Professional Documents
Culture Documents
multilane (ml)
Construction(xl)
line
polygaon
arc (a)
spline
make block
hatch(bh)
regions
multiline text
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Y is written next
-,+
+,+
180
-,-
+,-
CARTESIAN SYSTEM
270
POLAR SYSTEM
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LAYERS: layers are nothing but plastic sheets or glass sheets on which we draw
drawing having zero thickness. In AutoCAD separate layers are required for hidden lines,
centerlines, different colors, dimensions etc. we can make any numbers of layers as per
our requirement.
CURRENT LAYER: for drawing any object at least a one plastic or glass sheet will be
required, that layer is called current layer. Only one layer can be a current layer. Current
layer cannot be freezed.
ON/ OFF LAYER: when the layer is OFF objects on that layer will be temporarily
invisible. These objects become visible when layer is ON.
LOCK AND UNLOCK LAYER : when the layer is lock then objects on that layer can
not be modified i.e. We can not use move, copy , erase , trim, mirror etc. commands on
these objects.
FREEZE/UNFREEZE LAYER: FREEZE layer will show same effect as that of OFF
layer.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OFF LAYER AND FROZEN LAYER?
Objects on frozen layer are not regenerated and therefore time for regeneration will be
less whereas objects on off layers are regenerated by REGEN command.
LTSCALE- adjust gap between non-continuous lines. Use only for hidden, center etc.
lines. This command sets global line type scale factor.
CELTSCALE:- sets line type scaling for individual objects.
O- OFFSET
this command will draw parallel object at specified distance.
Click on that
side where you want the object should be drawn.
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360 CCW
180CCW
- 180 CW
(Clockwise)
BEARING
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XL - CONSTRUCTION LINES these are the lines of infinite length generally used
as projection lines. Use H for horizontal and V for vertical A for angle.
LENGTHEN
1) DELTA: by this option the length is either decreased or increased by difference
between final and initial length.
2) PERCENT: by this option the length is either increased or increased in
percentage.
3) TOTAL: directly give the final length you want.
4) DYNAMIC: mouse can adjust length of object.
EXTEND
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MEANING
End
Mid
Endpoint
Midpoint
OPERATOR/
FUNCTION
+ or * or /
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WHAT IT DOES
EXAMPLE
Add or subtract
Multiplies or divides
number
2-1=1,2+1=3
2*4.2=8.4
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the expression
(end+cen)/2
EXPRESSION
(MID+MID+MID)/3
CENTROID FOUND BY
CONVENTIONAL
METHOD
CENTROID FOUND BY
GEOMERTIC
CALCULATOR
Suppose I want to draw a line 2.5 in x direction and 5 in y direction from a end point of a
line then expression will be end+[2.5,5.0]
PL- POLYLINE what is polyline? How it is different from simple line?
1) Polyline can have any width while width of simple line is limited.
2) Line and arcs are interconnected in polyline.
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QTEXT-turns text into box so that zoom and regeneration should be faster.
SPELL: to check the spelling of text.
EXPLODE (X)
to break the objects into their elements.
F-fillet to make corners smooth
CHA- CHAMFER to make corners other than 900
MI- MIRROR
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possibility that last segment may be of the shorter length than specified.
NOTE : use NODE osnap and DDPTYPE command with divide and measure
commands.use PDSIZE to change size of marker.
LIMITS: this command sets limits of your drawing. If you try to draw outside the limits
AutoCAD will not allow (shows the message outside limits.)
* we can use union, subtraction , intersection commands with two regions.
MSLIDE to make slide
VSLIDE- to view slide
VSLIDE C:\S1
PROGRAM
EXPLANATION
VSLIDE *C:\S2
VSLIDE SLIDE1
Begin slide show and load slide1
DELAY 3000
VSLIDE *SLIDE2
Preload slide 2
DELAY 2000 1000
VSLIDE
Pause to allow audience to view slide 1
(milliseconds) = 1 second
VSLIDE *C:\S3
VSLIDE
Display slide 2
DELAY 3000
VSLIDE *SLIDE3
Preload slide 3
VSLIDE
DELAY 2000
Pause to allow audience to view slide 2
DELAY 3000
VSLIDE
Displays slide 3
RSCRIPT
DELAY 2000
Pause to allow audience to view slide 3
NOTE: save the file
RSCRIPT
Restart the script from beginning
with *.scr extension
NOTE : SAVE SLIDE SHOW WITH *.SCR EXTENSION, LINES WITH *.LIN
EXTENSION AND PATTERN FILE *.PAT EXTENSION.USE NOTEPAD TO WRITE
CODES .
