Discussion

A. Carbon and Hydrogen

O.5g of CuO and 0.1g of sugar was grounded. It was placed into a clean dry
test tube. 0.5g of CuO was added. A delivery tube was connected to the test
tube containing CuO and sugar and the other tip was dip into a lime water
containing test tube, it was then heated. During heating, there was smoke in
the test tube with CuO and sugar and the mixture became reddish. On the
other hand, the test tube with lime water, also has smoke and a white
precipitate is forming. This means that carbon is present. If copper sulphate
turns blue due to the formation of CuSO 4.5H2O (by water vapor) then the compound
contains hydrogen.
B. Test for S
The test solution was acidified with a dilute acetic acid and acetate solution.
If a black precipitate of PbS, it means S is present but in this experiment,
there was no black precipitate. A pale yellow solution was formed when acetic
acid and acetate solution was added. Also, instead of black precipitate, a
white precipitate was formed, which means that S was not present. White
precipitate was formed may be due to the precipitation of the lead (II) ions
with the halide ions.
C. Test for Halogens
To 1 mL of test solution, HNO 3 was added to produce distinct acidity. It was
boiled so that to expel any HCN or H 2S that may be present. This step was
taken to avoid the cyanide ions and sulfide ions cause the error in the
halogens test. The sodium halide formed during the sodium fusion test was
reacted with the AgNO3 to form the insoluble silver halide as precipitate in the
solution. A heavy white precipitate was formed after AgNO 3 was added. This
indicates the presence of chlorine.
D. Test for N
To 1 mL test solution, two drops of FeSO 4 was added. The solution turns to
yellow after the FeSO4 was added. Two drops of NaOH was then added to
produce distinct alkalinity. The solution was then heated to boiling and
filtered to remove any FeS. The filtrate was acidified by adding diluted H 2SO4
and two drops of FeCl3. The solution became green. There was no precipitate
of Prussian blue. This means nitrogen is absent.
E. Sodium Fusion
Na metal was covered with the solid sample. During the coating, you can see
the Na metal reacting with the solid sample. There was some bubbles on the
surface of Na metal. The Na metal was then placed in a test tube using a
tong. It was then heated. It was heated gently to avoid sputtering. The
compound was heated until tube is red hot. The tube was then dropped into a
beaker containing 10 mL distilled water. The part with fused sample was
dropped into the beaker. It was then heated and filtered. The filtrate, which is
colorless, will be used as test solution for the elements.
F. Test or Oxygen
The ferrox test can be used for the detection of oxygen. The ferrox paper was
soaked in three test tube containing 5 drops of hexane, ethanol and a
unknown liquid. The hexane was colorless when the ferrox paper was

dropped, while ethanol and the unknown liquid became red-purple. When
deep-red coloration is observed, oxygen is present. Meanwhile, solutions of
non-oxygen compounds remain colorless.