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Given data:
K1=50 W/MK
TO FIND:
K3=6 W/MK
K2=30 W/MK
q=?,L3=?
K4=50 W/MK
Resistance diagram
Q=T/RTOTAL
RTOTAL=R1+REQ+R4
1/REQ=1/R2+1/R3
1/REQ=R2+R3/(R2R3)
REQ=R2R3/(R2+R3)
RTOTAL=R1+(R2R3/R2+R3)+R4
RTOTAL=10-3X(1+4.44+1)=6.44X10-3 K/W
Q=T/RTOTAL=340/(6.44X10-3)=52.79X103 W
q=Q/A=52.79X103/1=52.79X103 W/M2
Q=T3T4/R4
T3=52.79X10 X10 +60
3
-3
Q =T/RTH
T3=112.790C
0.8XQ=T3T4/R4
0.8X52.79X103=(112.7960)/(L3/50X1)
L3=0.0625m
L3=6.2cm
2. A cast iron pipe (k = 80 W/m K) having inside diameter 5cm and outside
diameter 5.5cm carries steam at 3200c with a convective heat transfer coefficient of
60 W/m2K to reduce the heat loss the pipe is covered with 3cm thick glass wool (k
= 0.05 W/m K). If the surroundings are 200 C and the combined convection and
radiation heat transfer coefficient outside is 18 W/m2 K. calculate the rate heat loss
per meter length, intermediate temperatures and overall heat transfer coefficient
based on outside surface area.
a) given
Ta1=320oC;
Ta2=20oC;
K1=80 W/mK;
K2=0.05 W/mK;
r 1=2.5*10^-2;
r 2=2.75*10^-2;
r 3=5.75*10^-2;
hi=60 W/m^2K;
ho=18 W/m*2K;
L1=1m
To find:
Q=?
T1=?
T2=?
T3=?
Relevant equation
Q= T/(Rtotal)
Procedure
Inside convective resistance=Rin=1*0.106/( hiAi)=1/(60 2
( 2.5102 )1 degree/centi
/W
0.051 ln (
5.75
)=2.53 /W
2.75
Q=
T 2T 3
Rcond , insul
=307.77-270.109
=37.66
Q=
Check
T 3Ta 2
Rconv
=37.66-20/0.154
=114.7W
To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient let us consider
Q= UoAo(Ta1-Ta2)
Uo=Q/Ao(Ta1-ta2)=114.94/
W
m2 K
Rtotal=
1
W
=1.0604 2K
2
m
2 ( 5.7510 ) ( 12.61 )
4.A refrigerator door has dimensions 120cm x 45cm and is made up of 3 mm thick
mild steel of k = 40 W/m K with 5cm of polyurethane foam insulation having k =
0.04 W/m K sandwiched between them. The average values of convective heat
transfer coefficient at the interior and exterior of the door are 10 W/m2 K and 13
W/m2K respectively. The temperature inside the refrigerator is 3oC and outside is
20oC. Determine (a) the rate of heat leak through door (b) interface temperatures
and (c) overall heat transfer coefficient.
Design the refrigerator door by replacing the mild steel by FRP of same thickness
having k=8 w/mK. Compare the overall heat transfer coefficient of your design and
steel
L2=5*10^-3m,
L3=3*10^-3m,
Hi=10w/m^2k,
Ho=13 w/m^2k,
Ti=3c,
K1=40w/mk,
Hi=10w/m^2k
Puf, k=0.04
To=20
Ho=13 w/m^2k,
K2=0.04w/mk,
K3=40w/mk,
3mm
l =120mm,
b =45mm,
area A =0.54m^2.
Now we need to find out: t1, t2, t3, U, Q.
We have;
Rconv,out= 1/ho*A
= 1/13*0.54
3mm
5mm
=0.1424.
Rsteel=L1/k1*A
=1.338*10^-4.
Rpuf=L2/K2*A
=2.314.
Rsteel=L3/K3*A
=1.338*10^-4.
Rconv,in=1/Hi*A
=0.185.
Now;
Rtotal=Rconv,out+R1+R2+R3+Rconv,in.