BR- BREAK- to break an object
NOTE : break command operates in anticlockwise direction in case of circle.
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1 keeps the text at its normal width. Value greater than 1 will expand the text, value less
than 1 will compress the text.
dipak shirbahte
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3d
TOOLBARS: 1) SOLID 2) VIEW 3) SOLIDEDITING
EXT- EXTRUDES. To use this command you should follow some rules
Rule 1. Object to be extruded must be a polyline object.
Rule 2. Object must form a single close loop.
Isolines=4
isolines=40
REG: *regions- Regions can be extruded to become 3d solids. Regions should form a
closed boundary. Regions are two-dimensional areas you create from closed shapes or
Loops. You can carry Boolean operation on regions.
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union
substract
intersection
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[MASSPROP]^C^C_MASSPROP
[DIVIDE]^C^C_DIVIDE
[MEASURE]^C^C_MEASURE
[DISTANCE]^C^C_DIST
NOTE: MYNAME.DWG is a file name containing drawing. Save this file with *.mnu
extension. Save your file in AutoCADs support directory.
SERIAL SEQUENCE OF TOPICS IN AUTOCAD 2006
# 2D DRAWING
# 3D SOLID MODELLING
# SURFACE MODELLING
# CUSTOMIZATION OF AUTOCAD
# RENDERING
# EXPRESS TOOLS
# LIPS PROGRAMMING.
# line coding, slide show in AutoCAD, pattern coding
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PRACTICE DRAWING 1
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BASE LINE
BASE LINE
BASE LINE
BASE LINE
DIAMETER
LINEAR
ALIGNED
LINEAR
R4.11
ANGULAR
CONTINUE
LINEAR
LINEAR
QUICK LEADER
RADIUS
LINEAR
R8.12
(both side)
LINEAR
Change: This command will allow you to change the endpoint of line and radius of
circle. It can do lot of other changes.
SHIFT+CTRL+A: group on or off
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3DDISTANCE
Command
View | 3D Orbit
3D Orbit
3DORBIT
Command
3D Orbit and
Standard
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Extrude
Solids
MENULOAD
Command
Tools | Customize
Menus
MENUUNLOAD
Command
Tools | Customize
Menu
TITLE BLOCK
uses make block
command and
insert command
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IUB-1928
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1.5
0.8
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(b) Show with the help of neat sketches, the object snap points available on CIRCLE,
LINE, ARC and POINT object
1) ON CIRCLE one CENTRE snap and four Quadrant snaps are available.
2) On LINE one MIDPOINT and two END point snaps are available.
3) On ARC one mid point and Two end point snaps are available
4) On point Node osnap is available.
MIDPOINT SNAP
ENDPOINT SNAP
ENDPOINT SNAP
MIDPOINT SNAP
CENTRE SNAP
QUADRANT SNAP
CENTRE SNAP
ENDPOINT SNAP
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ENDPOINTSNAP
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quickly to the prior view. with zoom previous you can go back to your previous view.
Zoom in Real Time
With the Real-time option, you zoom dynamically by moving your pointing device
(mouse) up or down. By right clicking, you can display a shortcut menu with additional
viewing commands.
Zoom All: ZOOM all displays either the user-defined drawing limits or the drawing
extents, whichever view is larger. Zoom all command shows all the drawings present in a
drawing file.
Zoom Center: You can move a specific point in your drawing to the center of the
drawing area. ZOOM Center is useful for resizing an object and bringing it to the center
of the view port. You can specify size by entering either the number of vertical drawing
units or a magnification relative to the current view. by using this command you can
bring the drawing in the center of the screen.
9) (a) Object shown in Fig 9(a) comprise of ,
(1) A 20 cm diameter circle A, with center at point 50,30.
