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Release 14.5
October 2012
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Table of Contents
I. CFD ........................................................................................................................................................... 1
1. Overview of FLOTRAN CFD Analyses ................................................................................................ 3
1.1. Types of FLOTRAN Analyses ......................................................................................................... 3
1.1.1. Laminar Flow Analysis ........................................................................................................ 4
1.1.2. Turbulent Flow Analysis ...................................................................................................... 4
1.1.3. Thermal Analysis ................................................................................................................ 4
1.1.4. Compressible Flow Analysis ................................................................................................ 4
1.1.5. Non-Newtonian Fluid Flow Analysis .................................................................................... 4
1.1.6. Multiple Species Transport Analysis .................................................................................... 4
1.1.7. Free Surface Analysis .......................................................................................................... 4
1.2. About GUI Paths and Command Syntax ....................................................................................... 5
2. The Basics of FLOTRAN Analysis ....................................................................................................... 7
2.1. Characteristics of the FLOTRAN Elements .................................................................................... 7
2.1.1. Other Element Features ...................................................................................................... 7
2.2. Considerations and Restrictions for Using the FLOTRAN Elements ............................................... 8
2.2.1. Limitations on FLOTRAN Element Use ................................................................................. 8
2.3. Overview of a FLOTRAN Analysis ............................................................................................... 10
2.3.1. Determining the Problem Domain .................................................................................... 10
2.3.2. Determining the Flow Regime .......................................................................................... 11
2.3.3. Creating the Finite Element Mesh ..................................................................................... 11
2.3.4. Applying Boundary Conditions ......................................................................................... 12
2.3.5. Setting FLOTRAN Analysis Parameters ............................................................................... 12
2.3.6. Solving the Problem ......................................................................................................... 12
2.3.7. Examining the Results ...................................................................................................... 12
2.4. Files the FLOTRAN Elements Create ........................................................................................... 12
2.4.1. The Results File ................................................................................................................. 13
2.4.2. The Print File (Jobname.PFL) ......................................................................................... 13
2.4.3. The Nodal Residuals File ................................................................................................... 14
2.4.4. The Restart File ................................................................................................................. 14
2.4.5. The Domain File ............................................................................................................... 14
2.4.6. Restarting a FLOTRAN Analysis ......................................................................................... 15
2.5. Convergence and Stability Tools ................................................................................................ 15
2.5.1. Relaxation Factors ............................................................................................................ 15
2.5.2. Inertial Relaxation ............................................................................................................ 16
2.5.3. Modified Inertial Relaxation .............................................................................................. 16
2.5.4. Artificial Viscosity ............................................................................................................. 16
2.5.5. DOF Capping ................................................................................................................... 16
2.5.6. The Quadrature Order ...................................................................................................... 17
2.6. What to Watch For During a FLOTRAN Analysis .......................................................................... 17
2.6.1. Deciding How Many Global Iterations to Use .................................................................... 18
2.6.2. Convergence Monitors ..................................................................................................... 18
2.6.3. Stopping a FLOTRAN Analysis ........................................................................................... 20
2.6.4. Pressure Results ............................................................................................................... 20
2.7. Evaluating a FLOTRAN Analysis .................................................................................................. 20
2.8. Verifying Results ....................................................................................................................... 21
3. FLOTRAN Laminar and Turbulent Incompressible Flow ................................................................. 23
3.1. Activating the Turbulence Model ............................................................................................... 24
3.1.1. The Role of the Reynolds Number ..................................................................................... 24
3.1.2. Determining Whether an Analysis Is Turbulent .................................................................. 25
3.1.3. Turbulence Ratio and Inlet Parameters .............................................................................. 25
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List of Figures
2.1. Convergence Monitors Displayed by the GST Feature ............................................................................ 19
3.1. Internal Flow ......................................................................................................................................... 23
3.2. External Flow ........................................................................................................................................ 23
3.3. Structured Mesh ................................................................................................................................... 32
3.4. Unstructured Mesh ............................................................................................................................... 32
4.1. Diagram of the Square Cavity ................................................................................................................ 50
4.2. Plot of the Temperature Solution ........................................................................................................... 55
4.3. Plot of Streamline Contours ................................................................................................................... 55
4.4. Plot of Velocity Vectors .......................................................................................................................... 56
4.5. Plot of Flow Trace .................................................................................................................................. 57
6.1. Instantaneous Pressure Distributions at 0.001 ms .................................................................................. 75
6.2. Instantaneous Pressure Distributions at 0.012 ms .................................................................................. 76
7.1.Torsional Mirror at t = 0 Seconds ............................................................................................................ 79
7.2. Torsional Mirror at t = 2.5 Seconds ......................................................................................................... 80
7.3. Torsional Mirror at t = 7.5 Seconds ......................................................................................................... 80
7.4. Boundary Conditions for Moving Walls .................................................................................................. 81
7.5. Torsional Mirror Problem Description .................................................................................................... 87
7.6. Torsional Mirror Problem - Boundary Conditions .................................................................................... 88
7.7. Square Vessel with a Moving Wall .......................................................................................................... 94
7.8. Left Wall Displacement and Velocity ...................................................................................................... 95
7.9. Moving Cylinder ................................................................................................................................... 97
7.10. Elements at 0 Seconds ........................................................................................................................ 98
7.11. Elements at 22 Seconds ....................................................................................................................... 98
7.12. Elements at 44 Seconds ....................................................................................................................... 98
8.1. Three Types of Meshing ....................................................................................................................... 105
10.1. Direction of Positive Swirl Velocity VZ for Axisymmetric Models .......................................................... 134
10.2. Rotating Flow Problem ...................................................................................................................... 135
10.3. Problem Schematic with Rotating Coordinate .................................................................................... 136
11.1. Typical Debug Files ........................................................................................................................... 141
13.1. Environment for a Typical Heat Exchanger Analysis ............................................................................ 154
1.1. Example of a 2-D Acoustic Model (Fluid Within a Structure) .................................................................. 167
1.2. Example of Absorption Element Application ........................................................................................ 168
1.3. Submerged Cylindrical Shell ................................................................................................................ 168
1.4. Mesh the Fluid Domain ....................................................................................................................... 169
1.5. Add the Absorption Element on the Boundary ..................................................................................... 170
1.6. Specify Fluid-Structure Interface .......................................................................................................... 171
1.1. Moving Plate above a Fixed Wall .......................................................................................................... 186
1.2. Perforated Plate Structure ................................................................................................................... 186
1.3. Pressure Distribution on a Plate at a Low Driving Frequency ................................................................. 187
1.4. Damping and Squeeze Stiffness Coefficients vs. Frequency .................................................................. 187
1.5. Coupling of Nodes at the Hole Periphery with the Center Node of a FLUID138 Element ........................ 189
1.6. Pressure Distribution (Real Component) .............................................................................................. 192
1.7. Pressure Distribution (Imaginary Component) ..................................................................................... 192
1.8. Applied Voltage .................................................................................................................................. 197
1.9. Displacement Time History .................................................................................................................. 197
1.10. Pressure Time History ........................................................................................................................ 198
1.11. Modal Projection Technique for Damping Characterization ................................................................ 202
1.12. Damping and Squeeze Stiffness Parameters for a Rectangular Plate ................................................... 202
1.13. Fluidic Cross-Talk between Transverse and Rotational Motion ............................................................ 204
1.14. Time-Transient Response from Voltage Pulse ..................................................................................... 208
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List of Tables
2.1. 2-D Solid Elements .................................................................................................................................. 7
3.1. Boundary Conditions at Intersections .................................................................................................... 35
4.1. Command Family and GUI Path Used to Apply Loads ............................................................................. 42
4.2. Load Commands for a FLOTRAN Thermal Analysis .................................................................................. 43
5.1. Specifying Values for Time Steps ............................................................................................................ 62
5.2. Saving Analysis Results for Processing ................................................................................................... 63
7.1. Interface Boundary Conditions .............................................................................................................. 82
7.2. Element Qualities .................................................................................................................................. 85
7.3. Remeshing Limitations ......................................................................................................................... 86
7.4. Quality Requirements ........................................................................................................................... 97
9.1. Units for Thermal Quantities ................................................................................................................ 118
9.2. Energy Units for Incompressible Analyses with Viscous Heating ........................................................... 118
9.3. Units for the AIR Property Type ............................................................................................................ 119
9.4. Property types for Value ................................................................................................................... 121
9.5. Property Database Format .................................................................................................................. 129
10.1. Coordinate System Specification ....................................................................................................... 134
12.1. Advection Scheme Defaults ............................................................................................................... 145
12.2. SIMPLEF and SIMPLEN Performance Results ....................................................................................... 146
1.1. Loads Applicable in an Acoustic Analysis ............................................................................................. 172
1.2. Commands for Applying Loads in Acoustic Analysis ............................................................................. 173
1.3. Load Step Options for a Harmonic Acoustic Analysis ............................................................................ 175
1.1.Thin Film Fluid Elements ...................................................................................................................... 185
1.2. Load Options for Thin Film Fluid Elements ........................................................................................... 190
1.3. Beam Model Results Considering Perforated Holes .............................................................................. 191
1.4. Modal Damping Parameters for First Two Eigenfrequencies ................................................................. 205
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Part I: CFD
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Dimens.
Shape or Characteristic
DOFs
FLUID141
2-D
FLUID142
3-D
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Note
Results tracking via the NLHIST command is not available with FLOTRAN analyses.
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Note
See the description of the FLDATA25,RELX command in the Command Reference for lists of
degree of freedom and property component names.
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Caution
When velocities are capped, conservation of mass may not be enforced.
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k
k 1
i i
= i=1
k
i
i=1
The convergence monitor represents the sum of changes of the variable calculated from the results
between the current kth iteration and the previous (k-1)th iteration, divided by the sum of the current
values. The summation is performed over all n nodes, using the absolute values of the differences.
Available in both batch and interactive sessions, the Graphical Solution Tracking (GST) feature displays
the computed convergence monitors while the solution is in process. Be default, GST is ON for interactive
sessions and OFF for batch runs. To turn GST on or off, use either of the following:
Command(s): /GST
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Output Ctrls> Grph Solu Track
Figure 2.1: Convergence Monitors Displayed by the GST Feature (p. 19) shows two typical GST displays:
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Verifying Results
The ANSYS program stores the average, minimum, and maximum values of the solution variables in
the file Jobname.PFL. This file also records the FLOTRAN input plus the convergence monitors which
have been calculated. The results summary includes all the DOF, as well as laminar and effective properties. You determine how often ANSYS issues the results summary by using one of these methods:
Command(s): FLDATA5,OUTP,SUMF,Value
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Additional Out> RFL Out Derived
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Additional Out> RFL Out Derived
The Value argument is the number of global iterations that pass before ANSYS issues the next results
summary.
You may also want to map your results onto a path through your model. See Mapping Results onto a
Path in the Basic Analysis Guide for more information on reviewing results along a path.
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Wall
Wall
Figure 3.2: External Flow
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The density (mass/length3) and absolute viscosity (mass/length-time) are properties of the fluid.
For internal flow problems, the characteristic dimension is the hydraulic diameter, defined as:
h
For example, the hydraulic diameter of a pipe is simply the diameter. As a general guideline for internal
flow problems such as flow in pipes, the turbulence model should usually be activated if the Reynolds
number is in excess of about 2300.
For an external flow problem, such as the flow over an airfoil, the characteristic length is a parameter
such as the length of the airfoil (wing cross section for a 2-D analysis).
For flow over a flat plate, the dimension is the length along the plate from the leading edge, with the
transition to turbulence occurring at a Reynolds number of approximately 500,000.
For more information, see Turbulence in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference.
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t =
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Value
Value
Value
Value
is
is
is
is
C10 constant.
constant.
the
the C2 constant.
the C3 constant.
the C4 constant.
Inlet parameters and wall parameters are the same as the Standard k- Model.
See GIR Turbulence Model in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference and the Command Reference for
more information.
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Caution
Use enough elements to resolve the flow field in the regions of interest. You should use at
least four elements to span the cross sections of long thin channels. Use more than four
elements where thin channels connect to larger regions.
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Note
If significant gradients are calculated near a boundary, a mass imbalance can occur. This is
due to the implied condition of fully developed flow for a constant pressure boundary. If the
flow has not fully developed, FLOTRAN is forced to adjust it across the last row of elements
to satisfy the boundary condition. Occasionally, this adjustment may cause a mass imbalance.
To prevent this from occurring, you can add a development length to the exit. This addition does not
actually need to match the physical flow geometry. You can subtract the pressure drop in this "chimney"
to obtain the desired pressure drop. The pressure drop in the "chimney" will vary over its full cross
section. You will have to choose a representative value of the pressure drop to match the desired outlet
conditions. You will not know this pressure drop, of course, until after you examine the results from
the chimney. You can opt to apply an exit pressure profile, based on these results, to the original geometry.
You can calculate the required length of the chimney (L) using the characteristic diameter (D) from the
development length formula:
Laminar flow: L/D ~ 0.06 Re
Turbulent flow: L/D ~ 4.4 Re1/6
Typically, a chimney 20 to 25 diameters long will be sufficient. Although the mesh in this region may
be coarse, you should avoid drastic changes in element size by using a size ratio in the chimney. The
important feature is the chimney length, not the number of nodes in it.
Symmetry Boundary: The velocity component normal to the boundary is specified as zero. Leave all
other degrees of freedom unspecified.
Generalized Symmetry Boundary Conditions: You can also apply generalized symmetry boundary
conditions. Velocity components are set tangential to the symmetry surface if the ALE formulation is
not activated. They are set equal to the mesh velocity if the ALE formulation is activated. To apply
generalized symmetry boundary conditions, use one of the following commands or the GUI equivalent:
D,NODE,ENDS,-1
DL,LINE,AREA,ENDS,-1,Value2
DA,AREA,ENDS,-1,Value2
With one exception, if any velocity component is specified at the same boundary, the generalized
symmetry boundary conditions are overwritten. In a 2-D swirl problem, specification of a velocity component VZ does not overwrite generalized symmetry conditions.
Stationary Wall: This is also referred to as a no-slip condition. All the velocity components are set to
zero.
Moving Wall: Specify the velocity component tangent to the wall and set all other velocity components
to zero. As a flag to indicate this is a moving wall, set the turbulent kinetic energy to -1 on a moving
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Inflow:
Symmetry:
VX, VY, VZ values specifiedVX or VY or VZ = 0
Inflow:
Outflow:
VX, VY, VZ values specifiedP = 0
Symmetry:
VX or VY or VZ = 0
Outflow:
P=0
Symmetry:
VX or VY or VZ = 0
Wall:
X, VY, VZ = 0
Wall:
VX, VY, VZ = 0
Outflow:
P=0
Generalized Symmetry
Outflow:
P=0
Note
Inflow, symmetry , and wall boundary conditions all overwrite generalized symmetry conditions.
Inlet Values: If you activate the turbulence model, boundary conditions are required. The ANSYS program
supplies default values based on the inlet velocity and a scale factor. Given an inlet velocity magnitude
V, the inlet kinetic energy is specified as:
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inlet
The default value of the factor ININ is 0.01, corresponding to a level of turbulence of 1 percent at the
inlet. The inlet value of the kinetic energy dissipation rate is calculated from:
3
The INSF value is a user-controlled scale factor. To specify the factors ININ and INSF, use either of the
following methods:
Command(s): FLDATA24,TURB,ININ,Value and FLDATA24,TURB,INSF,Value
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Turbulence> Turbulence Param
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Turbulence> Turbulence Param
You can set specific values of the turbulent kinetic energy (ENKE) or the dissipation rate (ENDS) using
either the FLDATA24 command or the menu paths in Determining Whether an Analysis Is Turbulent (p. 25).
