Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BOOK -1 / 2
SPECIFICATION OF MATERIALS
WORKMANSHIP OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING WORKS
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Book -1- Specifications of Materials
CLAUSE TITLE Page
NO NO
1.1 Standard specification : 9
1.1.1 Types
1.1.2 Tests
1.1.3 Delivery and storage
1.1.4 Rejection of cement
1.2 Water 11
1.2.1 Source
1.2.2 Tests
1.3 Aggregates 11
1.3.1 Source and duality
1.3.2 Storage of aggregate
1.3.3 Sampling of aggregate
1,4 Testing of aggregate 12
1.4.1 Methods of testing
1.4.2 Grading limits
1.4.2.1 Fin aggregate
1.4.2.2 Coarse aggregate
1.4.2.3 All - in aggregate
1.4.3. Salt content
1.4.3.1 Sulphate content (so3)
1.4.3.2 Chloride content
1.5 Proportions of the Mix of structural concrete 1>
1.-5.1 General
1.5.2 Tests
1.6 Brick 16
1.6.1 Quality
1.6.2 Sampling and testing
1.6.3 Acceptance and rejection
1.7 Concrete blocks 16
1.7.1 Quality
1.7.2 Testing
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1.8 Ordinary and terrazzotiles 16
1.8.1 Quality
1.8.2 Sampling and testing
1.9 Concrete flags 17
1.9.1 Bitumincus felt Roofing quality
1.9.2 Sampling and testing
1.10 Juss 17
1.10.1 Quality
1.10.2 Sampling and testing
1.10.3 Acceptance and rejection
1.11 Structural steel 17
1.11. 1 General
1.11.2 Structural steel in composite menbers.
1.11.3 Unidentified steel
1.11.4 Heavy shapes
1.11.5 Steel castings and forgings
1.11.6 Bolts,washers and nuts
1.11.7 Anchor rods and threaded rods
1.1 L8 Welds
1.11.9 Shear connectors
1.11.10 Profiled steel sheets
1.11.11 Steel pipe or tubing
1.12 Steel Reinforcement 24
1.12.1 General
1.12.2 Welled Reinforcement
1.12.3 Deformed Reinforcement
1.12.4 Plain Reinforcement
1.12.5 Prestressing Tendons
1.13 Pipes 26
1.13.1 Concrete pipes
1.13.2 Glazed ware pipes
1.13.3 Cast -Iron pipes
1.13.4 Wrought iron piping
3
NO. 14 v.
1.13.5 Asbestos - cement pipes
1.14 Timber 27
1.14.1 General
1.14.2 Timber for carpentry work
1.14.3 Timber for joinery
1.14.4 Soft wood
1.14.5 Hard wood
1.15 Windows 27
1.15.1 General
1.15.2 Steel windows
1.15.3 Aluminum windows
1.15.4 Wood windows
1.16 Doors 28
1.16.1 General
1.16.2 Sheet doors
1.16.3 Wooden doors
1.16.3.1 teake wooden doors
1.16.3.2 pressed wooden doors
1.16.4 Sliding doors
1.16.5 Double-leaf hinged doors
1.16.6 Swinging doors
1.17 Paint 31
1.17.1 General
1.17.2 Cement paint
1.17.3 Oil paint
1.17.4 Roof paint
1.17.5 Plastic paint
1.17.6 Clear lacquer
1.17.7 Emulsion paint
1.17.8 Flat and semi-gloss oil paints
1.17.9 Oil gloss paints
1.18 Gloss and glazing 34
1.18.1 General
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1.18.2 Sheet gloss
1.18.3 Polished plate gloss
1.18.4 reinforced gloss
1.19 Miscellaneous materials 35
1.19.1 Lead
1.19.2 Zinc
1.19.3 Copper
1.19.4 Bronze
1.19.5) Asbestos cement
1.19.6 Bitumen
Book -2- Specification of civil works
workmanship
2.1 Earthworks 37
2.1.1 Cleaning the site
2.1.2 Excavation
2.1.3 Filling
2.1.4 Measurement of earthworks
2.2 Foundations 41
2.2.1 General
2.2.2 Wall foundations
2.2.3 Piling
2.3 Forms shuttering and formwork 45
2.3.1 General
2.3.2 Cleaning and oiling of forms
2.3.3 Removal of forms
2.3.4 Measurement and payment
2.4 Reinforcement 47
2.4.1 General
2.4.2 Splicing
2.4.3 Concrete protection for reinforcement
2.4.4 Placing reinforcement
2.4.5 Hooks and bends
2.5 Concrete 50
2.5.1 Mixing concrete
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2.5.2 Consistency of concrete
2.5.3 Cube testing of structural concrete
2.5.4 Transport concrete
2.5.5 Placing of concrete
2.5.6 Concrete face work
2.5.7 Curing of concrete
2.5.8 Measurement and payment
2.6 Masonry work 53
2.6.1 General
2.6.2 Brickwork - Embedded components
2.6.3 Brickwork - laying
2.6.4 Brickwork- facing work
2.6.5 Brickwork - bond
2.6.6 Brickwork-Extra labours
2.6.7 Brick in cement reinforced partitions
2.6.8 Brick in cement partitions
2.6.9 Measurement of masonry
2.7 Plastering 55
2.7.1 Cement plastering
2.7.2 Juss plastering
2.7.3 Pointing
2.3.4 Measurement and payment
2.8 Rendering 56
2.8.1 Materials
2.8.2 Textured surface finish
2.8.3 Mechanically applied textured finish
2.8.4 Application
2.8.5 Measurement and payment
2.9 Flooring 58
2.9.1 Terrazzo Tiles
2.9.2 Ceramic Tiles
2.9.3 Concrete for floors and pavements
2.10 Roofing 59)
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NO. NO.
2.15.1 a tile roofing
2.10.2 Roofing felt
2.10.3 Flint kote roofing
2.10.4 Corrugated Asbestos sheets
2.10.5 Aluminum Roofing
2.11 Glazed wall tiles (61
2.12. Doors, windows and Miscellaneous work 61
2.12.1 Fixing of frames
2.12.2 Railings, Nibs of stairs etc.
2.12.3 Counters
2.13 Painting 62
2.13.1 General
2.13.2 Oil bound water paints
2.13.3 Distempers
2.13.4 Cement paints
2.13.5 Oil paints
2.13.6 Painting iron and steelwork
2.13.7 Water paints
2.13.8 Glossy finished putty oil paintings
2.13.9 Roughly finished putty oil paintings
2.13.10 Varnishing of wall surfaces
2.13.11 Repainting of wall surfaces
2.13.12 Painting concrete
2.13.13 Painting plaster work
2.13.14 Painting woodwork
2.13.15 Measurement of paintings
2.14 Expansion joints 66
2.14.1 Filler
2.14.2 Zinc plates
2.14.3 Coping
2.14.4 Teak wood covering
2.14.5 Mastic filling
2.14.6 Aluminum strips
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NO. NO.
2.15 False ceiling 67
2.15.1 Acoustic ceiling tiles
2.15.2 Asbestos
2.15.3 Hy- rib
2.16 Road Construction 68
2.16.1 General
2.16.2 Sampling and Testing
2.16.3 Equipment
2.16.4 Stockpiling
2.16.5 Weather Limitation
2.16.6 Subbase course
2.16.7 Grade and Alignment control
2.16.8 Base courses
2.16. 9 Concrete slabs
2.16.10 Bituminous prime coat
2.16.11 Bituminous Tack coat
2.16. 12 Bitumin stabilized sand and Gravel Base.
2.16.13 Hot Mix Asphaltic concrete pavement
2.16.14 Pavement and Footways of Precast concrete flags.
2.16.15 Concrete curbs, channels and quadrant.
2.16.16 Opening to traffic and maintenance.
2.16.17 Measurement and payments
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1.1:- STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS :
Except where otherwise specified all materials and workmanship
shall conform to the requirements of the relevant National Iraqi
Standards (IQS) specifications . Other equivalent standards
specifications (BS , ASTM) may be substituted for the Iraqi Standards
with the approval of the Engineer .
The Contractor shall obtain and keep on Site at least one copy of
each (IQS) or other approved Standards which is referred to in the
specifications , and in addition , shall keep on Site any (IQS)or other
Standard which applies to materials which are being supplied to , or
workmanship which is being executed on, the work.. The cast of this is
deemed to be included in the prices and no separate payment will be
made to the contractor in this respect .
CEMENT
1.1.1 :- TYPES :
Portland cements shall comply in all respects with the requirements
of the IQS 51984 , Other cements should comply the requirements that
specified by the Engineer. The Engineer could make use of any adopted
standards such as :
BSIZ -1989 , BS4027 - 1980, and ASTM C150 - 97 in specifying
any additional requirements which are not specified by the IQS 5 -
1984 .
