Post-Soviet States - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia CIS

3/7/2015
PostSovietstatesWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
PostSovietstates
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
ThepostSovietstates,alsocollectivelyknownastheformerSovietUnion(FSU)[1]orformerSoviet
Republics,arethe15independentstatesthatemergedfromtheUnionofSovietSocialistRepublicsin
itsdissolutioninDecember1991,withRussiainternationallyrecognisedasasuccessorstatetothe
SovietUnion.OnMarch11,1990Lithuaniawasfirsttodeclareitsindependence,withEstoniaand
LatviafollowingsuitinAugust1991.AllthreeBalticstatesclaimedcontinuityfromtheoriginalstates
whichexistedpriortotheirannexationbytheSovietUnion.[2][3]Theremaining12republicsall
subsequentlyseceded.[2]12ofthe15states,excludingtheBalticstates,initiallyformedtheCISand
mostjoinedCSTO,whiletheBalticstatesfocusedonEuropeanUnionandNATOmembership.
Contents
1Statesandgeographicalgroupings
2Economy
3Developmentalprogress
4Regionalorganizations
4.1Commonwealthof
IndependentStates
4.2EurasianEconomic
Community
4.3CustomsUnionof
Belarus,Kazakhstanand
Russia
PostSovietstatesinEnglishalphabeticalorder:
1.Armenia2.Azerbaijan3.Belarus4.Estonia
5.Georgia6.Kazakhstan7.Kyrgyzstan8.Latvia
9.Lithuania10.Moldova11.Russia12.Tajikistan
13.Turkmenistan14.Ukraine15.Uzbekistan
4.4EurasianEconomicUnion
4.5CollectiveSecurityTreaty
Organization
4.6NorthAtlanticTreaty
Organization
4.7GUAM
4.8UnionofRussiaand
Belarus
5Otherregionalorganizations
5.1EconomicCooperation
Organization
5.2CommunityofDemocratic
Choice
5.3ShanghaiCooperation
Organisation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostSoviet_states
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5.4Foreconomiccooperation
5.5Forpoliticalintegration
andsecurityalliances
5.5.1Inotherdomains
6Politics
6.1Separatistconflicts
6.1.1Currentdeclared
states
6.1.2Formerdeclared
states
6.2Civilwars
6.3Colourrevolutions
6.4Russianpopulationin
postSovietstates
6.5Religion
7PostSovietnostalgia
8Seealso
9References
10Externallinks
Statesandgeographicalgroupings
The15postSovietstatesaretypicallydividedintothe
followingfivegroupings.Eachoftheseregionshasitsown
commonsetoftraits,owingnotonlytogeographicand
culturalfactorsbutalsotothatregion'shistoryinrelationto
Russia.Inaddition,thereareanumberofdefacto
independent,butinternationallyunrecognizedstates(seethe
sectionSeparatistconflictsbelow).
Balticstates
EastCentral
Europe
Southern
Caucasus
Estonia
Belarus
Latvia
Armenia
CommongroupingsofthepostSoviet
states:
Russia
CentralAsia
Lithuania
Moldova
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Ukraine
CentralAsia
EastCentralEurope
Balticstates
SouthernCaucasus
Russia
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Kazakhstan
Russia
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Economy
ThedissolutionoftheSovietUniontookplaceasaresultandagainstthebackdropofgeneraleconomic
stagnation,evenregression.AstheGosplan,whichhadsetupproductionchainstocrossSSRlines,
brokedown,theinterrepubliceconomicconnectionswerealsodisrupted,leadingtoevenmoreserious
breakdownofthepostSovieteconomies.
MostoftheformerlySovietstatesbeganthetransitiontoamarketeconomyin19901991andmade
effortstorebuildandrestructuretheireconomicsystems,withvaryingresults.Theprocesstriggereda
severetransitiondecline,withGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)droppingbymorethan40%between
1990and1995.[4]ThisdeclineinGDPwasmuchmoreintensethanthe27%declinethattheUnited
StatessufferedinthewakeoftheGreatDepressionbetween1930and1934.[5]Thereconfigurationof
publicfinanceincompliancewiththeprinciplesofmarketeconomyresultedindramaticallyreduced
spendingonhealth,educationandothersocialprograms,leadingtoasharpincreaseinpoverty.[6]The
economicshocksassociatedwithwholesaleprivatizationresultedinthedeathsofroughly1million
workingageindividualsthroughouttheformerSovietblocinthe1990s.[7][8]
Theinitialtransitiondeclinewaseventuallyarrestedbythecumulativeeffectofmarketreforms,and