Occasionally, you may wish to activate the turbulence model for the case, but deactivate it for certain
regions. To deactivate the turbulence model in regions, set the kinetic energy (ENKE) to zero and the
dissipation rate (ENDS) to 1.0. It is never valid to set the dissipation rate to zero, and FLOTRAN prohibits
it. ENDS will be set to 1.0, if ENKE is set to zero.
Wall Roughness:
The FLOTRAN default condition is smooth walls. To specify wall roughness values, you must use the
equilibrium wall turbulence model. You activate it using the FLDATA24,TURB,WALL,EQLB command.
To apply a uniform wall roughness in length units to all walls, you can use the FLDATA24,TURB,KS,Value
command. In addition to being the actual roughness, the KS parameter determines the regime of
roughness (smooth, transitional, or fully rough). The default value of 0.0 implies a smooth wall.
You can also apply an empirical dimensionless factor (CKS) between 0.5 and 1.0 that specifies the degree
of nonuniformity of the surface. The default value of 0.5 means that the roughness signified by KS is
uniformly distributed. Higher values increase the roughness losses without changing the flow regime
implied by the value of KS. You can use the FLDATA24,TURB,CKS,Value command to specify this factor.
The following two methods are available if you have surfaces that require different roughness values.
The first method utilizes real constants for all the wall elements. You apply suitable KS and CKS values
to the near wall elements as real constants. A different real constant set will exist for each set of wall
roughnesses. Note that roughness constants applied to elements that are not near wall will be ignored.
Also, any KS and CKS values specified by the FLDATA24,TURB command will be ignored.
The second method is for cases where most of the surfaces have the same roughness condition and
only a few are different. First, set the values appropriate for most of the surfaces with the FLDATA24,TURB
command. Then use real constants to apply roughnesses to the walls that have different conditions.
The real constants will overwrite the FLDATA24,TURB values. Note that if the same value of CKS is applied
to all the surfaces (as is typical), it can be controlled with the FLDATA24,TURB command and the real
constant can be omitted.
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Category
Cmd
Family
Constraints
SF
Heat Generation
Rates (HGEN)
BF
Temperature
(TEMP)
Body
Loads
GUI Path
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Solid
Model or
FE
Entity
Apply
Delete
List
Temperature
Finite Element
Nodes
DDELE
DLIST
Convection,
Heat Flux, Ambient Radiation, or
Surface-to- surface Radiation
Solid Model
Lines
SFL
SFLDELE
Solid Model
Areas
SFA
SFADELE SFALIST
Finite Element
Nodes
SF
SFDELE
SFLIST
Finite Element
Elements
SFE
SFEDELE
SFELIST
SFSCALE
Finite Element
Elements
SFE
SFEDELE
SFELIST
SFSCALE
Solid Model
Lines
BFL
BFLDELE BFLLIST
BFTRAN
Solid Model
Areas
BFA
BFADELE BFALIST
BFTRAN
Solid Model
Volumes BFV
BFVDELE BFVLIST
BFTRAN
Finite Element
Nodes
BF
BFDELE
Finite Element
Elements
BFE
BFEDELE BFELIST
Heat Generation
Rates
BFLIST
Operate
Apply
Settings
SFTRAN
SFGRAD
BFSCALE
Note
You must use tabular boundary conditions if you are applying tapered heat flux or convection
loads.
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4.3.1.3. Solutions
The following list describes what is known and what is calculated as a function of the type of boundary
specified.
For temperature boundary conditions, heat flux and heat transfer coefficient are calculated.
For heat flux boundary conditions, temperature and heat transfer coefficient are calculated.
For ambient radiation boundary conditions, temperature and heat flux are calculated.
For surface-to-surface radiation boundary conditions, temperature and heat flux are calculated.
For heat transfer boundary conditions, temperature and heat flux are calculated.
For adiabatic boundary conditions, temperature is calculated.
When you apply a heat transfer (film) coefficient, you also specify an associated ambient temperature.
The ANSYS program uses this along with the surface temperature to calculate the heat flux at that
boundary.
You specify heat flux and heat transfer coefficients at external model boundaries. You cannot specify
them at general internal surfaces. You can specify heat flux and heat transfer coefficients at internal
boundary faces (such as fluid/solid interface surfaces), but FLOTRAN will issue a warning because they
are probably incorrect. In a standard FLOTRAN analysis the heat transfer at a fluid/solid boundary is a
desired result, not a boundary condition. If you wish to apply a heat flux or a heat transfer coefficient,
you should apply it at the external solid material boundary, or at the edge of the fluid region without
modeling the solid material in the analysis. If you specify a film coefficient or a heat flux at an internal
fluid/solid interface, FLOTRAN interprets it to be a line/area heat source or sink. You can prescribe
temperatures anywhere.
In cases where you must calculate the heat transfer coefficient at a surface, ANSYS uses the surface
temperature along with the bulk temperature you specify using either of the following methods:
Command(s): FLDATA14,TEMP,BULK,Value
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Ref Conditions
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Ref Conditions
If the analysis is compressible, boundary condition temperatures are in terms of total temperature, and
the temperature equation is formulated and solved in terms of total temperature.
The FLOTRAN ambient radiation load simulates radiation heat transfer to space at a constant temperature.
You specify the constant temperature with the SF command. You specify the Stefan-Boltzmann constant
with the STEF command (defaults to 0.119E-10 Btu/hr/in2/ R4). The form factor is 1.0 by assumption.
Since radiation can pass through a fluid region and impact on a solid, you can apply the ambient radiation
load on a fluid/solid interface, as well as on external model boundaries. In this case, you should apply
the surface load to either the fluid or solid element faces, or the solid model entity defining the interface.
If you apply the load to more than one face, FLOTRAN applies the boundary conditions on only one
face and issues a message that it skipped duplicate boundary conditions.
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Solution Strategies
45
Note
For nodes connected only to solid nodes, the value stored in the Jobname.RFL file under
the density (DENS) label is the product of the density and specific heat.
You can evaluate performance of the Conjugate Residual and Preconditioned Conjugate Residual
methods by looking at the Jobname.DBG file (described in FLOTRAN CFD Solvers and the Matrix
Equation (p. 139)).
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Solution Strategies
The most robust, but most memory-intensive, method for solving conjugate heat transfer problems is
the Preconditioned Generalized Minimum Residual method. You can access it via either of the following:
Command(s): FLDATA18,METH,TEMP,4
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Controls> Temp Solver CFD
The Preconditioned Generalized Minimum Residual (PGMR) solution method is the default choice for
temperature.
Although the same user controls exist for the PGMR method as for the PCCR solver, the default values
are different. For PGMR, the least restrictive convergence criterion allowed is 1.E-10. If you try to use a
less restrictive convergence criterion, FLOTRAN will change it to 1.E-10. A convergence criterion as low
as 1.E-20 may be necessary for some problems. In addition, you should use at least 12 search vectors,
and FLOTRAN ensures this. For the PGMR solver, 12 search vectors is the default and the allowable
range is 12 to 20.
FLOTRAN non-fluid elements support both temperature dependence and orthotropic variation. That is,
KXX, KYY, and KZZ can assume different values and temperature variations. FLOTRAN considers conductivity as an element quantity, evaluated at the quadrature points in the element. However, in fluid elements, FLOTRAN considers thermal conductivity to be a nodal quantity.
To specify the variable and orthotropic conductivities, you use the following commands or GUI paths:
Command(s): MP or MPDATA
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Other> Change Mat Props
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models> CFD> Conductivity> Orthotropic
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Other> Change Mat Props
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> Other> Change Mat Props
Note
Thermal analysis problems having variable thermal conductivity are nonlinear and require
multiple iterations to solve. Variable solid thermal conductivities are not relaxed.
For a conjugate heat transfer problem, it is wise to obtain an initial temperature solution before solving
the coupled energy/momentum equations. To achieve the temperature solution, use the following:
Command(s): FLDATA1,SOLU,FLOW,F
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Solution Options
Command(s): FLDATA1,SOLU,TEMP,T
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Solution Options
Command(s): FLDATA25,RELX,TEMP,1.0
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Relax/Stab/Cap> DOF Relaxation
Command(s): FLDATA2,ITER,EXEC,1
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Execution Ctrl
Command(s): FLDATA18,METH,TEMP,3
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Contr> TEMP Solver CFD
In the above steps, an initial temperature solution is obtained from a solution of the heat conduction
equation.
FLOTRAN can calculate film coefficients at walls in conjugate heat transfer problems. Two algorithms
are available for this purpose: the conductivity matrix algorithm and the temperature field algorithm.
The conductivity matrix algorithm uses the thermal conductivity matrix to calculate heat fluxes and film
coefficients. It is the default. Generally, it produces satisfactory results for well shaped elements. However,
if the elements are not well shaped, it can produce non-smooth results. You should then switch to the
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4.6.1. Procedure
The Radiosity Solution method consists of four steps:
1. Define the radiating surfaces.
2. Define Solution options.
3. Define View Factor options.
4. Calculate and query view factors.
See Using the Radiosity Solver Method in the Thermal Analysis Guide for a detailed explanation of these
steps.
49
Insulated
T = 320K
g = 9.81 m/s
T = 280K
Insulated
L = .03m
Density variations resulting from the temperature difference across the cavity drive the laminar flow.
The Rayleigh number for this flow is 1.01E+05, and is defined as follows:
Ra = g TL3 2Cp/k
The symbols in this equation are:
g = gravitational acceleration
= 1/T
T = THOT - TCOLD
L = cavity length
= density
Cp = specific heat
k = thermal conductivity
= viscosity
Other example analysis conditions are:
Cavity: dimensions 0.03m x 0.03m; gravitational acceleration 9.81 m/s2
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Meaning
User Specified Time Step
-1
Advection Limit
-2
-3
-4
Conduction Limit
The advection limit prevents a particle of fluid from passing completely through a finite element during
a time step.
The pressure wave limit means the time step is chosen small enough to prevent a pressure wave from
passing all the way through a finite element during a single time step. This option is active only if you
choose the compressible solution algorithm.
The choice of -3 (again valid only for compressible analyses) means that the more restrictive (that is,
smaller) time step criterion will be imposed.
The conduction limit is calculated to prevent the conductive diffusion of a parcel of energy completely
through an element during a time step. The limit applies only to problems that include conduction,
and is valid for problems with both fluid and non-fluid elements.
FLOTRAN must execute global iterations to converge within a time step. The time step terminates when
either of the following happens:
The convergence criteria are met.
The maximum number of global iterations allowed per time step executes.
You set the maximum number of global iterations per time step using one of the following:
Command(s): FLDATA4A,TIME,GLOB,Value
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Execution Ctrl
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Execution Ctrl
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Meaning of Value
STEP,APPE,n
TIME,APPE,x
STEP,SUMF,n
TIME,SUMF,x
STEP,OVER,n
TIME,OVER,x
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Caution
FLOTRAN has no record of boundary conditions at earlier times. That is, if you want to restart
from an earlier point in time and simulate a ramped boundary condition it is necessary to
apply the boundary condition appropriate for the beginning of the ramp, make it an old
condition via the FLOCHECK command, and then apply the condition at the end of the
ramp.
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Caution
You should avoid using quadrilateral elements with only one node on the inflow or outflow
boundary.
The following VOF topics are available:
6.1. VFRC Loads
6.2. Input Settings
6.3. Postprocessing
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Input Settings
tions will become active if the fluid touches these boundaries. Accordingly, you should apply all appropriate boundary conditions on all boundaries potentially touched by the fluid. FLOTRAN treats unspecified
boundaries with natural conditions.
Boundary conditions for VFRC loads consist of the boundary VFRC value and the wetting status. FLOTRAN
only allows zero (empty) and one (full) values for the boundary VFRC values. By default, boundary VFRC
values are set to one (full). FLOTRAN uses the boundary VFRC values to determine the normal surface
direction in the VOF reconstruction stage, when the boundary is adjacent to the surface elements. The
wetting status specifies whether the fluid can be advected into the problem domain. A zero value indicates a non-wetting boundary, whereas a unity value indicates a wetting boundary. By default, wetting
status is set to zero (non-wetting boundary). On a wetting boundary, fluid advection into the problem
domain takes place. The corresponding boundary VFRC value must be set to unity to be meaningful.
On a non-wetting boundary, advection of the fluid or void elements into the problem domain does not
take place. The boundary VFRC value only acts passively to help determine the normal surface direction.
To set boundary VFRC loads, use one of the following:
Command(s): SFL,LINE,VFRC,VALI,VALJ,VAL2I,VAL2J SFE,ELEM,LKEY,VFRC,KVAL,VAL1,VAL2,VAL3,VAL4
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Volume Fract> Bound Loads>
On Lines
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Volume Fract> Bound Loads> On
Elements
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Volume Fract> Bound Loads> On Lines
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Volume Fract> Bound Loads> On Elements
For the SFL command, VALI specifies the boundary VFRC value and (defaults to 1) VAL2I specifies
the wetting status (defaults to non-wetting). If Lab = VFRC, a VAL2I setting of 1 indicates a wetted
boundary. For the SFE command, VAL1 specifies the boundary VFRC value (defaults to 1) when KVAL
= 0 or 1, and VAL1 specifies the boundary wetting status (defaults to non-wetting) when KVAL = 2. If
Lab = VFRC and KVAL = 2, a VAL1 setting of 1 indicates a wetted boundary. At a wetted boundary,
the fluid upstream keeps the associated elements full.
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Postprocessing
will automatically reduce the VOF time step by half. This automatic reduction in the VOF time step
continues until the local imbalance of the VFRC field during the VOF advection computations is less
than the VOFL tolerance. A good input parameter guess makes the calculation more efficient by removing
some checks on the time step.
To set the number of VOF advection time steps per solution time step, use one of the following:
Command(s): FLDATA4,TIME,NTVF,Value
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Setup> VOF Environment> Time Stepping
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Setup> VOF Environment> Time Stepping
For a VOF analysis, the density is constant. Therefore, mass conservation is equivalent to the conservation
of the total fluid volume (or area in two dimensions). Ideally, the difference between the volume coming
into the problem domain and going out of the domain should be equal to the increase or decrease of
the total volume inside the domain. In an actual finite element analysis, however, continuity satisfaction
is expressed in a Galerkin weak form. Therefore, in general, each element has a small mass imbalance.
The local mass imbalance is usually of the order of the discretization error, and this error is a major
source of the global VFRC imbalance introduced in a VOF analysis. Even though this imbalance may be
very small compared to the total volume, it can accumulate exponentially as the number of time steps
increases. Hence, FLOTRAN performs a global adjustment of the VFRC field at each VOF time step. It
proportionally increases or decreases the VFRC values of the partial elements to guarantee the global
VFRC balance. It prints the final VFRC imbalance in the Jobname.PFL file.
6.3. Postprocessing
The volume fraction is stored as a non-summable miscellaneous record in the element data section of
the results file. If you want to view the volume fraction, issue the command:
Command(s):
PLESOL,NMISC,1
Since the volume fraction is essentially an element based quantity, it is discontinuous across elements.
If you wish to see a smooth and continuous volume fraction, you should first store the results in an
element table, using one of the following:
Command(s): ETABLE,VFRC,NMISC,1
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Element Table> Define Table
You can then plot the results with an averaging operation, using one of the following:
Command(s): PLETAB,VFRC,1
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Element Table> Plot Elem Table
However, instead of using the foregoing commands, you can use one of the following:
Command(s): PLVFRC,CONT
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Element Solu
The PLVFRC macro issues the ETABLE and PLETAB commands. When CONT = 0, PLVFRC uses contour
levels of 0.5 and 1.0 to indicate the free surface and fluid regions. When CONT = 1, it uses the current
contour settings.