1.1.2 :- TESTS :
The contractor shall submit to the Engineer , without charge , test
certificates relating to each consignment of cement . Each certificate
shall show that a sample of the consignment has been tested by the
manufacturer or by an approved laboratory and that it complies in all
respects with the requirements of the adopted specifications . When
required by the Engineer, the contractor shall supply samples of cement
taken on delivery to or during storage on the site , for testing at a
nominated laboratory.
No cement from any consignment shall be used without the approved
of the Engineer and the contractor shall maintain a record forth
locations of concrete made from each consignment such records shall
be available for inspection by the Engineer.
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All cement shall be delivered to the site in properly marked ( with
date of delivery ) sound and sealed paper bags or other approved
containers , unless written approval from the Engineer shall be obtained
for the handling for cement in bulk . Cement shall be delivered in
quantities , sufficient to ensure the proper progress of the works and the
quantities held in stock on site shall be to the approval of the Engineer .
If storage bins are used , there shall be sufficient bins to differentiate
between each months deliveries . storage bins shall be so constructed
that there is no dead storage . cement which has been at site for (60 )
sixty days or more shall be used before using cement which has been at
site for a lesser period No cement shall be used which has been at site
for more than ( 6) six months or which , in the opinion of the Engineer,
may have deteriorated in any way until it has been thoroughly and
newly tested .
Bagged cement shall be stored in a weather - proof and reasonably
air -tight places provided solely for that purpose . The floors of the
storage places shall be raised above the ground level to prevent the
absorption of moisture . Bagged cement shall not be stored more than (
7) seven bags height for periods longer than ( 30 ) thirty days .
Each consignment of cement shall be stored separately so as to
provide easy access for inspection and testing . After they have been
approved by used in the order in which they were delivered .
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1.2.1 SOURCE ;
The water for washing aggregates , mixing concrete and mortar ,
and for curing shall be from an approved source and shall contain no
deleterious matter which significantly affects the setting time or
strength or durability of the concrete or which has any effect on the
appearance of the hardened concrete by discoloration of efflorescence .
If required by the Engineer , the contractor shall without extra charge
treat the water taken from rivers , canals , or from any other sources to
such a degree as maybe necessary from any other sources to such a
degree as may be necessary in order to render it suitable for mixing
concrete and mortar .
1.2.1 :- TEST
The water used for all purposes shall comply with the IQS 1692-
1988 requirements. The Engineer could make use of the
recommendations in the Appendix to the BS-3 1481980 for specifying
any requirement that
Is not found in the IQS1692-1988.
The Contractor shall deliver to the Engineer , without charge
samples of the water proposed for use on the works , for toting to
confirm its Suitability . samples may be delivered sufficiently in
advance of the work for completion of the tests , before the water is
required for use and at such other times during .
The course of the contractor as the Engineer may direct .
AGGREGATES
1.3.1 SOURCE AND QUALITY ;
Aggregates for concrete and mortar shall be obtained from an
approved source , and shall conform with the requirements of IQS 45-
1984 .
Aggregates (fine and coarse)shall be natural or crushed stone or
crushed gravel provided that the gravel contains no flint or chert.
Particles shall be clean and free from adherent impurities in excess of
limits laid down in IQS 45-1984 nor shall it contain laminated
materials , shales and other porous or fragile particles , soluble matter ,
sulfates , alkalis , or other deleterious materials in such a form or in
such quantities as to affect adversely the quality of concrete .
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Sampling shall be carried out as required by the Engineer in
accordance with requirements of the IQS 29-1984. Samples shall be of
a size, sufficient to carry out all tests which the Engineer may order or
as shown in Table 4.3.1. After approval has been given for any
particular aggregate , a sample , weighing at least (50)fifty kilograms of
the approved aggregate shall be retained by the Engineer as a standard
against which all future samples shall be compared.
1. 4 TESTING OF AGGREGATE :
1.4. - METHODS OF TESTING :
During the course of the contract , fine and coarse aggregates shall
be tested as often as required by the Engineer . Tests shall be carried
out in accordance with the methods stated in the standards shown in
table 4.2.1 otherwise ordered by the Engineer
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Sieve size, mm Percentage Passing by weight ;
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4
10.0 100 100 100 100
4.75 90-100 90-100 90-100 95-100
2.36 60-95 75-100 85-100 95-100
1.18 30-70 55-90 75-100 90-100
0.60 15-34 35-59 60-79 80-100
0.30 5-20 8-30 12-40 15-50
0.15 0-10 0-10 0-10 0-15
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Sieve size, mm Percentage Passing (mass)
40mm,nominal size 20mm,nominal size
75 100 -
37.5 95-100 100
20 45080 95-100
5 25-50 35-55
0.60 8-30 10-35
0.15 0-6 0-6
Group Two
a. All reinforced and plain concretes > 300 4.0
that were not mentioned in Group 0.75 250-300 4.5
one(a,b). < 250 5.0
b. Concrete flags and tils .
Prestressed concrete cured with
steam and is not in contact with
Group Three
ment -sand mortar 0.75 - 6.0
Group Four
a. Temporary building concrete 1.0 - 6.0
(with
, Useful life not more than 10
years) I,
b. Concrete blocks
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No concrete shall contain more than the total chloride content (as
chloride ions) expressed as percentages by weight of cement , shown in
table 1.4.3.2
ADMIXTURES
1.5.1 GENERAL Admixtures are material added to the concrete
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1.6.1 QUALITY :
Brick shall be of the best quality available , manufactured by any
well - known and approved process . They shall be mechanically
processed and properly burnt . Bricks shall conform to the requirements
of IQS 25 - 19 .
CONCRETE BLOCKS
1.7.1 QUALITY
Concrete (hollow or solid) blocks shall be of best quality available ,
manufactured by a well- known approved process . They shall be
manufactured mechanically by both pressure and vibration . Blocks
shall not be used with age less than (7) seven days from
the date of manufacturing .
1.7.2 TESTING :
Tested blocks shall conform the requirements of IQS 1077 - 1985 .
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CONCRETE FLAGS
1.9.1 QUALITY
Concrete flags that are used for roofing of building or for finishing
sidewalks shall be of best available quality They shall be manufactured
by pressure or vibration or both.
These flags shall not be used with age less than [7] seven days from
the date of manufacturing .
JUSS
1.10.1 QUALITY :
The juss used shall be factory product and shall be of the ordinary
type , hot and well burnt . The juss shall be clean , free of any foreign
matter , and the contractor shall take necessary measures to protect the
juss during transportation and storage from rain humidity and other
factors which are likely to cause damage to it .
STRUCTURAL STEEL
1.11.1 GENERAL
The grades of structural steel approved for use under most building
codes and mainly covered by ASTM standard specification , extend to
a yield stress of 100 (690 MPa) . Some of these ASTM standards
specify a minimum yield point, while others
specify a minimum yield strength . the term " yield stress" is used in
the specification as a generic term to denote either the yield point or
the yield strength.
it is important to be aware of limitations of availability that may exist
for some combinations of strength and size not all structural section
sizes are included in the various material specifications . for example,
the 60 (415 MPa) yield strength steel in the A572/A572M-99
specification includes plate only up to 1.25 in (32 mm) in thickness .
another limitation on availability is that even when a product is
included in the specifications. it may be in frequently produced by the
mills . specifying these
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from the mills . consequently it is prudent to check availability before
completing the details of a design .
Properties in the direction of rolling are of principal interest in the
design of steel structures hence , yield stress as determined by the
standard tensile test is the principal mechanical property recognized in
the selection of the steels approved for use under the specification . it
must be recognized that other mechanical and physical properties
of rolled steel,such as anisotropy,ductility,notch
toughness,formability,corrosion resistance,etc.,may also be important
to the satisfactory performance of a structure.steel conforming to one
of the following standard specifications is recommended for use in
steel buildings:
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e.) High- strength low-alloy structural steel with (50) ksi [345 MPa]
minimum yield point to 4 in [100mm] thick,ASTM A588/A588-97a.
f)Anchor bolts,stee1,36,55 and 105 ksi yield strength,ASTM F1554-99.
g)Specification for carbon and Law-Alloy steel Electrodes and Fluxes for
Electrolong welding, AWS AS.25 / AS.25 M-97.
h)Specification for carbon and Law-Alloy steel Electrodes and Fluxes for
Electrolong welding, AWS AS.26 / AS.26 M-97.
i)Specification for carbon and Law-Alloy steel Electrodes and Fluxes for
Electrolong welding, AWS AS.28- M-96.
j)Specification for Law-Alloy steel Electrodes for Fluxes cored Arc
welding , AWS AS.25 / AS.29 M-98.
k) Specification for welding shielding Gases, AWS AS.32 / AS.32 M-97.
