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Physical quantity
SI unit
(alpha)
(gamma)
(delta)
(theta)
(lambda)
(mu)
(nu)
(pi)
(sigma)
(phi)
(chi)
(psi)
a
polarizability
surface tension
chemical shift
colatitude
wavelength
dipole moment
frequency
osmotic pressure
cross section
azimuth
electronegativity
wavefunction
activity
van der Waals parameter
unit-cell parameter
area
mass number
Madelung constant
van der Waals parameter
molality
second virial coefficient
heat capacity
third virial coefficient
molar concentration, molarity
second radiation constant
density
length of unit-cell diagonal
energy
electrode potential
activation energy
nuclear binding energy
cell potential
electron affinity
kinetic energy
potential energy
elementary charge
force
Gibbs free energy
C2m2J1
Nm1
degree, rad
m
Cm
Hz
Pa
m2
degree (), rad
L2atmmol2
m
m2
Lmol1
molkg1
Lmol1
JK1
L2mol2
molL1, m
Km
kgm3 (gcm3)
m
J
V
Jmol1 (kJmol1)
J
V
Jmol1 (kJmol1)
J
J
C
N
J
A
b
B
C
c
c2
d
E
Ea
Ebind
Ecell
Eea
Ek
Ep
e
F
G
(continued)
A1
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APPENDIX 1
A2
Physical quantity
SI unit
H
h
I
enthalpy
height
ionization energy
electric current
i factor
molarity, molar concentration
rate constant
decay constant
boiling-point constant
freezing-point constant
Henrys law constant
equilibrium constant
acidity constant
basicity constant
equilibrium constant
formation constant
Michaelis constant
equilibrium constant
solubility product
water autoprotolysis constant
length
mass
molality
molar mass
number of entities
amount of substance
linear momentum
pressure
partial pressure
heat
electric charge
reaction quotient
relative biological effectiveness
radius
radial wavefunction
entropy
molar solubility
dimensionless molar solubility
time
half-life
absolute temperature
internal energy
velocity
volume
work
mole fraction
angular wavefunction
compression factor
atomic number
J
m
Jmol1 (kJmol1)
A (Cs1)
molL1, m
(depends on order)
s1
Kkgmol1
Kkgmol1
molL1atm1
molL1
m
kg
molkg1, m
kgmol1 (gmol1)
mol
kgms1
Pa
Pa
J
C
m
m3/2
JK1
molL1
s
s
K
J
ms1
m3, L
J
i
[J]
k
kb
kf
kH
K
Ka
Kb
Kc
Kf
KM
KP
Ksp
Kw
l, L
m
M
N
n
p
P
PA
q
Q
Q
r
R
S
s
t
t1/2
T
U
v
V
w
xA
Y
Z
Meaning
Example (units)
a
b
acid
base
boiling
bond
binding
acidity constant, Ka
basicity constant, Kb
boiling temperature, Tb (K)
bond enthalpy, HB (kJmol1)
binding energy, Ebind (eV)
B
bind
(continued)
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A3
Meaning
Example (units)
concentration
combustion
critical
nonexpansion (extra) work
formation
equilibrium constant, Kc
enthalpy of combustion, Hc (kJmol1)
critical temperature, Tc (K)
electrical work, we (J)
enthalpy of formation, Hf (kJmol1)
formation constant, Kf
freezing temperature, Tf (K)
enthalpy of fusion, Hfus (kJmol1)
Henrys law constant, kH
indicator constant, KIn
kinetic energy, Ek (J)
lattice enthalpy, HL (kJmol1)
molar volume, Vm V/n (Lmol1)
Michaelis constant, KM
enthalpy of mixing, Hmix (kJmol1)
potential energy, Ep (J)
heat capacity at constant pressure, CP (JK1)
reaction enthalpy, Hr (kJmol1)
specific heat capacity, Cs C/m (JK1g1)
enthalpy of solution, Hsol (kJmol1)
solubility product, Ksp
enthalpy of sublimation, Hsub (kJmol1)
entropy of surroundings, Ssurr (JK1)
total entropy, Stot (JK1)
heat capacity at constant volume, CV (JK1)
enthalpy of vaporization, Hvap (kJmol1)
water autoprotolysis constant, Kw
initial concentration, [A]0
wavefunction, 0
e
f
fus
H
In
k
L
m
M
mix
p
P
r
s
sol
sp
sub
surr
tot
V
vap
w
0
freezing
fusion
Henry
indicator
kinetic
lattice
molar
Michaelis
mixing
potential
constant pressure
reaction
