1-BGP HP

BGP4
2 0 0 7 C is c o S y s te m s , In c . A ll r ig h ts r e s e r v e d .
C is c o C o n fid e n tia l
Agenda
Concept
P eer i ng
A ttr i b u tes a nd R ou te S el ecti on A l g or i th m

P r ef i x G ener a ti on a nd A g g r eg a ti on
P ol i cy Contr ol
I nter na l B G P
R ou te R ef l ector
C o n c e p ts
C o nc ep t s - Au t o no m o u s S y s t em
A s et of netw or k s s h a r i ng
I nter na l connecti v i ty ( I G P )
th e s a m e r ou ti ng pol i cy
R a ng e f or m 1 to 6 5 , 5 3 5
( pr i v a te f r om 6 4 5 1 2 to 6 5 5 3 5 )
OSPF
EI G R P
I SI S
AS 1 2 3
C o nc ep t s - P at h V ec t o r P r o t o c o l
B G P i s cl a s s i f i ed a s a path vector r ou ti ng pr otocol ( s e e
R FC 1 3 2 2 )
A path vector protocol defines a route as a pairing between a

destination and the attributes of the path to that destination.
P revent loops via AS num ber
12.6.126.0/24 207.126.96.43
1021
0 6461 7018 6337 11268

AS Path
C o nc ep t s - B G P S es s i o ns
B G P s es s i on es ta b l i s h ed on top of T CP por t 1 7 9 ( B G P
nei g h b or s )
R el i a b l e tr a ns por t l a y er ( no need of r etr a ns m i s s i ons a t

B G P l a y er )
T CP need s a r ou ti ng l a y er ( I G P or s ta ti c)
B G P u s es a d a ta b a s e ( B G P ta b l e)
D a ta b a s es a r e ex ch a ng ed a f ter s es s i on s et u p
I ncr em enta l u pd a tes
B G P s es s i on i s m a i nta i ned w i th B G P k eepa l i v es ( 6 0 s )

C o nc ep t s - eB G P v s i B G P
eB G P i s u s ed to ex ch a ng e N L R I b etw een A u tonom ou s
S y s tem s
i B G P i s u s ed to ca r r y N L R I w i th i n th e A u tonom ou s
S y s tem
A B G P r ou ter h a s i nter na l a nd / or ex ter na l nei g h b or s
C o nc ep t s - G ener al O p er at i o n
L ea r ns m u l ti pl e pa th s v i a i nter na l a nd ex ter na l B G P
s pea k er s
P i ck s T H E b es tpa th a nd i ns ta l l s i t i n th e I P f or w a r d i ng
ta b l e
P ol i ci es a ppl i ed b y i nf l u enci ng th e b es tpa th s el ecti on

b a s ed on B G P a ttr i b u tes :
P art of the B G P update pack et
I m plem ented as T L V ( T y pe-L ength-V alue)
Pe e r i n g
E x t er nal N ei gh b o r s ( eB G P )
BGP speakers in different AS
AS 1 0 9
Sh o u l d b e direc tl y c o nnec ted

C o nfig u ratio n:
131.108.0.0/16
R outer B
router bgp 1 1 0
network 1 5 0 . 1 0 . 0 . 0
neighbor 1 3 1 . 1 0 8 . 1 0 . 1 rem ote-as 1 0 9
R outer A
router bgp 1 0 9
network 1 3 1 . 1 0 8 . 0 . 0
neighbor 1 3 1 . 1 0 8 . 1 0 . 2 rem ote-as 1 1 0
R A
A
.1
131.108.10.0/2 4
.2
AS 1 1 0
B
15 0.10.0.0/16
R B
10
I nt er nal N ei gh b o r s ( i B G P )
131.108.2 0.2
131.108.2 0.1
Configuration:
Router B
router b g p 1 0 9
n ei g h b or 1 3 1 . 1 0 8 . 2 0 . 2 rem ote-a s 1 0 9
n ei g h b or 1 3 1 . 1 0 8 . 2 0 . 2 up d a te-s ourc e l oop 0
Router A
router b g p 1 0 9
n ei g h b or 1 3 1 . 1 0 8 . 2 0 . 1 rem ote-a s 1 0 9
n ei g h b or 1 3 1 . 1 0 8 . 2 0 . 1 up d a te-s ourc e l oop 0
11
I nf o r m at i o n T r ans f er
F r om
F r om
eB G P -> a d v er ti s e to a l l
i B G P -> a d v er ti s e onl y to eB G P
full iB G P m esh is req uired!!
P r opa g a te O N L Y th e b es t pa th
12
P eer G r o u p s
Gro u p o f peers to w h ic h th e sam e o u tb o u nd po l ic ies