The filler metal specification , listed above . are general and include
filler metals suitable for building construction , as well as consumable
that would not be suitable for building construction . For example , some
electrodes covered by the specifications are specifically limited to single
pass applications , while others are restricted to sheet metal applications .
Many of the filler metals listed are "low hydrogen” that is , they deposit
filler metal with low levels at diffusible hydrogen. Other materials are
not . Filler metals listed .
Manufacturer's certification shall constitute sufficient evidence of
conformity with the standards . The designer should be aware that
pretensioning of anchor rods is not recommended due to relaxation and
the potential for stress corrosion after pretensioning
.
1.11.8 WELDS
All welding consumables (i.e. electrode wire , filler rodes , flux ,
shielding gas , etc...) should comply with BS5135 , or shall conform to
one of the following specifications of the American Welding society :
a. Specification for carbon steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc
welding , AWS AS. I-91.
b)Specification for Law-Alloy steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc
welding, , AWS AS.5-96.
c)Specification for carbon steel Electrodes and Fluxes for sub merged Arc
welding , AWS AS. 17/ AS. 17
M-98.
d)Specification for carbon steel Electrodes and pads for Gas Shielded
Arc welding , AWS AS. 18-93.
e)Specification for carbon steel Electrodes for Fluxes cored Arc welding ,
AWS AS.20 -95 '
f)Specification for carbon and Law-Alloy steel Electrodes and Fluxes for
submerged Arc welding, AWS AS.23 / AS.23 M-97.
Under the various AWS AS Specification may or not have required
impact toughness depending on the specific electrode classification.
Engineers do not , in general , specify the exact filler metal to be
employed on a particular structure . Rather, the decision as to which
welding process and which filler metal is to be utilized is usually left with
the fabricator or erector. To ensure that
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I
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1.13.1 CONCRETE PIPES (WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT)
They shall be made in metal moulds with concrete of same
composition as the concrete for reinforced concrete , with the
difference that the gravel shall contain no element larger than 10mm ,
for pipes up to 3 (in diameter), and no element larger than -5mm.
_ 30 cm
For pipes from 30 to 100mm. (in diameter). The Surface of the pipes
shall be smooth and flawless
Dimensions shall be as follows:
Diameter (in cm.) 20 30 40 50 60 80 10
Thickness (in cm.) 3 4 5 6 7 8 10
Except where intended for drainage . the pipe shall be fitted with
ajointing disposition consisting of a collar at one end of the pipe . The
depth of the collar shall be at least 3/4 of the thickness of the pipe itself .
The Iraqi standards (1433/1989) must be conformed for testing the
pipes .
TIMBER
1.14.1GENERAL :
All timber shall be of best duality , free from defects , as specified
below and appropriate to its place and use .
All timber which shows sign of being infected with white ant , beetle or
other pests shall be rejected by the engineer and at once removed from the
site .
WINDOWS
1.15.1 GENERAL :
The window frames can be constructed of steel , wood or aluminum .
The frame shall be provided with evacuation of condensed water .
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The name of the maker of the window should be stated in the tender. The
constructional section , type , frames , hardware fittings should be
described in the tender .
DOORS
1.16.1 GENERAL:
The sizes and numbers of doors are specified for the various buildings
The engineer may alter the location of doors to suit the final layout of
the buildings and no extra payment shall be charged for this alteration .
The doors could be constructed of steel , wood or aluminum .
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Ail steel doors and frames shall be made of mild steel welded without
deposition of metals and properly reinforced . Corners shall be welded
with all joints face welded and grind smooth . Welds must develop the
full strength of the section and all joints in face to occur over reinforcing
members .
Main members shall be designed to carry the dead load with an extreme
fiber stress not exceeding that allowable for the type of steel used .
Exterior doors shall be designed to resist a wind load of 75 kg / m .
deflection under the above wind load shall not exceed 1/ 120 of the span .
After assembly , doors shall be thoroughly cleaned of rust , oil and
grease and given a coat of an approved rust resisting metallic primer with
filler as required .
Doors and frames shall be painted with two coats of an approved oil
paint the colours of which shall be according to the instructions of the
Engineer.
Shop drawings of doors , including, the method of hanging doors on
frames shall be Submitted for the written approval of the Engineer before
beginning of fabrication .
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TEST REQUIRED SPECIFICATION LIMITS
1.1 painting liability The surface should be smooth and straight
1.2 odor The odor shall not be disagreeable
1.3 flexibility The paint shall show no cracking over 1/8
Rod when bent
1.4 drying time set to Lower limit 1/2 hr upper limit 2 hr
touch
1.5 drying hard upper limit 16hr
PAINT
1.17.1 GENERAL:
All prepared paints shall be the product of a reputable manufacturer and
applied in strict accordance with the paint manufacturer's directions and
according to the following specifications .
Red lead B.S.2523 Linseed oil B.S.242 or TT-E-206C, Turpentine ,
B,S,244 & 290,white spirit B.S. 245 Varnishes BS. 256 Red oxides of iron
B,S,272,306 &370,Ready - mixed paints B.S.277-8 ,leaded chromes and
Wizen chromes B.S282 black and purple oxides of iron , B.S.306 &339 ,
paste and liquid dryers B.S.331,tung oil ;B.S.391 , linseed oil putty ,
B.S.544 Manufactured
oxides and Hydrated oxides of iron ,B.S. 851 Lac . B.S. 954 . knotting ,
B.S.1336
white oil pastes , B.S.2029 Ready mixed oil based priming Paints , B.S 2521
,
Ready mixed oil based undercoat and finishing paints external quality ,
B.S.2525. Pigments : white : B.S.239 , blue , B.S283,black , B.S.284
green ,B.S.303 sienna
umber and ocher , B.S.313 & 337 ultramarine B.S.314, colour for ready
mixed paints, B.S.381C pigments for colouring cement and concrete, B.S.
1014 colour or building and decorative paints . B.S2660 . The specification
at main building paints shall be according to the following tables
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TEST REQUIRED SPECIFICATION LIMITS
2.1 non volatile 70% lower limit
2.2 oil / resin content 6.---)% lower limit
2.3 white pigment content Include not less than 50% of the litho
titaniumdioxide0
When used must not be less than 10%
2.4 dilution When mixed with water the mixture must be
smooth and homogenous .
2.5 re-coating When the second coat is applied on the first
One this second can be completely removed
from the first coat without affection it .
SPECIFICATION LIMITS
3.5 Painting Liability 3.6 Odor
; IOU e east N, or pain in
I The odor shall not be disagreeable
3.7 Drying time set to touch Drying hard.
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1.17.8 FLAT AND SEMI-GLOSS OIL PAINTS
Flat and semi-gloss finishes are made either by reducing the proportion
of oil in the paint or incorporating substances which have the effect of
dulling the gloss , such as wax and certain metallic soaps . Their use shall
be restricted to interior decoration, as they are not sufficiently weather -
resistant for exterior work .
"Sharp pain " is a name used for paint containing a large proportion of
pigment only loosely bound with a small proportion of oil , which dries
dead flat .
Paste white lead thinned with turpentine or white spirit only is typical
of this class , out sharp paints can be made by thinning any pigment
ground in oil in same way.
"Under coating paints" are made with a relatively large proportion of
thinner and less oil than finishing paint so that they dry with only a slight
gloss .
In 4-coat work , where two undercoats are used the general practice is
for the first to have rather higher gloss than the second , which must flat
in order to provide a good foundation for the Gloss - finishing coating .
Sheet -lass shall be of the ordinary quality suitable for general glazing
prepossess . Its thickness varying from 3 mm up to 6 mm .
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1.18.3 POLISHED PLATE GLASS
Polished plate glass shall be of the “glazing quality” suitable for
general glazing purposes. Normal standard thickness : nominally 6 mm
,( tolerance .5 mm to 8 mm ).
MISCELLANEOUS
MATERIALS 1.19.1 LEAD
:
Lead shall not contain more than 1% of impurities and shall be
without any traces of oxidation .
Sheet lead shall be soft and malleable uniform in thickness and
texture and free from cracks and other defects .
1.19.2 ZINC:
Zinc shall be of uniformed blue-grey coloring the surface shall be
smooth it
shall be free from cracks , dross overlaps , scales excess blisters , or
any other detrimental defects .
It shall not contain more than 1.5% of Impurities . Each zinc sheet
shall be
marked with its standard gauge number and trade mark of the
manufacturer .
The checking of the gauge of a sheet is based on its weight . The
agreed density being 7 .
Here under the table of gauge numbers giving the theoretical weight
of sheets and the corresponding mean thickness :
(NO. ZINC SHEETS) MEAN WEIGHT APPROX THICKNESS
I (kg/m) (mm.)
