)
P = 1.25 G + 1.5 Q 3
P = 1.25 (G + Q 1) + 1.5 Q2
P = 1.25 (G + Q 1) + K c W u
P = 0.8 G + W u
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AS 1684.11999
Load duration factor the member design capacity includes the modification factor
for load duration (k1). Values of k 1 , appropriate for each load category defined in
Table 3.3.7, are given in Table 3.3.8.
TABLE 3.3.8
LOAD DURATION FACTORS FOR STRENGTH
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(b)
Load category
1
2
3
4
0.57
0.8
0.94
1.15
(ii)
(c)
Strength sharing where multiple plates are used (ribbon plates) the strength sharing
factor (k9) is applied for the combination, assuming n mem = 1.0 and n com = number of
sections combined.
(d)
Member restraint wall plates are bent about their weak axis and, therefore, k 12 = 1.
(e)
(f)
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AS 1684.11999
TABLE 3.3.9
DESIGN LOADS AND LOAD CATEGORIES
SERVICEABILITY
Load categories
Design loads
P = G + Q1
P = Q2
P = Q3
TABLE 3.3.10
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Load category 1
Load category 2
Seasoned
2.0
Unseasoned
3.0
TABLE 3.3.11
LIMITS ON DEFLECTION
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Load category
Deflection limits
1 or 2
Span/200 or 3 mm max.
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AS 1684.11999
3.4 LINTELS
3.4.1 Description
Lintels are beams contained within loadbearing walls over windows or doors. They transfer
the vertical loads applied over the opening to the jamb studs on each side.
For single or upper storey walls, common lintels are designed to support regularly spaced
rafters or trusses. Design criteria are also included for lintels, which, in addition to rafters,
support a concentrated load from a roof principal such as a strutting beam or girder truss.
Lintels in lower storey walls of a two-storey construction are designed to support uniformly
distributed loads from the wall above including the roof loads supported by the upper wall
and loads from an upper storey floor.
Lintels are designed as part of a system that includes consideration of the contribution of
roof battens, wall plates, jack studs and lintel trimmers.
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For lintels, the limits on design deflections have been determined in order to maintain
clearances between the frame and the window or door frames contained within the wall
(see Figure 3.4).
tru
or g
r
fte cin
Ra s pa
Rafter or truss
ss
Jack
stud
Lint el
(single or
upper
storey)
Lint el
trimmer
Lint el (lower
storey of two
storeys)
Stud
Lin
l
te
sp
an
Stud
Li n
sp
t el
an
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AS 1684.11999
Dead loads The dead loads considered include a uniformly distributed load (G1 )
regularly spaced uniform concentrated loads (G2 ) and, where a roof principal is
supported, a single concentrated load (G3 ). Values of G1 , G2 and G3 are determined as
given in Table 3.4.1.
TABLE 3.4.1
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DEAD LOADS
Application
Dead loads
G 1 = self weight
Unit
kN/m
kN
G3 = 0
G 1 = self weight
kN/m
G 2 = 0.01 (RM)(RLW) S R
kN
G 3 = 0.01 (RM) A R
kN
kN/m
LEGEND:
RM
RLW =
AR
area of roof in square metres, supported by the lintel via a roof principal
FLW =
SR
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AS 1684.11999
(b)
Live loads The concentrated live loads (Q1 and Q2 ) for lintels in single or upper
storey walls, and the distributed live loads (Q3 , Q4 and Q5 ) for lintels in lower storey
of two storeys are given in Table 3.4.2.
TABLE 3.4.2
LIVE LOADS FOR LINTELS
Application
Live loads
Q1 =
Unit
1.8
+ 0.12 S R (RLW) or 0.25 S R (RLW), whichever is greater
N
kN
Q 1 = M S R (RLW)
Q 2 = M AR
where,
kN
1.8
M =
+ 0.12 or 0.25 kPa, whichever is greater
AR + N S R ( RLW )
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Q 3 = 0.25 (RLW)
Q 4 = 0.50 (FLW)
kN/m
Q 5 = 1.50 (FLW)
LEGEND:
AR
SR
RLW
FLW
Q 1 , Q 2 and Q 3 =
floor load width for the upper floor supported by the lower storey wall, in metres
roof live loads
Q4
Q5
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(c)
AS 1684.11999
Wind loads The concentrated wind loads for lintels in single or upper storey walls
(WU1 and WU2) are determined as given in Table 3.4.3.