You can also animate your results. To obtain an animation over a time sequence by interpolation
between time steps, use the PLVFRC command macro along with one of the following:
Command(s): PLVFRC,CONT ANTIME,NFRAM, DELAY, NCYCL, AUTOCNTRKY, RSLTDAT, MIN, MAX
GUI: Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Animate> Over Time
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69
nsel,s,loc,x,0.0,1.0
nsel,r,loc,y,0.0,2.0
esln,s,1
ice,all,vfrc,1.0
alls
ic,all,vx,0
ic,all,vy,0
save
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71
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Number of elements in
Ratio of element size
Ratio of element size
Number of elements in
Number of elements in
Number of elements in
Ratio of element size
Ratio of element size
Ratio of element size
Number of elements in
line 3
in line 2
in line 3
line 13
line 21
line 17
in line 13
in line 25
in line 17
radial direction near bump
l,2,6
l,3,7
l,4,8
!
l,9,13
! Lines 17-20 are horizontal lines near outlet
l,10,14
l,11,15
l,12,16
!
l,6,10
! Lines 21-23 are horizontal lines near the bump
l,7,11
l,8,12
!
k,17,R,0.0
! KP 17 to 23 are for the semicircular bump
k,18,0.0,0.0
circle,18,R,,17,180,4
lcomb,25,26,0
!
l,19,9
! Lines 26, 28-30 in radial direction near bump
l,20,10
l,22,6
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!
!
!
!
Constant density
Constant viscosity
Density set earlier
Viscosity set earlier
F3
where is the density, is the surface tension coefficient, and RF is the radius of the drop at its equilibrium state. Here, Re is the Reynolds number given by:
theory
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6.6.2. Results
Figure 6.1: Instantaneous Pressure Distributions at 0.001 ms (p. 75) and Figure 6.2: Instantaneous Pressure
Distributions at 0.012 ms (p. 76) show the instantaneous pressure distributions at 0.001 ms and 0.012
ms, respectively. Rather than a pressure jump across the interface, the pressure is observed to vary
smoothly in a thin transition region near the interface. Initially, the maximum pressure occurs at the
top and bottom portion of the droplet due to a high local curvature. The resulting pressure gradient
forces the fluid inward and redirects it to the sides. As the droplet moves, the pressure starts to rise at
the sides due to the increasing local curvature. This slows down the movement of the droplet and
eventually forces the fluid back inward from the sides. The pressure distribution controls the droplet
oscillation by balancing the kinetic energy and the potential energy due to the surface tension. The
simulation produces a free surface profile every 5 time steps. The frequency is 42.6 kHz (two cycles occur
in 0.047 ms). This agrees quite well with the 43.0 kHz predicted by the Prosperetti formula. The oscillation
amplitude decreases with time and damps out at 0.2 ms due to viscosity. Averaging the pressure values
on interior nodes attached to only full elements gives the numerical droplet pressure. The difference
between the numerical and the analytical pressure is approximately 1%. There are some noises in the
velocity field near the interface due to the so-called parasitic currents inherent in the CSF formulation.
Figure 6.1: Instantaneous Pressure Distributions at 0.001 ms
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! symmetry condition
alls
icvf,elpt,0.0,0.0,aRad,bRad
ic,all,vx,0
ic,all,vy,0
save
fini
! initial VFRC
! initial velocity
/solu
flda,solu,tran,t
flda,solu,vof,t
flda,solu,sfts,t
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!
!
!
*do,ilop,2,elmmax
*get,elmn,elem,elmi,nxth
*get,vfval,elem,elmn,nmis,1
*IF,vfval,LE,VFAdvU,then
esel,u,,,elmn
*ELSE
elmi=elmn
*ENDIF
*enddo
!
!
!
nsle,s,all
nsel,u,ext
!
!
pavg=0.0
prms=0.0
*get,nodmax,node,0,count
!
*do,ilop,1,nodmax
!
*get,nodi,node,0,num,min
!
*get,pval,node,nodi,pres
!
pavg=pavg+pval
!
prms=prms+(pval-pexact)**2
!
nsel,u,,,nodi
!
*enddo
pavg=pavg/nodmax
prms=sqrt(prms/nodmax)/pexact
/go
*vwrite
(9x,'DelX/Rad ', 3x, 'PRES / Pexact ',3x,'Prms ')
*vwrite,DELX/RadF,pavg/pexact,prms
(3(4x,1pe12.5))
fini
exit,nosa
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The top plate begins to oscillate about its centerline setting the fluid in motion. The ALE formulation
allows the fluid domain to change with time and the finite element mesh to move to satisfy the
boundary conditions at the moving plate. Figure 7.2: Torsional Mirror at t = 2.5 Seconds (p. 80) and
Figure 7.3: Torsional Mirror at t = 7.5 Seconds (p. 80) show the finite element mesh at later times.
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To perform a transient analysis employing the ALE formulation, you must activate the ALE formulation
and the transient solution algorithm. To activate the ALE formulation, you use one of the following:
Command(s): FLDATA1,SOLU,ALE,TRUE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Setup> Solution Options
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Setup> Solution Options
To activate the transient algorithm, you use one of the following:
Command(s): FLDATA1,SOLU,TRAN,TRUE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Solution Options
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Solution Options
For more information on transient analyses and the transient algorithm, see FLOTRAN Transient Analyses (p. 61).
To do an ALE analysis, you need to use one of the following elements:
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Boundary Conditions
FLUID141, KEYOPT(3) = 0 (Cartesian coordinates), 1 (axisymmetric about Y-axis), or 2 (axisymmetic about
X-axis).
FLUID142, KEYOPT(3) = 0 (Cartesian coordinates). You cannot use a cylindrical coordinate system (KEYOPT(3) = 3) with ALE.
You will need to activate KEYOPT(4) to specify boundary motions (displacement DOFs). To define the
element type, use one of the following:
Command(s): ET,ITYPE,Ename,KOP1,KOP2,KOP3,KOP4,KOP5,KOP6 KEYOPT,ITYPE,KNUM,VALUE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete
Real constants 18 (BDTOL) and 19 (MMFAC) are also used in an ALE analysis.
Currently, free surfaces are not a part of the ALE formulation. However, you can use the Volume of
Fluid (VOF) method in conjunction with the ALE formulation to simulate flows involving free surfaces
and moving walls. (Refer to Volume of Fluid (VOF) Analyses (p. 65).)
The following ALE topics are available:
7.1. Boundary Conditions
7.2. Mesh Updating
7.3. Remeshing
7.4. Postprocessing
7.5. ALE Analysis of a Simplified Torsional Mirror
7.6. ALE/VOF Analysis of a Vessel with a Moving Wall
7.7. ALE Analysis of a Moving Cylinder
Fluid
Moving solid
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Slip[1]
Stick[1]
Displacement
Specify normal
component of
displacement
for fluid nodes.
or Dx; Dy
3-D
or Dx; Dy; Dz
Velocity
Inviscid Flow
Viscous Flow
Specify normal
component of
velocity for fluid nodes.
or Vx; Vy
3-D
or Vx; Vy; Vz
1. The time derivative of the normal displacement must be equal to the normal velocity, dDn/dt = Vn.
Slip or stick boundary conditions can apply for displacement. For velocity, slip boundary conditions
apply for inviscid flow and stick boundary conditions apply for viscous flow. In all cases, the time derivative of the normal displacement must be equal to the normal velocity. In FLOTRAN, only stick boundary
conditions are currently valid.
To set displacement or velocity boundary conditions at nodes, you can use either of the following:
Command(s): D
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Displacement (or
Velocity)> On Nodes
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Mesh Updating
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Displacement (or Velocity)> On
Nodes
To set boundary conditions on the solid model, you can use any of the following:
Command(s): DL and DA
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Displacement (or
Velocity)> On Lines
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Displacement (or Velocity)> On
Lines
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Displacement (or Velocity)> On Areas
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Displacement (or Velocity)> On
Areas
If a node is part of a distributed resistance or a fan model or part of a solid region composed of FLUID141
or FLUID142 elements, homogeneous displacement boundary conditions are automatically applied (that
is, D,ALL,UX,0.0 and D,ALL,UY,0.0 for 2-D and D,ALL,UX,0.0, D,ALL,UY,0.0, and D,ALL,UZ,0.0 for 3-D).
You can specify partial displacement boundary conditions to make external nodes move along a global
axis. For example, D,ALL,UX,0.0 will make a set of nodes slide along the y-axis in a 2-D model. Currently,
normal and tangential components of displacement can not be specified for an external boundary.
You can also specify generalized symmetry boundary conditions. If the ALE formulation is activated,
velocity components are then set equal to the mesh velocity. To do so, use one of the following commands or the GUI equivalent:
D,NODE,ENDS,-1
DL,LINE,AREA,ENDS,-1,Value2
DA,AREA,ENDS,-1,Value2
You cannot check for morphing failure in advance if the time step size depends on the fluid flow variables
or the problem involves a free surface.
Mesh morphing is currently available for the following element shapes:
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7.3. Remeshing
Large fluid domain changes can produce poor quality elements and mesh morphing failure. To avoid
element failure, you must remesh.
To accomplish remeshing, issue one of the following:
Command(s): FLDATA39,REMESH
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Remesh Ctrl
FLDATA39,REMESH will automatically remesh the fluid elements and linearly interpolate the nodal
solution from the old mesh to the new mesh. Use it to specify one of the following three ways of
remeshing:
Remesh all defined fluid elements if the quality of the worst defined element falls below any specified
quality requirement listed in Table 7.2: Element Qualities (p. 85).
Whole domain remeshing is suitable when the moving boundary affects all of the fluid elements
(all the fluid elements may become distorted during solution).
Remesh defined fluid elements that have a quality below any specified quality requirement.
Partial domain remeshing is suitable when the distorted elements are locally distributed and the
location of the distorted elements is not known before solution or it changes during solution.
Remesh all grouped fluid elements with a specified component name if the quality of the worst selected element falls below any specified quality requirement.
Selected component remeshing is suitable when the distorted elements are locally distributed,
but the location of the distorted elements is known before solution and it does not change
during solution.
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Remeshing
There are three maximum allowable element qualities that you need to specify for remeshing: aspect
ratio, change of element size, and change of element aspect ratio.
Table 7.2: Element Qualities
Element Quality
Triangles
Tetrahedrons
AR = ((lavg)2 / A) / 2.3
AR = ((lavg)3 / V) / 8.48
where:
lavg = average length of the element edges
A = element area
V = element volume
A(t) and V(t) = element area and volume at time t
A(0) and V(0) = element area and volume at time 0
You may also specify the following remeshing inputs:
Elements Excluded
You can exclude all elements connected to boundary nodes from remeshing. For a fluid-structure
interaction analysis, you can exclude the elements connected to fluid-solid interfaces.
Element Size
The element remeshing size defaults to 0. The element size at the nearest boundary is then used
for remeshing.
Area Expansion or Contraction
You can size internal elements so that they are approximately the size of the boundary elements
times an expansion or contraction factor.
Checkpoints
You can specify element quality checkpoints in three ways: every time step, every Nth time step,
or at a single time point. The fluid elements will automatically remesh if any quality requirement
is not met at a checkpoint.
After each remesh, new databases and results files are written with the extensions .rfl0n and .dbn,
where n is the remesh file number (Jobname.rfl01, Jobname.rfl02, ... and Jobname.db01,
Jobname.db02,...). Use the ANMRES command to create an animation across the results files.
Note
The original database file is Jobname.db0. The Jobname.db01, Jobname.db02, ... files
have elements that are detached from the solid model.
You can use the FLOTRAN remeshing capability in a pure fluid flow analysis or a fluid-solid interaction
analysis. For information on fluid-solid interaction analyses, see Load Transfer Coupled Physics Analysis
and The ANSYS Multi-field (TM) Solver - MFS Single-Code Coupling in the Coupled-Field Analysis Guide.
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85
Description
Elements
Area/Volume
Changes
Domains
2-D problems can have multiple domains; 3-D problems require a single
domain. Do not allow two separate domains without distance (e.g.,
when solving a FSI problem with a beam or shell element, at least one
side elements connected to the beam or shell elements must be excluded from remeshing).
Loads
Remeshing can treat nodal loads on the boundary, but it cannot treat
body loads applied to interior nodes. Fluid-solid interaction is the only
valid element based load.
Boundary Nodes
7.4. Postprocessing
For postprocessing, you can use the following contour and vector command sequence for the reference
domain or the current deformed domain:
set,load step,substep
/dscal,,1.0
plns,pres,,0
plve,v,,,,,,,1
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
To produce an animated sequence of the results, issue the ANTIME macro with the above commands.
Note
The displacements of non-structural elements are mesh (or grid) displacements to avoid
mesh distortion but have no physical meaning except at the interface between the fluid and
the structure.
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Oscillating plate
= (t)
(Xo, Yo)
Ho = Yo = H
Initial p siti n f
scillating plate
(at t = 0)
Y
X
Fixed plate
LX
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87
Note
As approaches 0, UX approaches 0 and UY approaches R.
Differentiating displacements gives the following velocity equations:
= =
= =
Note
D = D (x,t)
Dy = Dy (x,t)
p = po
ho
h = h(x,t)
p = po
Y
X
L
Fixed plate
U=V=0
D = Dy = 0
Assuming the flow is 2-D and neglecting inertia terms, the Navier-Stokes equation reduces to the
Reynolds equation for incompressible flow:
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V R
R x
Substituting these values in the Reynolds equation and assuming that U variations with x are small
gives:
Integrating gives:
o
o
=
=
C1 = 2 (L/2)2
Substituting the C1 and C2 values into the pressure equation gives:
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89
o =
3
o
Thus, the force and moment on the torsional mirror are given by:
L/
p
- L/
y =h
s
90
!
!
!
!
!