8 2.800 0.400
9 3.150 0.450
10 3.500 0.500
11 4 060 0 580
12 4.620 0.660
13 5.180 0.740
14 5.740 0.820
15 6.650 0.950
16 7.569 1.080
Samples taken from the sheet shall fold without cracking , when the
folios are folded around a bar of a diameter equal to twice the thickness
of the sheet itself.
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1.19.3 COPPER
All copper used shall be pure perfectly malleable , free from impurities
and show no more but traces of oxidation Its density shall be 8.88 .
Copper material shall be neatly cut flawless . Thin cooper sheets shall be
of uniform thickness .
Strips cut in whatever direction out of the sheets whether cold or heated
to dark red , shall fold till the edges are in contact over the whole length
without cracking All copper used shall confirm in composition of the
metal to B.S.899 .
1.19.4 BRONZE:
Bronze use for ornamental articles shall be of an alloy containing in
weight :27 parts of copper , 6 parts of tin and 5 parts of zinc .
Other alloys will be accepted for small articles of commercial use .
1.19.6 BITUMEN :
The softening point of the bitumen shall be tip to at least 85C .
The softening point is measured by the ring and ball method .
The bitumen shall be Dora Refinery Bitumen according to B.S.525 or
Iraqi . Standards (1196/1988 , 1173 / 1988) .
-36-
BOOK: 2
Specification of workmanship civil works
SPECIFICATION OF WORKMANSHIP
CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS
2-1 Earthworks
2.1.1 clearing the Site
The site indicated on the drawings shall be cleared by the
contractor of all obstructions such as pavements, mud huts and
any other item which may interfere with the construction
operations. Trees, shrubs and vegetation shall be removed by
grubbing up all the roots and consolidating the ground. No trees
located outside the areas to be constructed shall be removed
without the written approval of the Engineer.
2.1.2 Excavation
a. General
Excavation shall be carried out for all building parts,
foundation beds, pipe lines etc., as indicated on the drawings and
in the specifications, these are to be founded upon well compacted
undisturbed soil bed whose structural stability gives a design
bearing pressure of 1.0 kg/cm2 (min) unless otherwise specified.
Excavation includes the taking up and transporting to a
suitable tip soil of all types. Costs for transport further than 5
kilometer will be reimbursed.
The contractor is responsible for all shoring, strutting and
other protective measures for preventing the soil from falling into
the excavation and for the prevention of accidents.
The sides of the excavation shall, where necessary be
adequately supported to the satisfaction of the Engineer and be in
conformity with the relevant codes and by- laws of authorities in
Iraq.
v r
-38-
The bottom layer for drag-scrapers, bulldozers and many shoveled
excavators shall be not less than 15cm. And for drag lines and
shovels of other types not more than 30cm. The bottom layer shall
be removed immediately before laying foundations or pipelines and
by manual means which shall ensure the required accuracy of the
trench or pit bottom and in a way which shall avoid the
disturbance of the natural soil.
During construction period daily control of soil, of trench
walls and excavation slopes shall be ensured.
The permission of the Engineer must be obtained before
filling any excavation or covering any pipe or cable, any excavated
material not approved by the Engineer as suitable for back filling
materials shall be removed by the contractor as the Engineer may
direct. No excavated materials shall be deposited in the river
without the written consent of the Engineer.
b) Excavation for building etc..
The entire natural soil bed sub- base or filled soil on which
the concrete footings slabs and floors are to be poured shall be
rough leveled to a height slightly above the finished level and then
thoroughly compacted by rolling or any other mechanical mean to
be approved by the Engineer.
The bas shall not be muddy or soft when concrete is laid. The
contractor shall notify the engineer when excavation are completed
and no concrete shall be poured until the Engineer has approved
the ground for each individual site. C) Excavation for roadside
ditches:
Excavation of ditches shall have minimum depth of 0.30m. a
bottom width 0.20m. and the inclination of the trench sides at
roadside shall be 1:3 and the opposite side 1:2 unless otherwise
specified. The bottom to have a minimum slope of 1:1000. The
contractor shall make Sure that ditches will resist water corrosion
by either compaction stablilising or by using a suitable material for
surfacing.
D) Excavation of cuttings and forming of embankments:
Clay cuttings shall not be excavated in rainy weather. Unless
otherwise directed by the Engineer all excavated materials, shall be
used to form embankments, and shall be deposited and compacted
in layers not exceeding 15 cm. In thickness after final compacting.
In tipping and forming the embankments the contractor shall make
allowance in the height and width of these for consolidation and
shrinkage
Where rock is found in cuttings and is, in the opinion of the
Engineer suitable for use in pitching or for other purposes on the
works the contractor shall if so directed, carefully select and
receive for use such quantities of suitable materials as may be
required by the Engineer and shall use these materials at the rate
entered in the schedule of clay work rates for the COI-responding
materials. No logs, Stumps, perishable or frozen materials may be
used in forming embankments and no large stones shall be placed
less than 0.6m. b
21.1.3 Filling
Filling for lawns and plantations shall not be compacted.
Filling of lawns, batters, bush and tree plantations and levels
indicated on drawings. All filling shall be deposited in layers,
not exceeding 20cm. loose depth.
In the general area the contractor shall supply and will o.30m.
lifesoil on the top of the subgrade. The contractor shall mix fertilizer into
the top layer and then sow the grass seed and lightly compact.
For landscaping and planting only grass plants, bushes and tress
which are known to thrive in the soil and climatic conditions of the site
are to be used. The planting is to be carried out in well prepared ground,
watering, rolling, racking, fertilizing, protection, etc.. is to be carried out
where necessary to ensure that the landscaping scheme is successful.
For roads yards and parking areas, all filling up to underside of the
Sub- base shall be of a material suitable for rolling compaction and have
as low capillary pressure as possible. Filling shall be in layers not
exceeding 20cm. If the work is of lesser extent lighter rollers ma,," by
permitted if the thickness of the layers is brought down.
All timbering and rubbish shall be removed from the excavation
prior to back filling and no soft clay or mud will be permitted as filling.
Backfilling shall not commence without the approval of the Engineer.
Backfilling shall generally consist of excavated material excluding upper
layers of top soil. Back-fill shall be placed and compacted in 0.20m.
horizontal layers to achieve a field dry density of not less than 95% of the
maximum dry density as determined by the BS Compaction test No.
1377. Mechanical tamping may be necessary to achieve the required
density but no extra will be paid to the contractor on this account.
Material for refilling around buildings etc.. may consist of
excavated material but no rubbish material to be permitted. Refilling for
ground floor slabs shall be compacted.
If the contractor finds the bottom of the trench soft or in bad
condition he shall not proceed with the work until the Engineer has
issued instructions as to a method of taking care of this condition.
Material which is either classified as unsuitable or not required
shall be used as directed by the Engineer or where shown on drawings.
2.1.4 Measurement of Earthworks
a) Measurement of excavation in pits, trenches and foundation
Measurement for excavation shall be based on the net quantity of
cubic meters of soil in place before excavation. The rate for excavation
shall include the excavation and removal of all materials of whatsoever
nature including solid rock, (unless otherwise given as a separate item)
necessary for the construction of foundations substructures and laying
of pipes and cables in accordance with the plans or as directed by the
Engineer.
It shall include the furnishing of all necessary equipment which
may be necessary for the execution of the work unless given as separate
item.
Also included is the removal of all or part of the materials
excavated and tic required for backfilling transporting depositing, and
compaction in layers where and in the manner directed by the Engineer.
Unless otherwise specified in separate item, the rate shall include
for all Pumping arrangement and dewatering to keep excavation dry.
Separate foundations may be excavated and paid for as trench
excavation when the clear distance between the faces of two adjacent
foundations exceed the depth of the deeper excavation when directed by
the Engineer.
In any other case, the measurement shall be made and paid for as
a separate foundation.
-40-
In any other case, the measurement shall be made and paid for as a
separate foundation.
Pits and trenches shall be excavated with vertical walls and
shall be measured and paid for as such including side supports
(shoring and strutting) when required of depth indicated hereunder
i.e.. if the depth of the excavation shall not exceed 1 m. in sandy and
gravely soil, 1.25 m. in sandy loam soil, 1.5m. in loam soil, 2m in
specially firm soil. The depth shall be taken as the depth after
surface excavations is carried out (if any). The dimensions shall be
taken as the net dimension of the foundations base or Underground
structure indicated on drawings plus 20cm. Allowance for each side
and any further increase in width required for working space shall be
made by the contractor and shall not be paid for.
Rate of excavations shall also include not for the paid removal.
Of timbering, used for shoring and strutting to prevent sides against
caving in.
Any timbering left in, although the Engineer's consent is taken
shall not be paid for.