TABLE 3.4.3
WIND LOADS FOR LINTELS
Application
Wind loads
W U1 = q u Cpt S R (RLW)
W U1 = q u Cpt S R (RLW)
W U2 = q u Cpt AR
Unit
kN
kN
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LEGEND:
qu
free stream dynamic gust pressure for the ultimate limit state; values of q u are
given in Table B2, Appendix B, for each wind classification
C pt
AR
SR
TABLE 3.4.4
NET PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR LINTELS
Wind classification
C ptr
N1 to N4
+0.56 or 1.1
C1 to C3
+0.72 or 1.6
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AS 1684.11999
TABLE 3.4.5
STRUCTURAL MODELS FOR LINTELS STRENGTH
Structural model
Lintels in single or upper storey walls
Design
action
effect
Common lintels
P1
For bending
SR
P1
SR
P1
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L/2
SR
P1
P1
SR
(P 1+P 2)
SR
L/2
SR
1.5d
P1
w
L/2
(P 1+P 2)
P1
P1
SR
P1
w
1.5d
Load
category
SR
L/2
P1
Lintels supporting
concentrated roof loads
Design loads
w = 1.25 G 1
w = 1.25 G 1
P 1 = 1.25 G 2
P 1 = 1.25 G 2
w = 1.25 (G 1 + Q 4)
P 2 = 1.25 G 3
w = 1.25 G 1
w = 1.25 G 1
P 1 = 1.25 G 2 + 1.5 Q 1
P 1 = 1.25 G 2 + 1.5 Q 1
w = 1.25 (G 1 + Q 4) + 1.5 Q5
w = 1.25 (G 1 + Q 4) + 1.5 Q3
P 2 = 1.25 G 3 + 1.5 Q 2
w = 1.25 G 1
w = 1.25 G 1
P 1 = 1.25 G 2 + W U1
P 1 = 1.25 G 2 + W U1
P 2 = 1.25 G 3 + W U2
w = 0.8 G 1
P 1 = 0.8 G 2 + W U1
w = 0.8 G 1
P 1 = 0.8 G 2 + W U1
P 2 = 0.8 G 3 + W U2
NOTE: S R is rafter spacing, either 0.6 m or 1.2 m.
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AS 1684.11999
. . . 3.4.2(1)
V* = V 7.0 k1
. . . 3.4.2(2)
where
M
= maximum bending moment, in kNm, determined using the design loads and
structural models given in Table 3.4.5
= maximum shear force, in kN, determined using the design loads and structural
models given in Table 3.4.5
k1
= duration of load factor for strength given in Table 3.4.6 for the corresponding
load category given in Table 3.4.5.
NOTE: The above expressions include an allowance for the contribution made by parallel
members, such as roof battens and wall plates, in the support of the loads assumed applied to the
lintel.
TABLE 3.4.6
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1
2
3
4
0.57
0.80
0.94
1.15
Load duration factor The member design capacity includes the modification factor
for load duration (k1). Values of k 1 appropriate for each load category defined in
Table 3.4.5 are given in Table 3.4.6.
(b)
(ii)
(c)
Strength sharing Where multiple sections of scantling timber are nail-laminated, the
strength sharing factor (k9 ) is applied for the combined member, assuming n mem = 1
and ncom = number of combined sections.
(d)
(ii)
NOTE: Where nail-laminated members are used, the breadth of member used to derive the
slenderness coefficient (S 1) is taken as the breadth of an individual lamination and not the
overall breadth.
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86
AS 1684.11999
Dead and live loads The concentrated and uniformly distributed dead and live loads
applied to lintels are determined as given in Clause 3.4.2.2.
(b)
Wind Loads For lintels in single or upper storey walls, wind load is considered
applied as a series of regularly spaced uniform concentrated loads (WS1 ) and, where a
roof principal is supported, an additional concentrated load (WS2 ). WS1 and WS2 (both
in kN) are determined as follows.
WS1 = q s Cpt SR (RLW)
. . . 3.4.3(1)
WS2 = q s Cpt AR
. . . 3.4.3(2)
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where
qs
= free stream dynamic gust pressure, in kPa, for the serviceability limit
state; values of qs are given in Table B2, Appendix B, for each wind
classification
Cpt
SR
C pt
N1 to N4
+0.7, 1.1
C1 to C3
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AS 1684.11999
TABLE 3.4.8
STRUCTURAL MODELS AND LOAD CATEGORIES SERVICEABILITY
Structural model
Lintels in single or upper storey walls
Load
category
Common lintels
G2
SR
G2
SR
Lintels supporting
concentrated roof loads
G2
G2
G1
(G 2+G 3)
SR
G2
SR
G1
G 1 +Q4
1
L/2
Q1
L/2
SR
Q1
SR
L/2
Q1
Q1
L/2
SR
(Q 1+Q 2)
Q1
SR
Q3
2
L/2
L/2
L/2
L/2
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Q5
3
W S1
W S1
W S1
SR
SR
W S1
L/2
L/2
(W S1+W S2)
SR
W S1
SR
4
L/2
L/2
TABLE 3.4.9
LOAD DURATION FACTORS FOR DEFORMATION
Load duration factor ( j 2)
Initial moisture content
Load category 1
Seasoned
2.0
1.0
Unseasoned
3.0
1.0
TABLE 3.4.10
LIMITS ON DEFLECTION
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Load category
Deflection limits
Span/300 or 10 mm max.