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Fluid density
Fluid viscosity
number of time steps
total simulation time
time step size
append results every time step
angles are in radians
adjust angular amplitude << 1
complete 1 cycle in given time
pivot point x-coord
pivot point y-coord
! use function builder/tables (refer to Using the Function Tool in the Basic Analysis Guide)
! for displacements/velocities of oscillating plate
*DIM,UXTAB,TABLE,6,4,1
UXTAB(0,0,1) = 0.0,-999, 1, X0 ,AMAX, 0.0, 0.0
UXTAB(0,1,1) = 1.0,-1 , 0, 1.0 , 27 , 2 , 17
! Radius = XR - X0
UXTAB(0,2,1) = 0.0,-2 , 9,OMEGA, 1 , 3 , 18
! Angle=amax*sin(omega*t)
UXTAB(0,3,1) = 0.0,-3 , 10, 1.0 ,-2 , 3 ,-1
! Radius*cos(Angle)
UXTAB(0,4,1) = 0.0,99 , 0, 1.0 ,-3 , 2 ,-1
! Radius*cos(Angle)-Radius
*DIM,UYTAB,TABLE,6,3,1
UYTAB(0,0,1) = 0.0,-999, 1, X0 ,AMAX, 0.0, 0.0
UYTAB(0,1,1) = 1.0,-1 , 0, 1.0 , 27 , 2 , 17
! Radius = XR - X0
UYTAB(0,2,1) = 0.0,-2 , 9,OMEGA, 1 , 3 , 18
! Angle=amax*sin(omega*t)
UYTAB(0,3,1) = 0.0,99 , 9, 1.0 ,-2 , 3 ,-1
! Radius*sin(Angle)
*DIM,VXTAB,TABLE,6,5,1
VXTAB(0,0,1) = 0.0,-999, 1, X0 ,AMAX,OMEGA*AMAX, 0.0
VXTAB(0,1,1) = 1.0,-1 , 0,-1.0 , 27 , 1 , 17
! -Radius = -(XR-X0)
VXTAB(0,2,1) = 0.0,-2 , 9,OMEGA, 1 , 3 , 18
! Angle=amax*sin(omega*t)
VXTAB(0,3,1) = 0.0,-3 , 10,OMEGA, 1, 3 , 19
! Angle speed=
! amax*omega*cos(omega*t)
VXTAB(0,4,1) = 0.0,-4 , 9, 1.0 ,-2 , 3 , -1
! -Radius*sin(angle)
VXTAB(0,5,1) = 0.0,99 , 0, 1.0 ,-4 , 3 , -3 !-Radius*sin(angle)*angle speed
*DIM,VYTAB,TABLE,6,5,1
VYTAB(0,0,1) = 0.0,-999, 1, X0 ,AMAX,OMEGA*AMAX, 0.0
VYTAB(0,1,1) = 1.0,-1 , 0, 1.0 , 27 , 2 , 17
!Radius = XR - X0
VYTAB(0,2,1) = 0.0,-2 , 9,OMEGA, 1 , 3 , 18
!Angle=amax*sin(omega*t)
VYTAB(0,3,1) = 0.0,-3 , 10,OMEGA, 1, 3 , 19
!Angle speed=
!amax*omega*cos(omega*t)
VYTAB(0,4,1) = 0.0,-4 , 10, 1.0 ,-2 , 3 , -1
!Radius*cos(angle)
VYTAB(0,5,1) = 0.0,99 , 0, 1.0 ,-4 , 3 , -3 !Radius*cos(angle)*angle speed
/PREP7 $smrt,off
et,1,141
keyopt,1,4,1
esha,2
rect,,LX,,H
lesize,1,,,NDX,
lesize,3,,,NDX,
lesize,2,,,NDY,-10
lesize,4,,,NDY,-10
alls
amesh,all
! 2-D XY system
! allow disp. DOFs
! Quad elements
lsel,s,,,3
nsll,s,1
d,all,VX,%VXTAB%
d,all,VY,%VYTAB%
d,all,enke,-1
d,all,ux,%UXTAB%
d,all,uy,%UYTAB%
lsel,s,,,2
lsel,a,,,4
nsll,s,1
d,all,pres,POUT
lsel,s,,,1
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91
!
!
!
!
!
Nominal density
Nominal viscosity
Output wall shear stress
increased quadrature for deformed
elements
! Turn ALE on
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Left
Moving Free Surface
Wall
LX
Right
Stationary
Wall
Liquid
= 1.0
= 1.0
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Left
Wall
Free Surface
Stationary
Right
Wall
Stationary
Liquid
LX
t=0
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Free Surface
LXF
t = 0.125 * Time
Steady
Solution
Liquid
t = Time
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UX
LX-LXF
0.125 * Time
Time
VX
0.125 * Time
10 -6
(LX-LXF)
0.125 * Time
Time
7.6.2. Results
The initial fluid volume is 1/2 H times LX. Since H and LX are both equal to 1, the initial fluid volume
is 0.500000000. The calculated final fluid volume is 0.499999673.
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95
! 2-D XY system
! enable disp DOFs
! Quad elements
lsel,s,,,1
nsll,s,1
d,all,vx
d,all,vy
! bottom wall
lsel,s,,,3
nsll,s,1
d,all,vx
d,all,vy
! top
lsel,s,,,2
nsll,s,1
d,all,vx,
d,all,vy,
d,all,ux,0.0
d,all,uy,0.0
wall
alls
nsel,s,loc,y,0,0.5*H
esln,s,1
ice,all,vfrc,1.0
allsel
fini
/SOLU
FLDA,NOMI,DENS,RHO
FLDA,NOMI,VISC,MU
acel,,9.8
flda,step,sumf,1
flda,solu,tran,t
flda,time,step,delta
flda,time,numb,nts
flda,time,tend,time
flda,time,glob,25
flda,time,appe,appf
flda,solu,ale,t
flda,solu,vof,t
save
SOLVE
fini
! Nominal density
! Nominal viscosity
! Apply gravity loading
! Ale on
! Vof on
96
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FLDATA39,REMESH,Label,Value Command
FLDATA39,REMESH,ARMA,5.0
FLDATA39,REMESH,VOCH,3.0
FLDATA39,REMESH,ARCH,3.0
FLDATA39,REMESH,ELEM,ALL sets the remeshing to all defined fluid elements if the quality of the worst
defined element falls below any quality requirement. The total analysis time is 44 seconds.
Figure 7.9: Moving Cylinder
UX = 0
UY = 0
UX = 0
VX = 0
VY = 0
UY = 0
UX = 0,
UY = 0,
VY = 0
VX = 1.0
5
UX = t
= 1.0
= 1.0
12.5
P = 0
UX = 0, UY = 0, VY = 0
47.5
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97
7.7.2. Results
The ten results files are file.rfl01 through file.rfl10. They were created when one of the remeshing criteria
were met. The following figures display the remeshed elements at 0, 22, and 44 seconds.
Figure 7.10: Elements at 0 Seconds
98
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*DEL,_FNCNAME
*DEL,_FNCMTID
*DEL,_FNC_C1
*SET,_FNCNAME,'DIS'
*DIM,_FNC_C1,,1
*SET,_FNC_C1(1),1.0
! /INPUT,force.func
*DIM,%_FNCNAME%,TABLE,6,3,1
!
! Begin of equation: a*{TIME}
*SET,%_FNCNAME%(0,0,1), 0.0, -999
*SET,%_FNCNAME%(2,0,1), 0.0
*SET,%_FNCNAME%(3,0,1), %_FNC_C1(1)%
*SET,%_FNCNAME%(4,0,1), 0.0
*SET,%_FNCNAME%(5,0,1), 0.0
*SET,%_FNCNAME%(6,0,1), 0.0
*SET,%_FNCNAME%(0,1,1), 1.0, -1, 0, 1, 17, 3, 1
*SET,%_FNCNAME%(0,2,1), 0.0, 99, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0
*SET,%_FNCNAME%(0,3,1),
0
! End of equation: a*{TIME}
!-->
RECTNG,0,l1,0,h,
RECTNG,l1,l2,0,h,
RECTNG,l2,l3,0,h,
aglue,all
CYl4,rx0,ry0,0,45,r1,135
CYl4,rx0,ry0,0,135,r1,225
CYl4,rx0,ry0,0,225,r1,315
CYl4,rx0,ry0,0,315,r1,405
asel,s,,,2
asel,a,,,3
asel,a,,,6
asel,a,,,7
allsel,below,area
aglue,all
allsel
FLST,3,4,5,ORDE,3
FITEM,3,2
FITEM,3,8
FITEM,3,-10
ASBA,
4,P51X
aplot
et,1,141
KEYOPT,1,4,1
type,1
mat,1
asel,s,,,1
esize,.5
mshape,1,2d
mshkey,0
amesh,all
et,2,141
KEYOPT,2,4,1
type,2
mat,1
asel,s,,,3
esize,.5
mshape,1,2d
mshkey,0
amesh,all
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99
! ALE solution
FLDATA7,PROT,DENS,CONSTANT
FLDATA8,NOMI,DENS,1.0
FLDATA7,PROT,VISC,CONSTANT
FLDATA8,NOMI,VISC,1.0
!FLDA,BULK,BETA,1.0e5
FLDA,TIME,STEP, 2.0
!
!!! Newmark method
!
FLDATA,OUTP,TAUW,T
FLDATA,TIME,METH,NEWM
FLDATA,TIME,DELT,0.5
!
!! Set ANSYS-STRUCTURE commands
100
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!
!
!
!
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103
2
o = static +
This relationship is sometimes useful when cast in terms of the Mach number (M):
You must specify the specific heat and the ratio of specific heats . (To enter this ratio, use one of the
following:)
Command(s): FLDATA17,GAMM,COMP,
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Ref Conditions
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Flow Environment> Ref Conditions
The ANSYS program uses the resulting static temperature and the absolute pressure to calculate the
density from the equation of state.
Note
Unlike incompressible analyses, where freezing the density calculation for the early global
iterations can be an advantage, compressible analyses automatically involve the variable
density option. Another difference between these types of analysis is that for compressible
analyses, initial properties are calculated from the calculated static temperature, not from
the nominal temperature.
104
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Solution Strategies
conditions. Failure to do so could adversely affect the resultant mass balance. Also, if the boundary is
too close to the region of interest (e.g. the airfoil the flow is moving past), the velocity solution near
the boundary will tend to be greater than the free stream velocity. In such cases, a better choice for
the velocity boundary conditions is the symmetry condition (only specify the velocity normal to the
boundary as zero).
If the problem is thermal, ANSYS takes all of the applied boundary conditions to be total temperature,
not static temperature. Conversely, if a problem is adiabatic, thermal boundary conditions are ignored.
If you use a thermal incompressible solution as a starting point for a thermal compressible problem,
you must change the boundary conditions so that they are specified in terms of total temperature.
(a) Quadrilateral mesh, (b) Triangular mesh with a random pattern, (c) Triangular mesh
with a symmetrical pattern
In 2-D compressible analyses, mesh (a), the quadrilateral mesh, produces the most accurate results.
Mesh (b) yields 2-D, not 1-D results, and mesh (c) yields 1-D results.
Similarly, in a 3-D compressible analysis, a hexagonal mesh (the equivalent of quadrilateral mesh in 2D) produces the best results. A tetrahedral mesh with a random pattern (the 3-D equivalent of mesh
(b)) yields only 3-D results, not 1-D. And a tetrahedral symmetric mesh, the 3-D equivalent of mesh (c),
gives you 1-D results.
105
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117
Units
Thermal Conductivity
energy/length-temperature-time
Specific Heat
energy/mass-temperature
Heat Flux
energy/length2-time
energy/length3-time
energy/length2-temperature-time
Except for incompressible flow analyses including viscous heating, you can use any energy unit as long
as you use the same unit for all thermal quantities. The metric and English property types defined below
use joules and BTUs, respectively, as the energy unit for thermal conductivity and specific heat. For an
incompressible analysis including viscous heating, you must use the energy unit for the system as shown
in the following table:
Table 9.2: Energy Units for Incompressible Analyses with Viscous Heating
System
Energy Unit[1]
SI (meter-kg-sec)
Joule
CGS (cm-g-sec)
Erg
mm-g-sec
Centi-erg
U. S. Customary (ft-slugsec)
lbf-ft
PSI
lbf-in
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Units
meter-kg-sec
meter-kg-sec
Pressure Units
Pascals
Pascals
AIR-CM
cm-g-sec
dynes/cm
AIR-MM
mm-g-sec
Pascals
AIR-FT
AIR-IN
ft-slug-sec
2
in-(lbf-s /in)-sec
lbf/ft
psi
Density Units
Viscosity Units
kg/m
kg/m-sec
kg/m
kg/m-sec
g/cm-sec (poise)
g/cm
g/mm3
slugs/ft
g/mm-sec
3
lbf-sec /in
slug/ft-sec
4
lbf-s/in2
ANSYS automatically supplies for you, in the property database, the relevant input for the AIR property
types.
119
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Argument
Constant properties
CONSTANT
Gas properties
GAS
Liquid properties
LIQUID
TABLE
AIR or AIR-SI
AIR_B or AIRSI_B
AIR-CM
Air properties in units of cm-g-sec, with pressure set to the reference pressure AIR-CM_B
for the evaluation of density
Air properties in units of mm-g-sec
AIR-MM
Air properties in units of mm-g-sec, with pressure set to the reference pressure AIR-MM_B
for the evaluation of density
Air properties in units of fl-slug-sec
AIR-FT
Air properties in unites of fl-slug-sec, with pressure set to the reference pressureAIR-FT_B
for the evaluation of density
Air properties in units of in-(lbf-s**2/in)-sec (results in units of psi for pressure) AIR-IN
Air properties in units of in-(lbf-s**2/in)-sec (results in units of psi for pressure), AIR-IN_B
with pressure set to the reference pressure for the evaluation of density
Power Law non-Newtonian viscosity type
POWL
CARR
BING
CMIX
User-programmable via subroutines:UserVisLaw for viscosityUserSpht for specific heatUserDens for densityUserCond for conductivityUserSfts for surface
tension
USER
A variation of ideal gas law based on species mass fractions. Available for
density only.
CGAS
Once you choose property types, you do not need to specify any coefficients for the properties. If the
characters _B are added to these property types (as in the AIR types listed above), the pressure in the
ideal gas law calculation is at a constant density corresponding to atmospheric pressure. The length
and time units of conductivity and specific heat must be consistent with the rest of the properties. The
energy units in these quantities are unrestricted.
If using property types CONSTANT, GAS, or LIQUID, you must specify property coefficients. To do so,
either issue the commands shown below or choose one of the following menu paths:
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121
9.1.7. Density
If the property type choice is CONSTANT, then set the constant value of the property using the
FLDATA8,NOMI command or the equivalent menu path. For example, you set the density to 1.205 via:
Command(s):
FLDATA8,NOMI,DENS,1.205
If the property type is GAS, the ideal gas law is used for the density. You specify density for this choice
as:
Density = NOMI * (P/COF2) / (T/COF1)
If the choice is LIQUID, then a second order polynomial as a function of temperature is used for density.
Density = NOMI + COF2*(T - COF1) + COF3*(T - COF1)2
If the property type is CMIX, then:
= i i
i=1
In the equation shown above, N is the defined number of species, Yi is the mass fraction of the ith
species, and i is the density of the ith species.
If the property is CGAS, then:
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In the CGAS equation shown above, N is the defined number of species, Yi is the mass fraction of the
ith species, Mi is the molecular weight of the ith species, R is the universal gas constant, and P is the
absolute pressure.
If the property type is TABLE, the density is interpolated linearly between the data points provided via
the MPTEMP or MPDATA commands (or their GUI equivalents).
If the choice is USER, the density is computed in the user-programmable subroutine UserDens. The four
coefficients NOMI, COF1, COF2, and COF3 are available in this routine.
9.1.8. Viscosity
If the property type choice is CONSTANT, then set the constant value of the property using the
FLDATA8,NOMI command or the equivalent menu path. For example, you set the viscosity to 1.205
via:
Command(s):
FLDATA8,NOMI,VISC,1.205
If the choice is GAS, Sutherland's law for gases is used for viscosity. You can enter the parameters NOMI,
COF1, and COF2.
The ideal gas constant R is defined as (COF2/NOMI*COF1)
Viscosity ("Property"):
Property/NOMI = (T/COF1)1.5 * (COF1 + COF2)/(T + COF2)
As an example of using this relationship, suppose that there are two data points available for the calculation of viscosity as a function of temperature:
Viscosity = 4.18 x 10-5 at T = 760
Viscosity = 5.76 x 10-5 at T = 1010
Consider the first data point as the nominal value. This means that NOMI = 4.18 x 10-5 and COF1 = 760.
Using these in the Sutherland relationship yields:
Property/4.18 x 10-5 = (T/760)1.5 (760 + COF2)/(T + COF2)
Use the remaining data point to calculate COF2 by setting "Property" to 5.76 x 10-5 and T = 1010. Thus,
the constants are calculated from the data points.
If the choice is LIQUID, then Sutherland's liquid law is used for the viscosity.
