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IJST (2012) A4: 431-452

Iranian Journal of Science & Technology


http://www.shirazu.ac.ir/en

Solutions of the perturbed Klein-Gordon equations


A. Biswas1*, G. Ebadi2, M. Fessak1, A. G. Johnpillai3, S. Johnson1, 4,
E. V. Krishnan5 and A. Yildirim6
1

Department of Mathematical Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901-2277, USA


2
Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Tabriz Tabriz, 51666-14766, Iran
3
Department of Mathematics, Eastern University, Sri lanka
4
Lake Forest High School, 5407 Killens Pond Road, Felton, DE-19943, USA
5
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 36, Al Khod 123, Muscat, Oman
6
4146 Sk. No: 16 Zeytinalani Mah. Urla, Izmir, Turkey
E-mail: biswas.anjan@gmail.com

Abstract
This paper studies the perturbed Klein-Gordon equation by the aid of several methods of integrability. There are
six forms of nonlinearity that are considered in this paper. The parameter domains are thus identified.
Keywords: The perturbed Klein-Gordon equation; integrability; nonlinearity

1. Introduction
The nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation (KGE)
appears in Theoretical Physics in the context of
relativistic quantum mechanics. There have been
several studies conducted with this equation by
Physicists and Applied Mathematicians across the
globe [1-10]. One of the most important tasks is to
carry out the integration of the perturbed KGE. This
paper will focus on obtaining the solution of the

the nonlinear function will now be related to the


nonlinear function of the sine-Gordon equation
(SGE).This will allow us to justify the study of
perturbation terms that arise in the theory of long
Josephson junctions that are modeled by the SGE.
2.1. Six Forms of Nonlinearity

perturbed KGE by the aid of G /G method, expfunction method and, finally, the traveling wave
solution will be obtained. There are six types of
nonlinearities of the KGE that will be considered in
this paper.

There are six types of nonlinearity to be


considered. They are labeled as Forms I through VI.
For each of these forms, the connection to SGE will
be illustrated in the next six subsections. In each of
the following forms of nonlinearity, a , b and c
are real valued constants. The exponent n is a
positive integer.

2. Mathematical Analysis

2.1.1. Form-I

The dimensionless form of the nonlinear KGE that


studied in this paper is given by [4]

In this case, the nonlinear function


given by

'

qtt k 2 qxx F (q) = 0 .

(1)

Here, in (1), the dependent variable q represents


the wave profile, while x and t are the
independent variables that represent the spatial and
temporal variables respectively. Also, k is a real
valued constant.The function F ( q ) represents the
nonlinear function. The mathematical analysis of

*Corresponding author
Received: 18 February 2012 / Accepted: 16 May 2012

F (q) = aq bq 2

F (q ) is
(2)

Equation (2) can be approximated by

qtt k 2 qxx a sin q b1 cos q b2 cos 2q = 0 (3)


for small values of q , where b1 and b2 must be
chosen such that there is no constant term and the
quadratic term has coefficient b . For better
approximations, higher terms such as sin 2q must
be added.

IJST (2012) A4: 1-12

432

2.1.4. Form-IV

2.1.2. Form-II

Here,

In this case,

F (q) = aq bq 3

(4)

and KGE with this form is sometimes known as the

equation . This form can be approximated by


4

qtt k 2 qxx a1 sin q a2 sin 2q = 0

(5)

for small values of q , where a1 and a2 must be

F (q) = aq bq n cq 2 n 1

(9)

In this case, if n is odd, then this can be


approximated by

qtt k 2 qxx a1 sin q


a2 sin 2q an sin nq = 0

(10)

q , where a1 through an must


be chosen to exactly satisfy the coefficients of q ,
q n , and q 2 n 1 . For better approximations, higher
terms must be added. If n is even, then this can be

chosen such that the linear coefficient is a and the


cubic coefficient is b . For better approximations,
higher terms such as sin 3q must be added.

for small values of

2.1.3. Form-III

approximated by

Here,

qtt k 2 qxx a1 sin q a2 sin 2q


an sin nq b1 cos q b2 cos 2q

F (q) = aq bq n

(6)

This encompasses the previous two forms in a


generalized format. The special case is when n = 1
and n = 2 collapses to the previous two forms. If
n is odd, then this can be approximated by

qtt k 2 qxx a1 sin q a2 sin 2q

(7)

n 1
a n 1 sin
q = 0
2

2
for small values of q , where a1 through a( n 1)/2
must be chosen such that only the linear term and

n
bn cos 1 q = 0
1
2
2

(11)

q , where a1 through an must


be chosen to exactly satisfy the coefficients of q
2 n 1
and q
, and b1 through bn/2 1 must be chosen
for small values of

such that there are no even terms until the q term


and it has coefficient b . For better
approximations, higher terms must be added.

q n survive and have coefficients a and b

2.1.5. Form-V

respectively. For better approximations, higher


terms must be added. If n is even, then this can be
approximated by

For this form,

qtt k 2 qxx a1 sin q a2 sin 2q

This is similar to the other forms, and can be


approximated by a series of sine and cosine terms.

n
a n sin 1 q b1 cos q
1
2
2
n
b2 cos 2q bn cos 1 q = 0 (8)
1
2
2
for small values of q , where a1 through an/2 1
must be chosen such that only the linear term
survives with coefficient a , and b1 through bn/2 1

F (q) = aq bq1 n cq n 1.

(12)

2.1.6. Form-VI
This is the logarithmic form of nonlinearity. In
this case [6],

F (q ) = aq bq ln q

(13)

Define

f ( x) = x log x 2

(14)

must be chosen such that there are no even terms


until the q term and it has coefficient b . For
better approximations, higher terms must be added.
n

It is clear that f is an odd function, thus the


Fourier series collapses to just the sine terms

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IJST (2012) A4: 1-12

f ( x) = bn sin(nx)

(15)

n =1

where the coefficients are defined by

bn =

f ( x) sin(nx) dx

(16)

Solving these coefficients leads to the sine


expansion of x log x

x log x 2 = 4[
n =1

(1)
n

n 1

log( )
(17)

The perturbed KGE with general form of


nonlinearity is given by Equation (19). For
traveling wave solution the hypothesis

sin t
dt
t

(20)

is substituted into the (19) where v represents the


velocity of the wave and g ( x, t ) represents the
wave profile. Thus equation (19) reduces to

where Si is the sine integral defined by

Si ( x) =

3.1. Description of the method

q( x, t ) = g ( x vt )

1
Si (n )]sin(nx)
n2

the solution of the perturbed KGE. The saerach will


be for soliton solutions only, in this section. After a
general description of the method, the six forms of
nonlinearity will be considered in separate
subsections.

k 2 v v 2 g '' F ( g ) g

v g ' vg ''' g '''' = 0


(18)

where
Here,

(21)

g ' = dg/ds , g '' = d 2 g/ds 2 and so on.