Span/250 or 15 mm max.
Span/360 or 10 mm max.
Span/200
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AS 1684.11999
S E C T IO N
D E S IG N
O F
F LO OR
M E M BE R S
Floor joist
Roof Loads
Roof Loads
Loadbearing wall
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Jo
ist
sp
an
Jo
ist
sp
an
Jo
i st
a
sp
cin
Loads
The values of the dead loads and live loads used for design are determined as follows:
(a)
Dead loads Table 4.1.1 gives expressions used for the determination of uniformly
distributed dead loads (G1 ) and concentrated dead loads (G2 ).
TABLE 4.1.1
DEAD LOADS
Source of load
Distributed load, G1
(kN/m)
Concentrated load, G2
(kN)
0
0
Floor only:
2
For any particular case, combine the loads from each source to obtain the total.
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(b)
AS 1684.11999
Live Loads Table 4.1.2 gives equations for the determination of distributed live
loads (Q1 to Q4) and concentrated live loads (Q5 and Q6 ).
For the determination of the concentrated live load (Q5 ), a load distribution factor
(g42) is considered to apply for the joist grid system as follows:
(i)
For bending the value of the load distribution factor g 42 , for concentrated
loads applied anywhere within the middle half of the floor joist span and at
least two joists in from the edge is determined in accordance with the
requirements of AS 1720.1 assuming the crossing member is flooring of the
following nominal rigidity:
(A)
(B)
For joist spacing > 450 mm but 600 mm, E c I c = 2.66 10 L (Nmm )
and nc = 1.0.
where
E cIc = flexural rigidity of the flooring
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(ii)
nc
TABLE 4.1.2
LIVE LOADS
Type of load
Permanent
UDL
Load
Unit
Q1 = 0.5 S
kN/m
UDL (houses)
Q2 = 1.5 S
kN/m
Partial UDL
Q3 = 0.75 S
kN/m
Q4 = 3.0 S
kN/m
Conc. (houses)
Q5 = g 42 1.8
kN
Q6 = 1.5 S
kN
Transient
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AS 1684.11999
TABLE 4.1.3
STRUCTURAL MODELS AND LOAD CATEGORIES STRENGTH
Load
category
Single span
1.25G2*
Continuous span
1.25(G1 + Q1)
1.25G2*
1.25(G1 + Q1)
Overhang (cantilevered)
1.25(G1+ Q1)
1
L/2
L/2
L/2
L/2
L/2
1.25G2*
L/2
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0.8G1
(1.25G2 + 1.5Q5)*
L/2
1.25G1 + 1.5Q2
L/2
1.25G1 + 1.5Q2
(1.25G2 + 1.5Q5)*
1.25G1
L/2
L/2
1.25G1 + 1.5Q4
1.25G1
L/2
1.25G1
L/2
1.5Q6
1.25G1
3
100
For deck joists only:
1.25G1 + 1.5Q4
1.25G1 + 1.5Q4
* Concentrated loads, G 2 and Q5, are considered applied at mid-span (as shown) for bending, or at 1.5d from supports
for shear, or at supports for bearing. G 2 does not apply where joists do not support loadbearing walls perpendicular
to the joists.
Load duration factor the member design capacity includes the modification factor
for load duration (k1). Values of k 1 appropriate for each load category are given in
Table 4.1.4.
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AS 1684.11999
TABLE 4.1.4
LOAD DURATION FACTORS FOR STRENGTH
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(b)
Load category
1
2
3
0.57
0.80
0.94
Unseasoned timber for load categories 2 and 3 given in Table 4.1.3, values of
k4 appropriate to thickness as given in AS 1720.1 are used. For load category 1,
k4 = 1.0.
(ii)
(c)
Strength sharing for sawn timber floor joists, the strength sharing factor (k 9 ) is
applied, assuming n mem = 5 and n com = 1.0.
(d)
(ii)
Between supports:
(A)
(B)
Dead loads expressions for the determination of the uniformly distributed dead load
G1, and concentrated dead load G2 , are given in Table 4.1.1.