=(20-3)/2.64.
=2.64c/w.
Again; Q=T3-To/Rsteel
We get To=4.17c.
Now overall HT coefficient; Q=U*A(T)
U=Q/A*(T)
U=0.7 w/m^2k.
PUF, K=0.04
Rpuf=2.134.
Ti=3c,
K1=40w/mk,
Hi=10w/m^2k
To=20
Ho=13 w/m^2k,
Rsteel=0.69.
Rconv,in=0.185.
Rtotal=4.012c/w.
Q=(T)/Rtotal = 20-3/4.012
=4.22w.
Overall heat transfer coefficient U= Q/A*(T)
=4.22/(0.54*17)
=0.459.
Comment:
5 th problem Solution.
Given:
Electric current = 34000amps
Thickness = 1.25cm = 0.0125m
Wide = 10cm = 0.1m
Tw1 = 80oC
Tw2 = 95oC
(resistivity)= 12cm = 0.12m
k= 54W/mK
Find:
1. Position of Maximum Temperature =
x max
.
2. Heat Generated per meter length of plate = q /m=
3. Temperature Distribution across the plate
4. Heat flow from each surface of the plate
We know that
2
Q= I R
Q=
L
A
0.12 0.0125
2
Q = 34000 1 0.1
Q = 17.34 X 106W
q.
= V
=
17.34 106
0.0125 0.1 1
k
( T w 2T w 1 ) (From data book page no 48:- slab
.
2q L
54
0.0125
2 1.3872 10
2
10
( 9580 )
--------------
(Ans 1)
Heat Generated per meter length of plate:
q
.
Per meter length = q A
10
Per meter length = 1.3872 10 0.0125 0.1
q.
6
Per meter length = 16.965 10 w /m
---------------
(Ans 2)
Temperature Distribution across the plate:
As it is an internal heat generation case we know that
2 T .
+ q =0
x2
xT2 = q.
T
=q. x +c
x
x2
+c x+ c 2
2 1
kT =q .
T=
q x
+c 1 x +c 2 ------------------------1
2k
L
o
x= ,T =T w 2=95 C
2
.
and q = 1.3872 X 1010 W/m3, L = 0.0125, k
= 54W/mk
L 2
2
L
+ c1
+c 2
2k
2
q .
T w2 =
()
()
k = 54W/mk
q .
T w1 =
L 2
2
L
+c 1
+ c2
2k
2
( )
( )
T=
q x
+1200 x+5377.86 -----------------------4
2k
q.
Sub equation 4
54W/mk we get,
T =1.2844 108 x2 +1200 x+ 5377.86 -----------------------5
------------------ (Ans 3)
T
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
-0.01 -0.01
0.01
0.01
in equation 5 and
2
T =5377.84588
q x =q x
At 80oC surface
q x =1.3872 1010 0.00625
q x =86.7 106 W
----------------------------- (Ans 4)
At 95oC surface
q x =1.3872 1010 0.00625
q x =86.7 106 W
----------------------------- (Ans 4)
6) In an electronic circuit a resistor of variable crosssection is connected between two points maintained
at 80*c and 20*c. Estimate the max permissible
Joulean heating if the resistor configuration is a
frustum of cone having 20 and 15 mm dia at its
extremes and length of the resistor is 2 cm. Assume
k for resistor 25 W/m k. If the current passing through
it is 1.5 amps, calculate
the resistance of the resistor.
Solution :
Data:
D1= [(20)]x(10)^(-3)m
D2= [(15)]x(10)^(-3)m
L = [(2)]x(10)^(-2)m
K =25W/m K
T1 =80*c
T2 =20*c
80*c
Q
2 cm
Formula:
(4Q/(xC)).[1/(D1-CL)-(1/D1)]=-k(T2-T1)
4QxL/((D1-D2))[1/D2-(1/D1)]=-k(T2T1)
(4Q.L)/(D1D2)=-k(T2-T1)
Q =-k..D1.D2.(T2-T1)/4L
= -k.[(A1)(A2)^(1/2)).(T2-T1)]/L
A1= /4xD1^2
= [(3.14/4)(20)](10^(-3))^2
= (3.14)(10)^(-4)
A2= (/4).(D2)^(2)
= [(3.14/4)(15x10)]^(-3))^2
= (1.7671)(10)^(-4)
[(A1).(A2)](1/2)= 0.00024m^2
Q= [(25)(0.00024)(80-20)]/
(2(10)^(-2))
= 18 W.