Viscosity ("Property"):
Property/NOMI = EXP{COF2*(1/T - 1/COF1) + COF3(1/T - 1/COF1)2}
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123
(COF3-1)
(COF3-1)
If the choice is BING, then the non-Newtonian Bingham model is used for the viscosity:
If the choice is CARR, the non-Newtonian Carreau model is used for the viscosity:
2
If the property type is CMIX, then:
N
= i i
i=
In the equation shown above, N is the defined number of species, Yi is the mass fraction of the ith
species, and i is the viscosity of the ith species.
If the property type is TABLE, the density is interpolated linearly between the data points provided via
the MPTEMP or MPDATA commands (or their GUI equivalents).
If the choice is USRV or USER, then the viscosity is computed in the user programmable subroutine
UserVisLaw. The four coefficients NOMI, COF1, COF2, and COF3 are available in this routine.
= p
=
124
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If the property type is TABLE, the specific heat is interpolated linearly between the data points provided
via the MPTEMP or MPDATA commands (or their GUI equivalents).
=1
In the equation shown above, N is the defined number of species, Yi is the mass fraction of the ith
species, and Ki is the conductivity of the ith species.
If the property type is TABLE, the density is interpolated linearly between the data points provided via
the MPTEMP or MPDATA commands (or their GUI equivalents).
If the choice is USER, then the thermal conductivity is computed in the user programmable subroutine
UserCond. The four coefficients NOMI, COF1, COF2, and COF3 are available in this routine.
125
126
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= 1 + 2 + 3 +
+ n
n 1
2
Exponential Polynomial ID: 03
In(y) = C1 + C2T + C3T2 + ... + CnTn-1
Exponential Inverse Polynomial ID: 04
= + + +
+
127
3
+ 2
C
+
=
C6
4+ 5
Non-Newtonian Power Law ID: 16 (applies to viscosity only)
= ( )
>
= ( )
where
= +
<
= +
User-programmable subroutine: 19
y = y (C1, C2, C3, C4)
Because you can use the subroutine to describe property variations, you can use the four coefficients
in any way within the subroutine.
128
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Description
nLines [I6]
nLines
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129
130
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131
132
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133
+VZ
X
Z
+VZ
(a) Y-axis axisymmetric
(VZ positive "into the page")
KEYOPT(3)
VX
VY
VZ
Cartesian
radial
axial
swirl
axial
radial
swirl
radial
theta
N/A
radial
theta
axial
For axisymmetric problems, the sign convention for the swirl (VZ) component conforms to positive rotation about the axis of symmetry, as defined by the right hand rule. Thus, for a model that is axisymmetric about the Y axis, a nonnegative swirl velocity VZ is considered to be pointing "into the page."
Similarly, for a model that is axisymmetric about the X axis, a nonnegative swirl velocity VZ is considered
to be pointing "out of the page." This should be accounted for when you apply boundary conditions
in rotating coordinates.
Note
Based on the definition of directions for the cylindrical coordinate system, gravity is only
appropriate for the Z direction when KEYOPT(3) is set to 3.
134
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135
System rotates at
v=0
v = R
10.3. Swirl
Swirl applies only to axisymmetric problems and refers to motion perpendicular to the X-Y plane. To
activate swirl, choose one of the following:
Command(s): FLDATA1,SOLU,SWIRL,TRUE
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> Solution Options
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> Solution Options
Either a moving wall (for instance, a rotating shaft) or a component of swirl at an inlet can cause the
motion in the swirl direction (with velocity component VZ).
In a swirl problem, there are no changes in the "theta" direction since it is axisymmetric.
The swirl component is calculated through solution of the momentum equation in the swirl direction.
With no pressure gradient in the swirl direction, nothing contributes to the swirl velocity directly from
the velocity update step in the segregated solution algorithm. It is thus sometimes useful to accelerate
the convergence of swirl problems by solving the momentum in the swirl direction equation with a
relaxation factor of 1.0 for a few global iterations.
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Distributed Resistance/Source
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Turbulence> On Nodes
Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Fluid/CFD> Turbulence> On Nodes
The distributed resistances referred to above are used to describe losses to the system. You can model
momentum sources in similar fashion. Such sources can be used to represent fans or pumps in a system.
Typical characterization of these components is a "Head-Capacity Curve," representing the pressure rise
as a function of flow for a constant speed pump. The fan or pump model is not intended to describe
the details of the flow in the pump region, but rather to approximate its effects on the rest of the system.
You can use any coordinate system or FLOTRAN element shape, but Cartesian coordinate systems with
hex shaped elements in three dimensions and quadrilateral elements in two dimensions tend to give
more stable results.
The fan model input takes the form of element real constants, and is described in detail in the Element
Reference.
The ANSYS program supports two types of fan model. A "Type Four" fan model acts only along a specific coordinate direction, while a "Type Five" model enables the user to align the fan or pump in an
arbitrary direction. Coefficients are assigned for each coordinate direction.
The equation for the fan model is in terms of a pressure gradient applied in the direction of flow. You
therefore must know over what length the fan model is to be applied in order to achieve the correct
total pressure rise. The relationship defining the momentum source for an arbitrary direction "s" is as
follows:
= 1+ 2
+ 3 2
In the above equation, V is the velocity through the fan. If the given data is in terms of volumetric flow,
you must know the area of the actual pump. The actual velocity at the outlet of the pump as well as
the volumetric flow rate should be preserved. Consistent units must be used, that is, the gravitational
conversion constant must be 1.0. If, for example, the pressure drop is in psi, the velocity units are in/sec.
Generally, you determine the fan or pump coefficients by taking three pairs of pressure-velocity points
on the "fan curve" and solving for the coefficients. If the flow is to be in the negative direction, the
signs of all the coefficients change.
The type 5 model is used for pumps not aligned with one of the coordinate directions. Given V as the
velocity in the S arbitrary direction and the pump constants C1, C2, and C3; the directional coefficients
can be calculated.
If x is the angle between the arbitrary direction S and the x coordinate direction, the directional constants are:
x =
x =
x =
x
Similarly, if y and z are defined as the angles between the fan direction and the y and z coordinate
direction respectively:
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137
1y = 1
2y =
2
3
3y =
1z = 1
2z =
3z =
138
2
3
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139
Note
You specify the rate of change which leads to termination of the solver by using one of the
following:
Command(s): FLDATA23,DELT,Label,Value
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Controls> desired DOF solver
140
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Semi-Direct Solvers
Main Menu> Solution> FLOTRAN Set Up> CFD Solver Controls> desired DOF solver
The label refers to the DOF being solved. Stall can occur in the solution of the compressible pressure
equation or in the solution of the temperature equation of some conjugate heat transfer problems. The
value of RTR does not decrease significantly and at the last iteration the value of DelMax is less than
the value you specified. This means that the solution is essentially not changing, and further computational effort is wasted.
You can resolve a stall situation by increasing the number of search directions or using inertial relaxation.
To increase search directions, either use one of the menu paths described above (with the
FLDATA23,DELT command), or issue the following command:
Command(s):
FLDATA20,SRCH,Label,Value
The default value is 2, appropriate for well conditioned problems. The number of search directions required may vary widely among problems. Values of 20 may be required, but be aware that each search
direction specified requires N compute storage locations in memory. (N is the number of finite element
nodes in the problem). The computer storage required for large values of SRCH could exceed the
computational resources available, in which case inertial relaxation should be used.
Figure 11.1: Typical Debug Files (p. 141) shows typical debug files.
Figure 11.1: Typical Debug Files
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141
142
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Semi-Direct Solvers
applied incorrectly. You need to check the input parameters and boundary conditions to ensure that
they are accurate.
FLOTRAN does not allow a convergence criterion less restrictive than the default value. You can enter
a higher value, but FLOTRAN issues a warning message and changes it to the default value.
If the maximum number of iterations has been reached without convergence, it may mean more iterations
are required. This could be the case if you see that the Norm has been lowered, but it is not quite to
the target. If so, you can try increasing the maximum number of iterations.
If the PGMR method converges and the results are questionable, reduce the convergence criterion below
the default value of 1.E-10. A convergence criterion as low as 1.E-20 may be necessary for some problems.
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143
144
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SIMPLEF Algorithm
SIMPLEN Algorithm
SUPG
SUPG
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145
Coupling Algorithms
Transport Equation
SIMPLEF Algorithm
SIMPLEN Algorithm
Turbulence
SUPG
MSU
Pressure
MSU
MSU
Energy
SUPG
SUPG
Species
SUPG
SUPG
12.1.2. Solver
For the SIMPLEF algorithm, the TDMA solver is the default for the momentum and turbulence equations.
None of the other solvers will improve the overall rate of convergence. Even when exact solutions are
obtained on those individual equations, the overall rate of convergence will not improve. This is due
to weak coupling between the pressure and momentum equations.
For the SIMPLEN algorithm, the overall rate of convergence can be improved considerably when more
exact solutions are obtained for each individual equation. Therefore, when SIMPLEN is activated, FLOTRAN
automatically resets the solver option to the preconditioned BiCGStab method (PBCGM) for the momentum, turbulence and energy equations. Furthermore, it will reset the fill-in parameter for PBCGM
to zero for computational efficiency.
12.2. Performance
Table 12.2: SIMPLEF and SIMPLEN Performance Results (p. 146) presents results for laminar flow in a 2-D
square cavity. The Reynolds number is 100 based on the length of the cavity side and the velocity at
the top. The uniform grid consists of 322 = 1024 elements.
Table 12.2: SIMPLEF and SIMPLEN Performance Results
SIMPLEF
SIMPLEN
RELX
0.5
Iter.
No.
325
153 81 66
CPU
(sec)
12.9
146
114 176
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Performance
For the SIMPLEN algorithm , the total number of global iterations and the computational time decrease
as the relaxation factor (RELX) increases from 0.8 to 0.95. As RELX increases above 0.95, the iteration
number and computational time increase. The optimal RELX value is 0.95. At this value, the SIMPLEN
convergence rate is about 4 times faster than SIMPLEF. The SIMPLEN computational time is about 1/4
of the SIMPLEF computational time.
Results for a finer mesh of 1282 = 16,384 elements show an even better SIMPLEN performance. At an
optimal RELX value of 0.99, the SIMPLEN computational time is about 1/40 of the SIMPLEF computational
time.
SIMPLEN significantly improves the rate of convergence if pressure-velocity coupling dominates the
convergence. If other factors affect the overall rate of convergence, SIMPLEN will not increase the rate
of convergence as significantly. However, for those problems, SIMPLEN will generally be more robust
than SIMPLEF, and it will usually give a better convergence behavior. For more comparisons, see Wang
G., "A fast and robust variant of the SIMPLE algorithm for finite-element simulations of incompressible
flows," Computational Fluid and Solid Mechanics, vol. 2, pp. 1014-1016, Elsevier, 2001.
Below is the command input listing used to perform this analysis. All text preceded by an exclamation
point (!) is a comment.
/title, Lid driven cavity flow analysis using SIMPLEF/SIMPLEN algorithms
NDL = 32
! Number of line divisions
MU
= 0.010
! Fluid viscosity
RHO = 1.0
L
= 1.0
sL
= 1.0e-8
Vel = 1.000
niter = 10000
/PREP7
et,1,141
esha,2
rect,,L,,L
lesi,all,,,NDL
amesh,1
alls
! Apply Boundary Conditions
nsel,s,ext
d,all,vx
d,all,vy
nsel,r,loc,y,L-sL,L+sL
d,all,vx,vel
d,all,vy
d,all,enke,-1
alls
d,1,PRES
fini
save
/SOLU
flda,iter,exec,niter
flda,nomi,visc,MU
flda,nomi,dens,RHO
flda,term,pres,1.e-6
solve
fini
/delete,,rfl
! 2-D XY system
! Quad elements
!top
! SIMPLEF algorithm
! No. of global iterations
/SOLU
flda,algr,segr,simplen
solve
fini
/delete,,rfl
! SIMPLEN algorithm
/SOLU
flda,relx,vx,0.9
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147
Coupling Algorithms
flda,relx,vy,0.9
solve
fini
/delete,,rfl
/SOLU
flda,relx,vx,0.95
flda,relx,vy,0.95
solve
fini
/delete,,rfl
/SOLU
flda,relx,vx,0.98
flda,relx,vy,0.98
solve
fini
/delete,,rfl
/SOLU
flda,relx,vx,0.99
flda,relx,vy,0.99
solve
fini
148
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149
i =1
i
i
150
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Note
The MSDATA command also sets the universal gas constant. Every issuance of the command
sets both numbers.
151
mi i
The value Dmi is the diffusion coefficient, and Yi is the mass fraction being solved.
Sometimes, the available data is expressed as a Schmidt number. The following equality enables expression of the diffusion portion of transport in terms of laminar viscosity , the density , and the Schmidt
number:
=
Note
The input must be in terms of the mass diffusion coefficient, not the Schmidt number. The
Schmidt number relating the diffusion coefficient to the density and viscosity differs from
the turbulent Schmidt number discussed below.
In addition, the flow field may be turbulent. Another representation of the diffusion term, this time including the effect of the turbulent viscosity , is:
+ t
T
152
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153
Pressure
LY3 specified
on outlet
LY2
Pressure
LY1 and
temperature Y
specified on
inlet
YOFFSET
Pressure
and
temperature
specified on
inlet
Pressure
specified
on outlet
X
Symmetry surface
V = 0,
=0
The sample command stream that follows shows you how to set up the model shown in Figure 13.1: Environment for a Typical Heat Exchanger Analysis (p. 154), apply boundary conditions, set up appropriate
properties, etc. It is important to note that, although two species are defined, the species transport has
not been activated. In addition, all fluid properties must be declared variable so that the initial value
(the same in regions 1 and 2) is reset based on the mass fraction.
/BATCH,LIST
/tit,heat exchanger problem
!two different fluids separated by a solid wall
!cartesian geometry, pressure-driven flow
!solve by 2 species
LX
= 10
! Length in X direction
NDX
= 10
! Number of X divisions
LY1
= 2
! fluid 1 width
LY2
= 0.1
! solid width
LY3
= 1.0
! fluid 2 width
NDY1 = 10
NDY2 = 3
NDY3 = 10
YOFFSET = 0
!offset from X-axis
/prep7 $smrt,off
et,1,141
! 2-D XY system
!species
keyopt,1,1,2
! 2 species
!axisymm
!keyopt,1,3,2
!use for axisymm RY system only
esha,2
!Quad elements
rect,,LX,YOFFSET,YOFFSET+LY1
!fluid 1 area
rect,,LX,YOFFSET+LY1,YOFFSET+LY1+LY2
!solid area
rect,,LX,YOFFSET+LY1+LY2,YOFFSET+LY1+LY2+LY3` !fluid 2 area
nummrg,all
numcmp,all
154
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155
Left:
Bottom:
VX = 0
VX = 0.1
VX = 0
VY = -0.1
VY = 0
VY = 0.1
TEMP = 300
TEMP = 400
TEMP = 300
O2 = 1.0
O2 = 0.0
O2 = 0.0
N2 = 0.0
N2 = 1.0
N2 =0.0
H2 = 0.0
H2 = 0.0
H2 = 1.0
The command stream for the example (shown below) shows all the relevant properties and the solution
strategy.