appl y
only inbound policies can be overridden
updat es g enerat ed once per g roup
Sim pl ic ity o f c o nfig u ratio n
13
P eer G r o u p s ( C o nt . )
I nter na l peer g r ou p
router bgp 109
n ei gh bor i n tern a l
n ei gh bor 13 1. 108
n ei gh bor 13 1. 108
n ei gh bor 13 1. 108
peer-group
rem ote-a s 109
route-m a p s en d out
f i l ter-l i s t 1 out
. 2 0. 1 peer-group i n tern a l
. 3 0. 1 peer-group i n tern a l
. 3 0. 1 f i l ter-l i s t 3 i n
E x ter na l peer g r ou p
router bgp 109

n ei gh bor ex tern a l -peer peer-group
n ei gh bor ex tern a l -peer route-m a p s et-m etri c out
n ei gh bor 16 0. 8 9. 1. 2 rem ote-a s 2 00
n ei gh bor 16 0. 8 9. 1. 2 peer-group ex tern a l -peer
n ei gh bor 16 0. 8 9. 1. 4 peer-group ex tern a l -peer
14
A ttr ib u te s a n d R o u te
S e le c tio n A lg o r ith m
15
M ai n B G P At t r i b u t es
Next-h o p
W ei g h t
L o c a l p r ef er en c e
A S -p a th
O r ig in
M u l ti E xi t D i s c r i m i n a to r ( M E D )
C o m m u n i ty
16
N E X T _ H O P
T h e nex t h o p to reac h a netw o rk
eB G P
I P address of t h e peer
iB G P
N E X T _ H O P advert ised by eB G P
I G P sh ould carry rout e t o N E X T _ H O P s
R ecursive rout e look up
U nlink s B G P f rom t h e
ph ysical t opolog y
A llow s I G P t o m ak e int ellig ent
f orw arding decision
2.0.0.0
AS 2
.1
2.0.1 .0
1 .0.0.0
.2
AS 1
17
B G P At t r i b u t es : N E X T _ H O P
E BG P n e x t -h o p s e t t o s e l f
6 .0.1 .1
6 .0.1 .2
AS 2
4 .0.0.0/ 8
5 .1 .1 .1
5 .1 .1 .3
3 r d P a r t y E BG P
5 .1 .1 .3
5 .1 .1 .2
AS 3
2 .0.0.0/8
AS 1
AS 4
4 .0.0.0/8
6.0.0.0/8
4 .0.0.0/ 8
2.0.0.0/ 8
6 .0.1 .1
6 .0.1 .1
I BG P n e x t -h o p u n m o d i f i e d
O v e r r id in g d e fa u lts :
I BG P N L R I o n l y :
n e i g h b o r x .x .x .x n e x t -h o p -s e l f
r o u t e -m a p :
s e t i p n e x t -h o p { A.B.C .D | p e e r a d d r e s s }
18
W E IG H T
ci s co s peci f i c
L oca l to th e r ou ter
N ot propag at ed
v a l u e: 0 6 5 5 3 5
R ou tes w i th h i g h er w ei g h t a r e pr ef er r ed
D ef a u l t:
orig inat ed locally = 3 2 7 6 8

ot h er = 0
19
L O C AL _ P R E F
I nd i ca ti on of pr ef er r ed pa th to ex i t th e l oca l A S
G l ob a l to th e l oca l A S
P a th s w i th h i g h es t L O CA L -P R E F a r e m os t d es i r a b l e
( d ef a u l t = 1 0 0 )
bgp default local-preference value
20
L O C AL _ P R E F ( C o nt . )
6 9 0
C o nfig u ratio n ( rtr A) :
router bgp 1 0 9
6
neighbor x . x . x . x rem ote-as 1 8 8 0
neighbor x . x . x . x route-m ap foo in
!
route-m ap foo perm it 1 0
m atch as-path 2
set local-preference 1 20
!
ip as-path access-list 2 perm it ^ 1 8 8 0 _
1 7 5 5
6 6
1 8 8 0
A
N e e d s to g o to 6 9 0
21
AS _ P AT H
A S -P A T H conta i ns th e l i s t of A S es th e u pd a te h a d to
tr a v er s e.
A S -P A T H i s u pd a ted b y th e s end i ng r ou ter w i th i ts ow n

