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Contents
General Introduction
o Invocation
o Introduction to the Purusha Sukta
First anuvAka
o Verses 1-2
o Verses 3-6
o Verses 7-11
o Verses 12-15
o Verses 16-18
Second anuvAka
o Verses 1-6
SmRti is that which is remembered, and includes a large part of the commentary of the Vedas,
different Puranas, epics, and other sources.
The Purusha Suktam is one of the Pancha Suktams of the Sri Vaishnava sampradaya or tradition.
The other four are the Narayana Suktam, Sri Suktam, Bhu Suktam, and the Nila Suktam.
The Purusha Suktam is seen earliest in the Rg Veda, as the 90th Suktam of its 10th mandalam,
with 16 mantrams. Later, it is seen in the Vajasaneyi Samhita of the Shukla Yajur Vedam, the
Taittriya Aranyaka of the Krishna Yajur Vedam, the Sama Veda, and the Atharvana Veda, with
some modifications and redactions.
In South India, the Purusha Suktam, Vishnu Suktam, Sri Suktam, and Narayana Suktam are
generally chanted together in paarayanam.
The Sri Rudram, Purusha Suktam, Upanishads, the Gita, and the Vishnu Sahasra Naamam are
also recommended for daily paarayanam - chanting.
Since the Purusha Suktam is seen in all Vedas, it is cited as the essence of all Srutis by Veda
Vyasa in the Mahabharata. Saunaka, Apastamba, and Bodhayana have also written concerning
the use of the Purusha Suktam.
Verse 1
sahasra SIrshA purusha: | sahasrAksha: sahasrapAt |
sa bhUmim vishvato vRtvA | atyatishTad daSAngulam || 1 ||
are refined. Or even puru + sha, filled with wisdom and happiness. Which purusha is referred to
here?
Man - is a simple answer, with some merit for its arguments. Man was created first, and he is a
creature that knows not its own glory, and he is sacrificed for the rest of creation -- a humbling
thought for us.
However, theistic and mystic sources tend to interpret purusha as Parama Purusha, the Supreme
Purusha, Purushottama, the best among purushas, Sriman Narayana. He is the source and the
basis of all creation, he manifests himself in all of it. All creation is his body -- the vishvaroopa
mahAkAya. He encompasses it.
So why does this Purusha have thousands of feet, hands, eyes? One must remember that large
numbers, like a thousand, can refer to a fuzzy ``uncountable''. SAyaNAcArya interprets this as
the Purusha manifesting himself in all that lives. And since all was created from his body, as we
shall see, all heads are his heads, all eyes his eyes, all feet his feet.
And then we see that the Purusha extends beyond ten fingers. Rather limited that seems -- until
we read sAyaNA again. The ten fingers here are the digits, the ten fingers of human hands. They
are the basis of count, of all mathematics, of all the logic and science built on mathematics.
However, they are all limited when it comes to analyzing purusha. He is transcendent, and
beyond such limited understanding.
With uncounted heads
Uncounted eyes, and
Uncounted feet, He
Moves, as all of
Creation
Verily is He
Uncountable.
Beyond the grasp
Of the hands of men.
Verse 2
purusha evedaGM sarvam | yad bhUtam yac ca bhavyam |
utAmRtatvasyeshAnaH | yad annenAtirohati || 2 ||
Purusha is creation, this we know. In time, he is all that is, all that was, and all that is to be. Does
he have an end, like death ? No. He is Lord of immortality, of the eternal that dies not (a-mRta).
Creation feeds on itself. It requires food to grow, to flourish. What is food but other life? Life
feeds on life, be it plant, or animal life. This is why we say the world grows on food, the world is
fill of food (annamayam jagat). All that is hidden in creation, and all that emerges, to show itself
and be food, all this is purusha. He sustains creation as food.
That which is,
Was, and is to be.
All of this
Is he alone..
And the eternal,
Beyond all end,
He is Lord,
Alone, of that.
The world is food..
That which hides,
And ventures forth,
He is that too.