after1995theeconomyinthepostSovietstatesbegantorecover,withGDPswitchingfromnegativeto
positivegrowthrates.By2007,10ofthe15postSovietstateshadreachedGDPgreaterthanwhatthey
hadin1991.[9]OnlyMoldova,Ukraine,Georgia,Kyrgyzstan,andTajikistanhadGDPsignificantly
belowthe1991level.TherecoveryinRussiawasmarginal,withGDPin20062007justnudgingabove
the1991level.Thiscouldbeperceivedasfailureofcapitalismtoimprovethestandardoflivingin
Russia,andcombinedwiththeaftershocksofthe1998economiccrisisitledtoareturnofmore
interventionisteconomicpoliciesbyVladimirPutin'sadministration.
ChangeinGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)inconstantprices,19912007[10]
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Country
1991* 1996 2001 2006 2011
Turnaround
year**
EasternEuropeanstates
Russia
100
63.1 74.5 103.3 118.3 1997
Ukraine
100
47.2 51.8 73.7 75.9 2000
Belarus
100
67.9 94.0 141.5 192.5 1996
Moldova
100
45.2 45.0 62.5 74.5 1997
Estonia
100
Latvia
100
67.8 92.9 143.1 130.1 1993
Lithuania
100
64.6 81.5 119.8 123.9 1995
Kazakhstan
100
69.3 88.5 141.4 185.7 1996
Kyrgyzstan
100
58.9 76.1 89.6 114.4 1996
Tajikistan
100
34.1 45.2 56.0 98.1 1997
Turkmenistan
100
68.4 107.7 215.5 351.8 1998
Uzbekistan
100
82.9 102.6 137.5 208.4 1996
Armenia
100
63.3 84.2 154.7 172.5 1994
Azerbaijan
100
42.7 65.2 150.2 241.1 1996
Georgia
100
39.8 49.8 74.1 93.2 1995
Balticstates
?
CentralAsia
Transcaucasus
*EconomyofmostSovietrepublicsstartedtodeclinein19891990,thusindicesfor1991don'tmatch
prereformmaximums.
**TheyearwhenGDPdeclineswitchedtoGDPgrowth.
ListofthepresentGrossdomesticproduct(GDP)(figuresaregivenin2013UnitedStatesdollarsfor
theyear2013accordingtoTheWorldFactbook[11][12][13][14]):
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nominal
Country
millions
nominal
percapita
PPP
millions
PPP
percapita
Armenia
10,440
3,400
20,610
6,300
Azerbaijan
76,010
7,900
100,400
10,800
Belarus
69,240
7,500
150,400
16,100
Estonia
24,280
18,300
29,940
22,400
Georgia
15,950
3,200
27,300
6,100
Kazakhstan
224,900
12,700
243,600
14,100
Kyrgyzstan
7,234
1,300
14,300
2,500
Latvia
30,380
15,400
38,870
19,100
Lithuania
46,710
15,300
67,430
22,600
10
Moldova
7,880
2,200
12,680
3,600
11
Russia
2,113,000
14,600
2,553,000 18,100
12
Tajikistan
8,537
1,000
19,000
2,300
13
Turkmenistan 40,560
7,900
55,160
9,700
14
Ukraine
175,500
3,800
337,400
7,400
15
Uzbekistan
55,180
1,900
112,600
3,800
Developmentalprogress
ThepostSovietstateslistedaccordingtotheirHumanDevelopmentIndexscores(2013).
VeryHighHumanDevelopment:
Estonia:0.846
Lithuania:0.818
Latvia:0.814
HighHumanDevelopment:
Belarus:0.793
Russia:0.788
Kazakhstan:0.754
Georgia:0.745
Ukraine:0.740
Azerbaijan:0.734
Armenia:0.729
MediumHumanDevelopment:
Turkmenistan:0.698
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Moldova:0.660
Uzbekistan:0.654
Kyrgyzstan:0.622
Tajikistan:0.622
Regionalorganizations
Anumberofregional
organizationsand
cooperatingblocs
havesprungupsince
thedissolutionofthe
SovietUnion.Only
organizationsthatare
mainly(or
completely)
composedofpost
Sovietstatesare
listedinthissection
organizationswith
widermemberships
arenotdiscussed.
The15postSoviet
statesaredividedin
theirparticipationto
theregionalblocs:
Belarus,
Russia,and
Ukraine
foundedthe
Eulerdiagramshowingtherelationshipsbetweenvariousmultinationalorganisationsin
thepostSovietspace
vde(http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Supranational_PostSoviet_Bodies&action=edit)
CommonwealthofIndependentStates(CIS)inDecember1991.Itwasconceivedasasuccessor
organizationtotheUSSR,andasofDecember1993itincluded12ofthe15formerSoviet
republics(exceptthethreeBalticstates).[15]
ThethreeBalticstateshavenotsoughtmembershiptoanyofthesepostSovietorganizations,
seekingandachievingmembershipintheEuropeanUnionandNATOinstead(onlytheir
electricityandrailsystemsremaincloselyconnectedwithformerSovietorganizations).Thesole
exceptiontotheabovehasbeentheirrecentmembershipintheCommunityofDemocratic
Choice.
TheCentralAsianstatesofKazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Tajikistan,andUzbekistan(aswellas