2.2. Perturbation Terms

s = x vt

The perturbed KGE that will be studied in this


paper is given by [4]

In order to solve (21) by the traveling wave


hypothesis, it is necessary to set

qtt k 2 qxx F (q) = q qt qx


qxt qtt qxxt qxxxx

= = = = 0
(19)

These perturbation terms typically arise in the


study of long Josephson junction in the context of
sine-Gordon equation (SGE). Since SGE can be
approximated by KGE as seen in the previous subsection, an exact solution of the perturbed KGE will
make sense in this context [9].
For the perturbation terms, represents losses
across the junction, accounts for dissipative
losses in Josephson junction theory due to tunneling
of normal electrons across the dielectric barrier,
is generated by a small inhomogeneous part of the
local inductance, represents diffusion and is
the capacity inhomogeneity. Finally, accounts
for losses due to a current along the barrier [9].
In this paper, therefore the perturbed KGE, given
by (19) for the six forms of nonlinearity as defined
in (2)-(13), will be integrated in the subsequent
three sections.
3. Traveling Wave Solutions
In this section, the traveling wave solutions will be
obtained. This is the most fundamental approach to

(22)

(23)

Thus equation of study given by (19) reduces to

qtt k 2 qxx F (q) = q qxt qtt

(24)

and hence (21) reduces to

k 2 v v 2 g '' F ( g ) g = 0. (25)
'

Multiplying both sides by g and choosing the


integration constant to be zero, since the search is
for soliton solution, gives

k 2 v v 2 g '

2g ' F ( g )ds g 2 = 0.

(26)

Separating variables and integrating leads to

x vt
v2 k 2 v v2
dg

g 2 g F ( g )ds

'

1
2

(27)

IJST (2012) A4: 1-12

434

This expression will be evaluated for the six


different functions F that will be studied in the
following subsections.

which is from the nonlinearity that is given by (4).


Thus, in this case, using (27) we obtain

x vt

In this case, the perturbed KGE that will be


studied is given by

v2 k 2 v v2

1
bg 2
1
=
tanh 1

2( a)
a

qtt k 2 qxx aq bq 2 = q qxt qtt

which leads to the soliton solution

3.1.1. Form-I

(28)

(36)

for the nonlinearity that is given by (2). This is the


quadratic form of nonlinearity and hence (28) is the

g ( x vt ) = q ( x, t ) = Asech[ B ( x vt )], (37)

perturbed equation. In this case (27) reduces to

where the amplitude of the soliton is given by

x vt
v k v v
2

= 3

dg
g 3( a) 2bg

(29)
1
2

x vt

B=
(30)

g ( x vt ) = q ( x, t ) = Asech 2[ B ( x vt )], (31)


where the amplitude A and the inverse width
of the soliton are given by

3(a )
2b

(32)

1
a
2
2
2 v k v v2

(39)

is the width of the soliton. Hence the constraint (34)


is still valid and it is additionally necessary that
(40)

must also hold.


3.1.3. Form-III
In this case, the perturbed KGE that will be
studied is given by

qtt k 2 qxx aq bq n = q qxt qtt . (41)


Here equation (27) yields

and

B=

(38)

b( a) < 0

which leads to the soliton solution

A=

2a
b

and

which gives, upon integration

v2 k 2 v v2

2
2bg
1
=
tanh 1

3( a)
a

A=

1
a
,
2
2
2 v k v v2

x vt

(33)

respectively. The width of the soliton forces the


constraint

( a ) v 2 k 2 v v 2 > 0

(34)

3.1.2. Form-II

After simplification, this implies that the 1-soliton


solution to (41) is given by
2

In this case, the perturbed KGE that will be


studied is given by

qtt k qxx aq bq = q qxt qtt


2

(n 1) a
v2 k 2 v v2

2bg n 1
1
(42)
tanh 1
.
(n 1)( a)

(35)

q ( x, t ) = g ( x vt ) = Asech n 1[ B( x vt )], (43)


where the amplitude of the soliton is given by
1

(n 1)(a ) n 1
A=

2b

(44)

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IJST (2012) A4: 1-12

3.1.5. Form-V

and the width B is

B=

For this form, the perturbed KGE that will be


studied is given by

(n 1)
a
2
2
2
v k v v2

(45)

which again requires the same constraint in (34).

qtt k 2 qxx aq bq1 n cq n 1


= q qxt qtt
Here, equation (27) reduces to give

3.1.4. Form-IV
In this case, the perturbed KGE that will be
studied is given by
qtt k 2 qxx aq bq n cq 2 n 1 = q qxt qtt . (46)

x vt
v2 k 2 v v2

A = 2i g n

x vt
v k 2 v v2
g n 1
1
=
ln
,
(n 1) a G
2

gn
(47)

(48)

2b
c
2 1
g n 1
g 2n2
(n 1)( a )
n( a)
which finally leads to
A

1 C cosh[ B( x vt )]

1
n 1

, (49)

C=g

C=

2J
1 1 4 JK

1
n 1

a
v k v v2
2

(57)

2(n 1)( a )
b

(50)

(51)

2J
1 1 4 JK

(58)

(59)

1 1 4 JK
1 1 4 JK

(60)

J=

2b
(2 n)( a )

(61)

K=

2c
(2 n)( a)

(62)

and is the elliptic integral of the third kind that


is defined as

(n; | k ) =

sin

1 nt
2

dt
(1 t 2 )(1 k 2t 2 )

(52)
3.1.6. Form-VI
For this form, the perturbed KGE that will be
studied is given by
(53)

4b
4c
= 1.

2
2
(n 1) ( a ) n( a )

n
2

with the constraints (34) and

b( a) < 0

D=

where

B = (n 1)

2 Jg n
B = n 1 Jg Kg
1 1 4 JK

2b
g n 1 2
(n 1)( a)

(n 1)( a )
A =

A
isinh 1C D , (56)
B

2J
1 1 4 JK

where

q( x, t ) = g ( x vt ) =

where

In this case, equation (27) gives

G=

(55)

(54)

qtt k 2 qxx aq bq ln q = q qxt qtt . (63)


Here, from (27) we get

IJST (2012) A4: 1-12

436

x vt

2
b
2
= a b ln g (64)
2
2
2
b
2
v k v v

Upon simplifying (64), the Gaussons for the


perturbed KGE are given by

q( x, t ) = g ( x vt ) = Ae B

2 ( x vt )2

(65)

v 2 B 2Q'' ,) = 0

(71)

and restricts the general solutions on travelling


wave solutions, where U = U ( ) , and prime
denotes the derivative with respect to

A = exp
b

1

2

(66)

b
1
2
2
2 v k v v2

(67)

(68)

to hold in order for the Gaussons to exist.


4.

G' /G Method
'

In this section, the G /G method will be adopted


to carry out the integration of the perturbed KGE.
This study will be divided into the following six
subsections based on the types of nonlinearity that
are being studied.
4.1. Description of the method
'

of the G /G -expansion method for solving certain


nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs).
Suppose that we have a nonlinear PDE for u ( x, t ) ,
in the form of
(69)

where P is a polynomial in its arguments, which


includes nonlinear terms and the highest order
derivatives. The wave transformation

q( x, t ) = Q( ), = B( x vt ),

(70)

reduces Eq. (69) to the ordinary differential


equation (ODE)

P (Q, BQ' , vBQ' , B 2Q'' , vB 2Q'' ,

(72)

are constants to be

d 2G ( )
dG ( )

G ( ) = 0.
2
d
d
where

and

(73)

are arbitrary constants. Using the

general solutions of Eq.