Verse 3
etAvAn asya mahima | ato jyAyAGSca pUrusha: |
pAdo 'sya vishvA bhUtAni | tripAdasyAmRtam divi || 3 ||
Verse 4
tripAd Urdhva udait purusha: | pAdo 'syehAbhavatpuna: |
tato vishva.n vyakrAmat | sASanAnaSane abhi || 4 ||
Verse 7
saptAsyA san paridaya: | tri: sapta: samida: krtA: |
deva yad yajnam tanvAnA: | abadhnan purusham paSum || 7 ||
too (jagnyire) come forth. (tasmAt) From that were (yaju:) the
yajur veda mantras (ajayata) born.
sAyaNa gives this derivation for sarvahut: ``sarvAtmaka puruSHo yasmin yajne hooyate so ayam
sarvahuta:'' -- that yajna in which Purusha, the soul of all, is offered as sacrifice, that rite is
sarvahut. Of the Vedas, the Rg concerns itself with recited hymns, in praise of nature and its
deities, such as Agni, Indra, the Adityass,the Maruts, and so on. The sAma chants are those of
song, the basis of music. Yajus, the Veda of the adhvaryu priests, is that of the methods, and
formulas for the rite. Along with these comes forth chandas, the metre or rhythm of hymning.
From that rite
Of the giving of All,
Did the recited hymns
And the sung come forth
And from that came
The poetic metre
And from that arose
The ritual hymns.
Verse 11
tasmAdashvA ajAyanta | ye ke cobhayAdata: |
gAvoham jagnyire tasmAt | tasmajjatA ajAvaya: || 10 ||
Any commentary on this has, to say the least, significant possibilities of spinning out of control
as a discussion on the role and system of the varNa-jAti system. I think it best to let the verse
speak for itself, as a record of the world-view of its time, and let thinkers draw their own
conclusions.
From his mouth came forth
The men of learning
And of his arms
Were warriors made
From his thighs came
The trading people
And his feet gave
Birth to servants..
Verse 14
candramA manaso jAta: | caksho sooryo ajAyata |
mukhaadeendrascAgnischa | prANAdvAyurajAyata || 13 ||
(yat) That (dheera:) valorous puruSHa (Aste) who is, who has
(vicitya:) materialized (sarvAni) all (roopANi) forms, and (krtya:)
made (sarvAni) all (nAmAni) names, (abhivadan) and maintains all
of these, (etam) that (mahAntam) glorious (AdityavarNam)
sun-brilliant (puruSHam) puruSHa, (astu) who is (pAre)
beyond(tamas) darkness, (aham) I (veda:) Know him.
This verse is probably closest to the Sri Sampradaya visualization of Sriman Narayana, as creator
and maintainer of all, ( refer back to 'namo bhagavate tasmai krSHNaya adbhuta karmaNe roopa
nAma vibhedena jagat kreedati yo yata:'), full of kalyANa guNas such as mahimA, brilliant as
the sun, and beyond all darkness. What is the advantage of knowing this then ? This is explained
in later verses. Also, in sAyaNa's commentary " mantradraSHtA svakeeyam dhyAnAnubhavam
prakatayati". This mantra is how to visualize him for meditation, and thus to know him. Compare
this to Vishvamitra in the Ramayana " aham vedmi mahAtmAnam rAmam satya-parAkramam /
vasiSHto api mahAtejo ye ceme tapasi sthitA:" - I know the great souled Rama, of deeds beyond
measure, powerful in truth, more brilliant than Vasishta, who protected my yagnya well". Or
Mandodari's praise of Rama as Mahavishnu in the same, " tamasa: paramo dhAtA shankacakra
gadhAdara" - O Creator, who bears the Conch, the Disk, and the Mace as weapons, who is
Supreme above all darkness. The image of the sun here is especially effective, as the tamas
referred to here is the darkness of the soul, ignorance and inactivity.
I Know Him,
Glorious, Valorous,
Who Names, Forms,
And Keeps all this,
Bright as the Sun,
Beyond all Darkness.
Verse 17
dhAtA purastAdhyamudAjahAra | shakra: pravidvAn pradishashcatasra:
|
tamevam vidhvAnamrta iha bhavati | nAnya: panthA ayanAya vidhyate
|| 17 ||
no other way but this reflects mahAvishvAsa - great faith. This, 'nAnya: panthA vidhyate
ayanAya' refrain is also found in several upanishadas.
