Lesson 2

Statistics - the science that deals with collection of data, tabulation, organization,
presentation, analysis, interpretation
Types of statistics
Descriptive- describe numerical or graphic summaries of data.
Inferential statistical techniques that allow conclusions to be drawn
about the relationships found among different variables
Types of studies
Descriptive- objective is describe situations and events used to analyze
data from these studies
Explorative- used to explore more
Explanatory- elucidate relationships among variables, use inferential
statistics, may or may not seek to establish causality
Prediction and control- seek to determine which variables predict other
variables and to determine causality, use inferential studies
Population- large collection of objects, places and things.
Parameters- numerical value which describes a population
Sample- small portion or part of the population
Data facts, or set of information gathered
Qualitative and quantitative( discrete: eg, values that are whole; continuous:
eg, values with decimal)
Variable
Nominal- number as name or label
Ordinal- labeled and ranked
Interval- number + rank + unit of interval no zero meaning
Ratio- label + rank + equal unit of interval have the zero
Independent variables stand alone
Dependent cant stand alone

Intervening- between dependent and independent

Determining Sample Size
Margin of error allowed error you want to commit
Confidence level
Slovins formula (large population) n= N/1+Ne^2 * N= population e= allowable
errors*
30% rule of thumb
Sampling techniques
Probability Sampling
Simple random
Systematic random
Stratified random
Cluster sampling
Multistage
Non- Probability sampling
Convenience
Quota
Purposive
Data Gathering Techniques
Direct or interview
Indirect or questionnaire
Registration
Experimental
Observational
Provocature
Clinical
Depth

Focused
Non-directive

Measures of central tendency

Mean (interval, ratio data)
Mode - least reliable (blood type, nominal)
Median middlemost (interval/ratio data/ordinal)
Textual (in paragraph), Graphical (Graphs), Tabular (Table)
Factor
Type of data

Mean
Interval/ratio

Extreme score
Always measurable
Number of score
characteristics

Yes
yes
1
Scores included in
the computation

Median
Interval/ratio/ordin
al
no
Yes
1
Middle value

Mode
nominal
No
no
1,2, .
Popular value

Ways of organizing data

Measure of central tendency finds the center of the distribution; finds where
data tend to merge in the center; finds a single value that describes set of data.
Measure of dispersion

Casio fx-115MS calculator

Press mode, select SD.
Enter number (eg. 77), then press M+
1 will appear.. add other random shnit (eg. 12, 14, 19, 03) press M+ after every
value
When u have all 5, n=5. Press shift +2 to access var thing. Press 1 then = for mean.
Shift 1 = summation.