(b)
Live loads equations for the determination of distributed live loads (Q1 to Q4 ) and
concentrated live load (Q6 ) are given in Table 4.1.2. Concentrated load, Q7 (in kN), is
determined as follows:
Q7 = g41 1.0
. . . 4.1.3
Where g41 is the load distribution factor given in AS 1720.1 for point loads applied at
the mid-span of beams in a grid system. The factor g 41 is calculated using the same
assumptions as used to calculate g 42 in Clause 4.1.2.2.
NOTE: The limit on deflection resultant from the application of the Q 7 load is intended to
ensure satisfactory dynamic performance. The application of this criterion replaces the need
to separately consider deflection due to the 1.8 kN concentrated live load for floors.
Standards Australia
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AS 1684.11999
TABLE 4.1.5
STRUCTURAL MODELS AND LOAD CATEGORIES SERVICEABILITY
Load
category
Single span
G2
Continuous span
G2
G1 + Q1
Overhang (cantilevered)
G1 + Q1
G1 + Q1
1
L/2
L/2
L/2
Q2
L/2
Q2
Q2
Q3
Q6
100
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Q7
Q7
3
L/2
L/2
L/2
L/2
Load category 1
(permanent loads)
Seasoned
2.0
1.0
Unseasoned
3.0
1.0
TABLE 4.1.7
LIMITS ON DEFLECTION
Load category
Limits on deflection
Single or continuous span
Overhang (cantilever)
Span/300 or 15 mm max.
Overhang/150* or 6 mm max.
Span/360 or 9 mm max.
2 mm
* Where the deflection at the end of the cantilever is upwards, ignore the
overhang/150 or overhang/180 limit.
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AS 1684.11999
4.2 BEARERS
4.2.1 Description
Bearers are beams providing direct support for floor joists but in addition may support loads
from loadbearing walls supporting roof loads and/or from upper storey floors.
Design includes consideration of single, continuous or cantilevered span applications.
Concentrated dead loads resulting from support to posts or intersecting loadbearing walls at
locations other than at or near bearer supports are not considered (see Figure 4.2).
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Upper
floor
joist
Upper
floor joist
spacing
Bottom
plate
Floor
joist
Top
plate
Loadbearing
wall
Loadbearing
wall
Floor bearer
Bearer
span
Bottom
plate
Bearer
span
Floor bearer
= pier, stump or other support
(a)
(b)
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AS 1684.11999
4.2.2.2 Loads
The loads used for determination of the design action effects are determined as follows:
(a)
Dead loads the uniformly distributed dead load (G) for each bearer type is
obtained by summing the loads from each applicable load source. Loads used for each
load source are given in Table 4.2.1.
TABLE 4.2.1
DEAD LOADS
Source of load
0.4
double storey
0.8
0.4 (RLW)
tile roof
0.9 (RLW)
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LEGEND:
FLW = floor load width, in metres, for the relevant floor
RLW = roof load width, in metres, for the roof supported by the bearer
(b)
Live loads distributed live loads Q1 , Q2 , Q4 and Q5 and concentrated live loads Q3
and Q6 are determined for each application, as appropriate, using the equations given
in Table 4.2.2.
TABLE 4.2.2
LIVE LOADS
Live load and application
Load
Permanent
due to floor directly supported (kN/m)
due to floor above, if applicable (kN/m)
Q 1 = 0.5 (FLW) 1
+ 0.5 (FLW) 2
Transient
(a) Distributed load
due to floor directly supported (kN/m)
due to floor above, if applicable (kN/m)
(b) Concentrated load (kN)
Q 2 = 1.5 (FLW) 1
+ 0.75 (FLW) 2
Q 3 = 1.8
Q 4 = 3.0 (FLW) 1
Q 5 = 0.75 (FLW) 1
Q 6 = 1.5 (FLW) 1
Q 7 = 3.0 (FLW) 1
LEGEND:
(FLW) 1
(FLW) 2
NOTE: Roof live loads are not considered to be applied at the same time as full
floor live load.
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AS 1684.11999
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Load duration factor the member design capacity includes the modification factor
for load duration (k1). Values of k 1 appropriate for each load category, as defined in
Table 8.10, are given in Table 8.11.
(b)
Unseasoned timber for load categories 2 and 3 given in Table 4.2.3, values of
k4 appropriate to thickness as given in AS 1720.1 are used. For load category 1,
k4 = 1.0.
(ii)
(c)
(d)
(ii)
Between supports:
(A)
The top edges of bearers are assumed laterally restrained along the top
edge by floor joists spaced at 600 mm centres.