/batch,list
/filename,spec
/com ** Analysis Types Laminar and Turbulent, Incompressible
/com
2-D - quadrilateral and triangular elements
/com ** Features
Thermal, Multiple Species Transport
/com ** Options
Dilute mixtures, composite property types (CGAS, CMIX)
/com ** Variable laminar properties
/com ** Turbulence
/com ** Construction of geometry
/prep7
!!!!!!! Define some dimensions - SI units are used
lenin=.3
half=lenin/2.
width=.1
hfwid=width/2.
outlen=1.2
!!!!!!! Define inlet and outlet rectangles
rect,-lenin,0,-hfwid,hfwid
156
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157
158
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159
160
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161
162
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Chapter 1: Acoustics
Acoustics is the study of the generation, propagation, absorption, and reflection of sound pressure
waves in a fluid medium. Applications for acoustics include the following:
Sonar - the acoustic counterpart of radar
Design of concert halls, where an even distribution of sound pressure is desired
Noise minimization in machine shops
Noise cancellation in automobiles
Underwater acoustics
Design of speakers, speaker housings, acoustic filters, mufflers, and many other similar devices.
Geophysical exploration
The following acoustics topics are available:
1.1.Types of Acoustic Analysis
1.2. Solving Acoustics Problems
1.3. Building the Model
1.4. Meshing the Model
1.5. Applying Loads and Obtaining the Solution
1.6. Reviewing Results
1.7. Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI)
1.8. Sample Applications
165
Acoustics
frequencies. You can also perform modal and transient acoustic analyses. (See the Structural Analysis
Guide for more information on these types of analyses.)
The procedure for a harmonic acoustic analysis consists of three main steps:
Build the model.
Apply boundary conditions and loads and obtain the solution.
Review the results.
166
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Acoustic elements
(FLUID29, FLUID30),
KEYOPT(2) = 0
Acoustic elements
(FLUID29, FLUID30),
KEYOPT(2) = 1
If the coordinates (X0, Y0) for the 2-D and axisymmetric cases or (X0, Y0, Z0) for the 3-D case of the
center of the circle or sphere are not specified via real constants, the program assumes the center to
be the origin of the global coordinate system.
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167
Acoustics
Figure 1.2: Example of Absorption Element Application
y
x
SOLID42
(vibrating beam)
FLUID29
(surrounding air)
FLUID129
(absorption surface to
simulate infinite extent of air)
REAL set for FLUID129; ,3,RAD,0,0
Figure 1.3: Submerged Cylindrical Shell
w
h
168
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circular boundary
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Acoustics
3. Generate the absorption elements (FLUID129) on the boundary.
Command(s): ESURF
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> Inf Acoustic
Figure 1.5: Add the Absorption Element on the Boundary
rb
NEL,s,loc,x,rb
EURF
Note
Be sure to reselect all nodes before solving your analysis.
170
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SOLID42
(type-1)
y
FLUID29
(type-2)
r t
x
Fluid-structure interface
N E,s,x,loc,x,(r t)
E N,s,0
E E,r,type,,2
,all,FSI
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171
Acoustics
This option determines how the program lists the harmonic degree-of-freedom solution in the printed
output (Jobname.OUT).
To specify the equation solver to be used, use one of the following:
Command(s): EQSLV
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Options
You can choose the sparse direct solver (default), the Jacobi Conjugate Gradient (JCG) solver, or the
Incomplete Cholesky Conjugate Gradient (ICCG) solver. The JCG solver is recommended for most models.
Category
Cmd Family
Displacement
(UX,UY,UZ),
Constraints
Forces
Surface
Loads
SF
Inertia Loads
ACEL,
OMEGA,
DOMEGA,
CGLOC,
Pressure (PRES)
Force (FX,FX,FZ),
Moment
(MX,MY,MZ),
Flow loading
Pressure (PRES)
Impedance boundary flag (IMPD)
Fluid-structure interaction flag (FSI)
Gravity, Spinning, etc.
172
GUI Path
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Category
Cmd Family
GUI Path
CGOMGA,
DCGOMG,
IRLF
Solid
Model or
FE
Entity
Displacement,
Pressure
Solid
Model
Keypoints
DK
DKDELE
DKLIST
DTRAN
Solid
Model
Lines
DL
DLDELE
DLLIST
DTRAN
Solid
Model
Areas
DA
DADELE
DALIST
DTRAN
Finite
Elem
Nodes
DDELE
DLIST
DSCALE
Solid
Model
Keypoints
FK
FKDELE
FKLIST
FTRAN
Finite
Elem
Nodes
FDELE
FLIST
FSCALE
FCUM
Solid
Model
Lines
SFL
SFLDELE
SFLLIST
SFTRAN
SFGRAD
Solid
Model
Areas
SFA
SFADELE
SFALIST
SFTRAN
SFGRAD
Finite
Elem
Nodes
SF
SFDELE
SFLIST
SFSCALE
SFCUM ,
SFGRAD
Finite
Elem
Elements
SFE
SFEDELE
SFELIST
SFSCALE
SFBEAM,
SFCUM,
Force, Moment
Pressure, Impedance
boundary flag,
Fluid-Structure
Interaction
Flag
Apply
Delete
List
Operate
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Apply
Settings
DCUM
-
173
Acoustics
Load Type
Solid
Model or
FE
Entity
Apply
Delete
List
Operate
Apply
Settings
SFFUN,
SFGRAD
Inertia
ACEL, CGLOC,
CGOMGA,
DCGOMG,
OMEGA,
DOMEGA,
IRLF
174
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Command
GUI Path
Dynamics Options
Forcing frequency
range
HARFRQ
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Freq & Substeps
General Options
Number of harmonic
solutions
NSUBST Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Freq & Substeps
Stepped or ramped
loads
KBC
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Freq & Substeps
Control of printed
output
OUTPR
Extrapolation of results
ERESX
Output Controls
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175
Acoustics
By default, the program writes only the last substep of each load step to the results file. If you want all
substeps (the solution at all frequencies) on the results file, be sure to set the FREQ field on OUTRES
to ALL (or 1).
176
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Sample Applications
s
f
+
+
= s +
= f o
[R] is a "coupling" matrix that represents the effective surface area associated with each node on the
fluid-structure interface (FSI). The coupling matrix [R] also takes into account the direction of the normal
vector defined for each pair of coincident fluid and structural element faces that comprises the interface
surface. The positive direction of the normal vector, as the program uses it, is defined to be outward
from the fluid mesh and in towards the structure. Both the structural and fluid load quantities that are
produced at the fluid-structure interface are functions of unknown nodal degrees of freedom. Placing
these unknown "load" quantities on the left hand side of the equations and combining the two equations
into a single equation produces the following:
+
=
The foregoing equation implies that nodes on a fluid-structure interface have both displacement and
pressure degrees of freedom.
177
Acoustics
! create inner and outer quarter circles
CYL4,0,0,0.254,0,0.26035,90
CYL4,0,0,0.26035,0,0.5207,90
! select, assign attribute to and mesh area 1
ASEL,S,AREA,,1
AATT,1,1,1,0
LESIZE,1,,,16,1
LESIZE,3,,,16,1
LESIZE,2,,,1,1
LESIZE,4,,,1,1
MSHKEY,1
MSHAPE,0,2D
! mapped quad mesh
AMESH,1
! select, assign attribute to and mesh area 2
ASEL,S,AREA,,2
AATT,2,1,2,0
LESIZE,5,,,16,1
LESIZE,7,,,16,1
LESIZE,6,,,5
LESIZE,8,,,5
MSHKEY,0
MSHAPE,0,2D
! mapped quad mesh
AMESH,2
! reflect quarter circle into semicircle about x-axis
nsym,x,1000,all
! offset node number by 1000
esym,,1000,all
! reflect semicircle into full circle about y-axis
nsym,y,2000,all
! offset node number by 2000
esym,,2000,all
NUMMRG,ALL
! merge all quantities
! modify outer 2 layers of el29 into type 4
esel,s,type,,1
nsle,s
esln,s,0
nsle,s
esel,inve
nsle,s
emodif,all,type,4
esel,all
nsel,all
! define el129 line element
csys,1
nsel,s,loc,x,0.5207
type,3
real,3
mat,2
esurf
esel,all
nsel,all
! flag interface as fluid-structure interface
nsel,s,loc,x,0.26035
esel,s,type,,2
sf,all,fsi,1
nsel,all
esel,all
FINISH
! enter solution module
/SOLU
ANTYPE,harmic
! select harmonic analysis
hropt,full
f,19,fx,1000.
f,1019,fx,-1000.
harfrq,34.,38.
nsubst,100
kbc,1
SOLVE
FINISH
! postprocess
/post26
plcplx,0
nsol,2,1,u,x,d1ux
store
178
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Sample Applications
conjug,3,2
prod,4,2,3
sqrt,5,4
*get,uxmx,vari,5,extrem,tmax
/COM ------------------------------------------------------------/COM
Expected Result:
/COM
/COM The following "uxmx" should equal 34.52 Hz.
/COM ------------------------------------------------------------*status,uxmx
finish
!
!
!
!
Number
Number
Number
Number
of
of
of
of
divisions
divisions
divisions
divisions
along
along
along
along
x-axis
y-axis
z-axis
radius
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179
Acoustics
L,11,4 ,XDIV
L,17,10,YDIV
L,15, 1,YDIV
L,2 ,9 ,YDIV
L,5 ,18,XDIV
L,13,16,XDIV
L,14,8 ,XDIV
L,18,13,YDIV
L,16,5 ,YDIV
L,6 ,12,YDIV
ESIZE,,CDIV
V,1 ,17,10,15, 5,18,13,16
V,15,10,11,4 ,16,13,14,8
V,17,2 ,9 ,10,18,6 ,12,13
VMESH,ALL
! Material properties
MP,DENS,1,2.35E-3
MP,SONC,1,1100.0
MP,MU,1,0.04
MP,DENS,2,2.35E-3
MP,SONC,2,1100.0
MP,MU,2,0.70
!
!
!
!
MP,DENS,3,2.35E-3
MP,SONC,3,1100.0
MP,MU,3,0.0
! (Beta) zero absorption coefficient for interior elements
NSEL,S,LOC,Y,0.0
NSEL,R,LOC,X,12,15
ESLN
MAT,2
EMODIF,ALL
! Elements which have the absorbing material on the floor
! Boundary conditions
ALLS
NSEL,S,LOC,X,0.0
NSEL,A,LOC,Y,0.0
NSEL,A,LOC,X,LEN
NSEL,A,LOC,Y,HGT
D,ALL,UX,,,,,UY,UZ! Constrain all displacements to zero at the walls
LOCAL,11,1,27,20
NSEL,A,LOC,X,RAD
ESLN
ESEL,INVE
TYPE,2
MAT,3
EMODIF,ALL
! Interior elements are specified as Type=2 & material=3
ALLS
! Fluid-Structure Interface (FSI)
NSEL,S,LOC,X,RAD
ESLN
SF,ALL,FSI
NROTAT,ALL
D,ALL,UX,.01
D,ALL,UY,,,,,UZ
180
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Sample Applications
ALLS
FINISH
/SOLU
! Excitation Frequency for Harmonic Analysis
HARF,80,80
SOLVE
FINISH
! Frequency of excitation = 80 Hz
181
Acoustics
mat,1
esize,,1
vext,all,,,0,0,d,
asel,s,loc,z,0
aclear,all
alls
nummrg,all
! define boundary condition
nsel,s,loc,x,a+dpml
nsel,a,loc,y,-a/2-dpml
nsel,a,loc,y,a/2+dpml
d,all,pres,0.
! hard excitation source
nsel,s,loc,x,-l
d,all,pres,1
alls
fini
! perform solution
/solu
eqslv,sparse
antype,harmic
harfrq,freq
solve
fini
/post26
/out
prcplx,0
nsel,s,loc,x,0
nsel,r,loc,y,s/2+d
*get,A1,node,0,num,max
nsel,s,loc,x,0
nsel,r,loc,y,s/2
*get,A2,node,0,num,max
nsel,s,loc,x,0
nsel,r,loc,y,-s/2-d
*get,B1,node,0,num,max
nsel,s,loc,x,0
nsel,r,loc,y,-s/2
*get,B2,node,0,num,max
nsel,s,loc,x,a
nsel,r,loc,y,a/2
*get,C1,node,0,num,max
nsel,s,loc,x,a
nsel,r,loc,y,-a/2
*get,C2,node,0,num,max
allsel
nsol,2,A1,pres,,Input_A1
nsol,3,A2,pres,,Input_A2
nsol,4,B1,pres,,Input_B1
nsol,5,B2,pres,,Input_B2
nsol,6,C1,pres,,Output_C1
nsol,7,C2,pres,,Output_C2
/com ***************Results****************************
prvar,2,4,
prvar,3,5,
prvar,6,7
/com *******************************************************
fini
182
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Dimens.
Shape or Characteristic
DOF
FLUID136
3-D
Quadrilateral, 4 or 8-node
PRES
FLUID138
3-D
Line, 2-node
PRES
FLUID139
1-D
Line, 2-node
UX or UY or
UZ
185
The FLUID138 element is used to model the pressure drop through holes in a moving structure. Microstructures are commonly perforated to reduce the damping effects of the fluid layer. FLUID138 elements
are used in conjunction with FLUID136 elements to obtain a consistent pressure distribution, including
the effects of holes.
Figure 1.2: Perforated Plate Structure
A squeeze film analysis can be performed on structures with known velocities or unknown velocities.
If the velocity profile is known, you can apply it directly to the fluid elements. If the velocity profile is
not known (or is too complicated), it can be determined from the mode-frequency response of the
structure (model projection method). This section deals with directly applying the velocities. Modal
Projection Method for Squeeze Film Analysis (p. 201) covers the modal projection method.
The following squeeze film analysis topics are available:
1.2.1. Static Analysis Overview
1.2.2. Harmonic Analysis Overview
1.2.3.Transient Response Analysis Overview
1.2.4. Flow Regime Considerations
1.2.5. Modeling and Meshing Considerations
1.2.6. Analysis Settings and Options
1.2.7. Loads and Solution
1.2.8. Review Results
1.2.9. Sample Harmonic Analysis
1.2.10. Simplified Transient Analysis
186
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F is the total pressure force at the fluid structure interface and vz is the normal velocity component of
the moving structure. A typical pressure distribution on a rectangular plate is shown in Figure 1.3: Pressure
Distribution on a Plate at a Low Driving Frequency (p. 187).
Figure 1.3: Pressure Distribution on a Plate at a Low Driving Frequency
Re
Im
FRe is the real component of the pressure force. FIm is the imaginary component of the pressure force.
Omega () is the frequency (rad/sec). The damping and stiffness coefficients are frequency-dependent.
Figure 1.4: Damping and Squeeze Stiffness Coefficients vs. Frequency (p. 187) illustrates the frequency
dependency for a typical microsystem application.
Figure 1.4: Damping and Squeeze Stiffness Coefficients vs. Frequency
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187
m 0
0 0
0
Lm(po) is the mean free path of the fluid at the operating pressure P0, and L0 is the mean path at reference
pressure P0. If the fluid is air at atmospheric pressure (1.01325*105), then by definition L0 is approximately
64*10-9 meters (64 m). So, for continuum theory to be directly applicable (without modification) to air
at atmospheric pressure, the gap should be greater than 6.4 m (64*10-9 meters * 100).
The applicability of the continuum theory is generally assessed using the Knudsen number, which is
equal to the mean free fluid path divided by the gap. For continuum theory to be valid, the Knudsen
number should be less than 0.01.
=
For high Knudsen numbers, the continuum theory is not valid. However, the dynamic viscosity can be
adjusted to simulate the high Knudsen number flow regime. The default flow regime for FLUID136 and
FLUID138 is continuum theory (KEYOPT(1) = 0). Set KEYOPT (1) = 1 to specify the high Knudsen number
flow regime. For FLUID136, set KEYOPT(1) = 2 to specify the high Knudsen number flow regime with
surface accommodation factors.