specific
solution
solubility product
sublimation
surroundings
total
constant volume
vaporization
water
initial
ground state
A4
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APPENDIX 1
decada
10
kilok
103
megaM
106
gigaG
109
teraT
1012
petaP
1015
Prefix:
Abbreviation:
Factor:
decid
101
centic
102
millim
103
micro (mu)
106
nanon
109
picop
1012
femtof
1015
attoa
1018
zeptoz
1021
Name of unit
absorbed dose
dose equivalent
electric charge
electric potential
energy
force
frequency
power
pressure
volume
gray
sievert
coulomb
volt
joule
newton
hertz
watt
pascal
liter
It is often necessary to convert units from another system (for instance, calories for energy and inches for length)
Abbreviation
Gy
Sv
C
V
J
N
Hz
W
Pa
L
Definition
Jkg1
Jkg1
As
JC1
Nm, kgm2s2
kgms2
s1
Js1
Nm2, kgm1s2
dm3
Common unit
mass
pound
tonne
ton (short, U.S.)
ton (long, U.K.)
inch
foot
U.S. quart
U.S. gallon
Imperial quart
Imperial gallon
minute
hour
calorie (thermochemical)
electronvolt
kilowatthour
literatmosphere
torr
atmosphere
bar
pounds/square inch
horsepower
debye
length
volume
time
energy
pressure
power
dipole moment
Abbreviation
lb
t
ton
ton
in.
ft
qt
gal
qt
gal
min
h
cal
eV
kWh
Latm
Torr
atm
bar
psi
hp
D
SI equivalent*
0.453 592 37 kg
103 kg (1 Mg)
907.184 74 kg
1016.046 kg
2.54 cm
30.48 cm
0.946 352 5 L
3.785 41 L
1.136 522 5 L
4.546 09 L
60 s
3600 s
4.184 J
1.602 177 1019 J
3.6 106 J
101.325 J
133.322 Pa
101 325 Pa (760 Torr)
105 Pa
6894.76 Pa
745.7 W
3.335 64 1030 Cm
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units required
units given
and the temperature is reported as 99 F. A more sophisticated way of expressing the same relation is to write
TemperatureF E 95 temperatureCF
32
(The 273.15 is exact.) Note that the size of the degree Celsius
is the same as that of the kelvin, so a property with a value
reported as 100 J(C)1 can be interpreted as 100 JK1.
1C SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
In scientific notation, a number is written as A 10a.
Here A is a decimal number with one nonzero digit in
front of the decimal point and a is a whole number. For
example, 333 is written 3.33 102 in scientific notation,
because 102 10 10 100:
333 3.33 100 3.33 102
We use
101 10
102 10 10 100
103 10 10 10 1000
104 10 10 10 10 10 000
A5
1
1
1
10
10
100
and therefore
0.033 3.33
1
3.33 10 2
100
We use
10 2 10 1 10 1 0.01
10 3 10 1 10 1 10 1 0.001
10 4 10 1 10 1 10 1 10 1 0.0001
A6
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APPENDIX 1
cannot be taken to have more than 1 sf unless other information is given. However, 400. m unambiguously has 3 sf.
The final decimal point is rarely used in the everyday world
(thus, the speed limit is 50 mph is ambiguous in science
but not in law), but we adopt it throughout this text.
Different rounding-off rules are needed for addition
(and its reverse, subtraction) and multiplication (and its
reverse, division). In both procedures, the answers need to
be rounded off to the correct number of significant figures.
Rounding off In calculations, round up if the last digit
is above 5 and round down if it is below 5. For
numbers ending in 5, always round to the nearest even
number. For example, 2.35 rounds to 2.4 and 2.65
rounds to 2.6. In a calculation with multiple steps,
round off only in the final step; if possible, carry all
digits in the memory of the calculator until that stage.
Addition and subtraction When adding or
subtracting, make sure that the number of decimal
places in the result is the same as the smallest
number of decimal places in the data. For example,
0.10 g
0.024 g 0.12 g.