(B)
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AS 1684.11999
TABLE 4.2.3
STRUCTURAL MODELS AND LOAD CATEGORIES STRENGTH
Load
category
Single span
Continuous span
Cantilevered
1.25(G +Q1)
1.25(G +Q1)
1.25(G +Q1)
1
1.25G +1.5Q2
1.25G +1.5Q2
1.25G +1.5Q2
0.8G
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1.5Q3
L/2
1.5Q3
1.25G
L/2
L/2
1.25G
1.25G
1.5Q6
L/2
100
1.25G + 1.5Q4
1.25G
1.25G +1.5Q7
1.25G +1.5Q7
NOTE: Concentrated load, Q3 is considered applied at midspan (as shown) for bending, or at 1.5d from supports for
shear, or at supports for bearing.
TABLE 4.2.4
LOAD DURATION FACTORS FOR STRENGTH
Load category
1
2
3
0.57
0.80
0.94
Dead loads the uniformly distributed dead load (G) is determined as specified in
Clause 4.2.2.2.
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(b)
AS 1684.11999
Live Loads uniformly distributed live loads (Q1 , Q2 and Q3 ) and concentrated live
loads (Q4 and Q5) are determined as specified in Table 4.2.5.
TABLE 4.2.5
LIVE LOADSSERVICEABILITY
Type of load
Load
Permanent:
Q 1 = 0.5 (FLW) 1
+ 0.5 (FLW) 2
Q 2 = 1.5 (FLW)1
Q 3 = 0.75 (FLW)1
(b)
Q 4 = 1.8
(c)
Q 5 = 1.5 (FLW)1
LEGEND:
(FLW) 1 = floor load width, in metres, for the floor directly supported by the bearer
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Single span
Continuous span
G + Q1
G + Q1
Cantilevered
G + Q1
Q2
Q4
L/2
Q2
Q3
Q4
L/2
L/2
Q2
Q5
L/2
100
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AS 1684.11999
TABLE 4.2.7
LOAD DURATION FACTORS FOR DEFORMATION
Load duration factor ( j2 )
Initial moisture
content
Load category 1
(permanent loads)
Load category 2
(transient loads)
Seasoned
2.0
1.0
Unseasoned
3.0
1.0
TABLE 4.2.8
LIMITS ON DEFLECTION
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Limits on deflection
Load category
Standards Australia
Overhang (cantilever)
Span/300 or 12 mm max.
Overhang/150* or 6 mm max.
Span/360 or 9 mm max.
Where the deflection at the end of the cantilever is upwards, ignore the
overhang/150 or overhang/180 limits.
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99
SECTION
AS 1684.11999
DETERM INAT IO N
FOR C E S
O F
UP LIFT
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In AS 1684.2 and AS 1684.3 the uplift forces to be resisted for tie-down are determined as
the product of the roof area supported and the net uplift pressures given for the level where
the tie-down is located.
For uplift pressures at bottom plate or subfloor level where overturning may contribute to
uplift and, therefore, height and width of the structure are also relevant, the uplift pressures
given in AS 1684.2 and AS 1684.3 are equivalent values derived assuming the uplift load
width is one half the building width. The values tabulated in AS 1684.2 and AS 1684.3 are
upper bound values applicable where the ratio of height (h) to width (w) does not exceed
one (see Figure 5.1).
5.2 DETERMINATION OF NET UPLIFT PRESSURES
5.2.1 Roof uplift
Net uplift forces for tie-down connections between roof members or for the roof frame
assembly to supporting walls or directly to floor frames or slab are given as follows:
(a)
Roof battens The net uplift pressures to be resisted by tie-down connectors at each
rafter, pu* (kPa) is given by the following equation:
pu * = qu Cpt 0.8 G
. . . 5.2.1(1)
where,
Cpt = net pressure coefficient for roof battens given in Table 5.1
G
= dead load of roof, 0.1 kPa for sheet roofs or 0.6 kPa for tile roofs.
TABLE 5.1
NET PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR ROOF BATTENSUPLIFT
C pt
Wind classification
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General areas
N1 to N4
1.1
2.0
C1 to C3
1.6
2.5
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AS 1684.11999
(b)
Roof frame to wall or directly to floor frame or slab The net uplift pressure at each
tie-down, p u* (kPa), is given by the following equation:
pu * = qu Cpt 0.8 G
. . . 5.2.1(2)
where
Cpt = net pressure coefficient for roof uplift as given in Table 5.2.