= (I)^(2)x(R)
= 18 W.
Resistance of the resistor = [(18)]/(1.5)^(2)
=8 ohms
Problem7: The insulation boards for air-conditioning purpose are made of three
layers, middle one being packed grass of 10 cm thick (k = 0.02 W/m K) and the
sides are made of plywood's of 2 cm thick each (k = 0.12 W /m K). They are glued
with each other. (a) Determine the heat flow per m area if one surface is at 35 C
and other surface is at 20 C. Neglect resistance of the glue. (b) Instead of glue, if
these three pieces are bolted by four steel bolts of 1 cm diameter at the corners (k
= 40) per m area of the board find the heat flow per m area of the board.
Solution: The configurations for (a) and (b) are shown in Figure along with
equivalent electrical circuit.
R 1= L1
=
0.02 = 0.1666
k 1A1
0.121
R 2= L2
= 0.1 = 5
k 2A2
0.021
R 3 = R1 = 0.1666
(a) When the three layers are glued, the heat transfer is given by
Qa =
(T1-T4)
R 1 + R2 + R3
35-20
0.166 +5+0.166
= 2.812 W/m2
(b) When the three layers are bolted together, the four bolts conduct heat parallelly
along with the composite board. The equivalent resistance for the second electrical
circuit is given by
1
Re
+4
R1 +R2 +R3
Rb
Re
0.14
= 44.59
40 0.785 10-4
40 Ab
1 =
0.166 + 5 + 0.1666
44.59
Re = 3.614
Qb = (T1 T4) = 35 20 = 4.15 W/m2
Re
3.614
[Strictly speaking the area available now for conduction through board is [1 m 24Ab].
However, it is neglected being very small. Students are advised to try considering
this aspect and verify the difference in answer.]
sol:-
Given that ,
= 1/l int
qx dx
l
0
KA[q/kr(e-rx +1)] dx
9)
ANS:
GIVEN THAT
T=0.05m; k=5w/mk
T(x)=a+bx+cx^2
At x=0;
t(0)=1200c
T=200C;
h=500w/m2k
Q=hA(T-T0)=-KA Dt/dx
500(20-120)= -5(120-0/L)
L=0.012m
Q=30w/m2
Q=-KA dT/dx x=0
30=-5*0.05*0.012(b)
b=-10,000
EIN+Eg=Eout+Estored
0+q1=0+hA(T1-T)
q1=500*0.05*0.012*100
q1=30w/m2
general conduction equation is
2c+q1/k=0
2c+150/5=0
C=15
T(L/2)=T(0.006)=a+bx+cx2
120-10000(0.006)-15(0.006)2
ANS: 60.001
(d2T/dx2)+q1/k=0
Question-10:
A furnace wall is made up of three layers of 20 cm of refractory
fire clay brick (K=1.52 W/m-0C),
10 cm Silocel bricks (k 0.318 W/m-0C) and 6 mm steel plate, (k =
45 W/m-0C). The Inside temperature of the furnace on the surface
of refractory brick is 11000C and outside temperature on the
surface of steel is 300C. Determine the heat loss per unit area b) If
the heat loss is found to be only 300 W/m2, due to the thin layers
of air between brick and steel determine the resistance offered by
these air layers c) what is the equivalent thickness of Silocel to
offer the same resistance.