(73) , we have

2 4
2 4
2
) c2 sinh(
)
c1 cosh(
2
2
4
, 2 4 > 0,

2 4
2 4 2
) c2 cosh(
)

c1 sinh(
2
2

2
2

4
4

) c2 sinh(
)
c cosh(
G' 4 2 1
2
2
, 2 4 < 0,
=
2
G

4 2
4 2 2
sinh(
)
cosh(
)

c
c

1
2

2
2

c1
2

, 4 = 0

c1 c2 2

where c1 and c2 are arbitrary constants.

The objective of this section is to outline the use

P(q, qx , qt , qxx qxt , qtt ,) = 0

determined later and G ( ) satisfies a second order


linear ordinary differential equation (LODE):

which forces the constraint condition given by

b v2 k 2 v v2 > 0

G' /G as follows:

G'
Q( ) = a , am 0
l
l =0
G
m

where al , l = 0,1, , m

and

B=

We

assume that the solution of Eq. (71) can be


expressed by a polynomial in

where the amplitude A and width B of the


Gausson are given by

To determine
four steps:

q explicitly, we take the following

Step 1. Determine the integer m by substituting


Eq. (72) along with Eq. (73) into Eq. (71) , and
balance the highest order nonlinear term(s) and the
highest order partial derivative.
Step 2. Substitute Eq. (72) with the value of m
determined in Step 1, along with Eq.

(73) into Eq.

(71) and collect all terms with the same order of


G' /G together, the left-hand side of Eq. (71) is
'
converted into a polynomial in G /G . Then set
each coefficient of this polynomial to zero to derive
a set of algebraic equations for v , B , , and

al for l = 0,1, , m.

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IJST (2012) A4: 1-12

Step 3. Solve the system of algebraic equations


obtained in Step 2, for v , B , , and al , for

l = 0,1, , m by using Maple.


Step 4. Use the results obtained in the above
mentioned steps to derive a series of fundamental
solutions Q ( ) of Eq. (71) depending on G' /G ,
since the solutions of Eq. (73) are well known to
us, then we can obtain the exact solutions of Eq.
(69) .

6 B 2 y
b

a2 =

2 (a ) 2 2 z

4B2 z

In this section, we will demonstrate the G /G expansion method on several forms of the perturbed
KGE.
4.2.1. Form-I

z = 2 k 2 2 2 , y = k 2 v 2 v v 2.
When = 4 =

qtt k 2 qxx aq bq 2 = q qt qx
qxt qtt
(74)

> 0 we obtain

6 B ( v )
,
5b

(75)

and

(83)

15B 2 2 2 (5( a ) 6 B ( v ))
,
10 2b

f ( ) =

''

(82)

6 B 2 y
d2 =
,
b

(70) is

(v k v v ) B Q (a )Q
bQ 2 ( v ) BQ' = 0,
2

B2 z

where

d0 =

2 (a )

q( x, t ) = Q( ) = d 0 d1 f ( ) d 2 f ( ) 2 , (81)

d1 =

In this case, the perturbed KGE that will be


studied is given by

(80)

hyperbolic function solutions:


'

which by the wave transformation


converted to

where

4.2. Applications to Perturbed KGE

(79)

(c1 sinh( ) c2 cosh( ))


,
(c1 cosh( ) c2 sinh( ))

(84)

(85)

= ( 1)( 2 2 v 2 ) 2v ,

where k , a , b , , , , and are


constants. According to step 1, we get
m 2 = 2m, hence m = 2 .
We then assume that Eq. (21) has the following
formal solutions:

1 2 (a )

and = x vt , v = .
2

2
B z
2
(a )
2
< 0 we obtain
When = 4 =
B2 y

G
G
Q = a2 a1 a0 ,
G
G

trigonometric function solutions:

(76)

where a0 , a1 , and a2 are constants which are


unknown to be determined by solving the set of
algebraic equations obtained by step 2 by use of
Maple, we get the following results:

a0 =

1
(3 2 B 2 z 2 (a ))
2
2b

6
a1 =
B(5 By v )
5b

(77)

q( x, t ) = Q( ) = d 0 d1 f ( ) d 2 f ( ) 2 , (86)
where

f ( ) =

When

(c1 sin( ) c2 cos( ))


.
(c1 cos( ) c2 sin( ))
= 2 4 =

2 (a )
B2 y

= 0,

(87)

the

rational function solutions obtained as:


(78)

q( x, t ) = Q ( ) = d 0 d1 f ( ) d 2 f ( ) 2 ,
where

(88)

IJST (2012) A4: 1-12

438

c2
f ( ) =
.
c1 c2

(89)

in (86) and (88) have the same

and d 0 , d1 , d 2 ,

values as Eq. (82), (83), (84) and

, c1 , c2 , B

are

arbitrary constants.
4.2.2. Form-II
In this case, the perturbed KGE that will be
studied is given by

qtt k 2 qxx aq bq 3 = q qt qx
qxt qtt
(90)
where by the wave transformation
converted to

(70) is

yB 2Q'' (a )Q bQ 3 ( v ) BQ' = 0. (91)


''

Balancing Q

and Q

gives m 2 = 3m,

hence m = 1 . Then assuming

Q = a1

G
a0
G

(92)

2by (3By v )
where a0 =
6by

2 (a )
2 zB

, = x

t.

4.2.3. Form-III
In this case, the perturbed KGE to be studied is
given by

qtt k 2 qxx aq bq n = q qt qx
qxt qtt
(96)
and, by the wave transformation (94) is reduced
to

yB 2Q'' ( a )Q bQ n ( v ) BQ' = 0, (97)


(93)
where y = v k v v .
2

(94)

Here, y = v k v v

(95)

z = 2 k 2 2 2.
2

and
Therefore,

q( x, t ) = Q( ) =

B 2 2 z 2 2 (a )
.
4 zB 2
2

and

Balancing Q and Q yields m 2 = nm and

2byB
a1 =
b

c1 sinh( ) c2 cosh( )

c1 cosh( ) c2 sinh( )

2 2 (a ) zB 2 > 0
2

c1 sin( ) c2 cos( )
,
f ( ) =
c1 cos( ) c2 sin( )

2 2 (a )
2 4 =
< 0,

zB 2

c1
2 2 (a )
, 2 4 =
= 0,

zB 2
c1 c2

2byB
f ( )
b

''

2
2
n 1
hence m =
. We use Q = W
, so we have
n 1

(n 1) 2 bW 4 (a )W 2
2 y (n 1) B 2W ''W 2 y (n 3) B 2 W ' = 0. (98)
2

According to step 1, we get

2m 2 = 4m,

hence m = 1 .We therefore assume that

2by (v )
6by

G
W = a1 a0 ,
G
where a0 =

a1 =

2by (3By v )
6by

b( a )
b

(99)

(100)

(101)

439

v=

IJST (2012) A4: 1-12

2 4k 2 4k 2
, = 0,
2( 1)

Q = [

= 0.