G
= dead load of roof taken as 0.4 kPa for sheet roofs, or 0.9 kPa for tile
roofs
TABLE 5.2
NET PRESSSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR ROOF UPLIFT
A1
C pt
Wind
classification
Tile roof
Sheet roof
N1 and N2
0.9
1.1
N3 and N4
1.1
1.1
C1 to C3
1.6
1.6
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. . . 5.2.2(1)
where,
Ka = 0.8, roof area reduction factor given in AS 1170.2 for areas greater than
100 m2 , assuming that for uplift the house above bottom plate level acts
as a rigid box
Cpe = 0.9, maximum value of external pressure coefficient for uplift
Cpi = value from Table 5.3 according to wind classification and location
where the net uplift is being determined
G
= dead load resisting uplift from Table 5.4 according to the level where
the net uplift is being determined
Qp = permanent floor live load resisting uplift from Table 5.4 according to the
level where the net uplift is being determined
TABLE 5.3
INTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR DETERMINATION OF NET
UPLIFT PRESSURE
Wind classification
N1 to N4
C1 to C3
Location
C pi
+0.2
Subfloor level
+0.7
Subfloor level
NOTE: At bottom plate level, internal pressure on the roof contributes to uplift, whereas for subfloor
(either single, upper, or lower storey) the internal pressure on floor and roof equalizes.
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AS 1684.11999
TABLE 5.4
DEAD LOAD AND PERMANENT LIVE LOAD RESISTING UPLIFT
DEAD LOAD (G),
KPA
LOCATION
PERMANENT LIVE
LOAD (Q P ),
KPA
0
Tile roof
Single or upper
storey
0.9 + 2/W
0.5
Tile roof
1.3 + 2/W
0.5
Tile roof
Lower storey
of two storeys
1.3 + 4/W
1.0
Tile roof
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(b)
K c qu
pu*2 =
[C
ptw h
1.7 + 4/W
)(
) (
)(
W
0.8 (G + Qp )
)]
. . . 5.2.2(2)
where
Kc = 0.8, pressure combination factor applicable where the action effect
arises from pressure on two or more surfaces
Cptw = combined pressure coefficient for the windward and leeward walls from
Table 5.5 according to roof pitch ()
Cpe1 = external pressure coefficient for the windward roof slope from Table 5.6
according to roof slope () and h/W ratio
Cpe2 = external pressure coefficient for the leeward roof slope from Table 5.7
according to roof slope () and h/W ratio
Cpi = internal pressure coefficient from Table 5.3 according to wind
classification and location where net uplift pressure is being determined
h
= height from lowest floor to single or upper storey ceiling level for single
or two storey, respectively
hr
= (W/2) tan, where W is width across the outer walls and is roof pitch
(see Figure 5.1)
= dead load resisting uplift from Table 5.4 according to level where net
uplift is being determined
Qp = permanent floor live load resisting uplift from Table 5.4 according to
level where net uplift is being determined
W
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< 10
10 15
= 20
25
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.2
Standards Australia
102
AS 1684.11999
TABLE 5.6
EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR WINDWARD
ROOF areas
Pressure coefficient (Cpe1)
h/W
ratio
Roof pitch (
)
< 10
10
15
20
25
30
35
0.25
0.9
or
0.4
0.7
or
0.4
0.5
or
0
0.3
or
+0.2
0.2
or
+0.3
0.2
or
+0.3
+0.4
0.5
0.9
or
0.4
0.9
or
0.4
0.7
or
+0.3
0.4
or
0
0.3
or
+0.2
0.2
or
+0.2
0.2
or
+0.3
1.0
1.3
or
0.3
1.3
or
0.6
1.0
or
0.5
0.7
or
0.3
0.5
or
0
0.3
or
+0.2
0.2
or
+0.2
NOTES:
Where two values are given, both values are considered.
Values interpolated either between first given values or second given values; not
between first and second given values.
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TABLE 5.7
EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENTs FOR LEEWARD
ROOF areas
Pressure coefficient (C pe2)
Roof pitch (
)
h/W ratio
Standards Australia
< 10
10
15
20
0.25
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
1.0
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
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103
C p e1
AS 1684.11999
C pe2
hr
a
C pi
C pi
C pi
C pi
C ptw
C p e1
C pe2
hr
a
C pi
C pi
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C pi
C pi
C pi
h
Single or upper storey
subfloor level
C ptw
W
C p e1
C pe2
hr
a
C pi
C pi C pi
C pi
C pi
h
C pi
C ptw
C pi
C pi
C p e1
C pe2
hr
a
C pi
C pi
C pi
C pi
C pi
h
C pi
C ptw
C pi
C pi
Lower storey of two-storey
subfloor level
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Standards Australia
AS 1684.11999
S E C T ION 6
DETERM INAT IO N
104
P R E S S UR ES F OR
O F RACKIN G FORCES
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HL
HF
Kc
Cpt,roof = combined pressure coefficient for the windward and leeward roof areas
Cpt,wall = combined pressure coefficient for the windward and leeward walls
qu
= free stream dynamic gust pressure, in kPa, for the ultimate limit state; values of
q u are given in Table B2, Appendix B, for each wind classification
6.1.3 Assumptions
The following assumptions have been made in the derivation of equivalent pressures for use
with projected areas for the determination of racking forces:
(a)
The geometry assumed is a simple outline of the building, which ignores eaves
overhangs, fascias and gutters. The projected area for the roof is taken as the area
above ceiling level for the single or upper storey (see Figure 6.1).