Sol:
Given that,
L1=0.2 m
K1=1.52 W/m-0C
L2=0.1 m
K2=0.318 W/m-0C
L3=0.006m ;
K3=45 W/m-0C
1100 0c
K1
RF
Ti
RSi
K2
K3
RSt
^^^^---^^^^---^^^^-----TO
L1
L2
L3
question 11;
from the given data aluminium fin k=190W/mK
length of the fin to provide additional cooling =10*10 -3 m.
thickness and width of the fin = 0.5*10-3 m.
heat to be dissipated from the fin = 60-15mW.
given surrounding temperature T =40 .
inside temperature T=80 .
h = 12.5 W/m2K.
from the extended length method Type equation here .
heat lost from extended length= heat transferred from end
surface.
h* x [ 2( wt ) ] T=h( wt ) T
=> x=
wt
2( w+t)
Fn =
tanh ( ml c )
ml c
(by
(tanh(22.94*10.125*10-3))/(22.94*10.125*10-3)
Qidel
= h*a* T
(by
)*10-3.
12.5*10.125*40*2*(2*0.5*10-
=0.010125W.
Qactual
Qactual =9.986*10-3W.
4.52
12)N=200,A=1M2,d=0.01M,K=300W/MK,T0=200C,T=40C,h=20W/M2K
M=
hp
KA
P=0.01=3.14310^-2
Ac =(/4)(0.01)^2 =7.810^-5
M=
20 3.143 102
300 7.8 105
=5.165
Lc=L+r/2 =0.15+2.510^-3=0.1525M
=tanh(mLc)/mLc
=tanh(5.1650.1525)/5.1650.1525
=83.45%
Qideal=hAs(T0-T)
=203.140.010.1525160
=15.33W
Qact=finQideal
=0.834515.33
=12.78W
Heat transfer from 200 fins=20012.78=2557.8W
Question:13
Aluminium square fins (k = 90 W/m K) of (0.5 mm x 0.5 mm) of
1cm long are provided on the surface of
an electronic
semiconductor device to carry 40 X10-3 Watts of energy
generated by the surface. The maximum surface temperature
permissible is 80oC. The temperature of the surrounding medium
is 40oC with h = 12.5 W/m2K. Find the number of fins required to
dissipate the heat out.
Solution:
Given data:
3
Q=4010
w=0.510
t=0.510
T o=80
T =40
h=12.5W /m2 K
N=?
k =90 W /mK
Relevant equation:
eff .=
tanh ( m Lc )
m Lc
A c =0.50.510 =0.2510 m
m=
hP
12.52103
=
=33.33
kA
900.25106
Lc =L+
t
2
because w=t .
0.50.5
=0.125 mm
2(0.5+0.5)
Lc =L+ x=10.125103 m
12.52(w+ t)
hP
=
= 526.3=22.94
kA
190wt
eff fin =
tanh ( m Lc )
0.22817
=
=98.24
3
m Lc
232.26710
0.010125 W
QUESTION NO :- 14
An aluminium rod of diameter 2 cm and length 10
cm having k= 210 W/mK is attached to two surface maintained at
100oC on its either sides.. If the environment is at 30oC with h =
10 W/m2K, Calculate the minimum temperature in the rod and
the heat transfer from the rod.
ANSWER:Given that,
d= 0.02m
l = 0.1m
k= 210 w/mk
T1 =100
2
h= 10w/ m k
we know that,
mx
mx
= C1 e
+ C2 e
------ [eq1]
m=
hP
kA
100.024
2100.022
4
0.4 2
= 9.5238
= 3.086
Boundry conditions,
X =0
= 100 30 =70
X = 0.1
= 100 30 =70
70 = (1.36151)C1 +(0.73447)C2
70 = 0.62704C1 +51.4129C1
18.5871 = 0.62704C1
C1 = 29.642
C2 = 70-29.642
C2 = 40.357
mx
mx
= 29.642 e
+ 40.357 e
mx
mx
(29.625) m e - (40.357) m e
=0
2 mx
= 1.36148
2mx
= 0.30857
mx
= 0.154286
(3.086) x = 0.154286
x= 0.099m
(since m= 3.086)
(3.086)(0.049)
(3.086)(0.049)
= 29.642 e
+40.357 e
0.154
0.154
= 29.642 e
+ 40.357 e
= (29.642)(1.166) + (40.357)(0.857)
= 69.147
Tx - T =69.147
T = 99.147
mx
= hpkA [C1 e
mx
C2 e
] 0 to l
mx
mx
=hpkA [(C1 e - C2 e
)-(C1-C2)
= 0.11483 [ 40.357-29.6477+10.715]
= 0.11483 [21.4242]
= 2.4601 w
D=2.5cm=2.5*10-2m
L=10cm=10*10-2m
K=300W/m K
To=200oC
T=200C
h=12W/m2 K
To find (i) efficiency of the fin
(ii) Qactual
2
A d / 4 = (2.5*10-2)2/4
m= squareroot(h*P/K*A) = sqrt(12**2.5*10-2*4/300**(2.5*10-2)2)
