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PL5141 Urban Management

Ljubljana, A Sustainable and Green Capital City

Henriko Mei Erikson, ST
Master student at the Department of City and Regional Planning, School of Architecture Planning
and Policy Development. Institut Teknologi Bandung INDONESIA;
henriko.simatupang@studemts.itb.ac.id

Norma Kemper, B.A.

Master student at the Program of Culture and Technology, Faculty of Natural Science and
Mathematics, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus Senftenberg, Germany;
Exchange master student at the Department of City and Regional Planning, School of Architecture
Planning and Policy Development. Institut Teknologi Bandung INDONESIA;
kempenor@tu-cottbus.de

Zainab Nururrohmah, ST
Master student at the Department of City and Regional Planning, School of Architecture Planning
and Policy Development. Institut Teknologi Bandung INDONESIA;
zainab.nururrohmah@students.itb.ac.id

ABSTRACT
As the part of Europe Union, Slovenia became a strategic country that developed to
create Competitive and sustainable Central European capital city in an enlarged
Europe. Slovenias capital city, Ljubljana, is one of the best sustainable cities in the
world. Ljubljana achieved European Green Capital 2016 for its impressive
transformation to be sustainable city over the last 10-15 years, especially in land use
planning and implementation. Moreover, in 2025, Ljubljana targeted to be ideal city. On
the planning process, Slovenia referred to Spatial Planning Act. Government is
responsible to establish the spatial planning by involving citizen participation in
conferences, exhibitions, and debates. This planning was applied into The Environmental
Protection Act assessment of the principles of sustainable development, integrity, and
prevention an integrated Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The implementation
was accomplished by involving participation of communities, private sectors, and NGOs
on local, regional, and national levels. This involvement indirectly gave successful result
of planning. Ljubljana has the comprehensive management in infrastructure system. In
the transportation sector, the planning developed to get sustainable mobility by turning
the priority use of transport from personal vehicles into public transportation. The
strategic actions are promoting the use of public transport, walking, and cycling,
reducing car use, and providing Urbana City Card. Meanwhile, Ljubljana has developed
easy and user-friendly system of waste management and also modern concept of energy
supply and use since 2011. It was adopted based on Sustainable Energy Action Plan
(SEAP) to 2020. The other important concern is providing open green space by
preserving and protecting nature, biodiversity and green urban areas to reach three to
forth in all citys territories. On the competitiveness area, the main factors are
developing health and education. While on the hinterland management, Ljubljanas
concern is developing Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) areas especially as
tourism destination.
Keywords: European Green Capital, sustainable city, sustainable mobility, ideal city,
citizen participation, Central European, Europe Union, Slovenia, Ljubljana, Spatial
Planning Act, The Environmental Protection Act, Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA), comprehensive management, Urbana City Card, Sustainable Energy Action Plan
(SEAP), Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM).
Henriko Mei ERIKSON, Norma KEMPER, Zainab NURURROHMAH

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INTRODUCTION
Republic of Slovenia
Slovenia is located in Middle East Europe and belongs to the Slavic States. Slovenia
covers 20,273 square kilometers and is a relatively small country, especially compared to
Indonesia. The population is about 2 million inhabitants. Compared to Bandung the
whole county includes just a half of all inhabitants living in the City of Bandung.
The capital is Ljubljana and the official language is Slovene. The type of government is a
unitary parliamentary constitutional republic. Officially, Slovenia is subdivided into 211
municipalities, eleven of them have the status of urban municipalities. Each municipality
is headed by a mayor, elected every four years by popular vote, and a municipal council.
The municipalities are the only body of local autonomy in Slovenia.
Slovenia is a good developed country and is per capita the richest of the Slavic states. In
the term from 2004 to 2006, the economy grew on average nearly 5% a year and
expanded in 2007 by almost 7%. Almost two-thirds of people are employed in service
sector and over one-third in industry and construction. Slovenia benefits from a welleducated workforce, well-developed infrastructure, and its location at the crossroads of
major trade routes.
All those facts, mentioned above, are results of a really impressive performance of such a
young country. Just on 25th June 1991, Slovenia did the declaration of independence from
Yugoslavia. Since 1st May 2004 Slovenia is a member of the European Union (EU).
(Republic of Slovenia, 2012)