(2) An equilateral triangle B, inscribed in circle as shown in Fig.
(3) a circle C, touching all the sides of the triangle B.
Write all the steps, clearly showing command and its options used, required to complete
the drawing.
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RULESURF constructs a polygon mesh representing the ruled surface between two curves.
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TABSURF constructs a polygon mesh representing a general tabulated surface defined by a path curve and
a direction vector. In short, tabulated surface crates a surface from a line, arc, circle, ellipse, or 2D or 3D
polyline in the direction of direction vector. Direction vector is a line, which indicates the height and
direction of extrusion.
Revolve surface: Creates a revolved surface about a selected axis
AXIS
OBJECT
TO
BE REVOLVED
REVOLED OBJECT
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Umbrella created by
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Prof.
D.V. Shirbhate using
Edge surf command.
33
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command to draw the objects shown in fig 10b . The object is to drawn with a single
PLINE command entry, starting from point P1.
Command: _pline
Specify start point:
Current line-width is 0.0000
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: @100<180
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: a
Specify endpoint of arc or
[Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/Radius/Second pt/Undo/Width]:
@-25,-25
Specify endpoint of arc or
[Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/Radius/Second pt/Undo/Width]: l
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: @100<270
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: a
Specify endpoint of arc or
[Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/Radius/Second pt/Undo/Width]:
@25,-25
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First method
Command: _rectang
Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]:
Specify other corner point: @10,10
Command: ro
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Specify first point of mirror line: Specify second point of mirror line:
Delete source objects? [Yes/No] <N>:
Command: mi
MIRROR
Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 2 found
Select objects:
Specify first point of mirror line: Specify second point of mirror line:
Delete source objects? [Yes/No] <N>:
Second method
REC (for rectangle command)
Specify other corner point: @10,10
Command: CO
COPY
Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 1 found
Select objects:
Specify base point or displacement, or [Multiple]: M
Specify base point: Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as
displacement>: Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as
displacement>: Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as
displacement>: Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as
displacement>: *Cancel*
Command: MI
MIRROR
Select objects: 1 found
Select objects:
Specify first point of mirror line: Specify second point of mirror line:
Delete source objects? [Yes/No] <N>:
Command: RO
ROTATE
Current positive angle in UCS: ANGDIR=counterclockwise ANGBASE=0
Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 5 found
Select objects:
Specify base point:
Specify rotation angle or [Reference]: 45
Explain the AREA command and its Object, Add and subtract options.
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Command: area
Specify first corner point or [Object/Add/Subtract]: o
Select objects:
Area = 1250, Perimeter = 150
With add option if I select three holes one by one then
Command: area
Specify first corner point or [Object/Add/Subtract]: a
Specify first corner point or [Object/Subtract]: o
(ADD mode) Select objects:
Area = 1250.0000, Perimeter = 150.0000
Total area = 1250.0000
(ADD mode) Select objects:
Area = 25.0000, Perimeter = 20.0000
Total area = 1275.0000
(ADD mode) Select objects:
Area = 25.0000, Perimeter = 20.0000
Total area = 1300.0000
(ADD mode) Select objects:
Area = 25.0000, Perimeter = 20.0000
Total area = 1325.0000
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If you have been asked to divide a line of 100 mm into 15 equal parts then use divide
command (dont forget to use DDPTYPE with divide and measure command)
If it is required to divide a line of 100 mm into segments of 15 mm each then use
MEASURE command. (ddptype command :--Specifies the display mode and size of point
objects)
Note: all the students of civil engg. Are hereby informed that we provide coaching in
AutoCAD at lowest charges. Those students who have not joined the classes will also get
all the assistance as well as help to understand these notes free of charges. Dont hesitate
to ask or contact if you find any difficulty in understanding these notes. Because I believe
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Command: l
LINE Specify first point: .x
of (need YZ):
Specify next point or [Undo]: .x
of (need YZ): _qua of
Specify next point or [Undo]: .x
of _qua of (need YZ):
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: .x
of (need YZ):
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: .x
of (need YZ): _int of
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: .x
of (need YZ):
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same layer. For example, you can put construction lines, text, dimensions, and title blocks
on separate layers. You can then control
Whether objects on a layer are visible in any viewports
When you begin a new drawing, AutoCAD creates a special layer named 0. By
default, layer 0 is assigned color number 7 (white or black depending upon your
background color), the CONTINUOUS linetype, a lineweight of Default (the default
setting is .01 inch or .25 mm), and the NORMAL plot style. Layer 0 cannot be
deleted or renamed.