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Belarus)aremembersoftheCISandparticipateinseveral
regionalorganizationsthathaveRussiaasaprimarymover.
SuchorganizationsaretheEurasianEconomicCommunity
(latermergedwithEurasianEconomicUnion,which
TajikistanandUzbekistanarenotmembersof),Collective
SecurityTreatyOrganization,andtheShanghaiCooperation
Organization.Thelasttwogroupsonlybecamedistinctonce
CISmembers
UzbekistanwithdrewfromGUAMandsoughtmembershipin
StatesthatjoinedEUand
EurAsEcandCSTO(whichitsubsequentlywithdrewfromin
2008and2012,respectively).
NATO
OtherEUorNATO
members
Armenia,besidesitsmembershipinCISparticipatesin
CollectiveSecurityTreatyOrganizationandtheEurasianEconomicUnion.
Ukraine,Moldova,andAzerbaijanparticipateintheCISbutotherthanthattheymostlycooperate
withinregionalorganizationsthatarenotdominatedbyRussia.SuchorganizationsareGUAM
andtheCommunityofDemocraticChoice.AlthoughUkraineisoneofthethreefounding
countriesoftheCIS,itislegallynotamemberbecauseithasneverratifiedthe1993CIS
Charter.[15]
TurkmenistanisanassociatememberofCIS(havingwithdrawnfromfullmembershipinAugust
2005)[16]andamemberintheEconomicCooperationOrganizationithasnotsoughtcloser
integrationinanyoftheotherWesternorpostSovietorganizations.
Georgianotified(on18August2008)theCISexecutivebodiesofitsdecisiontoleavethe
regionalorganization,[17][18]andaccordingtotheCISCharter(sec.1,art.9)thisdecisionwent
intoforce12monthsafterthenotificationdate.[19]
CommonwealthofIndependentStates
TheCommonwealthofIndependentStates(CIS)consistsof11formerSovietRepublicsthatdifferin
theirmembershipstatus.AsofDecember2010,9countrieshaveratifiedtheCIScharterandarefullCIS
members(Armenia,Azerbaijan,Belarus,Moldova,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Russia,Tajikistan,
Uzbekistan),onecountry(Turkmenistan)isanassociatemember,onecountry(Ukraine)isafounding
andparticipatingcountry,butlegallynotamembercountry,andonecountry(Georgia)leftthe
organizationin2009.In2014,UkrainedeclineditsCISchairmanshipandconsideredwithdrawalfrom
theorganization.[20]
In1994,theCIScountriesagreedtocreateafreetradearea,buttheagreementswereneversigned.On
October19,2011Armenia,Belarus,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Moldova,Russia,Tajikistan,andUkraine
signedafreetradeagreement.[21]Uzbekistanjoinedthefreetradeareain2013.[22]
EurasianEconomicCommunity
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TheEurasianEconomicCommunity(EURASEC),formerlytheCIS
CustomsUnion,wasestablishedbyRussia,Belarus,Kazakhstan,
KyrgyzstanandTajikistan.UkraineandMoldovahaveobserver
statusinthecommunityhowever,Ukrainehasdeclareditsdesire
nottobecomeafullmemberstate.Becausehavingcommonborders
withtherestofthecommunityisaprerequisiteforfullmembership,
Moldovaisbarredfromseekingit.Uzbekistanappliedfor
membershipinOctober2005,[23]whentheprocessofmerging
CentralAsianCooperationOrganizationandtheEurasianEconomic
Communitybeganitjoinedon25January2006.Uzbekistan
subsequentlysuspendeditsmembershipin2008.[24]
EAECmembers
GUAMmembers
OtherCISmembers
On10October2014anagreementontheterminationofthe
EurasianEconomicCommunitywassignedinMinskafterasessionoftheInterstateCouncilofthe
EAEC.TheEurasianEconomicCommunitywasterminatedfrom1January2015inconnectionwiththe
launchoftheEurasianEconomicUnion.[25]
CustomsUnionofBelarus,KazakhstanandRussia
Russia,Belarus,Kazakhstan
createdacustomsunionthat
enteredintoforceinJuly
2010.Ukraine,Kyrgyzstan
andTajikistanindicated
interestinjoiningatthe
time.[26][27]Russiahasbeen
eagerforArmenia,Moldova
EconomicalintegrationblocsinEuropean/PostSovietareaEU,EFTA,
andUkrainetojointhe
CEFTAandCustomsUnionofBelarus,KazakhstanandRussia
customunioninsteadofthe
EuropeanUnion,andthe
MoldovanbreakawaystateofTransnitriahassupportedthis.In2013,KyrgyzstanandArmenia
announcedplanstoseekmembership,butdivisionovertheissueinUkraineledtothe2014Ukrainian
revolutionaftertheUkrainiangovernmentbackedoutofanEUEasternPartnershipinfavorofthe
union.In2014,votersintheMoldovanautonomousregionofGagauziarejectedclosertiestotheEUin