A S nu m b er .
B G P u s es th e A S -P A T H
to d etect r ou ti ng l oops .
E a ch ti m e th e r ou ter r ecei v es a n eB G P u pd a te i t
ch eck s th e A S -P A T H .
I f i t f i nd s i s ow n A S nu m b er on th e A S -P A T H , th e
u pd a te i s d i s ca r d ed .
22
AS _ P AT H
6 9 0
1.
1. R R o o u u t t e e r r A
Ass ee nn dd
1414 1.2
1.2 5 5 3.10.0/2
3.10.0/2
ss uu
44 ww
pp dd
iitt hh
aa tt ee
AS
AS
ff oo rr
_ _ P P AT
AT H H : : 1880
1880
1 8 8 0
A
2 2 .. R R o o u u t t e e r r B
Bss ee nn dd ss uu pp dd aa tt ee
f f o o r r 1414 1.2
1.2 5 5 3.10.0/2
3.10.0/2 4 4 w w i i t t h h
AS
AS _ _ P P AT
AT H H : : 6969 00 1880
1880
200
14 1.2 5 3.10.0/2 4
3.R
3.R o o u u t t e e r r C C s s e e n n d d s s u u p p d d a a t t e e
f f o o r r 1414 1.2
1.2 5 5 3.10.0/2
3.10.0/2 4 4 w w i i t t h h
AS
AS _ _ P P AT
AT H H : : 2 2 00
00 6969 00 1880
1880
4 4 .R.R
oo
dd
oo
ww
iiss
uu
nn
cc
tt ee rr
AS
AS
aa rr dd
A
Aww iillll dd ee tt ee cc tt iitt ss
nn uu mm bb ee rr aa nn dd ww iillll
tt hh ee uu pp dd aa tt ee
23
O R IG IN
O r i g i n of th e pr ef i x
V a l u es :
I G P ( i) = via network com m and
E G P ( e) = learned from
E G P
incom plete ( ? ) = redistribution
24
M u l t i -E x i t D i s c r i m i nat o r ( M E D )
Indication (to external peers) of the preferred path
into an A S
used in m ultiple entry AS
non-transitive
C om pared only for rou tes from

L ow er M E D
the sam e A S
v alu e is m ore preferab le (defau lt = 0 )
25
C o m m u ni t y At t r i b u t e
rfc1997
U s ed to g r ou p d es ti na ti ons a nd a ppl y a com m on pol i cy
E a ch pr ef i x ca n b el ong to m u l ti pl e com m u ni ti es
N ot pr opa g a ted b y d ef a u l t
neighbor i p -ad d r es s send-com m unity
26
C o m m u ni t y At t r i b u t e ( C o nt . )
3 2 -b i ts l ong
use 16 bits to indicate the ASN