(102)

In this case, the perturbed KGE that will be


studied is given by

2by (3By v )
6by

qtt k 2 qxx aq bq 2 = q qt qx
qxt qtt
(104)

b( a )
n 1

f ( ) ] and

b
2

c1 sinh( ) c2 cosh( )
2
c cosh( ) c sinh( ) , 4 > 0,
2
1

c sin( ) c2 cos( )
, 2 4 < 0,
f ( ) = 1
cos(

)
sin(

)
c

c
2
1

c1

,
2 4 = 0,

c1 c2
with

2 4
2

The exp-function method is based on the


assumption that traveling wave solutions of Eq.
(21) can be expressed in the following form:
d

a e
n

m= p

k 2 v v 2 B 2Q'' (a )Q

bQ 2 ( v ) BQ' = 0,

(105)

where k , a , b , , , and are arbitrary


constants. Using the ansatz (101), for the linear
2

term of highest order Q by simple calculation, we


have

c1e( c 3 p )
c2 e 4 p

(106)

c3e(2 c 2 p )
,
c4 e 4 p

(107)

where ci are determined coefficients only for


simplicity. Balancing highest order of exp-function
2

''

in Q and Q , we have

2c 2 p = c 3 p,

5.1. Description of the method

b e

Q2 =

This section will integrate the perturbed KGE by


the exponential function technique that is
abbreviated as exp-function approach. The details
are in the following subsection below.

and

5. Exp-Function Method

Q( ) =

which by the wave transformation, (102) is


converted to

Q'' =

2 4k 2 4k 2
= x
t.
2( 1)

n=c
q

5.1.1. Form-I

(103)

which leads to the result

p = c.

(109)

Similarly, to determine values of d and q , we


balance the linear term of lowest order in Eq. (105)

Q'' =

d1e (3q d )
d 2 e 4 q

where c , d , p , and q are positive integers


which are unknown to be further determined, an
and bm are unknown constants. To determine the
values of c and p , we balance the linear term of
highest order in Eq. (21) with the highest order
nonlinear term. Similarly, to determine the values
of d and q , we balance the linear term of lowest
order in Eq. (21) with the lowest order nonlinear
term.

(108)

and

Q2 =

d3e (2 d 2 q )
,
d 4 e 4 q

(110)

(111)

where di are determined coefficients only for


simplicity. Balancing lowest order of exp-function
in Eqs. (110) and (111), we have

(3q d ) = (2d 2q ),

(112)

IJST (2012) A4: 1-12

440

which leads to the result

d = q.

(113)

Since the final solution does not strongly depend


upon the choice of values of c and d , for
simplicity, we set p = c = 1 and d = q = 1 , the
trial function, Eq. (101) becomes

Q( ) =

a1e a0 a1e
.
b1e b0 b1e

where in the second, third and fourth set of


solutions h is the root of

(1 ) Z 2 Z k 2 = 0

(120)

b0 , b1 are free parameters with b 0 and


h 0 conditions.

and

Set 3.
(114)

a1 = a0 = b1 = 0, a1 =

Substituting Eq. (114) into Eq. (105), and


equating to zero the coefficients of all powers of

e n yields a set of algebraic equations for a1 , a0 ,


a1 , b1 , b0 , v , B and b1 . Solving the system of
algebraic equations with the aid of Maple, we
obtain the following several sets of solutions.

b1 (a )
, v = h, (121)
b

so that

q( x, t ) = Q( ) =

b1 (a )e
,
b(b1e b0 )

(122)

where

b0 , b1 are free parameters and b 0 .

Set 4.

a1 = a1 = b1 = 0, v = h,

a0 =

b0 (a )
.
b

Set 1.

3b (a )
a1 = 0, a1 = 0, a0 = 0
,
b
b2

b1 = 0 , v = , B = h ,

4b1

(115)
So

so

q ( x, t ) = Q( ) =

3b0 (a )
,
1 b02 e

b(b1e b0
)
4 b1

(116)

(124)

b0 , b1 are free parameters and b 0 .

5.1.2. Form-II
In this case, the perturbed KGE that will be
studied is given by

k 2 2 2 Z 2 a = 0. (117)

qtt k 2 qxx aq bq 3 = q qt qx
qxt qtt qxxt qxxxx
(125)

, b1 0 , = x

root of
2

where

b0 (a )
,
b(b1e b0 )

and h are the

where b ,

q( x, t ) = Q( ) =

(123)

(70) is

and

b0 , b1 are free parameters, Here and the


following cases a , b , k , , , , are free

which by the wave transformation


converted to

parameters.

yB 2Q'' (a )Q bQ 3 ( v ) BQ'
v B 3Q''' B 4Q'''' = 0,
(126)

a1 = a1 = b1 = 0, v = h,
b (a )
a
a0 = 0
,B =
,
h
b

Set 2.

(118)

y = v 2 k 2 v v 2

so

q( x, t ) = Q( ) =

b0 (a )
,
b(b1e b0 )

where

(119)

and k , a , b , , , , , and are all


arbitrary constants. Using the ansatz (101) and

441

IJST (2012) A4: 1-12

balancing highest order of exp-function in

Q 3 and

''

p = c.

(127)

Similarly, balancing the linear term of lowest


3

Q'' leads to the result which leads

a1e a0 a1e
.
b1e b0 b1e

(129)

Substituting Eq. (129) into Eq. (126), and


equating to zero the coefficients of all powers of

en yields a set of algebraic equations for a1 , a0 ,


a1 , b1 , b0 , and b1 . Solving the system of
algebraic equations with the aid of Maple, we
obtain the following several sets of solutions.
Set 1.

a1 = a1 , b0 = b0 , v =

h
.
B

q( x, t ) = Q( ) =

a0 b1e
a

a1 = a1 = b0 = 0, b1 =

q( x, t ) = Q( ) =
where b ,

a1e
,
b0

where

(138)

(139)

2 2 Z 2 a = 0,

(140)

and

B=
a1 , b0 are free parameters.

a0
. (141)
ba02

b1e
e
8b1 (a )

a1 = a1 = b1 = = c = 0, v = h,
b
a0
a

(142)

3(a )
,
2( h )

(143)

b0 =

ba02
, = 0, = 0
8b1 ( a )

of

Set 4.

( 1) Z ( B B ) Z a
B 2 k 2 B B 4 = 0, (132)
2

(137)

a0 , b1 are free parameters and h is the root

(131)

b0 0 and h is a root of

, B = h ,

v=

q ( x, t ) = Q( ) =

So

where

a0

Set 3.

(130)

(136)

So,

a1 = a0 = 0, b1 = b1 = 0,

b
0, h 0.
a

(128)

Since the final solution does not strongly depend


upon the choice of values of c and d , for
simplicity, we set p = c = 1 , d = q = 1 , the trial
function, Eq. (101) becomes

(4 9 ( a)) Z 2 2
9k 2 (a ) = 0 (135)
and

d = q.