Excavation to depth exceeding those stated here above may be
carried out with sloping sides. The gradient of the slope shall depend
on the nature of the soil. However. payment shall be made for the
actual quantities of soil removed, but in no case shall exceed
allowance for 1:2 side slopes starting 15cm. above the bottom of
excavation and 20 cm. away from the faces of the vender around
structure. The bottom 15cm. shall be measured and paid for as for the
shallow excavation stated here above.
The last 15cm. depth of excavation, removed manually shall
be paid as usual excavation, unless otherwise is specified in a
separate item.
Close timbering and sheet piling shall not be paid for unless it
is asked for on the drawings and given as a separate item in the bill
of quantities or otherwise ordered for by the Engineer for the safety
of work in which case, the contractor shall furnish to the Engineer for
approval the necessary drawings regarding the same.
b) Measurement for earthfilling,
Earthfilling shall be measured and paid for as the actual
cubic meters of material in place after consolidation of finished lines
and grades, and the section of the ground shall be taken before the
filling is deposited.
Earhtiflling for foundation pit and trenches shall be measured
as the volume of the excavation is less than the volume of the buried
structure.
The rate for earthfilling shall include the cost of supplying
filling material and all works such as haling depositing, consolidation
and grading of the surfaces and slopes The rate shall also include all
expenses of tests, carried out to the satisfaction of the Engineer, that
the required minimum dry density has been achieved, and any other
test that may be asked for.
All areas that may be disturbed or spoiled during rolling or
consolidation shall he corrected and made good at the contractor's
expense as directed by the Engineer.
2.2.1 General
All foundations shall be proportioned to sustain the applied
loads and the induced reactions. soil investigation may be used as the
basis for determining the allowable bearing capacity and estimating
the total and differential settlements of the soil. The safe estimated
settlements shall be approved by the Engineer. Total settlement of
the order of 4 cms. May be permitted in any individual structure in
the project differential settlements of the order of 1.5c111. may be
permitted between column centre lines located at least 8m. apart.
The contractor shall use, if required either a sulphate resisting
cement of approved type in concrete foundations and/or also if
required shall protect concrete foundation; from the action of
sulphates in the soil by the application to the satisfaction of the
Engineer of a protective coat of bitumen not less than ?mm thick, to
contract surfaces. For the underside of the foundations the bitumen
coating shall be applied to the surface of the binding concrete, before
the deposition there on of the structural concrete.
2.2.2 Wall Foundations
Wall footings shall be either reinforced or plain concrete
depending on the structural design. The walls may be supported on a
beam spanning between column foundation or pile caps, %\here piles
are used.
Partition walls, 12cm. thick may be placed at the ground floor
pavement provided that pavement underneath the wall shall be
thickened to distribute the wall load to the filling undernearth
without any harmful settlement. In no case shall the depth of any
wall foundation be less than 1.2m.
2.2.3 Piling
A)Pile loads
1- Design loads shall be as noted on drawings.
2- Piles shall be designed and be able to develop the above loads
with a safety factor of not less than two.
B) Cast in place concrete piles
1- It is imperative that where concrete is placed in performed holes it
shall be done in such a manner that the concrete will not contain
soil inclusions and will maintain its full cross- section through-out
its length.
2- Holes may be formed by driving a temporary steel casing or by
boring.
3- In order to satisfy the requirements of (1) a light steel or plastic
pipe may be left in the hole which must not be assumed to take
any of the design load. Alternatively holes may be filled with a
bentonite slurry.
4- The interior of each pile shall be inspected by lowering a light
therein or b-y other suitable means before concreting.
5- Concrete shall be placed in such a manner as to prevent
segregation without the use of vibration.
6- Concreting 1 of inset piles shall be continuous to above cut- off
level to ensure that sound concrete is obtained at cut- off level.
C)Precast Concrete Piles
J) Rejected Piles
Piles which are damaged or do not meet the requirements of this
specification shall be made good by placing, additional piles or other
means which reinstate the adequacy of the overall structure, at no
expense to the client. Where this involves redesign of pile caps or
structure it shall be done by the contractor and submitted to the
Engineer for review.
-46-
him to start pouring the concrete. This approval shall, however, not
relieve the contractor from any responsibility for the proper execution of
the work.
While concrete is vibrated special care shall be taken by the
contractor to maintain the rigidity of the formwork and supports against
the action of the vibrators.
Embedded metal rods used for holding forms shall remain
embedded and shall terminate not less than 2.5 cm. in the clear of the
formed faces of the concrete. Embedded fasteners on the ends of rods
shall be such that their removal will leave holes of regular shape.
Use of embedded wire ties for holding forms shall be permitted in
concrete walls to be subjected to water pressure or where the concrete
surfaces through which the ties extend will be permanently exposed.
Wire ties may be used for holding forms for concrete walls where
embankment is to be placed against both sides of the walls. Wire ties
shall be cut off flush with the surface of concrete after the forms are
removed.
All required slots hangers inserts, anchors pipe sleeves conduits of
drains shall be set in place in the forms before reinforcement and
concrete are placed. All these slots, hangers, inserts, etc.., shall be
securely fastened to form so as to prevent any displacement while
concrete is being placed poured.
-47-
2.3.4. Measurement and Pavement
The prices quoted for concrete shall include all time for metal
moulds and all necessary supports, bolts, nuts straps, clamps, wedges
and other fixing as well as all cutting and waste and the cost of all
labour and materials used any other work required to construct the
forms to the shapes and dimensions shown on the drawings or directed
by the Engineer.
2-4 Reinforcement
The clear distance between parallel bars except in columns shall
not be less than: a)the nominal diameter of the bars. b)1 1/2 times the
maximum size of the coarse aggregate. C)2.5cm. for columns, the clear
distance between individual bars or between pairs of bars at lapped
splices shall not be less than a) 3.75cm. orb) 1'/2 times the maximum
size of the coarse aggregate used.
Where reinforcements: in beams or girders are placed in two or
more layers, the clear distance between layers shall not be less than
2.5cm. and the bars in the upper layers shall be placed directly above
2.4.2 Splicing
In slabs, beams and girders, splices of reinforcements at points of
maximum stress shall be avoided wherever possible, such splices, where
used shall be welded lapped or otherwise fully developed but in any case
shall transfer the entire stress from bar to bar without exceeding the
allowable bend and shear stresses.
a) Electric Welding
Jointing of reinforcement bars of hot rolled steel of diameters
exceeding 16mm. (5/8) shall be carried out by means of electric
welding contact joint.
Jointing of reinforcement bars made of cold rolled steel shall be
carried out in the following way.
a) Bars of cold- drawn wire are jointed only by overlapping without
welding. Electric welding of joints of cold drawn wire (contact as well
as arc welding) is not permissible.
Arc welding of joints (by over lapping or with added metal) of round or
deformed hotrolled steel bars shall be with two side seams at least.
Besides the following conditions shall be observed.
b) General length of welded seams on a lapped joint or on every half of
added metal shall not be less than (10) diameters of joints Bars.
c) The length of overlapping shall be (5) diameters of the bar to be
jointed.
d) The length of one half of added metal for two sides seams shall not be
less than (5)
diameters of jointed bars and not less than (2.5) diameters for (4)
seams
e) The height of the welded seam shall be (0.25) diameters of the bar but
not less than
10 mm (3/8).
f) The welded seam shall be (0.7) diameter wide but not less than 10
mm.
a) Added metal shall be round strip and angle iron with sectional area
not less than the
sectional area of the bars. Welding of reinforcement joints shall be
carried out in
accordance with the following rules:
48-
a) Welders of reinforcement shall have certificates of their
qualification.
b) To ensure proper quality of contact welding and to check up the
established conditions of welding a welder may at the beginning of
the shift, weld two samples and test them by bending to an angle of
90 around another as thick as (2) diameters of the bar for round
steel bars and (3) diameters thick for deformed steel bars. The
tested seams shall be in the middle of the bend. If no cracks appear
on welded areas the quality of welding is considered satisfactory.
c) Lap jointing
While lap jointing the reinforcement bars it is necessary to observe
the following:
The minimum overlap for a lapped splice shall be 24
diameters but not less than 30cm. for bars. For bars in tension it is
undesirable and wasteful of steel to have leaps at sections where
the stress in the steel approaches the permissible value. The laps
are better arranged where the stress in the steel is low enough to
allow the use of the specified minimum lap length.
The lengths of a lap required for bars in compression are as
for end lengths, four fifths of the corresponding lengths for bars in
tension.
The ends of reinforcement bars made of plain round steel
shall be provided with hooks in the extension area. Bars of
deformed steel shall have no hooks at the end.
Bars shall be bound at intersection with soft wire for binding
bars with double knots in three places: in the middle and at the
ends of the joint. There shall be no joint at the bend of the bar.