The type of reflection of the gas molecules at the wall interface is specified using accommodation
factors. Squeeze film models assume diffuse reflection of the gas molecules at the wall interface (accommodation factor = 1). This assumption is valid for most metals, but is less accurate for micromachined
surfaces, particularly those fabricated from silicon. Materials such as silicon cause specular reflection.
Typical accommodation factors for silicon are between 0.80 and 0.90. For more information on accommodation factors, see Flow Between Flat Surfaces in the Mechanical APDL Theory Reference.
188
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2.
Align the FLUID138 element at the center of the hole. The element should extend through the depth
of the hole and have a length equal to the depth of the hole.
3.
Assume the pressure at the center of the hole (flush with the plate surface in the thin film region) is at
the same pressure as the nodes modeled at the periphery of the hole. Couple the nodes of the FLUID136
element at the whole periphery with the node of the FLUID138 element as shown in Figure 1.5: Coupling
of Nodes at the Hole Periphery with the Center Node of a FLUID138 Element (p. 189).
Figure 1.5: Coupling of Nodes at the Hole Periphery with the Center Node of a FLUID138 Element
FLUID138 element
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189
Note
Velocity body loads (FLUE) are the velocities of the moving wall in a direction normal to the
wall. They are not in-plane velocities of the fluid.
Table 1.2: Load Options for Thin Film Fluid Elements
Load
Type
ANSYS Label
Pressure
Nodal
DOF
PRES
Normal Velocity
Body
Load
FLUE
The recommended equation solvers for the fluid elements are the Sparse Direct Solver (SPARSE), the
Jacobi Conjugate Gradient Solver (JCG) and the Incomplete Cholesky Conjugate Gradient Solver (ICCG).
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
K=abs(Fim*omega/velo)
C=abs(Fre/velo)
190
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Results
Table 1.3: Beam Model Results Considering Perforated Holes (p. 191) lists the damping and squeeze
coefficient results. Figure 1.6: Pressure Distribution (Real Component) (p. 192) and Figure 1.7: Pressure
Distribution (Imaginary Component) (p. 192) illustrate the real and imaginary pressure distribution. The
input file for case 2 is listed.
Table 1.3: Beam Model Results Considering Perforated Holes
Frequency
(kHz.)
Hole option
Damping Coefficient
150
Infinite resistance
2.016e-5
1.201
150
Finite resistance
1.325e-5
.5465
150
No resistance
1.165e-5
.4607
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191
Command Listing
The input file for this example is shown below for the finite-resistance Case 2
/batch,list
/PREP7
/title, Damping and Squeeze film stiffness calculations for a rigid
/com,
plate with holes
/com
uMKS units
ET, 1,136,1
ET, 2,138,1
s_l=100
s_l1=60
s_w=20
s_t=1
c_r=3
d_el=2
pamb=.1
visc=18.3e-12
velo=2000
freq=150000
pi=3.14159
omega=2*pi*freq
pref=.1
mfp=64e-3
Knud=mfp/d_el
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Frequency (rad/sec)
Reference pressure (MPa)
mean free path (um)
Knudsen number
mp,visc,1,visc
mp,visc,2,visc
192
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
r,2,c_r,,,pamb
rmore,pref,mfp
! Plate domain
! Hole domain
allsel
bfe,all,flue,,velo
fini
finish
/solu
antyp,harm
harfrq,freq
solve
finish
/post1
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193
K=abs(Fim*omega/velo)
C=abs(Fre/velo)
Command Listing
The input file for this example is shown below.
/PREP7
/title, Simplified Transient Analysis
/com
uMKS units
ET, 1,136,1
keyop,1,3,2
et,2,138,1
ET,3,185,,3
!
!
!
!
s_l=20
s_w=20
s_t=10
c_r=6
d_el=2
pamb=.1
visc=18.3e-12
pref=.1
mfp=64e-3
Knud=mfp/d_el
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
mp,visc,1,visc
mp,visc,2,visc
mp,ex,3,79e3
mp,dens,3,19300e-18
mp,nuxy,3,.1
r,1,d_el,,,pamb
rmore,pref,mfp
r,2,c_r,,,pamb
194
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
! FLUID136 mesh
! FLUID138 mesh
!esel,s,type,,1
!nsle,s,1
!nsel,u,cp,,1
!cm,FLUN,node
!allsel
nsel,s,loc,x,-s_l
nsel,a,loc,x,s_l
d,all,ux
d,all,uy
d,all,uz
allsel
nsel,s,loc,z,s_t
sf,all,pres,1.e+1
allsel
fini
/solu
antype,trans
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195
/post26
nl=node(c_r,0,0)
nsol,2,nl,uz
nsol,3,nl,pres
prvar,2,3
fini
/post1
set,last
esel,s,type,,1
etable,_gap,nmisc,2
pretab,_gap
fini
196
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Results
Figure 1.8: Applied Voltage
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197
Command Listing
The input file for this example is shown below.
/batch,list
/title, Complex Transient Analysis
!/nerr,,,-1
/PREP7
/title, Complex Transient Analysis
/com
uMKS units
ET, 1,136,1
keyop,1,3,2
keyop,1,4,0
keyop,1,5,2
keyop,1,6,1
et,2,185
ET,3,185
s_l=100
s_w=20
s_t=1
d_el=2
pamb=.1
visc=18.3e-12
pref=.1
mfp=64e-3
Knud=mfp/d_el
mingapf=1e-2
mech_mingapf=1e-2
app_volt=23.281
app_pres=0
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
mp,visc,1,visc
mp,ex,3,79e+3
mp,dens,3,19300e-18
mp,nuxy,3,.1
! Structural element
Half Plate length (um)
Plate width
Plate thickness
Gap
ambient pressure (MPa)
viscosity kg/(um)(s)
Reference pressure (MPa)
mean free path (um)
Knudsen number
Minimum gap for real constanst on element 136
Mechanical minumum gap for real constant on element 136
Applied voltage
Applied pressure at boundaries
r,1,d_el,,,pamb
! Real constants - gap
rmore,pref,mfp,0,0,1,mech_mingapf
rmore,mingapf,1.e+18,0.e-2,-4.e+0,-0.e-2,1.e-0
!
mingapf,penpar,deadpres,deadspr,deaddam,deadeps
198
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!top plate
block,-s_l,s_l,-s_w,s_w,0,s_t
lsel,s,line,,4,5,1
lsel,a,line,,2,7,5
lesize,all,,,19,-.1
lsel,s,line,,1,8,7
lsel,a,line,,3,6,3
lesize,all,,,11,-.1
lsel,s,line,,9,12,1
lesize,all,,,2
type,3
mat,3
real,3
!mshape,1,3d
mshape,1,3d
cyl4,0,0,s_w/50,,,,s_t+1
vsbv,1,2
numcmp,volu
vmesh,1
!hole
n,10000,0,0,0
n,10001,0,0,s_t
et,6,138,1,,0
r,10,s_w/200,,,pamb,
rmore,pref,mfp
type,6
real,10
mat,1
e,10000,10001
lsel,s,line,,13,16
nsll,s,1
nsel,a,node,,10000
cp,next,pres,all
d,10001,pres,0
allsel
nsel,s,loc,x,-s_l
nsel,a,loc,x,s_l
d,all,ux
d,all,uy
d,all,uz
allsel
nsel,s,loc,z,s_t
sf,all,pres,app_pres
allsel
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199
fini
/solu
antype,trans
kbc,1
time,11.e-5
!autots,on
deltim,1.e-5,
nsubst,10,1000,2
outres,all,none
outres,nsol,2
outres,rsol,2
outres,esol,2
cnvtol,pres,,5.e-6
cnvtol,u
,,5.e-6
nropt,full
neqit,500
save
solve
time,20e-5
nropt,full
neqit,100
outres,all,none
outres,nsol,2
outres,rsol,2
outres,esol,2
cnvtol,pres,,5.e-6
cnvtol,u
,,5.e-6
solve
cmsel,s,trun
d,all,volt,1.5
allsel
time,20.4e-5
outres,all,none
outres,nsol,20
outres,rsol,20
outres,esol,20
cnvtol,pres,,5.e-6
cnvtol,u
,,5.e-6
cnvtol,pres,,1.e-4
cnvtol,u
,,1.e-4
autots,on
deltim,.005e-5,0.001e-5,1e-5
solve
time,30e-5
autots,on
deltim,.5e-5,0.02e-5,1e-5
solve
fini
!Pulldown stage
/POST1
allsel
GG=node(0,-0.4,0)
SET,LIST,999
SET,,, ,,, ,30
!*
!*
PLESOL, NMISC,13, 0,1.0
presol,nmisc,13
200
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201
From the modal squeeze and stiffness coefficients for the main diagonal terms (source mode = target
mode), other useful damping parameters can be calculated. For example, the modal damping ratio,
, and the modal squeeze to stiffness ratio, kri, can be computed by:
i = ii
i i
2
i = ii i
Where mi is the modal mass and i the eigenfrequency. The damping ratio can be used to compute
ALPHAD and BETAD parameters for Rayleigh damping (see ABEXTRACT command), or to specify constant
and modal damping by means of the DMPRAT or MDAMP commands.
The squeeze to stiffness ratio represents the relative stiffening of the mechanical system due to fluid
compression and resonance shift. If the squeeze-to-stiffness ratio is small (e.g., <.02), then the squeeze
stiffness affects the structural stiffness by less than 2%, which may be negligible. At higher frequencies,
the ratio can be much larger, indicating a significant stiffening of the structure.
The stiffness and damping coefficients may be strongly frequency-dependent. Figure 1.12: Damping
and Squeeze Stiffness Parameters for a Rectangular Plate (p. 202) shows a typical frequency dependency
of the squeeze and damping forces on a flat plate, and the resulting stiffness and damping constant.
The frequency where the forces intersect is known as the cut-off frequency. Below this frequency,
structures may be accurately characterized by a constant damping coefficient, and stiffness effects can
be ignored. Structures which operate far above the cut-off can be described by a constant stiffness
coefficient, and damping effects can be ignored.
Figure 1.12: Damping and Squeeze Stiffness Parameters for a Rectangular Plate
1.3.2. Steps in Computing the Damping Parameter Using the Modal Projection
Technique
The basic steps in performing the analysis are as follows:
202
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Steps 4-7 have been automated using the DMPEXT command macro. Step 8 is available through the
MDPLOT command macro.
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203
Damping parameter extraction can be selected over a desired frequency range or at the eigenfrequencies
of the structure. Damping results are computed and stored in an array parameter.
Computed damping ratios may be used in subsequent dynamic structural analyses. A constant damping
ratio can be applied using DMPRAT for a subsequent harmonic or mode-superposition transient analysis. Mode damping ratios may be applied using the MDAMP command for use in mode-superposition
harmonic and transient analyses. Note: Subsequent structural analysis using these damping parameters
do not require the thin-film fluid elements in the model.
The command macro ABEXTRACT (like DMPEXT) extracts alpha and beta damping parameters for use
in the ALPHAD and BETAD commands. These commands define Rayleigh damping and can be used
in time-transient structural analysis to model damping effects. The damping parameters are computed
from two modes defined by the user.
The command macro MDPLOT may be used to display the frequency-dependent damping parameters.
204
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Modal Damping
Coefficient
Stiffness
Ratio
55294
67419
.2758e9
.9703e-1
.2285e-2
157497
83123
.3568e10
.4200e-1
.3644e-2
s_l=100
s_l1=60
s_w=20
s_t=1
c_r=3
d_el=2
pamb=.1
visc=18.3e-12
pref=.1
mfp=64e-3
Knud=mfp/d_el
!
!
!
!
!
!
mp,visc,1,visc
! Dynamic viscosity gap
mp,visc,2,visc
! Dynamic viscosity holes
mp,ex,3,79e3
! Gold
mp,dens,3,19300e-18
mp,nuxy,3,.1
r,1,d_el,,,pamb
rmore,pref,mfp
r,2,c_r,,,pamb
rmore,pref,mfp
! Plate domain
! Hole domain
205
nsel,s,loc,x,-s_l
nsel,a,loc,x,s_l
nsel,a,loc,y,-s_w
nsel,a,loc,y,s_w
nsel,r,loc,z,-1e-9,1e-9
d,all,pres
! Fix pressure at outer plate boundary
nsel,all
esel,s,type,,2
nsle,s,1
nsel,r,loc,z,s_t
d,all,pres,0
dlist,all
esel,s,type,,1
nsle,s,1
nsel,u,cp,,1,5
cm,FLUN,node
allsel
nsel,s,loc,x,-s_l
nsel,a,loc,x,s_l
d,all,ux
d,all,uy
d,all,uz
allsel
fini
/solu
antype,modal
modopt,lanb,2
eqslv,sparse
mxpand,2
solve
fini
/post1
RMFLVEC
fini
206
! Modal analysis
! Extract lowest two eigenmodes
! Expand lowest two eigenmodes
! Extract eigenvectors
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/solu
abextract,1,2
finish
A transient dynamic analysis on the switch can be performed using the extracted damping parameters.
The following input illustrates a coupled electrostatic-structural time-transient solution. The electrostatic
field is assumed to be normal to the plate in the gap, and fringing effects are ignored. TRANS126 elements
are used to model the coupled electrostatic-structural interaction with the switch. The EMTGEN command
is used to generate the transducer elements. A step voltage pulse is applied over a short duration (65
micro-seconds) then released. Rayleigh damping parameters, when used, are applied to the global mass
(ALPHAD parameter) and stiffness (BETAD parameter) matrices. We want to apply these only to the
mass and stiffness matrix of the SOLID185 elements, and not the TRANS126 elements, because doing
so may overdamp the system. The TRANS126 elements produce a damping matrix and a stiffness matrix
only. Hence, we can use the ALPHAD parameter for the global mass matrix since there is no contribution
from the TRANS126 elements. To isolate the SOLID185 elements for beta damping, we can apply the
beta damping via a material damping option (MP,BETD). Figure 1.14: Time-Transient Response from
Voltage Pulse (p. 208) illustrates the displacement of a node near the center of the plate over time. The
maximum amplitude of displacement (0.11 microns) is small enough to ignore large deflection damping
effects.
/batch,list
/PREP7
/title, Damped Transient Dynamic Response of an RF MEMS switch
/com
uMKS units
/com,
Small deflection assumption
et,1,200,6
ET,3,185,,3
! Structural element
s_l=100
s_l1=60
s_w=20
s_t=1
c_r=3
d_el=2
pamb=.1
visc=18.3e-12
pref=.1
mfp=64e-3
Knud=mfp/d_el
!
!
!
!
!
!
mp,ex,3,79e3
mp,dens,3,19300e-18
mp,nuxy,3,.1
mp,betd,1,1.829e-8
! Build the model
! Gold
rectng,-s_l,s_l,-s_w,s_w
pcirc,c_r
agen,3,2,,,-s_l1/3
agen,3,2,,,s_l1/3
ASBA, 1, all
! Plate domain
! Hole domain
TYPE, 1
MAT, 1
smrtsize,4
AMESH, all
esize,,2
type,3
mat,3
real,3
vext,all,,,,,s_t
nsel,s,loc,x,-s_l
nsel,a,loc,x,s_l
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207
208
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where is the fluid density, the dynamic viscosity and d the gap separation.