Case of Study
Ljubljana Urban Region (LUR)
Ljubljana is the political, economic and cultural center of Slovenia. It is subdivided into
26 municipalities with a population of more than 500.000 inhabitants. LUR is located at
the intersection of European transport corridors V and X. Being connected with the port
of Koper and Ljubljana International Airport, LUR represents a metropolitan growth area
of European significance.
One of the four Slovenian universities is placed in Ljubljana City. The University of
Ljubljana has 22 different faculties and more than 64.000 students, including 20.000
international students. Therefor it is the biggest university of Slovenia and also counts to
the biggest universities of Europe. (www.ljubljana.si)

Main Task of Regional Development Program (RDP) of Ljubljana

Urban Region (LUR)
The main task for RDP of LUR was the preparation of this program for the periods from
2002-2006, from 2007-2013 and the newest period from 2014-2020. RDP works in
cooperation with the municipalities, the state, sectors and other public and private actors
and stakeholders and together with formulation and implementation of operational
programs with the key development projects of regional or municipal importance eligible
for different EU funds, especially Cohesion Funds. Since year 2003 municipal authorities
in Slovenia have been obliged by the new Spatial Management and Planning Acts from
2002 and 2007 to formulate and adopt new long-term spatial development strategies,
municipal and detailed land-use plans with environmental impact assessments, in order to
accommodate new development projects and revitalize and protect urban and rural
environment on their territories. (RDA LUR, 2010).

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PLANNING PROCESS
Spatial planning documents in Slovenia can administratively be categorized into national,
municipal and joint spatial planning documents. Spatial planning documents at national
level consists of the Spatial Development Strategy, the Spatial Order, and the Detailed
Plans of National Importance. Meanwhile at municipal level are the Municipal Spatial
Development Strategy with the Conception of Urban Development and the Conception of
Landscape Development and Protection, the Municipal Spatial Order, and the Local
Detailed Plans. For the spatial arrangement of common interests, state and municipalities
collaborate to make Regional Conception of Spatial Development under the guidance
from Minister of Environment who lays down in detail the contents, form, and the
manner of preparing the spatial planning documents.
The first thing to do in the preparation of spatial plan documents is to make the proposal
of spatial planning based on the preparation programme of spatial planning. That
preparation program contains:
1. The assessment of the reasons and the legal basis for preparing the spatial planning
documents;
2. The subject and program of the spatial planning documents;
3. The skeleton planning zone of the spatial planning document if the program concerns
the preparation of the Regional Conception of Spatial Development, a detailed plan,
or a supplement to the Municipal Spatial Order with detailed terms and conditions;
4. The identity of the spatial planning stakeholders who provide the guidelines and
opinions, and other participants who will participate in the preparation of the spatial
planning document;
5. A list of the expert research necessary for planning the envisaged spatial arrangement;
6. The manner of obtaining expert solutions;
7. Reference to and the manner of obtaining the geodetic bases;
8. The deadline for preparing the spatial planning document or its individual phases, and
the deadline for planning guidelines, if longer than 30 days; and
9. Obligations in connection with the financing of the spatial planning document.

Public Participation
The matter of public participation in spatial planning process is guaranteed by Spatial
Planning Act. Article 10 of that act said that people have right to be informed about the
process of spatial planning, to participate by giving initiatives or opinions, and to access
to information about spatial planning and its management.

Conference
The body who is responsible to prepare the documents must hold a conference in order to
obtain and coordinate the recommendations, policies, and legitimate interests of local
communities, the enterprise sector, interested groups and the organized public regarding
the preparation of the spatial planning document or the planned spatial arrangement. The
date and place of conference shall be announced publicly by the producers in at least two
mass media. After the conference, the producers shall compile and and attach all of the
recommendations into the spatial planning documents.
Within eight days after the conference, the spatial planning document including the
recommendation from the conference should be adopted by the responsible party
published in the national or municipal official gazette.

Exhibition and Debate

After the conference, the proposed spatial planning must be publicly exhibited and the
producer shall organize a public debate on its contents. If the debate produces an
amendment so that the spatial planning document is no longer in conformity with the
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spatial planning program, thus the amended spatial planning document must be exhibited
and debated again. The repeated public debate and exhibition are only permitted no more
than twice, otherwise the producer must repeat the whole process from the beginning.
Following the public exhibition, the producers shall call upon the competent spatial
planning stakeholders and expose the amended spatial planning document in order to get
their opinions on that document. After the revision, the state or municipality shall issue a
decree concerning the spatial plan as a legal basis for its implementation.