favoroftheunion.[28]
On1January2012,Russia,KazakhstanandBelarusestablishedtheSingleEconomicSpacewhich
ensurestheeffectivefunctioningofasinglemarketforgoods,services,capitalandlabour,andto
establishcoherentindustrial,transport,energyandagriculturalpolicies.[29][30]Theagreementincludeda
roadmapforfutureintegrationandestablishedtheEurasianEconomicCommission(modelledonthe
EuropeanCommission).[31]TheEurasianEconomicCommissionservesastheregulatoryagencyforthe
EurasianCustomsUnion,theSingleEconomicSpaceandtheEurasianEconomicUnion.[29]
EurasianEconomicUnion
TheEurasianEconomicUnionisaneconomicunionofpostSovietstates.Thetreatyaimingforthe
establishmentoftheEEUwassignedon29May2014bytheleadersofBelarus,KazakhstanandRussia,
andcameintoforceon1January2015.[32]TreatiesaimingforArmenia'sandKyrgyzstan'saccessionto
theEurasianEconomicUnionweresignedon9October2014and23Decemberrespectively.Armenia's
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accessiontreatycameintoforceon2January2015.[33]AlthoughKyrgyzstan'saccessiontreatywillnot
comeintoforceuntilMay2015,providedithasbeenratified,[34]itwillparticipateintheEEUfromthe
dayofitsestablishmentasanaccedingstate.[35][36][37][38][39]
CollectiveSecurityTreatyOrganization
SevenCISmemberstates,namelyRussia,Belarus,Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan,Tajikistan,UzbekistanandArmenia,haveenhanced
theirmilitarycooperation,establishingtheCollectiveSecurity
TreatyOrganization(CSTO),thisbeinganexpansionofthe
previousCollectiveSecurityTreaty(CST).Uzbekistanwhich
(alongsideGeorgiaandAzerbaijan)withdrewfromtheCSTin
1999,joinedGUAM.Thenin2005itwithdrewfromGUAMand
joinedtheCSTOin2006.On28June2012,Uzbekistansuspended
itsmembershipintheCSTO.[40]
EEUmembers
AccedingEEUMembers
OtherCISMembers
NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization
ThreeformerSovietstatesaremembersofNATO:Estonia,Latvia
andLithuania.Georgia,wherebothpublicopinionandtheruling
governmentfavorNATOmembership,isintheIntensifiedDialogue
programwithNATO.InUkraineafterthe2010electoralvictoryof
ViktorYanukovych,thegovernmentofficiallydeclaredneutrality
andnolongerseeksNATOmembership,asitdidaftertheOrange
revolutionandthepresidencyofViktorYushchenko.
GUAM
CSTOmembers
GUAMmembers
Fourmemberstates,namelyGeorgia,Ukraine,Azerbaijanand
OtherCISmembers
NATO/CSTO
MoldovaestablishedtheGUAMgroupthatwaslargelyseenasintendingtocounterRussiandominance
intheregion.Notably,thesefournationsdonotparticipateinanyoftheotherregionalorganizations
thatsprangupintheregionsincethedissolutionoftheSovietUnion(otherthantheCIS).
UnionofRussiaandBelarus
TheUnionofRussiaandBelaruswasoriginallyformedon2April1996underthenameCommonwealth
ofRussiaandBelarus,beforebeingtightenedfurtheron8December1999.Itwasinitiatedbythe
presidentofBelarus,AlexanderLukashenko.Onpaper,theUnionofRussiaandBelarusintendsfurther
integration,beyondthescopeofmerecooperation,includingtheintroductionoftherubleasacommon
currency.
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Otherregionalorganizations
EconomicCooperationOrganization
TheEconomicCooperationOrganizationwasoriginallyformedin
1985byTurkey,IranandPakistanbutin1992theorganizationwas
expandedtoincludeAfghanistanandthesixprimarilyMuslim
formerSovietrepublics:Azerbaijan,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan,TurkmenistanandUzbekistan.
CommunityofDemocraticChoice
TheCommunityofDemocraticChoice(CDC)wasformedin
December2005attheprimaryinstigationofUkraineandGeorgia,
andcomposedofsixpostSovietstates(Ukraine,Georgia,Moldova,
andthethreeBalticstatesofEstonia,LatviaandLithuania)and
threeothercountriesofEasternandCentralEurope(Slovenia,
RomaniaandtheRepublicofMacedonia).TheBlackSeaForum
(BSF)isacloselyrelatedorganization.
MembersoftheUnion
CISmemberswhohave
showninterestinbecoming
membersoftheUnion
OtherCISmembers
JustlikeGUAMbeforeit,thisforumislargelyseenasintendingto
counteractRussianinfluenceinthearea.Thisistheonly
internationalforumcenteredinthepostSovietspaceinwhichthe
Balticstatesalsoparticipate.Inaddition,theotherthreepostSoviet