Q( ) =

b1 , a0 0 and h is the root of

9( 1)(a ) 2 Z

Q leads to the result

order in Q and
to the result

where

where
Set 2.

a1 = a1 = b1 = = c = 0, v = h,
b0 =

b
3(a )
a0 , B =
,
a
2( h )

(133)

(134)

h = 9( 1)(a ) 2 2 Z 2
(4 9 ( a )) Z 2 2 9k 2 (a )
and

a0 , b0 , b1 are free parameters. So

(144)

IJST (2012) A4: 1-12

442

q ( x, t ) = Q( ) =

a0
b
a0 b1e

. (145)

W 4 leads to the result

a0b
b
(a )
a

(146)

(147)

(1 ) Z ( B ) Z
B k 2 B 2 2 2a = 0
2

(148)

and a0 , a1 are free parameters and

a0 a1e
ba0

order in WW and W
leads to the result

leads to the result which


(156)

Since the final solution does not strongly depend


upon the choice of values of c and d , for
simplicity we set p = c = 1 , d = q = 1 , the trial
function, Eq. (101) becomes

Q( ) =

q( x, t ) = Q( )
b
a1e
a

(155)

d = q.

Here h is the root of

p = c.

Similarly, balancing the linear term of lowest

b
h
b1 =
a1 , v = .
a
B

(154)

and k , a, b, , , , and are arbitrary


constants. Using the ansatz (101) and balancing
highest order of exp-function in WW and

Set 5. a1 = b1 = = c = 0,

b0 =

y = k 2 v v 2 v 2 .

(149)

a1e a0 a1e
.
b1e b0 b1e

(157)

Substituting Eq. (157) into Eq. (152), and


equating to zero the coefficients of all powers of

en yields a set of algebraic equations for a1 , a0 ,


a1 , b1 , b0 , and b1. Solving the system of

b
(a )
a

algebraic equations with the aid of Maple, we


obtain the following several sets of solutions.

5.1.3. Form-III
In this case, the perturbed KGE that will be
studied is given by

Set 1. a1 = a1 = b0 = 0,

qtt k 2 qxx aq bq n = q qt qx
qxt qtt
(150)

ba02
b1 =
2(n 1)(a )b1

(158)

and by q Q ( ), = B ( x vt )

v=

, B = h(n 1) .

(159)

(151)

is reduced to

k v v B Q aQ bQ
2

''

= Q v BQ BQ .
'

By q = W

2
n 1

'

Here h is root of
n

(152)

, this is converted to

2 y (n 1) B 2W W 2 y (3 n) B 2W 2
2( v)(n 1) BWW bW 4 (n 1) 2
W 2 (n 1) 2 (a ) = 0, (153)
here

4 4 2 4k 2 2 Z 2

a = 0.

(160)
2

So, q ( x, t ) = W n 1

443

IJST (2012) A4: 1-12

a0

2
ba0

b e
e
1

2(n 1)(a )b1

2
n 1

and a0 and a1 are free parameters.

(161)

In this case, the perturbed KGE that will be


studied is given by

qtt k 2 qxx aq bq n cq 2 n 1 = q
qt qx qxt qtt

where a0 and b1 are arbitrary constants.

Set 2. a1 = b1 = 0, v =

, a0 =
b0 ,
b

a
(a )b 1
b0
e

b
a

b
=

b0 b 1e

b1 =

h
, b0 =
B

2
n 1

(n 1) 2 (a )W 2 bW 3 cW 4
B 2W 2 (n 2) BW W ' ( v )
(n 1) y (n 1)B 2W W '' = 0,

''

in WW and W leads to the result

p = c.

(169)

Similarly, balancing the linear term of lowest


''

order in WW and
leads to the result

ba0
b
(a )
a

(164)

(170)

Since the final solution does not strongly depend


upon the choice of values of c and d , so for
simplicity, we set p = c = 1 , d = q = 1 , the trial
function, Eq. (101) becomes

Q( ) =

2
n 1

W 4 leads to the result which

d = q.

and

a0 a1e

=
ba0
b

a1e

a
b
(a )
a

(168)

here y = v 2 k 2 v v 2 and k , a, b, , , , c,
and are arbitrary constants. Using the ansatz
(101) and balancing highest order of exp-function
(163)

b
a1 ,
a

q ( x, t ) = W

(167)

which, by q = W n 1 is reduced to

2
(a )b1
n 1
a1 =
, (162) and q ( x, t ) = W
a
b
b

Set 3. a1 = b1 = 0, v =

5.1.4. Form-IV

a1e a0 a1e
b1e b0 b1e

(171)

Substituting Eq. (171) into Eq. (168), and


equating to zero the coefficients of all powers of
exp(n ) yields a set of algebraic equations for

2
n 1

a1 , a0 , a1 , b1 , b0 , and b1. Solving the system of


(165)

algebraic equations with the aid of Maple, we


obtain the following several sets of solutions.
Set 1.

where h is the root of

a1 = a1 = 0, v =

( 1) Z 2 ( B ) Z ( a )(n 1)
k 2 B 2 B = 0,
(166)

a0 =

(a )(n 1)b0
,
b

(172)

IJST (2012) A4: 1-12

b1 =

444

W ' 4n3 ( v ) BW 3W '

(c(n 1) 2 (a ) b 2 n)b02
,
4(nb 2b1 )

So q ( x, t ) = W

(a )(n 1)b0

(
c
(
n
1)
(
a

)
b 2 n)b02

e b0 b1e
2

4(nb b1 )

12 n 2 (n 4) B 4 W '' W 2 = 0.
2

a
.
2 k 2 2

B = (n 1)
1
n 1

1
n 1

Here k , a , b , , , , c , , and
are arbitrary constants. Using the ansatz (101) and
balancing highest order of exp-function in WW
and

(173)

W 4 leads to the result

p = c.

(180)

Similarly, balancing the linear term of lowest


''

order in WW and W
leads to the result

where b0 and b1 are free parameters.

leads to the result, which

d = q.
5.1.5. Form-V
For this form, the perturbed KGE that will be
studied is given by

qtt k 2 qxx aq bq1 n c1q n 1 = q qt (174)

qx qxt qtt qxxt qxxxx

(175)

q ( x, t ) = Q( ), = B( x vt )

(176)

by

Since the final solution does not strongly depend


upon the choice of values of c and d , for
simplicity, we set p = c = 1 , d = q = 1, the trial
function, Eq. (101) becomes

Q( ) =

a1e a0 a1e
b1e b0 b1e

B 2 v 2 k 2 v v 2 Q'' aQ
bQ1 n cQ n 1 Q B( v )Q'
v B 3Q''' B 4Q'''' = 0.

en yields a set of algebraic equations for a1 , a0 ,


a1 , b1 , b0 and b1 . Solving the system of
(177)

By

algebraic equations with the aid of Maple, we


obtain the following set of solutions.

a1 = a1 = b1 = b1 = 0, b0 = ha0 ,
4
n

is reduced to 12n

(178)

16 (n 4)n 2 B 4W 'W '''W 2 an 4W 4


n 4W 4 bn 4 cn 4W 8
3

5.1.6. Form-VI
For this form, the perturbed KGE that will to be
studied is given by

4 vn3 B3W 3W '' 4 n3 B 4W ''''W 3

48 n(n 2)(n 4) B W

WW

' 2

(184)

where a0 is an arbitrary constant.