Couette flow does not occur at high frequencies, because inertial effects are important and viscous
friction is only able to accelerate a thin fluid layer near the moving surface. The penetration depth is
given by
=
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209
Low frequencies:
M vg Wall
Plat vl
ty
C tt l
A
FD =
p
d
Hi h frequencies:
M vg Wall
Plat vl
ty
St k l
FD ( ) =
2
2
+ ( )
(
)
2
2
( ) - ( )
FLUID139 models the effect of viscous flow in the thin film with a series of mass-damper elements, as
shown in Figure 1.16: Viscous Slide Film Element FLUID139 (p. 211). Couette flow is modeled using a
two-node option. Stokes flow is modeled using a 32-node option. In the 32-node option, the end nodes
(node 1 and 32) are connected to the structural portion of the model with structural degrees of freedom,
and the series of mass-damper elements are contained within "auxiliary" nodes (nodes 2-31).
The gap separation distance (GAP) and the overlap area of the surfaces (AREA) are specified as real
constants for FLUID139. If the overlap area changes during the analysis, the area change rate (DADU)
must also be specified as a real constant. A changing overlap area is typical in lateral comb drives.
= +
AREA is the initial overlap area, DADU is the change in the overlap area with respect to the surface
displacement, and un and ui are the location of the interface nodes (1 and 32). Note: For a constant
surface area, DADU is the width of the overlap surface.
FLUID139 may be used for a prestress static analysis in conjunction with a prestress harmonic analysis,
as well as a full transient analysis. Prestress analysis is required if the plate area changes due to the
structural displacement. A typical command sequence for a prestress harmonic analysis would include
the following:
/solu
antyp,static
pstress,on
.
210
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KEYOPT(3) specifies the continuous flow options. For a no-slip assumption at the wall, use the continuum
theory (KEYOPT(3) = 0). For slip flow where the Knudsen number is much less or much greater than
1.0, use the first order slip flow condition (KEYOPT(3) = 1). For slip flow with a Knudsen number of approximately 1.0, use the extended slip flow option (KEYOPT(3) = 2).
Figure 1.16: Viscous Slide Film Element FLUID139
KEYOPT(2)=0 and KEYOPT(3)=0
Second wall
First wall
TK
Node I
Node J
First wall
TK
I+1
I+2
I+3
I+29
I+30
I+31
Node I
I+32
Node J
I+32 = J
First wall
Lm
TK
I
I+1
I+2
I+3
I+29
I+30
I+31
Node I
I+32
Node J
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211
Details on the comb drive geometry are given in the input file listed below. The electrostatic behavior
of the moving comb drives are represented by two TRANS126 transducer elements with prescribed
Stroke vs. Capacitance data obtained from finite element runs. The structural behavior of the crab legs
is modeled by a spring element. The inertial effects of the central mass are modeled with a mass element.
Damping occurs between the comb teeth (lateral dimension), and between the comb teeth and the
substrate (vertical dimension). Four FLUID139 elements are used to model the lateral and vertical
damping (two per comb drive). The cut-off frequency is well below the frequency range for the analysis;
therefore, Couette flow is assumed. Since the comb drive effective surface area changes with displacement, the DADU real constant is used (equal to the width of the plate area).
A static prestress analysis is run using a DC bias voltage on the input and output fixed comb drives. A
harmonic analysis sweep is then performed using a small AC voltage. The displacement (magnitude
and phase angle) of the central mass is shown in Figure 1.18: Displacement of Central Mass (p. 212).
Figure 1.19: Real and Imaginary Current (p. 213) shows the current.
Figure 1.18: Displacement of Central Mass
212
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/prep7
/title Comb drive resonator with FLUID139 Couette damping
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
DRIVE COMB
|
|
CRAB LEG SPRING --- CENTRAL MASS --- CRAB LEG SPRING
|
|
PICK-UP COMB
! Reference:
! "Microelectromechanical Filters for Signal Processing",
! Lin, L., Howe, R.T., J. Microelectromechanical Systems,
! VOL 7, No. 3, Sept 1998
! beam parameters (uMKS units)
E = 190e3
d = 2.33e-15
hb = 2
wb = 2
Lb = 100
k = 5.699
!Young modulus
! density
! beam thickness
! beam width
! beam length
! mechanical stiffness
! comb parameter
n= 9
np=n*2
x0= 10
L0= 26
L=20
gi= L0-x0
w= 4
h= hb
gp=3
g= 3
Mr = 1.96563e-11
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
number of finger
number of finger pairs
initial finger overlap
finger length (stator comb)
finger length (moving comb)
initial gap
finger width
finger thickness
finger gap (lateral)
comb gap (vertical)
mass
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
14
0.97857e-2
15
0.96669e-2
16
0.95445e-2
17
0.94185e-2
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213
! input dc bias
! output dc bias
! input ac bias
! Damping parmeters
nu=18.3e-12
! dynamic viscosity
po=0.1
! reference pressure
dens=1.17e-18
! density
fc=nu/(2*3.14159*dens*(g**2))
! cutoff frequency
daduv=w*n
! change in plate area - vertical
dadul=h*np
! change in plate area - lateral
! Model
n,1,0
n,2,0
n,3,0
n,4,0
et,1,126,,0,1
!Trans126, UX-Volt DOF
r,1,,,gi,,
rmore,x1,cx1,x2,cx2,x3,cx3
rmore,x4,cx4,x5,cx5
e,1,2
e,2,3
et,2,21,,,4
r,2,Mr
type,2
real,2
e,2
! Mass element
et,3,14,,1
r,3,k
type,3
real,3
e,2,4
! Lateral dampers
et,4,139
! Slide-film damper, Couette flow, Continuum theory
mp,visc,4,nu
mp,dens,4,dens
r,4,g,areal,-dadul,po
type,4
mat,4
real,4
e,1,2
e,2,3
! Vertical dampers
r,5,g,areav,-daduv,po
real,5
e,1,2
e,2,3
d,1,ux,0
d,3,ux,0
d,4,ux,0
d,2,uy,0
d,2,volt,0
! Prestress static analysis
/solu
214
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/post26
nsol,2,2,u,x,ux2
esol,3,2,,nmisc,24,ir
esol,4,2,,nmisc,25,ii
/axlab,x,Frequency (Hz)
! label of x axis
plcplx,0
/axlab,y, Displacement (um)
plvar,2
! plot displacement versus time (frequency)
plcplx,1
/axlab,y, Phase angle
plvar,2
plcplx,2
/axlab,y, Current (pA)
plvar,3,4
fini
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215
216
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Index
A
acceleration, 129
ACEL command, 45, 129
acoustic analysis, 165
load step options, 175
loads for, 172
reviewing results from, 176
acoustics, 165
absolute pressure, 165
absorbing boundary condition, 167
amplitude, 172
applications of, 165
axisymmetric cases, 167
boundary admittance, 167
circular or spherical boundary (RAD), 167
compressible fluid, 165
coupled acoustic analysis, 165
coupling matrix, 176
definition of, 165
density, 167
far-field problems, 177
fluid load, 176
fluid-structure interaction, 165, 176
fluid-structure interface, 170
forcing frequency, 172
harmonic acoustic analysis, 166
infinite acoustic elements, 167
inviscid fluid, 165
mean pressure, 165
meshing the model, 168
modal analysis, 165
outgoing pressure wave, 167
particle velocity, 165
pressure changes, 165
pressure gradient, 165
sample fluid-structure acoustic analysis (batch), 177
sample room acoustic analysis, 179
solving acoustics problems, 165
sound-absorption material, 179
speed of sound (SONC), 167
standing wave pattern, 179
transient acoustic analysis, 165
uncoupled acoustic analysis, 165
unsymmetric matrices, 171
wavelength, 169
adiabatic boundaries, 42
advection limit, 62
advection term, 161
ambient radiation, 42
amplitude, 172
analysis options
acoustics, 171
analysis type
acoustics, 165
Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian analysis, 79
boundary conditions, 81
mesh updating, 83
remeshing, 84
arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian analysis
example problems, 87
artificial viscosity, 105
axis of rotation, 135
B
backward time integration method, 61
Bingham viscosity model, 119, 123, 131
boundary conditions, 104
FLOTRAN analysis, 12
laminar and turbulent flow, 33
thermal analysis, 42
transient analysis, 64
bulk temperature, 44
buoyancy, 45
C
Carreau viscosity model, 119, 123, 131
CGLOC command, 135
CGOMEGA command, 135
collocated Galerkin approach, 48, 161
compressible flow analysis, 4, 23, 103
compressible fluid, 165
conduction limit, 62
conductivity matrix algorithm, 46
conjugate heat transfer, 4, 46
convergence, 62, 140
coordinate systems, 133
Couette flow, 209
coupled acoustic analysis, 165
coupling algorithms, 145
cross-talk, 203
D
D command, 33, 81, 136, 153
DA command, 33, 81
database
backing up, 176
density, 41, 119
displacements, 174
distributed resistance, 136
divergence, 105
DL command, 33, 81
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217
Index
drag, 38
E
effective viscosity, 24
elements
FLOTRAN, 7
example problems
arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian analysis, 87
compressible flow, 106
incompressible flow, 38
modal projection method, 204
multiple species, 153
slide film, 211
squeeze film, 191
thermal analysis, 49
volume of fluid analysis, 70
F
files
Jobname.RST, 176
FLDATA1 command, 25, 41, 61
FLDATA10 command, 121
FLDATA11 command, 121
FLDATA12 command, 126, 131
FLDATA13 command, 45, 127
FLDATA14 command, 44, 103, 126
FLDATA15 command, 129
FLDATA17 command, 103, 129
FLDATA18 command, 46, 139
FLDATA19 command, 140
FLDATA20 command, 140-141
FLDATA21 command, 140
FLDATA22 command, 140
FLDATA23 command, 140
FLDATA24 command, 25, 33, 37, 161
FLDATA25 command, 45, 161
FLDATA31 command, 37
FLDATA33 command, 161
FLDATA34 command, 37, 161
FLDATA35 command, 68
FLDATA36 command, 67
FLDATA37 command, 46, 145
FLDATA38 command, 61
FLDATA4 command, 63, 68
FLDATA4A command, 61-62
FLDATA7 command, 117, 119, 130, 150
FLDATA8 command, 121
FLDATA9 command, 121
FLOCHECK command, 64
FLOTRAN analysis
applications, 3
artificial viscosity, 16
218
boundary conditions, 12
characterizing flow, 25
compressible flow, 4, 103
compressible flow analysis, 11
convergence, 14, 18
convergence and stability tools, 15
coordinate systems, 7
divergence, 21
DOF capping, 16
domain file, 14
element characteristics, 7
element limitations, 8
evaluating, 20
examining results, 12
files, 12
flow regime, 11
fluid properties, 117
free surface, 4
global iterations, 18
graphical solution tracking, 18
incompressible flow, 4
inertial relaxation, 16
laminar flow, 4
meshing, 11
modified inertial relaxation, 16
multiple species transport, 4
nodal residuals file file, 14
non-Newtonian fluid flow, 4
overview, 10
overwrite frequency option, 13
print file, 13
problem domain, 10
quadrature order, 17
relaxation factors, 15
residuals, 14
restart file, 14
restarting, 15
results file, 13
setting parameters, 12
solvers, 139
solving, 12
special features, 133
stopping, 20
thermal analysis, 4, 41
transient analysis, 61
turbulence model, 11, 18
turbulent flow, 4
types, 3
verifying results, 21
flow regime
thin film, 188
fluid analyses
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G
generalized symmetry boundary conditions, 33, 81
global iterations, 62, 140
gravitational acceleration, 129
H
harmonic acoustic analysis, 166
harmonic acoustic analysis guidelines, 166
heat balance, 48-49
heat fluxes, 42
heat transfer (film) coefficients, 42
hydraulic diameter, 24
I
IC command, 150
ICE command, 66
ICVFRC command, 66
impedance, 174
incompressible flow analysis, 4, 23
boundary conditions, 33
difficult problems, 37
example problem, 38
meshing requirements, 32
inertial relaxation, 106
infinite acoustic elements, 167
inlet parameters, 25
inlet values, 33
intersections, 33
INTSRF command, 38
K
KEYOPT command, 133, 151
L
laminar flow, 4, 23, 25
large signal cases, 208
lift, 38
load step options
acoustics, 175
loads, 42, 171
M
mass imbalances, 33
mass types, 61
material model interface, 5
meshing, 32, 41
FLOTRAN analysis, 11
mixture types, 149
modal projection method, 201
modified inertial relaxation, 153
moments, 174
monotone Streamline Upwind approach, 48
monotone streamline upwind approach, 161
moving wall, 33
MP command, 41, 117
MSADV command, 161
MSCAP command, 153
MSDATA command, 150-151
MSMETH command, 153
MSNOMF command, 150
MSPROP command, 152
MSRELAX command, 153
MSSOLU command, 153
MSSPEC command, 149-150, 152
multiple species transport, 4, 149
N
natural convection, 4
Newmark time integration method, 61
non-fluid properties, 41, 117
non-Newtonian fluid flow analysis, 4, 130
non-Newtonian viscosity models, 119, 123
P
particle velocity, 165
PERI command, 33
periodic boundaries, 33
/PICE command, 66
PLVFRC command, 69
power law viscosity model, 119, 123, 130
preconditioned bicgstab solver, 143
preconditioned generalized minimum residual solver,
141
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219
Index
pressure gradient, 165
pressure surface loads, 174
pressure wave limit, 62
property calculations, 103
property types, 117, 121
R
radiosity solver method, 49
ratio of specific heats, 103, 129
reference pressure, 129
reference properties, 129
relaxation factors, 45, 153
reviewing results
acoustics, 176
Reynolds number, 24
rotating reference frames, 135
rotational speeds, 135
S
sample acoustic analysis
batch method, 177
search directions, 140
semi-direct solvers, 140
SFE command, 66
SFL command, 66
SIMPLEF algorithm, 145
SIMPLEN algorithm, 145
slide film, 185, 209
solution, 171
Solvers, 139, 171
sparse direct solver, 144, 171
species mass fractions, 150
specific heat, 41, 103, 118, 124
specified flow, 33
specified pressure, 33
squeeze film, 185
squeeze film analysis
harmonic analysis, 187
static analysis, 187
transient analysis, 188
squeeze stiffness effect, 185
stationary wall, 33
stepped or ramped loads, 175
Stokes flow, 209
streamline upwind/Petrov-Galerkin approach, 48, 161
surface tension coefficient, 65, 117, 119, 125
surface-to-surface radiation, 42, 49
Sutherland's law, 123
swirl, 136
symmetry boundary, 33
220
T
temperature equation, 41
temperature field algorithm, 46
temperature load, 42
temperature offset, 126
thermal analysis, 4
example problems, 49
loads and boundary conditions, 42
property specifications, 41
thermal boundary conditions, 42
thermal conductivity, 41, 119, 125
thin film analysis, 185
Couette vs. Stokes flow, 209
cross-talk, 203
flow regime, 188
large signal cases, 208
modal projection method, 201
slide film, 209
squeeze film, 185
time steps, 62
TOFFST command, 126, 129
total temperature, 103
transient analysis, 61
boundary conditions, 64
settings, 62
terminating, 63
tri-diagonal matrix algorithm, 140
turbulence model, 24-25
turbulence ratio, 25, 37
turbulent flow, 4, 23
turbulent kinetic energy, 25, 33
U
uncoupled acoustic analysis, 165
units, 117
unspecified boundary, 33
V
variable density option, 45
velocity capping, 37
viscosity, 41
Bingham model, 119, 123, 131
Carreau model, 119, 123, 131
effective, 24
power law model, 119, 123, 130
viscous heating, 45
volume of fluid analysis, 65
boundary conditions, 66
example problems, 70
input settings, 67
loads, 66
postprocessing, 69
Release 14.5 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
W
wall roughness, 33
wall static contact angle, 117, 119, 126
Release 14.5 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
221
222
Release 14.5 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.