statesinitareallmembersofGUAM.
ShanghaiCooperationOrganisation
TheShanghaiCooperationOrganisation(SCO),iscomposedof
ChinaandfivepostSovietstates,namelyRussia,Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan,TajikistanandUzbekistan.Theorganizationwas
foundedin2001,thoughitspredecessor,theShanghaiFive
grouping,hasexistedsince1996.Itsaimsrevolvearoundsecurity
relatedissues.
CommunityofDemocratic
Choice
EconomicCooperation
Organization
Foreconomiccooperation
CentralEuropeanFreeTradeAgreement(CEFTA)withMoldova(itincludesalsononpostSoviet
countriesoftheformerYugoslaviapreviously,alsoincludedotherCentralEuropeancountries
thatleftCEFTAwhenjoiningtheEuropeanUnionCEFTAplaysaroleinCentralEuropesimilar
towhatEFTAprovidesinWesternEuropefornonEUmembersthisallianceaneconomical
organizationwithstrongcooperationwiththeEuropeanUnion,forcountriesthatdonotwantto
participageinEurAsECcenteredonRussiabutthatareseekingalliancestotheWest)evenif
MoldovaistheonlyCEFTAcountrythatisstillwithinaweakeningCIS,itnolongerparticipates
totheCSTOformostofthecommonsecuritypolicy(butcannotjointheEUbecauseof
incompatibilitywithWEUstabilityrulesandtheunsolvedproblemofTransnistria)butcanstill
benefitfromtheFreeTradeAreanotablywithRomaniaandBulgaria(intheEU).
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BlackSeaEconomicCooperation(BSEC)withRussia,
Georgia,Ukraine,Azerbaijan,Moldova,Turkey,Albania,
Greece,Romania,Bulgaria,SerbiaandArmenia(an
economicorganisationcloselyrelatedtotheSCObutmore
focusedregionallytoincludealsoArmeniaitalsoaimsfor
theharmoniousdevelopmentofdemocracyforincreasingthe
commerceinSouthEastEuropeandincludessomeEU
members,soitcannotbearegionalfreetradeunion).
TheEuropeanUnion(EU)withthethreeBalticcountriesthat
werethefirstonestodeclareindependencefromtheformer
USSRandhaveneverjoinedCISafterthecollapseofUSSR
ShanghaiCooperation
Organisation:
Memberstate
(itincludesalsonowsomepostcommunistcountriesin
Observerstate
CentralEurope,thathaveleftCEFTAwhenenteringtheEU:
Dialoguepartner
Poland,CzechRepublic,Slovakia,Hungary,Romania,
BulgariaandSlovenia).
Forpoliticalintegrationandsecurityalliances
StabilityPactforSouthEasternEurope(SPforSEE)withMoldova(similarinstructuretoCEFTA,
butdoesnotfocusoneconomybutsecurity,forthosecountriesthatarenotNATOmembers)
thisorganizationlargelycooperateswithNATO,andisrelatedtothegroupofobserversat
WesternEuropeanUnion(WEU).
TheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization(NATO),forBalticcountries,Poland,andCentral
EuropeancountriesthathavealsojoinedtheEU(theEUmembershipincludesalsoWEU
membershipbecausetheyfollowtheCommonForeignandSecurityPolicyandEuropeanSecurity
andDefencePolicypoliciessharednowbytheEU,theWEUandallEuropeanNATOmembers).
TheotherremainingcountriesarethosepartoftheformerYugoslavia,buttheirrecentconflict
andpoliticaltensionsstilldoesnotallowthemtocooperateefficientlyfortheirpolitical
integrationandfortheirmutualsecurityinaddition,theystilldonothavefullsovereigntyinthis
domain(someofthemarestillundersurveillancebyEUorNATO,asmandatedbyUNO).They
stillneedtofindaninternalstabilityandtheycancollaborateeconomicallywiththehelpofother
organizationsfocusingoneconomyorpoliticalcooperationanddevelopment.Howeveramore
limitedcooperationforsecurityispossiblethroughtheirmembershiptothelargerOrganization
forSecurityandCooperationinEurope(OSCE).
TheonlyexceptionisBelarus(whosepostsovietdemocratictransitiondidnotoccur)thatstill
rejectspoliticalintegration,andallsecurityallianceswithNATO,OSCE,WEUorothercountries
inEuropeotherthanRussia(whichtheprocessofreintegrationofBelarushasbeentightenedin
almostalldomains).
Inotherdomains
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SoutheastEuropeanCooperationProcess(SEECP)withMoldova(similartoSPforSEE,but
focusesonpoliticalintegrationthancooperationforsecurity,andtoCEFTAbutdoesnotfocuson
trade).
SoutheastEuropeanCooperativeInitiative(SECI)withMoldova(closelyrelatedtoSEECP).
CentralEuropeanInitiative(CEI)withMoldova,UkraineandBelarus(andalsoCentraland