4n3 v 2 k 2 v v 2 B 2W 3W ''
4

(183)

where h is root of

bZ 8 c 2 ( a ) Z 4 = 0,

v(n 4) B 3W 2W W

8 vn(n 2)(n 4) B 3W W '

(182)

Substituting Eq. (182) into Eq. (177), and


equating to zero the coefficients of all powers of

is converted to

Q =W

(181)

''

8 (n 2)(3n 4)(n 4) B 4 W '

(179)

4n 2 v 2 k 2 v v 2 (n 4) B 2W 2

qtt k 2 qxx aq bq ln q = q qt
qx qxt qtt

(185)

with Q( x, t ) = Q( ), = B( x vt ) is converted to

B 2 v 2 k 2 v v 2 Q'' (a )Q

445

IJST (2012) A4: 1-12

bQ ln Q ( v ) BQ' = 0
and by

(186)

Set 2.

ln q = u it is reduced to

B 2 v 2 k 2 v v 2 u'' u'

a1 = b1 = b0 = 0, v = h, B =

(a ) bu B( v )u = 0,
'

(187)

here k , a , b , , , , and are arbitrary


constants. Using the ansatz (101) and balancing
highest order of exp-function in WW
leads to the result

''

and W

p = c.

(a )b1
.
b

Here a0 , b1 are arbitrary constants and h is the


roots of

(1 ) Z 2 Z k 2 = 0. (195)

(188)

''

order in u and

' 2

leads to the result, which

leads to the result

d = q.

(189)

Since the final solution does not strongly depend


upon the choice of values of c and d , for
simplicity, we set p = c = 1 , d = q = 1 , the trial
function, Eq. (101) becomes

a1e a0 a1e
.
b1e b0 b1e

(190)

Substituting Eq. (190) into Eq. (186), and


equating to zero the coefficients of all powers of

en yields a set of algebraic equations for a1 , a0 ,


a1 , b1 , b0 and b1 . Solving the system of
algebraic equations with the aid of Maple, we
obtain the following set of solutions.
Set 1.

(a )b0
,
a1 = b1 = b1 = 0, v = h, a0 =
b
b
B=
.
(191)
h
Here h is the root of
(192)

and a1 and b0 are arbitrary constants. So


( a ) b0
b

q ( x, t ) = Q( ) = e

a0

So q ( x, t ) = Q ( ) = eu ( ) = e
where b 0 and

( a ) b1
e
b

b1e

, (196)

h .

6. Mapping Methods

Now, we solve eq. (19) by a mapping method and a


modified mapping method which generates a
variety of periodic wave solutions (PWSs) in terms
of squared Jacobi elliptic functions (JEFs) and we
subsequently derive their infinite period
counterparts in terms of hyperbolic functions which
are solitary wave solutions (SWSs), shock wave
solutions or singular solutions. For solving by these
methods, we set in eq. (21) = = = =0 . Thus
eq. (21) reduces to

v k
2

v v 2 g '' F ( g ) g =0.

(197)

6.1. Form-I
In this case, the perturbed KGE that will be
studied is given by

qtt k 2 qxx aq bq 2 = q qxt qtt . (198)


Using the travelling wave hypotheses (20) and
(22), eq. (198) reduces to

Ag '' Bg C g 2 =0,

(199)

where

(1 ) Z 2 Z k 2 = 0

u ( )

(194)

Similarly, balancing the linear term of lowest

Q( ) =

a1 =

b
,
h

=e

(200)

6.1.1. Mapping Method

a1e

b0

A=v 2 k 2 v v 2 , B = a , C = b.

. (193)

Here, we assume that eq. (199) has a solution in


the form

IJST (2012) A4: 1-12

446

g = A0 A1 f ,

(201)

where

' 2

2
R f 3.
3

(202)

f ( s )=cn 2 ( s ) . Thus we obtain the PWS of eq.


(199) as

Eq. (201) is the mapping relation between the


solution to eq. (199) and that of eq. (202). We
substitute eq. (201) into eq. (199), use eq. (202) and
equate the coefficients of like powers of f to zero
so that we arrive at the set of equations

AA1 R C A12 =0,

(203)

AA1 Q B A1 2C A0 A1 =0,

(204)

AA1 P B A0 2C A02 =0.

(205)

From eqs. (203) and (204), we obtain A1 =

AR
C

AQ B
. Eq. (205) gives rise to the
and A0 =
2C

a 4(2m 2 1)(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
g (s) =
2b
2
2
2
2
6m (v k v v ) 2
cn ( s ).

(210)
b
When
(209).

A2 (Q 2 4 PR)= B 2 .

P = 2(1 m 2 ), Q =4(2m 2 ), R = 6.
2
Here, eq. (202) has the solution f ( s )=dn ( s ) .
So, we obtain the PWS of eq. (199) as
2
2
2
2
g ( s) = a 4(2 m )(v k v v )

2b

6(v k v v ) 2
dn ( s ).
b
2

(206)
When

P =2, Q = 4(1 m ), R =6m . Now eq.


2
(202) has two solutions f ( s )=sn ( s ) and
f ( s )=cd 2 ( s ) . So, we obtain the PWSs of eq.
Case 1.

(211)

m1 , the SWS (209) is retained.

(199) as

a 4(1 m 2 )(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
g ( s )=
2b
2
2
2
6m (v k v v 2 ) 2

(207)
sn ( s),
b
and

a 4(1 m 2 )(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
2b
2
2
2
6m (v k v v 2 ) 2
cd ( s ).

(208)
b
g ( s )=

When

m1 , the eq. (210) gives rise to the SWS

Case3.

constraint relation

(209)

Case 2. P =2(1 m 2 ), Q = 4(2m 2 1), R = 6m 2 .


In this case, eq. (202) has the solution

f '' = P Q f R f 2 ,

f =2 P f Q f

6(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
tanh 2 (s ).
b

m1 , the eq. (207) gives rise to the SWS

a 8(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
g ( s )=
2b

P =2m 2 , Q = 4(1 m 2 ), R =6. Now, eq.


2
(202) has two solutions f ( s )=ns ( s ) and
f ( s )=dc 2 ( s ) .In this case, we obtain the two

Case 4.

PWSs of eq. (199) as

g ( s) =

a 4(1 m 2 )(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
2b

6(v 2 k 2 v v 2 ) 2
ns ( s), (212) and
b

2
2
2
2
g ( s) = a 4(1 m )(v k v v )

2b

6(v k v v ) 2
dc ( s ).
b
2

(213)

When m1 , eq. (212) leads us to the singular


solution

g ( s )=

a 8(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
2b

447

IJST (2012) A4: 1-12

6(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
coth 2 ( s ).
b

(214)

P = 2m 2 , Q =4(2m 2 1), R =6(1 m 2 ).


2
So, eq. (202) has the solution f ( s )=nc ( s ) .
Case5.

Thus we obtain the PWS of eq. (199) as

a 4(2m 1)(v k v v )
2b
2
2
2
6(1 m )(v k v v 2 ) 2
nc ( s ). (215)

b
2

g (s) =

P = 2, Q =4(2 m 2 ), R = 6(1m 2 ).
2
Here, eq. (202) has the solution f ( s )=nd ( s ) .
Case 6.