ip bg p -com m unity new -f or m at
set com m unity AS:community [ additiv e]
set com m unity none
er ase al l the v al ues in the attr ibute
set com m -l ist < num ber > del ete
er ase sel ected com m unities
27
P r o b l em : S c al e R o u t i ng P o l i c y
S o l u t i o n: C O M M U N I T Y
Co m m u n i t i e s :
1 : 1 00Cu s t o m e r R o u t e s
1 : 8 0 I S P R o u t e s
ISP 2
ISP 1
I SP 3
I SP 4
0.0.0.0
Cu
Co n n e
(N o
W a n ts
s to m
x io n
D e f
F u ll
e r 1
T y p e 1
a u lt,
R o u te s )
Cu
Co n n e
(U s e
W a n t s Cu
s to
x io
s D
s to
m e r
n T y
e fa u
m e r
p e 2
lt,
R o u te s )
28
P r o b l em : S c al e R o u t i ng P o l i c y
S o l u t i o n: C O M M U N I T Y
Co m m u n i t i e s :
S e t Co m m u n i t y
1 :8 0
1 : 1 00Cu s t o m e r R o u t e s
1 : 8 0 I S P R o u t e s
ISP 1
M a t c h Co m m u n i t y
1 : 1 00 1 : 8 0
I SP 3
Cu
Co n n e
(N o
W a n ts
1 : 1 00
1 : 1 00
I SP 4
S e t Co m m u n i t y
1 : 1 00
s to m
x io n
D e f
F u ll
e r 1
T y p e 1
a u lt,
R o u te s )
ISP 2
0.0.0.0
Cu
Co n n e
(U s e
W a n t s Cu
s to
x io
s D
s to
m e r
n T y
e fa u
m e r
2
p e 2
lt,
R o u te s )
29
B G P P at h S el ec t i o n
1
O nl y c o nsider path s w ith reac h ab l e N E X T _ H O Ps
2
D o no t c o nsider iBGP path if no t sy nc h ro niz ed
3
H ig h est W E I GH T
4
H ig h est L O C AL _ PR E F
5
Prefer l o c al l y o rig inated ro u te
6
Sh o rtest AS_ PAT H
30
B G P P at h S el ec t i o n
7
8
9
1 0
L o w est O R I GI N
c o de: I GP < E GP < inc o m pl ete
L o w est M u l ti-E x it D isc rim inato r ( M E D )

8 a I F b g p d eter m i ni s ti c-m ed , or d er th e pa th s
b ef or e com pa r i ng
8 b I F b g p a l w a y s -com pa r e-m ed , th en com pa r e
i t f or a l l pa th s
8 c Cons i d er ed onl y i f pa th s a r e f r om th e s a m e
nei g h b or A S
Prefer an External path o v er an I nternal o ne

L o w est I GP m etric to th e N E X T _ H O P
31
B G P P at h S el ec t i o n ( C o nt . )
1 1 I F m u l tipath is enab l ed, th e ro u ter m ay instal l
u p to N paral l el path s in th e ro u ting tab l e
1 2 F o r eBGP path s, sel ec t th e o l dest to m inim iz e

ro u te-fl ap
1 3 L o w est R o u ter-I D
O r i g i na tor -I D i s cons i d er ed f or r ef l ected r ou tes
1 4 Sh o rtest C l u ster-L ist
1 5 L o w est neig h b o r I P address
D e tail s giv e n : h ttp :/ / w w w . c is c o. c om / w arp / p ub l ic / 4 5 9 / 2 5 . s h tm l # b e s tp ath
32
Pr e f i x Ge n e r a t i o n
A n d A g g r e g a tio n
33
< net w o r k > C o m m and

N e tw o r k s o r ig in a te d b y th e lo c a l r o u te r
M a t c h i n g I GP r o u t e m u s t e x i s t ( d y n a m i c o r
s ta ti c en tr y i n r o u ti n g ta b l e)
E x a m p le :
route r b
ne tw ork
ne tw ork
!
ip route
gp 1 0 9
2 0 0 .1 0 .1 0 .0
1 9 8 . 1 0 . 0 . 0 m as k 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0 . 0
1 9 8 . 1 0 . 0 . 0 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 nul l 0
34
R edi s t r i b u t i o n
F ro m
IG P
N ot alw ays a g ood t h ing !

B y def ault , includes only local rout e ( not O S P F ex t ernal)
S ta ti c r o u tes p o i n ted to n u l l 0
E xa m p l e:
router bgp 109

red i s tri bute s ta ti c
!
i p route 198 . 10. 0. 0 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0. 0 n ul l 0
35
Aggr egat e Addr es s es

Com b i ne d i f f er ent r ou tes i nto one
A d v er ti s ed a s com i ng f r om
th e l oca l A S
A com ponent m u s t ex i s t i n th e B G P ta b l e
W ith no o ptio ns it pro pag ates th e ag g reg ate and al l

th e c o m po nents
su m m ary -o nl y c o m m and o ptio n
A dvert ise O N L Y t h e ag g reg at e ( no com ponent s)
E x am ple:
route r b gp 1 0 9
aggre gate -ad d re s s 1 9 8 . 1 0 . 0 . 0 2 5 5 . 2 5 5 . 0 . 0 s um m ary -onl y
36
Po l i c y C o n t r o l
37
P r ef i x F i l t er s
E x am pl e 1 :
r outer bg p 10
neig hbor 160
!
access-l ist 5
access-l ist 5
E x am pl e 2 :
. 8 9 . 1. 1 distr ibute-l ist 5 in