Multiplication and division When multiplying or
dividing, make sure that the number of significant
figures in the result is the same as the smallest
number of significant figures in the data. For
example, (8.62 g)/(2.0 cm3) 4.3 gcm3.
Integers and exact numbers In multiplication or division
by an integer or an exact number, the uncertainty of the
result is determined by the measured value. Some unit
conversion factors are defined exactly, even though they
are not whole numbers. For example, 1 in. is defined as
exactly 2.54 cm and the 273.15 in the conversion
between Celsius and Kelvin temperatures is exact; so
100.000 C converts into 373.150 K.
Logarithms and exponentials The mantissa of a
common logarithm (the digits following the decimal
point, see Appendix 1D) has the same number of
significant figures as the original number. Thus, log
2.45 0.389. A common antilogarithm of a number
has the same number of significant figures as the
mantissa of the original number. Thus, 100.389 2.45
and 1012.389 2.45 1012. There is no simple rule
for assessing the correct number of significant figures
when natural logarithms are used: one way is to
convert natural logarithms into common logarithms
and then to use the rules just specified.
An example is
11.23 102 2 14.56 103 2 1.23 4.56 102
3
5.61 105
A
10ab
B
An example is
4.31 105
4.31
105 1 82 0.437 1013
9.87
9.87 10 8
4.37 1012
When raising a number in scientific notation to a particular power, raise the decimal part of the number to the
power and multiply the power of 10 by the power:
1A 10a 2 b Ab 10ab
The number to the left of the decimal point in the logarithm (the 2 in log (1.5 102) 2.18) is called the characteristic of the logarithm: it is the power of 10 in the
original number (the power 2 in 1.5 102). The decimal
fraction (the numbers to the right of the decimal point,
such as 0.18 in our example) is called the mantissa (from
the Latin word for makeweight). It is the logarithm of
the decimal number written with one nonzero digit to the
left of the decimal point (the 1.5 in the example).
The distinction between the characteristic and the mantissa is important when we have to decide how many
significant figures to retain in a calculation that includes
logarithms (as in the calculation of pH). Just as the power of
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A7
Therefore,
x
log b
log a
b
2b2 4ac
2a
y=0
ln x 2.303 log x
ax3
bx2
cx
d 0
measured values).
bx2
cx
d 0.
Relation
Example
log10x x
ln ex x
log x
log y log xy
log107 7
ln ekt kt
log [Ag
]
log [Cl]
log [Ag
][Cl]
log A0 log A log(A0/A)
2 log [H
] log([H
]2)
log(1/[H
]) log [H
]
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APPENDIX 1
A8
y = mx + b
y
y2
y2 y1
y2 y1
m= x x
2
1
y1
y mx
b
x2 x1
b
0
x1
x2
y2 y1
x2 x1
slope x
intercept
1F CALCULUS
Differential calculus is the part of mathematics that deals
with the slopes of curves and with infinitesimal quantities. Suppose we are studying a function y(x). As explained
in Appendix 1E, the slope of its graph at a point can be
calculated by considering the straight line joining two
points x and x
x, where x is small. The slope of this
line is
Slope
y1x
x2 y1x2
dy
lim
dx xS0
x
1 T/K
95 temp./C
nRT (1/V)
k t
273.15
32
1/[A]
kt
1/[A]0
lim
ln k
(Ea/R) (1/T)
ln A
lim
Approximation 1
Approximation 2
True
tangent
FIGURE 4 Successive
approximations to the true
tangent are obtained as
the two points defining the
straight line come closer
together and finally coincide.
x
temp./C
temp./F
P
ln [A]
ln [A]0
y1x
x2 y1x2
1x
x2 2 x2
dy
lim
dx xS0
x
x2
2xx
1x2 2 x2
x
xS0
2xx
1x2 2
xS0
x
lim 12x
x2 2x
xS0
x
ln x
eax
sin ax
cos ax
Derivative, dy/dx
nxn 1
1/x
aeax
a cos ax
a sin ax
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y(x)
Area = y(x)dx
a
30
A9
sin x dx 1cos x
constant2 `
0
1
678
678
acos
constantb acos 0
constantb
1
12