Who the Creator saw
And revealed, as the Cause
Of whom Indra learnt
In all the quarters
Who knows Him thus
Conquers death now.
I know of no other
Ways, than this.
Verse 18
yagnyena yagnya-mayajanta deva: | tAni dharmANi prathamAnAsann |
te ha nAkam mahimAna: sacante | yatra poorve sAdhyA: santi devA:
|| 18 ||
Verse 1
(adbhya:) From the waters and from the (rasAt) elemental essence
of (prthivyai) earth (sambhoota:) was the bramhAnda, the
Universe, born. (vishvakarmaNa:) As vishvakarma, the divine
architect, did puruSHa, who is (adhi) more than that Universe, appear
(samavartata). (tvashTA) As tvashTA, the divine smith he
(vidadhat) establishes (tasya roopam) his form, that includes all the
worlds (eti) and manifests it everywhere. (agre) In the beginning
was (tat puruSHasya) that puruSHa's (vishvam) all, his vishva
roopa, (Ajanam) formed.
The waters of destruction are again the waters of creation, and from them does the earth reveal
itself after praLaya. From these elemental materials is the universe formed, and into these it
dissolves. Ashes to ashes, and dust to dust. tvashTA was the smith who forges Indra's vajra,
thunderbolt, from the bones of the RSHi dadeechi. Vishvakarma is the divine architect who
planned and built, among other cities, Kubera's Alakaapuri and also Lanka, and Indra's city.
From the waters and earth
Does all appear
As a builder he builds,
As a smith he forges it..
prajApati, Lord of his Subjects, puruSHa manifested as a fertility diety invoked in weddings etc.,
resides. Purusha does not need to be born to manifest himself as all. That process begins before
he appears from, in and as virAt. He encompasses satyam, gnyaanam, anantam - truth,
knowledge, and infinity. Since he gives birth to all, he is yoni, themouth of the womb. His form
is a yoni, from which all is born. 'tasya prajApater yonim jagatkAraNaroopam vAstavam
svaroopam'. Who knows this ? 'dheera dhairyavantA yogena drtendriyA mahAtmAno jAnanti' the brave, the courageous, those who have made their senses steadfast in yoga, those great ones
know this truth. Such is the compulsion of this truth that even the srshtikartA-s of this world,
those that puruSHa has manifested himself as in order to create, desire nothing but to worship
him as 'tam eva upAsya mareeceenAm mareecyatri-pramukhAnAm' - the sage mareeci, and
sages led by mareeci, atri (among the seven RSHis) - as these sages do.
Birthing this word
Himself Unborn
He is known by those
Who yoked their senses..
And even the knowers
Of this world and more
Desire but to adore Him.
Verse 4
yo devebhya Atapati | yo devAnAm purohita: |
poorvo yo devebhyo jAta: | namo rucAya brAhmaye || 4 ||
Asking him to grant as iSHTam, amum, sarvam, is an analogue to asking for sat, Ananda, and
chit. All we ask is to know Him.
Hree and Lakshmi
Are your consorts, your
Two sides, Day and Night,
The stars your form,
Healing your words.
Grant us
Our desires,
Our joys,
Your all.
being (mAnushebhya:)
to all mankind. (bheshajam) May plants, like medicinal herbs
(jigAtu) flourish and grow (oordhvam) upwards. (sham)
Good (na: astu ) come unto us from (dvipade) creatures that
go on two feet (sham) and good from (chatuSHpade) those
that go on four feet. (shAnti:) Peace.
Sorrows that are, and sorrows to be
We seek that which grants us
Peace from these
May the rite flourish,
And those who keep it..
The grace of the gods
Be with all mankind..
May the earth be covered
With growing green
And good come to us
From all creation
From beings that go
On two feet and four..
May the three-fold peace
Embrace the Land..
Dedication
This translation is dedicated to my great grandfather, Mahomahopadhyaaya Manaloor Veeravalli
Ramanujacharyar. Its faults are mine alone.The spirit that moved and enthused me to even
attempt this is his, and what he inspires. I did not know him in life. This is my small attempt at
remembering him, as he deserves to be remembered - in learning, in respect, in humility, and
most of all, in trying - for his spirit of doing was indefatigable.
-- V. Sundar