= 2.5298 kg
Lc= L+(r/2) = (10*10-2)+(2.5*10-2/4) = 0.10625m
mLc = 2.5298(0.10625) = 0.2687
(a)
Efficiency of the fin = tanh(mLc)/mLc =
tanh(0.2687)/0.2687 = 0.9766 = 97.66%
(b)
Heat loss from fin
Qideal = hAs(To-T) =12**2.5*10-2*10.625*10-2*180 = 18.024W
Qactual = efficiency * Qideal = 0.9766*18.024 = 17.6031W
(ii) Given efficiency of the fin to be increased to 99%
Hence efficiency = tanh(mLc)/mLc
0.99 = tanh(2.5298Lc)/2.5298Lc
By trail and error method the Lc value which is satisfying the
above equation is 0.068m
Hence Lc new =0.068m
Heat loss from the fin :
Qideal new = hAs(To-T) = 12**(2.5*10-2)*(6.8*10-2)*180 =
11.5359 W
Qactual new = efficiency * Qideal new =0.99*11.5359 = 11.4205 W
Given
Number of Fins=15
h=20
w
k
2
m
w
k
0
m
K=15
be found
Total Heat Transfer t h e surface=?
Efficiency =?
Effectiveness =?
Qf n=( T b T
i
()
( mKhL )) ( h pkA )
tan h ( m Lc ) +
1+
0 5
hL
( mK
) tanh ( m L )
c
m= h
p
= ( 20 40.5 102 ) /(15 5 104 )=32.86
kA
t
Lc =L+ = 2
2
102 +
2.5 10
=2.125 102 mts
2
Qf n= (15030
i
(
)
( 32.862015 )) ( 20 40.5 10
1+
4
15 5 10 )
0 5
Qf n=18.57 W
i
Efficiency =
=0.8639=86.39
Effectiveness =
Q wit h f ns
i
Q wit h out f ns
i
35.55
=3.71
96
18) solution:
2
For a 1 m section of the wall, the areas of the primary surface and of the fins are
Ao=1 m
0.00127 m
fin
- 79 fins (1 m)
]
2
=0.9 m
2
A f =79 fins (1 m) [(2)(0.025 m)]+ 0.10 m
2
= 4.05 m
Values of fin efficiency can now be determined from. For the air side
11.4 w
)
k m2
h
0.00127
m
=0.025m
kt
=0.362
And for water side
256 w
)
k m2
h
0.00127
m
=0.025m
kt
=1.71
The fin efficienciesare then read from fig
efficiency ( air ) 0.95
The total heat transfer rates can now be evaluated for fins on the air side
q=h T a [ A+ efficiency fa A f ]
( )( )
=10.91 T
With fin on air side alone
((
q=
T
1
1
+
54.1
256
)( )
)
=44.67 T
An increase of 310
((
q=
T
1
1
+
11.4
801
)( )
)
=11.24 T
An increase of 3%
With fins on both sides the heat flow rate is
((
q=
T
1
1
+
54.1
801
)( )
=50.68 T
An increase of 365%
This results indicates that adding fins in particularly beneficent where
The convection coefficient has a relatively small value
19. The pressure vessel of a nuclear reactor is approximated as a large plane wall
of thickness L. The inside surface of the wall at is insulated. The outside surface at
is maintained at a temperature . The gamma ray heating of the plate can be
represented as a heat generation term of the form ( ) = where and are
positive constants and x is measured from the insulated surface. Develop
expressions for the following: 0 x L x 2 T o q
a. Temperature distribution in the plate
b. Temperature at the insulated surface
c. Heat flux at the outer surface
sol:- Given that ,
= 1/l int
qx dx
l
0
KA[q/kr(e-rx +1)] dx
(20). Assumptions:
Steady state conditions
One dimensional conduction along the rod
T=200c
Tb
Constant properties
Negligible radiation exchange with surroundings
Uniform heat transfer coefficient
L=100mm
Given data:
Legnth( L) = 100mm =0.1m
5mm
Diameter (D) = 5mm =0.005m
Surface temperature (TB) =2000 c
Air temperature (T) = 200c
Heat transfer coefficient (h) =30 w/m2k
Find:
Heat transfer from the rod (Q) =?