SEE THE BELOW DRAWING, THOUGH IT LOOKS LIKE THAT IT IS DRAWN
ON ONE SHEET OF PAPER BUT ACTUALLY IT IS CREATED ON THREE
SHEETS PERFECTLY OVELAPPED OVER EACH OTHER.
BASE LINE
BASE LINE
BASE LINE
BASE LINE
DIAMETER
LINEAR
ALIGNED
LINEAR
R4.11
ANGULAR
CONTINUE
LINEAR
LINEAR
QUICK LEADER
RADIUS
LINEAR
R8.12
(both side)
LINEAR
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(c) Explain various options available in GRID and SNAP commands, with the help of
neat sketches.
The grid is a rectangular pattern of dots that extends over the area you specify as the
drawing limits. Using the grid is similar to placing a sheet of grid paper under a drawing.
The grid helps you align objects and visualize the distances between them. The grid is not
plotted. If you zoom in or out of your drawing, you may need to adjust grid spacing to be
more appropriate for the new magnification.
Snap mode restricts the movement of the crosshairs to intervals that you define. When
Snap mode is on, the cursor seems to adhere, or "snap," to an invisible rectangular grid.
Snap is useful for specifying precise points with the arrow keys or the pointing device.
Specify grid spacing(X) or [ON/OFF/Snap/Aspect] <current>: Specify a value or enter
an option
Grid spacing (x) Sets the grid to the specified value. Entering x after the value sets the
grid spacing to the specified value multiplied by the snap interval
On: - Turns on the grid using the current spacing.
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Snap: Controls an invisible grid that restricts cursor movement to specified intervals.
Aspect: Specifies different spacing in the X and Y directions. This option is not available
if the current snap style is Isometric.
(a) Explain Center, Length, Angle Direction, Radius options of ARC command with
the help of neat explanatory sketch.
Angle: Draws an arc counterclockwise from the start point (1) using a center point (2)
with a specified included angle. If the angle is negative, AutoCAD draws a clockwise arc.
Included angle: Specify an angle
Chord Length
Draws either a minor or a major arc.
Specify length of chord: Specify a length
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endpoint, and radius. You can specify the radius by entering a length or by moving the
cursor away from the endpoint to specify a distance.
The illustration on the right shows an arc drawn with the pointing device by specifying a
start point and endpoint and a direction of the tangent. Moving the cursor up from the
start point and endpoint draws the arc concave to the object, as shown here. Moving the
cursor down would draw the arc convex to the object.
Center Point
Using the center point draws an arc counterclockwise from the start point (1) to an
endpoint (2) that falls on an imaginary ray drawn from the center point (3) through the
second point specified.
Angle
Draws an arc counterclockwise from the start point (1) to an endpoint (2), with a
specified included angle. If the angle is negative, AutoCAD draws a clockwise arc.
Specify included angle:
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Draws the minor arc counterclockwise from the start point (1) to the endpoint (2). If the
radius is negative, AutoCAD draws the major arc.
Command: rec
RECTANGLE
Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: 40,30
Specify other corner point: @100,100
Command: _polygon Enter number of sides <4>: 3
Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: e
Specify first endpoint of edge: <Osnap on> Specify second endpoint of edge:
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SECOND PICK
FIRST PICK
FIRST STEP
SECOND STEP
SECOND PICK
FIRST PICK
FIRST PICK
FIRST PICK
THIRD STEP
FOURTH STEP
SECOND PICK
SECOND PICK
FIFTH STEP
FIRST PICK
SECOND PICK
10. (a) Explain Inscribed, Circumscribed and Edge options of POLYGON with
the help of neat sketches.
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Circumscribed about Circle: -Specifies the distance from the center of the polygon to
the midpoints of the edges of the polygon.