(b)
(c)
(d)
Hu = HL = 2.4 m. Pressures calculated for 2.4 m floor to ceiling heights are assumed
to apply for walls up to 3.0 m high.
Standards Australia
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105
AS 1684.11999
(e)
A pressure combination factor Kc = 0.8 is applied where the load effect is the result of
the combination of pressures on two or more surfaces. (Kc is not applied in
combination with the area reduction factor (Ka ).)
(f)
The assumed combined pressure coefficients for the windward and leeward walls
(Cpt,wall) for wind directions = 0 and = 90 are given in Table 6.1 and Table 6.2,
respectively.
(g)
The assumed combined pressure coefficients for the windward and leeward roofs
(Cpt,roof) for wind parallel to the slope (pitch) of roof are given in Table 6.3.
Projected areas
for determination
of singl e or upper
storey racking loads
Hips
(if hi p-ended roof)
Ceiling
a
Ceili ng
Floor
End elevati on
Si de elevation
= 0
Hips
(if hi p-ended roof)
L
Ridge
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Floor
W
= 90
Pl an
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Standards Australia
106
AS 1684.11999
TABLE 6.1
COMBINED PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR WALLSWIND
DIRECTION PARALLEL TO ROOF SLOPE*
Roof pitch (
)
< 10
10 15
= 20
25
C pt, wall
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.2
TABLE 6.2
COMBINED PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR WALLS
WIND DIRECTION PERPENDICULAR TO ROOF SLOPE*
d/b
C pt, wall
1.2
1.0
0.9
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TABLE 6.3
COMBINED PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS FOR ROOFSWIND
DIRECTION PARALLEL TO ROOF SLOPE*
Cpt, roof
Roof pitch (
)
Ratio h/d
< 10
10
15
20
25
30
35
0.25
+0.5
+0.8
+0.9
+0.9
+1.0
0.5
+0.1
+0.2
+0.6
+0.8
+0.8
+0.9
1.0
+0.1
+0.1
+0.3
+0.6
+0.8
+0.8
= qu Cpt,wall Kc
. . . 6.2(1)
where
Cpt,wall = 1.2, as given in Table 6.2 for d/b = 1
Kc
NOTE: The assumption that d = b, i.e. L = W corresponds to the maximum combined pressure
coefficient for the walls.
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107
AS 1684.11999
Wind
direction
Wind direction
W
Wind
direction
Wind direction
Wind
direction
Wind
direction
FIGURE 6.2 FLAT WALL SURFACES GABLE AND SKILLION ROOF ENDS
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6.2.2 For side elevations, single or upper storey, gable or hip-ended roofs
The equivalent pressure (p) for the projected areas shown in Figure 6.3 for calculation of
the racking load for bracing in single or upper storey walls is determined from the
following equation:
p
= qu K c [C pt, wall (H u / 2) + C pt, roof (W/2) tan ]
. . . 6.2(2)
( H u / 2) + (W/2) tan
where
Kc
NOTES:
1
The assumption that h/d = H u/W maximizes the assumed combined pressure coefficients for
the roof.
The reduction in projected area for hip-ended roofs has been ignored in the determination of
the equivalent pressures to be applied to the projected areas corresponding to either hip or
gable ended roofs.
W
Wind
di rection
Wind
di rection
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Standards Australia
108
AS 1684.11999
6.2.3 Side elevation, lower storey of two storeys or subfloor, gable or hip-ended roof
The pressure (p) on the projected area shown in Figure 6.4 for calculation of the racking
force for bracing in the lower storey of two-storey walls is determined from the following
equation:
q K [C
( H u + H F + H L / 2) + C pt, roof (W/2) tan ]
p
= u u pt, wall
. . . 6.2(3)
( H u + H F + H L / 2) + (W/2) tan
where
Cpt,wall = value determined from Table 6.1 for roof pitch ()
Cpt,roof = value determined from Table 6.3 for roof pitch () and assuming
(h/d) = (Hu + HF + HL)/W
Kc
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NOTES:
1
The assumption that h/d = (H u + H F + H L)/W maximizes the assumed combined pressure
coefficients for the roof.