So, we obtain the PWS of eq. (199) as

a 4(2 m )(v k v v )
2b
2
2
2
6(1 m )(v k v v 2 ) 2
nd ( s ). (216)

b
2

g ( s )=

P =2, Q =4(2 m 2 ), R =6(1 m 2 ). Here,


2
eq. (202) has the solution f ( s )=sc ( s ) . Thus the
Case 7.

6(v 2 k 2 v v 2 ) 2
cs ( s ).
b

(219)

When m1, the PWS (219) will give rise to


the singular solution (214).

P = 2m 2 (1 m 2 ), Q =4(2m 2 1), R =6.


2
Thus eq. (202) has the solution f ( s )=ds ( s ) . So,
Case10.

the PWS of eq. (199) is

a 4(2m 2 1)(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
2b
2
2
2
6(v k v v ) 2

(220)
ds ( s).
b
g (s) =

When m1, the PWS (220) leads to the same


singular solution (214).
It is evident from the constraint relation (206) that

Q 2 4 PR should always be positive with our


choices of P, Q and R for real solutions to exist.
In all the cases considered, we can see that

Q 2 4 PR is equal to 16m 4 16m 2 16 which is


always positive for 0 m1. Thus all our solutions
are valid with the constraint relation (206).

PWS of eq. (199) is


2
2
2
2
g ( s) = a 4(2 m )(v k v v )

2b

6(1 m )(v k v v ) 2
sc ( s). (217)
b
2

Case8. P =2, Q =4(2m 1), R = 6m


In this case, eq. (202) has the
2

(1 m 2 ).
solution

f ( s)=sd ( s ) . Thus the PWS of eq. (199) is


a 4(2m 2 1)(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
2b
2
2
2
2
6m (1 m )(v k v v 2 ) 2

g (s) =

sd ( s ) (218)

P =2(1m 2 ), Q =4(2 m 2 ), R =6. Here,


2
eq. (202) has the solution f ( s )=cs ( s ) . Thus the
Case 9.

PWS of eq. (199) is

g ( s)=

a 4(2 m 2 )(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
2b

6.1.2. Modified Mapping Method


In this case, we assume that eq. (199) has a
solution in the form

g = A0 A1 f B1 f 1 ,

(221)

where f satisfies eq. (202). Eq. (221) is the


mapping relation between the solution to eq. (202)
and that of eq. (199).
We substitute eq. (221) into eq. (199), use eq.
(202) and equate the coefficients of like powers of
f to zero so that we will obtain a set of equations
giving rise to the solutions

A0 =

AQ B
AR
3P A
, A1 =
, B1 =
, (222)
2C
C
C

and the constraint relation

A2 (Q 2 16 PR)= B 2 .

(223)

Case 1. P =2, Q = 4(1 m ), R =6m


Here, eq. (202) has two solutions
2

IJST (2012) A4: 1-12

448

In this case, the perturbed KGE that will be


studied is given by

f ( s)=sn 2 ( s) and f ( s )=cd 2 ( s ) .


The PWSs of eq. (199) are

qtt k 2 qxx aq bq3 = q qxt qtt qxxxx .

a (v k v v )

2b
2b
2
2
2
2
2
[4(1 m ) 12m sn ( s ) 12m ns ( s )], (224)
2

g (s) =

and

Using the travelling wave hypotheses (20) and


(22), eq. (230) reduces to

Ag '' Bg C g 3 =0,

(231)

Where,

a (v k v v )

(225)
2b
2b
4(1 m 2 ) 12m 2 cd 2 ( s ) 12m 2 dc2 ( s ) .
2

g (s) =

When m1 , eq. (224) degenerates to the


solution

a (v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
g (s) =

2b
2b
2
8 12 tanh (s ) coth 2 (s ) .
2

(226)

a (v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
g (s) =

2b
2b
[4(2 m ) 12dn ( s ) 12(1 m )nd ( s )]. (227)
2

(232)

6.2.1. Mapping Method


Here, we assume that eq. (231) has a solution in
the form

g = A0 A1 f ,

(233)

1
f '' = P f Q f 3 , f ' 2 = P f 2 Q f 4 r.
2

(234)

f ( s)=dn 2 ( s) . So, the PWS of eq. (199) is

A= v 2 k 2 v v 2 , B = a , C = b.

where

Case 2. P = 2(1 m ), Q =4(2 m ), R = 6.


In this case, eq. (202) has the solution

When

(230)

m1 , eq. (227) leads us to the SWS

a 2(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
g (s) =

2b
b
2
1 3sech ( s) .

Eq. (233) is the mapping relation between the


solution to eq. (231) and that of eq. (234).We
substitute eq. (233) into eq. (231), use eq. (234) and
equate the coefficients of like powers of f to zero
so that we arrive at the set of equations

Q AA1 C A13 =0,

(235)

3C A0 A12 =0,

(236)

( P A B) A1 3C A02 A1 =0,

(237)

B A0 C A03 =0,

(238)

(228)

P =2, Q =4(2 m 2 ), R =6(1 m 2 ).


2
Thus eq. (202) has the solution f ( s )=sc ( s ) . So,

Case 3.

from which we obtain

A0 =0, A1 =

QB
, P A B =0.
PC

(239)

the PWS of eq. (199) is

4(2 m 2 ) 12(1 m 2 )sc 2 ( s ) 12cs 2 ( s ) . (229)

Case 1. P = 2, Q =2, R =1.


In this case, the solution of eq. (234) is
f ( s)=tanh( s ) . So, we have the shock wave
solution of eq. (231) as

When m1 , eq. (229) degenerates to the


singular solution (214).

g ( s )=

g (s) =

a (v 2 k 2 v v 2 )

2b
2b

6.2. Form-II

Case 2.

a
tanh( s ).
b

P =1, Q = 2, R =0.

(240)

449

IJST (2012) A4: 1-12

So, the solution of eq. (234) is


Thus the SWS of eq. (231) is

g ( s )=

f ( s)=sech( s ) .

Now, we use the modified mapping method in


which we assume a solution of eq. (231) in the form

2(a )
sech( s ).
b

(241)

P = (1 m 2 ), Q =2m 2 , R =1.
Here, the solutions of eq. (234) are f ( s )=sn( s )
and f ( s )=cd( s ) . So, the PWSs of eq. (231) are
Case 3.

g ( s )=

6.2.2. Modified Mapping Method

2(a )
msn( s ),
b(1 m 2 )

(242)

g = A0 A1 f B1 f 1

(248)

where f satisfies eq. (234).


We substitute eq. (248) into eq. (231), use eq. (234)
and equate the coefficients of like powers of f to
zero to arrive at a set of equations fro which it can
be found that

A0 =0, A1 =

QA
C

(249)

and

2(a )
g ( s )=
mcd( s ).
b(1 m 2 )

(243)

B1 =

2R A
, P A B 3C A1 B1 =0.
C

(250)

Thus for real solutions of eq. (231) to exist, when


When m1 , eq. (242) reduces to the shock
wave solution (240).
Case 4. P =2 m , Q = 2, R = m 1.
In this case, the solution of eq. (234) is
f ( s)=dn( s ) . Here, the PWS of eq. (231) is
2

g ( s )=

2(a )
dn( s ).
b(2 m 2 )

(244)

When m1 , the SWS (241) is recovered from


eq. (244).