-50-
2.5. Concrete
2.5.1 Mixing concrete
Concrete shall be mixed for not less than ? minutes in a power
driven mixer provided with an automatic water supplying system all
mixers are to be approved by the Engineer.
Mixers shall be maintained in first class condition throughout the
contract. Any mixer or plant which is faulty in any respect shall not be
used. The drums on all mixers o any type which has been out of use for
more than 20minutes shall be thoroughly cleaned out before any fresh
concrete is mixed. All mixing plant shall be thoroughly cleaned if used
for high alumina cement after Portland cement and vise versa.
-52-
During the placing of concrete for reinforced work a competent
steel fixer shall be in constant attendance, order to adjust and correct
the position of the reinforcement if necessary.
The vibrators employed shall be of a type approved by the
Engineer and capable of producing vibrations at the rate of not less
than 5000 cycles per minute. Vibrators shall not be attached to the
reinforcement, and where vibrators of the immersion type are used,
every care shall be taken to avoid contact with the reinforcement.
Freshly placed concrete shall not be vibrated in a manner likely to
cause damage to concrete in other parts of the works has already set.
Concrete shall not be compacted to such an extent that segregation takes
place.
-54-
The whole of the masonry work is to be executed in the best
manner with joints tic, exceeding 1 cm. in thickness. brick work shall
be carried out in uniform manner and no portion shall be raised more
than 80cm. above another one time.
In cavity Construction the two skins shall be bonded together with
four galvanized metal ties per square meter of wall. The ties shall be
specially manufactured to suit the widths of the cavities so that in all
cases they shall be fixed normally to the face of the wall, and shall be
embedded at least 8cm. into each skin. Cavities shall be kept clear of
mortar dropping and rubbish.
All openings in cavity walls shall have the side built up solid with
return bricks properly bonded and shall have the cavity stopped off with
properly executed dampproof flashing.
Reinforcement in brickwork where specified to be of stout
expanded metal lathing strips in rolls to suit the width of the brickwork.
6mm. Diameter reinforcement rods or larger if specified may also be
used.
Wooden stops and plugs to be embedded in brickwork to be
pressure- impregnated with preservative.
Brick: wall , where specified, shall have damp- proof courses of
best grade lead cored bitumen strip two courses above ground level, for
the full width of the wall ,cell lapped at joints.
2.7 Plastering
2.7.1 Cement Plastering
All plastering shall be executed in a workman - like manner to the
satisfaction of the Engineer.
The surfaces to be plastered shall be thoroughly prepared before
the cost is applied They shall be cleaned with a wire brush and soaked
with water for at least 24 hours.
Surfaces of reinforced concrete columns and beams shall be
chipped and humidified so as to increase adhesion of the cement coating.
All surface shall be trowelled to a smooth even true finish and shall
be free from blemished.
Two coats of cement mortar shall be applied(see specifications for cement
mortars) The first coat shall consist of mortar. No. 1, the second coat
shall consist of mortar no. 2. The total thickness of the two coats shall
not be more than 20mm. And not less
than 12 -mm
56-
2.7.2 Juss Plastering
The Surface to be plastered shall be prepared as in clause
2.7.1 A preparatory coat of 1: 1 sand cement Slurry shall then be
applied to the clean wet surface by vigorous brushing and
immediate stippling with a banister brush in order to form a close
textured key
Two coats of juss shall be applied. The first coat shall be
applied evenly and with sufficient material and pressure to form a
good bond with the brick and concrete surfaces. The surface shall
then be rodded and floated to a ture even plane, then roughened
slightly with a stiff- bristled brush.
The second coat of smooth white finish shall be applied by
trowel as soon as the first coat is firmly set and before it is dry, (if
the first coat is thoroughly dry. It shall be wetted evenly by
brushing or spraying). As the finish coat sets and shrinks it shall b
thoroughly and uniformly packed and compressed by heavy
scouring with the trowel. The material shall be allowed to shrink
between scouring operations, and additional water shall be
brushed on as required. The scouring, shall be continued until a
smooth dense surface is obtained. Total thickness of plaster shall
not be less than 2cm.
The juss used shall be pure calcium sulphate form an
approved mechanical Juss factory in Baghdad or of equal approved
quality and shall be delivered to the site in sealed bags.
All Under - burnt or over -burnt juss shall be rejected and the
contractors shall provide facilities for each batch of material being
checked and tested on the site to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
The juss shall be kept in proper shads on site.
2.7.3 Pointing
N
2-8 Rendering
2.8.1 Materials
The materials used in normal rendering mixes are portland
cement, and sand 1:3 or other types of aggregate often chosen for
their decorative qualities.
Portland cement shall comply with appropriate clauses of this
specification.
The choice of sand in rendering mixes is extremely important.
The use of soft dirty sands, while giving an easily workable mix,
increase the risk of shrinkage cracking and shall be avoided. The
harshest possible sand that can be used will give the best results.
The material shall comply with B.S 1199, sands for rendering.
2.8.2 Textured Surface Finish
Textured rendering may be obtained in a variety of ways and in
many different designs. Special tools may be made but scraping with a
straight edge, a hack -saw blade or the edge of a steel trowel can
produce pleasing effects, specially designed but simple tools frequently
used are such as a wood frame in which lengths of large toothed hack-
saw blades are fixed, a nailstudded board or a strip of expanded metal
fixed round a float.
The time for scrape must be chosen correctly and some judgment
is needed for this. Drying and hardening shall have proceeded
sufficiently far but not too far. The period may vary form and hour to a
day depending both on the type of mix and climatic conditions. They
posses advantages over smooth renderings particularly in regard to
crazing and their appearance can be made much more attractive by an
experienced craftsman.
2.8.3. Mechanically applied Textured Finishes
A modern development of the technique of "throwing- on" is the
use of certain types of hand - operated or power- driven machines to
provide decorative textured finishes. Textured finishes of this kind shall
be applied to an undercoat of 1 part cement:
5 to 6 parts sand. Textured finished of this type can also be
applied directly to in concrete. Masonry and suitable types of brickwork,
but when applied direct in this way any unevenness of the background,
such as joints, shall no-, be masked by the textured finish while the
degree of protection afforded by the treatment will be limited.
2.8.4. Application
The surface to which the rendering is to be applied shall first be
prepared whenever this is necessary. The amount of preparation is likely
to show wide variations with different surfaces. Thus new brickwork,
provided the bricks have reasonable suction and the joints have been
deeply raked during its construction, shall need little or no treatment
prior to rendering.
In difficult case where, for example, the surface is smooth and has
little suction of water the suction shows `vide differences from point it is
of considerable advantage to spatterdash the area before applying the
rendering. This is done by forcibly throwing on a wet mix of Portland
cement and coarse sand in the proportion of 1 1/2, (by volume) making
no attempt to smooth or level it. It is allowed to harden before the main
rendering is applied. In extreme cases it may prove necessary to staple
wire mesh over the whole surface to provide a positive key for the
rendering.
Mixes containing cement must be used up within two hours of the
first contact of cement with water no rettempering of partially set or
dried material shall be permitted and all such material shall be
discarded.
The under coat shall be about in thick where three coat work is
carried out or about 1/2 in, for two - coat work.
It shall be scratched for key after an appropriate time interval and
shall b= permitted to dry thoroughly before the subsequent coat is
applied. It shall not, however, be allowed to dry quickly after application
and when conditions demand it shall be protected form hot sun raying
at frequent intervals. It shall also be protected from frost.
The second undercoat shall then be similarly applied about 3/8
in. thick after adjusting. whenever desirable the suction of the first coat.
-58-
Subsequent treatment is dependent on the type of finish desired.
If a smooth finish is needed the second coat is trowelled or floated to the
required finish or, after it has dried, a third and finishing coat is
applied.
If a textured finish is to be given the second coat shall be
permitted to harden sufficiently and then shall be given the desired
texture by scraping or by other suitable methods.
For or rough - cast finish the second coat is normally allowed to
dry thoroughly and the final finish may then be applied either by hand
or by machine. The aggregate for this finish may be a mixture of sand
and gravel or may be specially selected material particularly when a
coloured cement is being used.
For a pebble - dash finish the second coat is not all led to harden
before the dry finish is thrown on to the wet rendering.
Here again the type of aggregate may be chosen to give variety of
decorative effects. Pebble- dash finished are normally restricted to
renderings of cement and sand.
80x 80x4 cm. sika tiles shall be used for roof covering. Tiles shall be
according to spec 1.17.7.
the tiles are laid on a sand bed with a minimum thickness of 2cm. to the
necessary falls to drain rainwater to outlets.
The joints must be perfectly dry and all dust and loose particles removed
before receiving the mastic filler. The joint filler for an approved special
long plastic mastic shall be applied according to manufactures
instruction. The mastic shall have an approved quality for durability and
plasticity with the most extreme temperatures and it shall be guaranteed
for ten years or more.