deny 17 0 . 10 . 0 . 0
p er m it any
r outer bg p 10 9
neig hbor 160 . 8 9 . 1. 1 r oute-m ap f il ter in
!
r oute-m ap f il ter p er m it 10
m atch ip addr ess 5
!
access-l ist 5 deny 17 0 . 10 . 0 . 0
access-l ist 5 p er m it any
38
P at h F i l t er s
F i l ter b a s ed on A S pa th
i p a s -pa th a c c es s -l i s t number [ perm i t| d en y ] reg ex p
P er nei g h b or
I nbound or outbound
filter-list
route-m aps
39
P at h F i l t er s
E xam ple:
D eny a l l pr ef i x es or i g i na ted i n A S 2 0 0 .
C onfig u ration:
router bgp 109

n ei gh bor 16 0. 8 9. 1. 1 f i l ter-l i s t 5 i n
!
i p a s -pa th a c c es s -l i s t 5 d en y _ 2 00$
i p a s -pa th a c c es s -l i s t 5 perm i t . *
40
I n t e r n a l BGP
41
I nt er nal B G P
U sed to carry N L R I w ithin the A u tonom ou s S y stem
R em em b er: B G P detects loops u sing the A S -P A T H
B G P u pdates are sent u nchang ed to internal peers (no

A S _ P A T H u pdate)
N o A S _ P A T H
check is done w ith iB G P
42
I nt er nal B G P
iB G P speak ers cannot detect rou ting loops

iB G P is N E V E R
propag ated
T herefore iB G P req u ires a fu ll m esh
All BGP routers need an i BGP sessi on w i th eac h ex i t-p oi nt
43
R o u te R e fle c to r s
44
R o u t e R ef l ec t o r s
P r ov i d e a d d i ti ona l contr ol to a l l ow r ou ter to a d v er ti s e
( r ef l ect) i B G P l ea r ned r ou tes to oth er i B G P peer s
B reak s the full-m esh iB G P rule.
N or m a l B G P s pea k er s co-ex i s t
only the R R has to support this feature
cl u s ter = R R
+ cl i ents
P a ck et f or w a r d i ng s h ou l d not b e a f f ected
E a s y m i g r a ti on
M u l ti pl e r ef l ector s f or r ed u nd a ncy
Cl i ents ca n peer w i th i n m u l ti pl e cl u s ter s

45
R o u t e R ef l ec t o r s
R oute R ef lec tor: p rov i des addi ti onal c ontrol to allow router to
adv erti se ( ref lec t) i BGP learned routes to oth er i BGP p eers
C li ent: router rely i ng on R R f or all i BGP up dates
N on-c li ent: i BGP nei g h b or outsi de th e c luster
C luster: S et of one or m ore R R s and th ei r c li ents
46
L o o p Av o i danc e
W h en R R
r ecei v es a n u pd a te:
C heck if its cluster-id is on the cluster-list
I f cluster-id is on the cluster-list the update is silently discarded
I f the B G P update is ok , the R R updates the cluster-list with its clusterid and reflects the update ( according to the rules)
W ith m ultiple R R in the sam e cluster, a
uniq ue cluster-id should be set by configuration
O nce th e b es t pa th i s s el ected :
F rom
non-client -> reflect to all clients
F rom
eB G P peer -> reflect to all clients AN D
F rom
client -> reflect to all clients AN D non clients
non-clients
47
R o u t e R ef l ec t o r s ( c o nt . )
C onf ig ur ation ( r tr A) :
router bgp 2
n ei gh bor 1 4 1 . 1 5 3 . 1 2. 1 rem ote-a s 2
n ei gh bor 1 4 1 . 1 5 3 . 1 2. 1 route-ref l ec tor-c l i en t
n ei gh bor 1 4 1 . 1 5 3 . 1 7 . 2 rem ote-a s 2
n ei gh bor 1 4 1 . 1 5 3 . 1 7 . 2 route-ref l ec tor-c l i en t
A(R R )
AS2
B
AS1
48
M u ltip leR R
U s ed f or R R
p er C l u s t er
r ed u nd a ncy
A l l R R s i n s a m e cl u s ter h a v e to a g r ee on u ni q u e
cl u s ter -i d i f cl i ents peer w i th a l l R R s :
bgp cluster-id < 1 -2 >
32
T r ea t oth er R R s i n s a m e cl u s ter a s i B G P peer s ( i B G P