P = (1 m ), Q =2, R = m .
The solutions of eq. (234) are f ( s )=ns( s ) and
f ( s )=dc( s ) . So, the PWSs of eq. (231) are

Case 5.

g ( s )=

2(a )
ns( s ),
b(1 m 2 )

(245)

and

g ( s )=

Case 1. P = 2, Q =2, R =1.


In this case, the solution of eq. (234) is
f ( s)=tanh( s ) . So, we have the solution of eq.

2(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
b
tanh( s ) coth( s ) .

(231) as g ( s )=

(251)

P = (1 m 2 ), Q =2m 2 , R =1.
Here, the solutions of eq. (234) are f ( s )=sn( s )
and f ( s )=cd( s ) . Thus the PWSs of eq. (231) are
Case 2.

2(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
g ( s )=
b
msn( s ) ns( s ) ,

(252)

and

2(a )
dc( s ).
b(1 m 2 )

(246)

When m1 , eq. (245) degenerates to the


singular solution

g ( s )=

Q and R are both positive, A and C should be


of opposite signs and when Q and R are both
negative, A and C should be of the same signs.

a
coth( s ).
b

(247)

2(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
b
mcd( s ) dc( s ) .

g (s) =

(253)

When m1 , eq. (252) gives the same solution


(251).

IJST (2012) A4: 1-12

450

P =2m 2 , Q =2, R =1m 2 .


So, the solution of eq. (234) is f ( s )=cs( s ) . Thus

Case 3.

i , i i

are

12

determined

prolongation formulae

we have the PWS of eq. (231) as

g (s) =

12

(254)

2(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
csch( s ). (255)
b

Case 4. P =2 m , Q = 2, R = (1 m ).

(260)

12

Dt

and

Dx

are

given

by

D1 = Dt = t qt q and D2 = Dx = x qx q .

7.1.1. Form-I
In this case, the perturbed KGE that will be
studied is given by

Here, the solution of eq. (234) is f ( s )=dn( s ) .


So, we have the PWS of eq. (231) is

g (s) =

i = Di (W ) j qij ,

defined by W = qi . Here the differential


operators

When m1 , eq. (254) leads to the singular


solution

the

in which W is the Lie characteristic function

cs(s ) 1 m sc(s ) .

g ( s )=

by

i i = Di Di (W ) j q ji i , i, j = 1, 2,

2(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
b
2

uniquely

2(v 2 k 2 v v 2 )
b

dn(s ) 1m 2 nd(s ) .

qtt k 2 qxx aq bq 2 qt qx
qxt = 0.

(261)

The equation (261) admits the following two Lie


point symmetries
(256)

When m1 , eq. (256) gives rise to the SWS

2(v 2 k 2 v v 2 ) sech( s ). (257)


g ( s)=
b
7. Lie Group Analysis

In this section, we study some forms of the


perturbed KGE by the aid of Lie group analysis.
Initially, the method will be described in a succinct
manner and will subsequently be applied to solve a
couple of forms of the perturbed KGE.

X1 = t , X 2 = x .

(262)

The group-invariant solution corresponding to the


combination of symmetries X 1 cX 2 , where c is
a constant is given by

q = h( ),

(263)

where = x ct . The group-invariant solution


(263) reduces the equation (261), choosing
= c , to the following nonlinear second-order
ordinary differential equation (ODE)

h Ah Bh 2 = 0,

(264)

where

A := a/(c 2 k 2 c), B := b/(c 2 k 2 c)

7.1. Description of the method


The

partial

differential

equation
admits the

E (t , x, q, qt , qx , qtt , qtx , qxx ) = 0


symmetry generator X in the form of prolongation
given by

X = 1 (t , x, q ) t 2 (t , x, q ) x (t , x, q ) q

i q i i q ,

(258)

if XE |E =0 = 0,

(259)

12

i1i2

where the summation convention is used whenever


appropriate. In (258), the additional coefficients

and `prime' denotes differentiation with respect to


. Integrating the equation (264) with respect to
again and letting the constant of integration be
zero we obtain the following nonlinear first-order
ODE

h2 = Ah 2

2B 3
h.
3

(265)

The equation (265) has the following solution


after substituting the values of A and B

451

h( ) =

IJST (2012) A4: 1-12

3a
a
, (266)
sech 2 d
2
2
2b
4(k c c)

where d is a constant of integration. Hence we


obtain the following solitary wave exact groupinvariant solutions for the equation (261), in which
= c , given by

Further integration of the equation (253) and then


substituting the values of A , B and C we obtain
the following solution for the equation (272)

h( ) =

[ E cosh(e F )]

1
n 1

(273)

where e is a constant of integration,

3a
a
q( x, t ) = sech 2 (d
2
2b
4(k c 2 c)
( x ct )).
(267)
7.1.2. Form-IV

n 1
an(n 1)
,
D=
n[nb 2 ad (n 1) 2 ]

E=

For this form, the perturbed KGE that will be


studied is given by

qtt k 2 qxx aq bq n dq 2 n 1
qxt qtt = 0, n > 1.

The

(268)

(269)

X 1 cX 2 -group-invariant

solution

corresponding to the combination of symmetries


X 1 and X 2 , where c is a constant is given by

q = h( ),

(270)

where = x ct .
The reduced nonlinear second-order ODE
resulting from substituting the group-invariant
solution (270) into the equation (268) is given by

h Ah Bh n Ch 2 n 1 = 0,

(271)

where

A := a/( c 2 c 2 k 2 c),
B := b/( c 2 c 2 k 2 c),
2

and `prime' denotes differentiation with respect to


. Integrating the equation (271) with respect to
and letting the constant of integration be zero
yields the following nonlinear first-order ODE

h2 = Ah 2

2 B n 1 C 2 n
h h .
(n 1)
n

F = (n 1)

(275)

a
.
(c c k 2 c )
2

(272)

(276)

Thus we get the following solitary travelling


wave exact group-invariant solutions for the
equation (268) given by

q ( x, t ) =

[ E cosh(e F ( x ct )]

1
n 1

(277)

where the constants D, E and F are given by the


equations (274), (275) and (276), respectively.
8. Conclusions

This paper studied the KGE with six forms of


nonlinearity including the log law nonlinearity. The
perturbation terms are taken from the theory of long
Josephson junctions, modeled by the sine-Gordon
equation and its type, and we were justified in
studying them in the context of KGE. Thus, the
perturbed KGE was integrated in the presence of
these strong perturbation terms by the aid of several
integration tools. In particular, the traveling wave
'

C := d/( c c k c)
2

n[nb ad (n 1) 2 ]

and

Again the equation (268) admits the following


two Lie point symmetries

X1 = t , X 2 = x .

bn
2

(274)

solutions were obtained, G /G method approach


was used, exp-function method was carried out,
mapping method and its versions were also applied
and finally the Lie symmetry approach was also
utilized to extract several forms of solution to the
perturbed KGE.
In addition to soliton solutions, cnoidal waves,
snoidal waves, other PWS and rational solutions
were obtained. The limiting cases of these PWS are
also given. These solutions are going to be

IJST (2012) A4: 1-12

extremely useful in the context of relativistic


quantum mechanics where KGE arises.
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