Sika tile skirting for parapet walls shall be laid as directed by the
Engineer. Special L-shaped and special corner elements shall be
prepared for the approval of the Engineer.
All work shall be -carried out according to the best standard practice and
to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
2.10.2 Roofing, Felt
All roofs, terraces and gutters - shall be covered wherever indicated on
drawings for directed by the Engineer with:
a) One layer of adhesive bituminous primer, cold applied.
b) One coat of at least 1.5 kg. M' bitumen applied while hot, to stick the
roofing felt on. c) One layer of-2-ply 2mm. Thick bituminous felt roofing,
d) Ditto as in (b) above.
e) Ditto as in ©above.
f) Ditto as in (b) above.
g) One layer of 3-ply, 3mm thick bituminous felt roofing.
except that the thermostability of the bituminous mastic shall be not less
90C and manufactured of bitumen mixes mark IV and V.
Corporation
-Bitumen with softening point not less than 85 C
-Fibrous filler, asbestos grade VI. 22
cold applied bituminous mastic is allowed to be used (flintkot or an
approved equal) provided that the softening point is not less 90 C.
At corners, angles, obstacles and whenever the felt needs cutting whilst
being applied, a mastic joint shall be formed to seal and ensure the
continuity of the water
proofing membrane.
Rate to be quoted per square meter.
-60-
2.10.3 Flintkote Roofing
Flintkote roofing shall consist of cold applied bituminous
emulsified mastic, flintkote or an approved equal with a minimum
softening point of 100 C applied according to manufacture's
instruction. Flintkote roofing shall consist of:a) Wash coat 50/50
flintkote type, emulsion /water.
b) Flintkote type 1 emulsion (light coat).
c) Flintkote type 1 emulsion (heavy coat) with a layer of
glass membrane. d) Another layer as in (b) above.
e) Another layer as in ( c) above.
f) Two layer as in (c ) above but without glass membrane.
If so directed by the Engineer. The flintkote roofing above shall be
protected against foot tarfti by 1/4 inch thick protective layer made of
type 3 flintkote emulsion and sand in the ratio of 1:4.
The surface of the last layer shall be painted with 2 coats of
flintkote aluminum paint.
The completed roofing weight between 4 and 8 lb. per sq. ft. according
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2.12.1 Fixing of Frames
The window frames shall be fixed in the masonry or in the concrete
by means of metal tugs disposed at least at intervals of one every
79cm. of frame per meter. The fixed door frame shall also be fixed by
means of iron lugs.
2.12.3. Counters
1)Masonry work counters.
?)Teak wood counters.
All counters will be executed according to drawings and as the
instructions and discretions of the engineer. All materials should be
used as specified.
The marble used in Item (1) above will be Italian marble.
Rate to be quoted on lump sum basis, for item (2) only, and for item (l)
rate will be quoted per sq.m.
2.13. Painting
2.13.1. General
All necessary scaffolding, tools and appliances, and everything else
required for the execution of the works shall be supplied by the
Contractor. no painting on exterior work shall be done during wet or
foggy weather or upon surfaces that are not thoroughly
dry
All Surfaces to be painted shall be properly prepared according to
approved practice. All tints and shades shall be approved. The tints of
undercoats shall approximate those of the finishing colour. In order to
indicate the number of coats applied a difference shall be made in the
tint of each successive coat. All paints varnishes and other materials
shall be supplied in marked packets or this by a well - known and
approved paint making firm. The materials supplied shall be used strictly
in accordance with the maker's instructions.
2.13.3 Distempers
Distempers of both type, i.e.. washable and non- washable oil- free
must conform t( B.S 1053. 195,0 Water paints and distempers" They
must be provided in sealed tins of any readymixed brand approved by
the Engineer.
Prior to distempering plastered surfaces must be dressed to
reduce suction. This shall be achieved by using clearcolle i.e.a solution
of size to which only a small
proportion of whiting (finely ground chalk) can be added.
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When the water is added to the ready- mixed distemper according
to manufacture's instructions, it is necessary to allow the mix to stand
for about an hour before using, in order to allow air bubbles to escape
and ensure a smooth coat unless otherwise recommended by the
manufacturer.
2.13.4 Cement Paints
These paints are a type having a base of white portland cement to
which are added other materials to adjust the setting and working
qualities. In the case of coloured paints, ordinary portland cement is
used, together with suitable pigments which shall be capable of resisting
the action of alkalis. This type of paint is supplied in powder form and
mixed with water for application. It contains water- proofer and
hardener can be applied on damp or fresh cement but can be applied
over other paint or distemper. It is essential that the mixing should be
done according to the maker's instructions to ensure satisfactory
results.
Cement paint shall be used within one hour after mixing.
2.13.5 Oil Paints
These paints shall be of the best quality composed of best quality
linseed oil, boiled or not of zinc white for the interior surfaces or white
lead for the exteriors and of the necessary colouring material for the
required colour. The contractor shall always test any quantity of linseed
oil to make sure that it is not any of the usual chemical substitutes. The
grinding of the colouring material and its mixing with the linseed oil shall
be so good that a small quantity of the product spread on a glass pane
shall not show any particle of the colouring material not grinded. Any
special paint to be used shall be brought by the contractor in containers
where originally filled by the manufacturer and it shall be of the best
quality form the best local or foreign manufacturers.
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After erection of all brackets plant etc, the priming coats to be
washed down by sponging with clean water. All defects in the
surfaces or damage caused by sponging oil in the erection of
brackets etc. to be made good. Final coat to be applied by brushing
or rolling. The final coat must be well protected during drying and
afterwards until the building is handed over.
2.13.14 Painting Wood Work
Wood surfaces shall be rubbed down with fine water proof
abrasive paper. All knots to be painted with two coats of shellac
and all holes cracks and crevices scraped out primed and made
good with hard stopping or plastic wood faced up and rubbed
down to an even surface. (Glazing putty may not be used for this
purpose).
Woodwork to be properly primed before being fixed in
position. All wood work not previously painted, or from which
defective paint has been removed to be given a coat of priming well
brushed in.
Woodwork shall receive an intermediate field coat and final
coat of paint as above and with the same conditions. Both
coats shall be of oil colors.
2.13.15 'Measurement of Painting
Painting shall be measured per square meter (however the
paint in iron frame work doors and window and
miscellaneous iron work are included in the rate of these
items).
2.14 Expansion Joints
2.14.1 Filler
All expansion joints whether in concrete or masonry will be
filled with flexcel or equivalent according to British standard
specification 2499 year 1954 a sample should be submitted
to the engineer for approval. Rate to be quoted in linear
meter.
2.14.2 Zinc Plates
1/16 are to be used to end the expansion joint, as
shown in the drawings. Rate to be quoted in liner
meter.
2.14.3 Coping
Precast Reinforced concrete coping 40 x 60 cm as
shown on drawings. Rate to be quoted in liner
meter.
2.14.4 Teak wood covering
5 X 1/4 teak wood for expansion joints in wall and ceilings as
shown on drawings.
Rate to be quoted in liner meter and include cost of waxing, fixing
etc.
2.14.5 Mastic Filling
For floor tiles measured in liner meter.
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2.14.6 Aluminium strips
5 x 1/16 aluminium plate to cover the expansion joints from
outside from outside of the building fixed to concrete or masonry by
screws at 40ci11. intervals measured in liner meter.
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Hyrib shall be fixed to secondary, channels by means of galvainzed
steel wire. No. 18 and overlap between . Hyrib sheets shall not be less
than 10cm. surface of Hyrib shall be flat and according to drawings.
Face of Hyrib sheets be coated with a thick coat 3cm of cement
mortar with ratio of I cement to 3 sand. All surfaces shall be covered
with mortar finishing coat shall be applied as previously mentioned in
specifications of plastering. It shall be according to drawing's and
instructions of Engineer. Rate shall be quoted per square meter of
finished work. Including materials and workmanship.
2.16.3 Equipment
All equipment, tools, and machines used in the performance of the
work of the work shall be subjected to the approval of the Engineer and
shall be maintained in a satisfactory condition at all times.
Blade Graders: Shall have a wheel - base of not less than 4.5m , a
blade length of not less than 3.6m, and shall be self propelled.
Sprinkling _equipment: shall consist of tank trucks, or other
equipment suitable for applying water by means of spraybars, splash
plates or other suitable devices, uniformly and at controlled quantities
to variable width of surface.
Pneumatic Rollers: Shall consist of two axles on which are
mounted not less than 9 pneumatic tyred wheels in such manner that
the rear tyres will not follow in the tracks of the forward tyres. The axles
shall be mounted in a rigid frame provided with a loading platform or
body suitable for ballast loading.
The rollers may be of the self propelled or of the towed type.