The temperature of the rod at 50 mm from the base & at the
free tip = ?
Q=
m= ((30**5*10^-3)/(60.6*/4*(5*10^-3)^2))^(1/2)
p=perimeter of cylinder=*d
m=19.9 m-1
Q =(200-20)*tanh(19.9*0.1)+(30/(19.9*60.6))*
(30**5*10^-3)^(0.5)
1+(30/(19.9*60.6))*tanh(19.9*0.1)
Q = 4.07 watts
= cosh(m*(L-x))+(hL/(m*k))*sinh(m*(L-x))
cosh(m*L)+(hL/(m*k))*sinh(m*k)
T 20 = COSh(19.9*(0.1-0.05))+(30/(19.9*60,6))*sinh(19.9*(0.10.05))
200-20
cosh(19.9*0.1)+(30/(19.9*60.6))*sinh(19.9*0.1)
T = 93.9 0c
= cosh(m*(L-x))+(hL/(m*k))*sinh(m*(L-x))
cosh(m*L)+(hL/(m*k))*sinh(m*k)
T = 67.130 c
-hA/ p Cp V*
dt
ln(T-T)
-hA/ (p Cp V)*t
where
T0 = Initial temperature of solid ,K
T = Intermediate temperature of solid , k
Where
R-Radius of cylinder
FOR SPHERE:
Characateristic length Lc = V/A
=4/3 R^3/ 4 R^2
Lc=R/3
Where
R-Radius of sphere
FOR CUBE:
Characateristic length Lc=V/A
=L^3/6L^2
Lc=L/6
Where
L=thichness of cube
H=110w/m^2k
P=7850kg/m^3
=0.044m^2/h^2
=1.22*10^-3m^2/sec
=474J/kg k
Cp=474J/kG k
K=43W/MK
T=10min
=10*60=600 sec
From sphere
Lc=R/3=3.33*10-3
Bi=hlc/k
=110*3.33*10-3/43
=8.5*10-3
It is <0.1 so it is lumped system
T- T /To- T = e[-h/cp lcp*t]
323- T /873- T
=e[-110*600/474*3.33*10^-3*7850]
323- T /873- T
=4.86*10-3
323- T
=4.86*10-3*873-4.86*10-3* T
T =320K
Now from the same material of the cube
Lc=L/2=0.02/2=0.01
=e-2.95*10^-3*t
Ln(5.42*10-3)=-2.95*10-3*t
t=1768.6sec
22:
(A) The Biot number is given by:
Bi = hL/k
where
h = convective heat transfer coefficient,
k = thermal conductivity
L = characteristic length.
It is a ratio of the temperature drop in the solid material and the temperature
dropthe solid and the fluid. So when the Bi <<1 , most of the temperature drop is in
the fluid and the solid may be considered isothermal.
The Fourier number is defined as:
Fo = t/L2
where
thermal diffusivity,
t = time
L = characterisitic length
The Fourier number is a dimensionless measure of time used in transient
conduction problems
22)(b)
given:
d=0.04 m
r=0.02m
T o=20
240 sec
T =100
h=100
w
m2 k
cp=2
kg
kg k
=1200
T o=5 , T=?
if
hl
B i= c
k
kg
m3
where
4 3
r
volume
3
lc=
=
surface area 4 r 2
r
;
3
100 2 102
B i=
=0.0667<0.1
10
3
a)
^
v c p
T T
=e
T oT
substituting
the
values.