f u l l m es h )
49
50

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BGP4

A ttr i b u tes a nd R ou te S el ecti on A l g or i th m

A path vector protocol defines a route as a pairing between a

P revent loops via AS num ber

0 6461 7018 6337 11268

R el i a b l e tr a ns por t l a y er ( no need of r etr a ns m i s s i ons a t

B G P s es s i on i s m a i nta i ned w i th B G P k eepa l i v es ( 6 0 s )

A B G P r ou ter h a s i nter na l a nd / or ex ter na l nei g h b or s

P ol i ci es a ppl i ed b y i nf l u enci ng th e b es tpa th s el ecti on

I m plem ented as T L V ( T y pe-L ength-V alue)

Sh o u l d b e direc tl y c o nnec ted

full iB G P m esh is req uired!!

Gro u p o f peers to w h ic h th e sam e o u tb o u nd po l ic ies

Sim pl ic ity o f c o nfig u ratio n

router bgp 109

orig inat ed locally = 3 2 7 6 8

C o nfig u ratio n ( rtr A) :

A S -P A T H i s u pd a ted b y th e s end i ng r ou ter w i th i ts ow n

I G P ( i) = via network com m and

incom plete ( ? ) = redistribution

C om pared only for rou tes from

v alu e is m ore preferab le (defau lt = 0 )

neighbor i p -ad d r es s send-com m unity

use 16 bits to indicate the ASN

O nl y c o nsider path s w ith reac h ab l e N E X T _ H O Ps

D o no t c o nsider iBGP path if no t sy nc h ro niz ed

Prefer l o c al l y o rig inated ro u te

Sh o rtest AS_ PAT H

c o de: I GP < E GP < inc o m pl ete

L o w est M u l ti-E x it D isc rim inato r ( M E D )

Prefer an External path o v er an I nternal o ne

1 2 F o r eBGP path s, sel ec t th e o l dest to m inim iz e

1 5 L o w est neig h b o r I P address

D e tail s giv e n : h ttp :/ / w w w . c is c o. c om / w arp / p ub l ic / 4 5 9 / 2 5 . s h tm l # b e s tp ath

< net w o r k > C o m m and

N ot alw ays a g ood t h ing !

router bgp 109

Aggr egat e Addr es s es

W ith no o ptio ns it pro pag ates th e ag g reg ate and al l

A dvert ise O N L Y t h e ag g reg at e ( no com ponent s)

. 8 9 . 1. 1 distr ibute-l ist 5 in

i p a s -pa th a c c es s -l i s t number [ perm i t| d en y ] reg ex p

router bgp 109

U sed to carry N L R I w ithin the A u tonom ou s S y stem

R em em b er: B G P detects loops u sing the A S -P A T H

B G P u pdates are sent u nchang ed to internal peers (no

check is done w ith iB G P

iB G P speak ers cannot detect rou ting loops

T herefore iB G P req u ires a fu ll m esh

All BGP routers need an i BGP sessi on w i th eac h ex i t-p oi nt

only the R R has to support this feature

Cl i ents ca n peer w i th i n m u l ti pl e cl u s ter s

C luster: S et of one or m ore R R s and th ei r c li ents

C heck if its cluster-id is on the cluster-list

I f cluster-id is on the cluster-list the update is silently discarded

non-client -> reflect to all clients

eB G P peer -> reflect to all clients AN D

client -> reflect to all clients AN D non clients

n ei gh bor 1 4 1 . 1 5 3 . 1 2. 1 rem ote-a s 2

n ei gh bor 1 4 1 . 1 5 3 . 1 2. 1 route-ref l ec tor-c l i en t

n ei gh bor 1 4 1 . 1 5 3 . 1 7 . 2 rem ote-a s 2

n ei gh bor 1 4 1 . 1 5 3 . 1 7 . 2 route-ref l ec tor-c l i en t

T r ea t oth er R R s i n s a m e cl u s ter a s i B G P peer s ( i B G P

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