Pressure distributor: shall be self - propelled pneumatic tired and shall
be so designed and equipped as to distribute the bituminous material
uniformly on variable widths of surface at readily determined and
controlled rates from 0.2 to 9.0 kg. Per sq. m. with a pressure range of
1.5 to 5.0 to kg. Per sq-m and with an allowable variation from an',
specified rate not exceeding 5%. Distributor equipment shall include an
independently operated bitumen pump, tachometer pressure gauges,
volume measuring devices a thermometer for tank contents a spirit level,
and a hose an hand - spray attachment suitable for applying bituminous
material to spots unavoidably missed by the distributor. The distributor
shall be equipped for circulation and agitation of the bituminous
material during the heating process.
Heating Equipment: Shall consist of steam coils and equipment
for producing steam so designed that steam will not be introduced into
the material or of other approved means so that no frame will come into
direct contact with the material container, and there will be no local
overheating of material, in the event storage tanks are used an
armoured thermometer with a range from 35°C to 100°C, shall be fixed
to the tank so that the temperature of the bituminous material may be
determined at all times. Bituminous material which has been heated
above 100°C will be rejected. All storage tanks, piping
retorts booster tanks, and distributors used in storing handling or
heating bituminous material shall be kept clean and in good operating
condition at all times. Attention is called to the fact that bituminous
materials particularly cutback asphalt are highly inflammable. The
contractor shall be responsible for any fire of accidents which may result
from heating or handling the bituminous material.
Power blowers and power brooms: shall be of the power type and shall
be suitable for cleaning the surface to be paved.
Power Rollers: Shall be of the self- propelled three wheel and tandem
types weighing not less than 10tons. The wheels shall be equipped with
adjustable scrapers water tanks and sprinkling apparatus, which shall
be used to keep the wheels wet for the purpose of
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preventing the bituminous mixture from sticking to the wheels. The
rollers shall be otherwise suitable for rolling hot- mix pavements and
shall be capable of reversing without backlash.
2.16.4 Stockpiling
Approved subbase material and base course materials shall be
stockpiled in the manner and at the locations approved by the
Engineer. Prior to stockpiling, storage sites shall be cleared and
levelled by the contractor.
The material passing the No. 40 sieve shall be know as soil binder
and when prepared in accordance with A.A.S.H.O method T 146-49, and
tested by the appropriate, methods, shall conform with the following
requirements:
Liquid limit T 89-49, from 0 to 289 plasticity index 91-49 from 3
to 8 and linear shrinkage T 92-42 form 0 to 7.
Prior to construction of the subbase course the previously
prepared subgrade shall be cleaned of all foreign substances.
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Any rust or soft yielding spots which occur in the subgrade or any
area having inadequate compaction or any deviations of surface from the
requirements specified shall be corrected by scarifying removing and or
adding approved material, reshaping and recompacting the unsatifactory
areas to the required density and to the established line and grade.
Where subbase course thickness exceeds 15cms, it shall be
constructed in two layers of equal thickness.
Each layer shall be rolled with sheepsfoot and pneumatictyred
rollers as directed by the Engineer, until the entire depth of the course is
compacted to at least 95% of the density at optimum moisture.
Additional water shall be applied to the material during the rolling
operations in amounts such as required to obtain the specified density.
In all places not accessible to the rolling equipment the material shall be
compacted thoroughly with approved mechanical or hand tampers
weighing not less than 50 pounds. The surface of the subbase course
shall be finished by blading and by rolling with pneumatic- tyred rollers
until the surface is tight and free from irregularities and is true to grade
and cross section.
The completed subbase course shall be tested for the required
thickness and surface finish before acceptance. Any areas of the
completed sub- base having a compacted thickness less than the
thickness shown on the plans shall be corrected by scarifying the
surface, adding approved material reshaping, recompacting and
finishing as specified and as approved by the Engineer.
72
Standard square mesh sieve Passing (% by weight)
1 '/z 100
1 80-100
3/8 50-80
No. 4 30-60
No. 40 10-30
No.200 5-15
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Before the deposition of the concrete, a sheet of paper impregnated
with bitumen shall be laid on the subbase layer. The paper shall weight
at least 100gr. Per sq. m, shall be impregnated with pure bitumen and
be perfectly water - proof even after 72 hours.
The main roads shall have a minimum fall of 1:50 towards the
edges and shall be slightly rounded at the crown. Adequate slopes shall
be provided on road surfaces for proper surface drainage towards
drainage inlets, if required.
Proper finishing operations, by screening and compacting, scraping
with straight - edge shall be carried out as directed by the Engineer.
The joints transverse (expansion joint, dummy joints and
construction joints shall be as shown on drawings.
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shall be free from water, shall show no separation and shall have a saybolt - furol
viscosity at 60C of 100 to 200.
The approximate composition of the cut - back asphalt is one part motor to two
parts asphalt cement by volume.
Bituminous material shall be applied by means of a pressure hand spray in
quantities of not less than 1.5 kg. Per sq. m. and not more than 2.5 kg. Per. Sq. the
exact quantities to be applied which may be varied to suit field conditions, shall be as
determined b}' the Engineer at no change in the price tendered per.sq.m.
Prior to the application of the tack coat, an inspection of the prepared surface
shall be made by the Engineer to determine it fitness to receive the bituminous material
and no tack shall be applied until the surface has been approved.
Immediately following the preparation of the surface, the bituminous material
shall be applied by means of a hand power spray at a temperature of 65C to 85 C and at
the pressure and in the amounts determined by the Engineer. The bituminous material
shall be applied so that uniform distribution is obtained over all of the surface to be
treated. If necessary, it shall be hand broomed with wire brooms to obtain a more
uniform cover.
The tack coat shall be applied only a short distance and not more than 2 hours in
advance of the placement of the asphalt concrete mixture so as to provide a thin
adhesive film of asphaltic cement to ensure a good bond. The treated surface shall be
maintained by the contractor in all satisfactory condition until the succeeding layer of
pavement has been placed. During this interval the contractor shall protect the treated
surface from traffic and shall repair all damaged spots.
Aggregate Grading
u.s. Sieve size mm Imperial j Percent passing by weight.
)0.0 2 In 100
37.-5 1 '/z in 95-100
19.0 3/4 in 65-89
12,; '/z in j 56-80
9.0 3/8 in 48-72
4.7-555 No. 4 35-58
2.0 No. 10 23-46
0.4 2-5 No. 40 11-25
0.180 No. 80 6-16
0.075 No. 200 3-7
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5- At the time of rolling the temperature of the mixture shall not
be more than 100°C. 6-The finished surface shall not vary more
than 1cm when tested with a 3cm straightedge applied parallel
with the center line of the pavement.
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Standard square mesh Passing (% by wt, ) of total aggregate
sieve Binder course Surface course
3/
4 10
' 70-100 100 -100
3/8 60-80 70-100
No. 4 40-60 50-70
No. 10 30-4-5 32-48
No. 40 10-25 15-30
No.80 5-15 8-18
No. 100 3-7 3-7
Asphalt (% by weight of 5-6.5 5.5-7
total
The relationship filler bitumen shall be more than 1.5.
Adjustment of the aggregate gradation and or asphalt by content
within the foregoing limits shall be made as directed by the
Engineer.
In addition to the above requirements, the bituminous
mixtures, when compacted by 50 blows of a standard marshal
hammer, shall have the following properties:
Property
Binder course
Stability (Marshal)
flow (marshal) percent 1000 lb, or more 0.16 inch 1000 lb, or more
0 16 i
No bituminous mixture shall be manufactured until a job mix
formula has been
submitted by the contractor and approved by the Engineer in writing.
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of the rollers shall not exceed 5 kilometers per hour and shall at all
times be slow enough to avoid displacement of the hot mixture.
Rolling of the binder and surface courses shall be continued until
all roller marks are eliminated and a density of at least 96 percent of the
laboratory density has been obtained. The laboratory density shall be
determined by the standard Marshall test method in which the sample is
compacted with 50 blows on each face. In all places not accessible to the
rollers the mixture shall be thoroughly compacted with hot hand tampers
weighing not less than 10kgs. With a tamping face of not more than
300sq.cm. necessary precautions shall be taken to prevent the dropping
of oil, grease, gasoline, or other foreign matter on the pavement, either
when the rollers are in operation or standing.
The contractor shall provide competent workmen who are capable
of performing all work incidental to the correction of all pavement
irregularities.
The finished surface shall not vary more than 0.003m. for the
surface course no more than 0.006m. for the binder course when tested
with a 3.0m. straightedge applied parallel with the center line of the
pavement.
After final rolling, no vehicular traffic of any kind shall be
permitted on the pavement for at least 24 hours.
10cms thickness on which flage stones are to be laid and the joints to be