SouthWesternEuropeancountriesintheEuropeanUnionitaimsathelpingEasternEuropean
countriestoreachtheEUstandardsandcooperatepoliticallyandfindabettereconomic
developmentandastrong,workingbutmoredemocraticlegalsystem)itistheonlyregional
organizationwhereBelarusisstillamember(butthepoliticalcooperationwithBelarusisalmost
stalled,asitistheonlycountryoftheformerCommunistblockcountrythatbalancesinfavorof
strongercooperationwithRussiaandagainstintegrationwithEUandNATOhoweverBelarus
remainsisolatedandstilldoesnotcooperatetoointheSCOgroupledbyRussiaandChina).
BlackSeaForumforPartnershipandDialogue(BSF)withGeorgia,Ukraine,Azerbaijan,
MoldovaandArmenia(alsononpostsovietcountriesthatareNATOmembers,interestedintheir
maintainingpoliticalstabilityandavoidingconflictsintheregion:Romania,BulgariaandTurkey,
whosefirsttwoarealsonowEUandCEImembers,usingEUrulesfortheirpolitical
development)howeverthisorganizationdoesnotfocusonhelpingcountriestojointheEU,but
reachingcommonstandardsandgoodgovernanceandinternalstabilityanddemocracylikeinthe
CEI.
(NoneoftheseorganizationsareincompatiblewiththepolicyrequiredforaccessingEU
membershipinthedomainofpoliticalcooperationanddevelopment).
MergingtheCEIandBSFisdesiredbyCentralEuropeancountries,thataremembersofboth
(ofteninadditiontoEUwithstrongerobjectives)thatwouldliketosimplifythedevelopment
process,andalsomembersoftheCouncilofEuropethatfederates(butatveryslowpace)all
Europeaneffortsofpoliticalcooperationanddevelopmentthroughthevariousregional
organizations).
CommonwealthofUnrecognizedStates
CommunityforDemocracyandHumanRights
Politics
RegardingpoliticalfreedomintheformerSovietrepublics,FreedomHouse's2013reportlistedthe
following:
Estonia,Latvia,andLithuaniaas"free"countries.
Armenia,Georgia,Kyrgyzstan,Moldova,andUkrainewerelistedas"partlyfree."
Azerbaijan,Belarus,Kazakhstan,Russia,Tajikistan,Turkmenistan,andUzbekistanwerelistedas
"notfree."
Similarly,theWorldwidePressFreedomIndexpublishedbyReportersWithoutBorders,recordedthe
followingasregardspressfreedom:
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AgoodsituationinEstonia,Latvia,andLithuania
NoticeableproblemsinArmenia,Georgia,MoldovaandTajikistan
AdifficultsituationinAzerbaijan,Belarus,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Russia,Ukraineand
Uzbekistan
AveryserioussituationinTurkmenistan
IthasbeenremarkedthatseveralpostSovietstateshavenotchangedleadershipsincetheir
independence,suchasNursultanNazarbayevinKazakhstanandIslamKarimovinUzbekistan.Allof
thesehadoriginallymorelimitedtermsbutthroughdecreesorreferendumsprolongedtheirstayin
office(apracticealsofollowedbyPresidentsAlexanderLukashenkoofBelarus,EmomaliiRahmonof
TajikistanandDmitryMedvedevofRussia.[41])AskarAkayevofKyrgyzstanhadlikewiseservedas
PresidentsinceitsindependenceuntilhewasforcedtoresignasaresultoftheKyrgyzrevolutionof
2005.SaparmuratNiyazovinTurkmenistanruledfromindependenceuntilhisdeathin2006,creatinga
personalitycultaroundhimself.
TheissueofdynasticalsuccessionhasbeenanotherelementaffectingthepoliticsofsomepostSoviet
States.HeydarAliyev,afterconstructinganextensiveandongoingcultofpersonality,handedthe
PresidencyofAzerbaijantohisson,IlhamAliyev.Theoriesaboutthechildrenofotherleadersin
CentralAsiabeinggroomedforsuccessionabound.[42]TheparticipationofAkayev'ssonanddaughter
inthe2005Kyrgyzparliamentaryelectionsboostedfearsofdynasticsuccessionbeingusedin
Kyrgyzstanaswell,andmayhavecontributedtotheantiAkayevclimatethatledtohisoverthrow.
Separatistconflicts
Economic,political,national,military,andsocialproblemshaveallbeenfactorsinseparatisminthe
PostSovietspace.Inmanycases,problemsduetofactorssuchasethnicdivisionsexistedbeforethefall
oftheSovietUnion,anduponthefalloftheunionwerebroughtintotheopen.[43]Suchterritoriesand
resultingmilitaryconflictshavesofarbeen:
Currentdeclaredstates
Abkhazia,whichisdefactoindependentfromGeorgia.Tensionsintheareabrokeoutwhen
Georgiasentintroopsin1992tocontrolgroupswhowantedseparation.Thetroopsandmostof
theGeorgianandMingrelianspeakingpopulationwereforcedoutin1993,andtheregion