Specify radius of circle: Specify a distance
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Command: ARC
Specify start point of arc or [CEnter]: CE
Specify center point of arc: _endp of
Specify start point of arc: _endp of
Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: A
Specify included angle: 180
Command: A
ARC Specify start point of arc or [CEnter]: CE
Specify center point of arc: _endp of
Specify start point of arc: _endp of
Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: A
Specify included angle: 90
Command: ARC
Specify start point of arc or [CEnter]: _endp of
Specify second point of arc or [CEnter/ENd]:
Specify end point of arc: _mid of
11. (a) Explain the function and utility of stretch command with the help of neat
explanatory sketches.
Drawing with the SKETCH command controls a screen-based pen with a pointing
device. SKETCH is useful for entering map outlines, signatures, or other freehand
drawings. Sketched lines are not added to the drawing until they are recorded. The
standard digitizer tablet button menu is not available while SKETCH is in progress.
You can use the SKETCH command to draw freehand sketches. Freehand sketches
comprise many line segments. Each line segment can be a separate object or a polyline.
You set the minimum length or increment of the segments. Sketching is useful for
creating irregular boundaries or for tracing with a digitizer. Small line segments allow for
greater accuracy, but they can greatly increase the drawing file size. For this reason, use
this tool sparingly.
Before sketching, check the CELTYPE system variable to make sure the current linetype
is BYLAYER. If you use a linetype with dots or dashes and set the sketch line segment
shorter than the spaces or dashes, you won't see the spaces or dashes.
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For a moment we assume that circle diameter is 10 mm. To create 12 arrows, first select
arrow. We will use polar array for this purpose. Use center of circle as center for array.
Command: ar
ARRAY
Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 1 found
Select objects:
Enter the type of array [Rectangular/Polar] <R>: p
Specify center point of array:(select the center of circle here)
Enter the number of items in the array: 12
Specify the angle to fill (+=ccw, -=cw) <360>: 360
Rotate arrayed objects? [Yes/No] <Y>: y
Command: ar
ARRAY
Select objects: all
14 found
Select objects:
Enter the type of array [Rectangular/Polar] <R>: r
Enter the number of rows (---) <1>: 2
Enter the number of columns (|||) <1> 3
Enter the distance between rows or specify unit cell (---): 10
Specify the distance between columns (|||): 10
12.(a) Explain the function and utility of TRIM and EXTEND commands with the
help of neat explanatory sketches.
TRIM: - Trims objects at a cutting edge defined by other objects
Objects that can be trimmed include arcs, circles, elliptical arcs, lines, open 2D and 3D
polylines, rays, splines, floating viewports, regions, text, and xlines.
CUTTING EDGE
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Select the objects that define the cutting edges at which you want to trim an object or
press ENTER to select all objects as potential cutting edges. TRIM projects the cutting
edges and the objects to be trimmed onto the XY plane of the current user coordinate
system (UCS).
When AutoCAD prompts you to select boundary edges, you can press ENTER and select
the object to be trimmed. AutoCAD trims the object against the nearest candidate.
EXTEND: - Extends an object to meet another object
Objects that you can extend include arcs, elliptical arcs, lines, open 2D and 3D polylines,
and rays.
You can extend objects so they end precisely at a boundary defined by other objects. You
can also extend objects to where they would intersect a boundary. This is called
extending to an implied boundary. In the following example, you extend the lines
precisely to a circle, which is the boundary.
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Command: CO
COPY
Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 3 found
Select objects:
Specify base point or displacement, or [Multiple]: M
Specify base point: Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as
displacement>: Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as
displacement>: Specify second point of displacement or <use first point as
displacement>: *Cancel*
Command: SC
SCALE
Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 3 found
Select objects:
Specify base point:
Specify scale factor or [Reference]: 2
Command: SC
SCALE
Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 3 found
Select objects:
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Command: M
MOVE
Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 3 found
Select objects:
Specify base point or displacement: Specify second point of displacement or
<use first point as displacement>:
Command:
MOVE
Select objects: Specify opposite corner: 3 found
Select objects:
Specify base point or displacement: Specify second point of displacement or
<Use first point as displacement>:
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