1003240
T 100
1.5
=e 120020000.02 =e ;
20100
T =10017.84 82.16 .
now
for
must
be
same
for
the
same
b)
taste.
1003T
82.16100
=e 120020000.02
5100
1003T
0.1877=e 120020000.02
t=267.6 sec
;
t=4 min ,27 sec
PROBLEM:24
(a) What do you understand by the term time constant ? State its
significance in the design of
Thermocouple junctions.
(b) A water carrying pipe of 15 cm dia is buried under earth to
prevent freezing of water in winter. Assuming the surrounding
temperature falls to -15 0 C and sustain for a period of 16 hrs in a
x = 0.333* 0.1776
x = 0.057 mts
25) a)
Importance of Heisler charts in the analysis of transient
conduction:
Heisler Charts are a graphical analysis tool for the evaluation of heat
transfer in thermal engineering. They are a set of two charts per included
geometry introduced in 1947 by M. P. Heisler which were supplemented by
a third chart per geometry in 1961 by H. Grber. Heisler Charts permit
evaluation of the central temperature for transient heat conduction through
an infinitely long plane wall of thickness 2L, an infinitely long cylinder of
radius ro, and a sphere of radius ro.
Although Heisler-Grber Charts are a faster and simpler alternative to the
exact solutions of these problems, there are some limitations. First, the
body must be at uniform temperature initially. Additionally, the temperature
of the surroundings and the convective heat transfer coefficient must remain
constant and uniform. Also, there must be no heat generation from the
body itself.
D=2 cm=2 10
2
m, r=1 10 m
=7800kg/ m3,
C= 0.46kJ/kgC= 460J/kgC
k=60w/m C
h=300w/m2 C
T=800C, T = 50C, T=100C
To find,
time at which ball is kept in oil bath ,t=?
heat removal rate=?
4 3
r
V 3
L= =
A 4 r2
1
L= r =3.33 103
3
V =4.1 106
A=1.2 10
Bi=
Bi=0.0166<0.1
hAs
t
T T
=e VC ( data book page no .58 )
T T
hAs
T T
t=ln
VC
T T
300 1.2 103
10050
t=ln
6
80050
7800 4.188 10 460
0.023 t=ln 0.06
0.023 t=2.81
t=118.17 sec
t= 118.17sec
1051
60=533.63 kJ /min
118.17
Therefore
Heat removal rate per minute =
533.63kJ/min
QUESTION 26:
A) Hot metal forging that is initially at a uniform
temperature Ti and is quenched by immersing it in a
liquid of lower temperature T < Ti
body during dt
of the body during dt
h A (T T ) dt V C p dT
VC P d
T T
h As dt
t = 0 and T(0) = Ti
h As
T T
exp
i Ti T
VC P
VC P
t
ln t
i
h As
t
VC P d
dt
i Ti T h As i
0
Time Constant
1
V C p Rt Ct
h
A
s
tc
1
V C p Rt Ct
h As
t / tc
f , Bi
t/tc=Bi*Fo
26 b)
Given l=16cm, ts=20 C,
W/mK,
t*=400 C,
t=250 C, k = 20
To t / ti t
and
r/Ro
Fo =0.7 = *t /Lc
r/Ro =1
t t / to t = 0.68
t 400 /250 -400 =0.68
t =298 oC
Water:
Lc=(4/3r^3)/(4r^2)
=r/3=1/6(0.001m)
Ti=1500C
=1.67*10^-4mt.
Bi=hLc/k={(80)(1.67*10^-4)}/386
=3.46*10^-5<0.1
b=h/cpLc
b=0.1396
ln(109.9/11.0)=bt
{ln(110/109.9)}/b=t
t=6.51*10^-3s
t=0.00651sec
AIR:
Bi=(10*1.67*10^-4)/386
=4.326*10^-6
b=10/(8954*383*1.67*10^-4)
b=0.01746
(T(t)-T/Ti-T)=e^-bt
[{Ln(110/109.9)}/0.01746]=t
t=0.05208sec