declaredindependencein1999.The2008warbetweenGeorgianforcesandtheseparatistand
RussianforcesledtoRussia'srecognitionofAbkhazia'sindependence.[44]
NagornoKarabakh,whichisdefactoindependentfromAzerbaijan.Ethnicconflictbetween
ArmeniansandAzerbaijanisbeganin1988,andexpandedintowarwhichlastedtillaceasefirein
1994.Sporadicattemptsatnegotiatingafinalpeaceandsporadicburstsofviolencehave
continuedsincethen.[45]
Novorossiya,aconfederationoftwounrecognizedstateswhichdeclaredindependencefrom
Ukrainein2014:
DonetskPeople'sRepublic
LuganskPeople'sRepublic
13/22
3/7/2015
SouthOssetia,whichisdefactoindependentfromGeorgia.Theregiondeclareditsintentto
seekindependencein1990,leadingtoaconflictwhichledtoaceasefirein1992.Separatism
becamepowerfulaftertheelectionofGeorgianPresidentMikhailSaakashviliin2004,anda
referendumin2006wasinfavourofdeclaringindependence.The2008warbetweenGeorgian
forcesandtheseparatistandRussianforcesledtoRussia'srecognitionofSouthOssetia's
independence.[46]
Transnistria,whichisdefactoindependentfromMoldova.Itdeclaredindependencein1990,
duetoitsmajorityRussianspeakingpopulationfearingunionwithRomania.Aceasefirebetween
TransnistrianforcesandMoldovanforceshasbeeninplacesince1992,enforcedbythepresence
ofRussianforcesinTransnistria.[47]
Formerdeclaredstates
Gagauzia,declareditselfthe"GagauzAutonomousSovietSocialistRepublic"within
Moldovaon12November1989,andthe"GagauzSovietSocialistRepublic",independentof
MoldovabutstillwithintheSovietUnion,on19August1990,butwasreintegratedintoMoldova
asanautonomousregionon23December1994.[48][49][50]
ChechenRepublicofIchkeria,whereDzhokharDudayevdeclaredindependencefromRussia
in1991,leadingtoaviolentwarbetweenlocalseparatistforcesandtheRussianarmy.Russiafirst
invadedin1994,withdrawingafteradealforincreasedautonomywasgrantedin1996.Tensions
havecontinuedintheyearssincethen,andtheconflicthasspilledoverintoneighbouringregions
suchasDagestan,IngushetiaandNorthOssetiaAlania.Russiaclaimsthatthesituationin
Chechnyahasnormalised.[51]
RepublicofCrimea.TheentireCrimeanPeninsulahasbeenoutsidethecontrolofUkrainian
authoritiessincelateFebruary2014,whenRussianspecialforcesandproRussianmilitias
occupiedtheregion.[52][53][54][55]InMarch2014,apopularreferenduminfavorofaccessionto
RussiawasheldinCrimeaandSevastopol,althoughUkraine[56]andmostoftheinternational
communityrefusedtorecognizethevote.Thenextday,theRepublicofCrimeadeclared
independence,andwithindaysRussiaabsorbedthepeninsula.UkrainecontinuestoclaimCrimea
asanintegralpartofitsterritory.
Civilwars
Civilwarsunrelatedtoseparatistmovementshaveoccurredtwiceintheregion:
TheGeorgianCivilWarbetweentheforcesofZviadGamsakhurdiaandEduardShevardnadze.
ThewarendedafterRussianforcesintervenedinsupportofShevardnadze'sgovernment,whichin
turnagreedtojointheCommonwealthofIndependentStates.
TheTajikistanCivilWarthatlastedbetween1992and1997.
14/22
3/7/2015
Colourrevolutions
Since2003,anumberof(largely)peaceful"colourrevolutions"havehappenedinsomepostSoviet
statesafterdisputedelections,withpopularprotestsbringingintopowertheformeropposition.
TheRoseRevolutioninGeorgia,leadingtothefallfromofficeofEduardShevardnadze.
TheOrangeRevolutioninUkraine,bringingintopowerViktorYushchenko.
TheTulipRevolutioninKyrgyzstan,leadingtotheresignationofAskarAkayev.
RussianpopulationinpostSovietstates
ThereisasignificantRussophonepopulationinmostofthepostSovietstates,whosepoliticalposition
asanethnicminorityvariesfromcountrytocountry.[57]WhileBelarus,KazakhstanandKyrgyzstan,in
additiontoRussia,havekeptRussianasanofficiallanguage,thelanguagelostitsstatusinotherpost
SovietstatesaftertheendoftheSovietUnion.ItmaintainssemiofficialstatusinallCISmemberstates,
becauseitistheorganisation'sofficialworkinglanguage,butinthethreeBalticStates,theRussian
languageisnotrecognizedinanyofficialcapacity.Georgia,sinceitsindependencefromtheCISin
2009,hasbegunoperatingitsgovernmentalmostexclusivelyintheGeorgianlanguage.
Religion
WhiletheSovietsystemplacedsevererestrictionsonreligiousintellectuallife,traditionscontinuedto