The reduction in projected area for hip-ended roofs has been ignored in the determination of
equivalent pressures to be applied for projected areas for either hip- or gable-ended roofs.
Wind
direction
Wind
direction
. . . 6.2(4)
Cpt,wall = 1.2
Cpt,roof = value obtained from Table 6.3 for roof pitch () with h/d = Hu /L and
assuming L = W
Kc
Wind
direction
Standards Australia
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109
AS 1684.11999
. . . 6.2(5)
where
Cpt,wall = 1.2
Cpt,roof = value obtained from Table 6.3 for
h/d = (Hu + HF + HL)/L and L = 1.5W
Kc
pitch ()
and
assuming
W
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roof
Wind
direction
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Standards Australia
110
AS 1684.11999
APPENDIX A
TABLE A1
CHARACTERISTIC BEAM SHEAR STRENGTHS FOR F-GRADES
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F-grade
Softwood
F34
F27
F22
6.3
5.9
5.6
F17
F14
F11
5.2
4.8
4.7
7.6
6.8
F8
F7
F5
4.2
5.2
4.4
3.7
F4
3.1
NOTES:
1
Use of the characteristic beam shear strength values in AS 1720.1 results in some
wall plates and continuous span bearers being design critical for shear for spans
and loadings for which there has been considerable experience of successful use.
In-grade testing of a range of species and grades confirm that the characteristic
values for beam shear given in AS 1720.1 for F-grades are conservative.
Standards Australia
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111
AS 1684.11999
APPENDIX B
(b)
The wind classifications correspond to bands of design wind speed for the ultimate and
serviceability limit state. Wind classifications corresponding to the maximum design wind
speeds for the ultimate and serviceability limit states are given in Table B1.
TABLE B1
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WIND CLASSIFICATIONS
Maximum design wind speed (m/s)
Wind classification
Non-cyclonic
Cyclonic
34
40
50
61
74
26
26
32
39
47
N1
N2
N3
N4
C1
C2
C3
NOTES:
1
Regions A and B
Regions C and D
N1
0.69
0.41
N2
0.96
0.41
N3
C1
1.50
0.61
N4
C2
2.23
0.91
C3
3.29
1.33
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Standards Australia
112
AS 1684.11999
APPENDIX C
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= 1 (5.7 dnotch / L o)
. . . C2
where,
dnotch = depth of the birdsmouth notch, in mm (see Figure C1)
Lo
d notch d/3
dn
Birdsmouth
notch
M*
V*
Standards Australia
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113
AS 1684.11999
. . . C3(1)
w*eff = g45 w*
. . . C3(2)
and
where
P*
w
g45
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g45
h
= 0.2 log10 r
hf
+ 0.69
. . . C3(3)
where
hr
= g47
hf
Er I r
L3o
Ef I f
S3
. . . C3(4)
. . . C3(5)
Lo, S
. . . C4.1(1)
where
(M)
= k1 k4 k6 k9 [ f b ] Zn
M*
. . . C4.1(2)
and
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Standards Australia
114
AS 1684.11999
f b
Zn
= (bdn /6), where b equals the breadth and d n equals the depth of rafter
above the birdsmouth notch (see Figure C1) (d n 2d/3)
C4.2 Shear strength at birdsmouth notch
The design capacity in shear at the birdsmouth notch for the strength limit state satisfies the
following equation:
V V
. . . C4.2(1)
where
= k1 k4 k6 [ f s ] As
. . . C4.2(2)
and
V
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f s
As
2
bdn
3
C4.3 Combined bending and shear (fracture strength) at the birdsmouth notch
For a rafter of depth d, birdsmouth-notched to a maximum depth of one third of its depth, as
shown in Figure C1, the maximum bending moment action effect (M*) and nominal
maximum shear force action effect (V*), calculated for the net section, complies with the
following interaction equation:
6M *
bd n2
6V *
g50 k1 k4 k6 f sj
bd n
. . . C4.3(1)
where
b
dn
0.333
)
*
If, according to the sign convention shown in Figure C1, M is negative, it may be taken as
*
zero in the application of Equation C4.3(1). Similarly, if V is positive, it may also be taken
as zero in the application of Equation C4.3(1).
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115
CORRECTION
SUMMARY: This Amendment applies to CONTENTS, Tables 3.3.4 and 5.2.
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Published on 2002-02-26.
AS 1684.11999
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AS 1684.11999
116
NOTES
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most of the voluntary technical and commercial standards used in Australia. These standards are
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invited to participate. Through a Memorandum of Understanding with the Commonwealth government,
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