survive.AfterthedissolutionoftheSovietUnion,Islamicmovementshaveemergedalongsideethnic
andsecularones.VitalyNaumkingivesthefollowingassessment:"Throughoutthetimeofchange,
Islamhasservedasasymbolofidentity,aforceformobilization,andapressurefordemocracy.Thisis
oneofthefewsocialdisastersthatthechurchhassurvived,inwhichitwasnotthecause.Butif
successfulpolitically,itfaceseconomicchallengesbeyonditsgrasp."[58]
TheCentralAsianstates(Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Tajikistan,Turkmenistan,andUzbekistan),plus
Azerbaijan,areMuslim,exceptfortheirdwindlingRussianandotherEuropeanminorities.TheBaltic
StatesarehistoricallyWesternChristian(ProtestantandRomanCatholic),whichaddsanotherlayerof
proWesternorientationtothosecountries,althoughthevastmajorityofwhatwastheProtestant
populationthereisnowirreligious.ThedominantreligionintheremainingformerSovietcountries
(Armenia,Belarus,Georgia,Moldova,Russia,andUkraine)isOrthodoxChristianity.Inmostcountries,
religiosityhasincreasedsincetheSovietcollapse.
PostSovietnostalgia
EversincethedissolutionoftheSovietUnionacertainnumberofpeoplehaveexpressedalongingfor
theSovietperiodanditsvalues.ThelevelofpostSovietnostalgiavariesacrosstheformerrepublics.
RussiaandtheCaspianSeacountriesareinclinedtobeproSoviet,whereastheBalticStateshave
traditionallybeentheleastnostalgictowardstheSovietUnion.[59]Nevertheless,therearecertaingroups
ofpeopleevenintheBalticStateswhocontinuetoblendtheSovietandpostSovietexperienceintheir
dailylives..[60]
AccordingtoJuly2012pollinginUkrainebyRATING,42%ofrespondentssupportedtheformationof
aunifiedstateofUkraine,RussiaandBelarusearlierin2012thissupporthadbeen48%.[61]
15/22
3/7/2015
Seealso
EasternBloc
EurasianUnion
Nearabroad
OperationProvideHope
OrganizationforSecurityandCooperationinEuropestatistics
Russification
Russophobia
Russophone
SecondWorld
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0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D
0%BC+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC
%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC
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61. ^Thelanguagequestion,theresultsofrecentresearchin2012
(http://ratinggroup.com.ua/en/products/politic/data/entry/14004/),
RATING(25May2012)
Externallinks
CandidphotosoftheEasternBloc(http://www.4020.net/eastbloc/)SeptemberDecember1991,in
thelastmonthsoftheUSSR
NewDirectionsPostIndependence
21/22
3/7/2015
(http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552518)fromtheDeanPeterKrogh
ForeignAffairsDigitalArchives(http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494)
PostSovietRussiaanditsNeighborStates
(http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552656)fromtheDeanPeterKrogh
ForeignAffairsDigitalArchives(http://www.library.georgetown.edu/digital/krogh)
DiscoveringTheCenturiesOldStateTradition(http://folk.uio.no/palk/ch03History.htm),
professorPlKolst,UniversityofOslo
FormerSovietwarzones|Thehazardsofalong,hardfreeze
(http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3110979),TheEconomist,
19August2004
4enclaves'postSovietfateinlimbo
(http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2003211792_caucasus20.html),TheSeattle
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AreIndependenceReferendumsFirstStepTowardKremlin's'HistoricalRevanchism'?
(http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/09/BA6F0EF604A64D50A114
486B978A1F54.html),RadioFreeEurope,15September2006
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PostSoviet_states&oldid=646389329"
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1991* 1996 2001 2006 2011

63.1 74.5 103.3 118.3 1997

47.2 51.8 73.7 75.9 2000

67.9 94.0 141.5 192.5 1996

45.2 45.0 62.5 74.5 1997

67.8 92.9 143.1 130.1 1993

64.6 81.5 119.8 123.9 1995

69.3 88.5 141.4 185.7 1996

58.9 76.1 89.6 114.4 1996

34.1 45.2 56.0 98.1 1997

68.4 107.7 215.5 351.8 1998

82.9 102.6 137.5 208.4 1996

63.3 84.2 154.7 172.5 1994

42.7 65.2 150.2 241.1 1996

39.8 49.8 74.1 93.2 1995

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