Figure 1. Public Debate

Source: http://www.civitas.eu/content/update-sustainable-urban-transport-plan

Approval of Substance
In preparation process, the mayor of Ljubljana is the responsible party to carry on the task
of arrangements Spatial Development Strategy and Spatial Order. Along the process,
Ljubljana shall be supported by the various ministries after their competence in terms of
data, proposals, and other materials necessary for the preparation. The neighborhood
municipalities are also individually informed about the preparation so that during the
process they can give proposals and opinions related the spatial arrangements which can
affect their region.
The implementation of spatial planning documents is legal after those documents are
approved and decreed by Minister of Environment. The mayor must sent the application
of Spatial Development Strategy and Spatial Order to Minister of Environment who is
within 15 days after receiving those documents shall establish whether the application is
complete and check whether any violation against laws and other regulations, including
the compliance of Ljubljana Spatial Order to Ljubljana Spatial Development Strategy. If
the Minister shall not find any violations or incompliances then the Minister shall make
an approval to the spatial planning documents and issue the decree.

COMPETITIVENESS
The capability to compete globally will be explained with Global Competitiveness Index
(GCI) issued by World Economic Forum, an index covers almost every countries in the
world. To measure the capability are there three subindexes and twelve pillars cover
from economic, social, and technological aspects. The subindexes and their pillars are as
follow:
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1. Subindex of basic requirements as the key for factor-driver, consists of four pillars:
- Institutions
- Infrastructure
- Macroeconomic environment
- Health and primary education
2. Subindex of efficiency enhancers as the key for efficiency-driven consists of six
pillars:
- Higher education and training
- Goods market efficiency
- Labor market efficiency
- Financial market development
- Technological readiness
- Market size
3. Subindex of innovation and sophistication factors as the key for innovation-driven
consists of two pillars:
- Business sophistication
- Innovation
According to Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) issued by World Economic Forum, the
rank of Slovenia shows a declining trend in 2012-2014 periods. In 2012 the competitive
ability of Slovenia got rank 56 out of 144 countries, fall to 62 out of 148 in 2013, and in
2014 fall again to 70 out of 144. From these figures we can conclude that the socio
economic development in Slovenia is in medium scale.
If we categorize the 2014 figures into its subindex, the subindex of basic requirement got
rank 49 out of 144 countries, subindex of efficiency enhancers got rank 64, and subindex
innovation got rank 50. If we go deep down into each subindex we can see that education
is the most excellence factors in Slovenia.
Of the basic requirement subindex, the pillar of health and primary education got an
excellence rank among countries i.e. rank 12. It means that the progress of development
of health and primary education in Slovenia is very excellent compared to other
developing countries. Meanwhile of the subindex of efficiency enhancers, the pillar of
higher education and training got the highest score among other pillars and got rank 25.
The very well performance in education aspect tell us that Slovenia government is very
aware concerning human capital. For the innovation subindex, the pillars belonging into
this subindex have medium performance. The business sophistication and innovation
pillars only got rank 59 and 42 respectively and this figure tell us that these two factors
are not developed very well yet.
As the main power of Slovenia, educational aspect becomes the main focused to advance
the competitiveness of Slovenia. As stated in National Programme of Higher Education
(NPHE) 2011-2020, higher education and related scientific research is at the core in the
development of Slovenia.
Higher education becomes a priority for the Republic of Slovenia, especially in the
current challenging global economic crisis. The involvement of typical generation in
higher education is high and is equal to developed countries. However, in comparison
with other European countries, a high percentage of students either do not finish or take
longer to complete their studies. The number of highly educated people In Slovenia has
increased and the ratio between the number of teachers and students has recently
improved, but the education of the Slovenian population at a tertiary level is insufficient
compared to OECD.

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Table 1. Number of Enrolled Students in Slovenia

Source : Higher Education in Slovenia

Academic Year
1991/92
2005/06
2009/10

Number of Enrolled Students

36.504
1.647
38.151
73.967
8.344
82.311
98.973 15.900
114.873

To reach the objectives of NPHE in 2020, the development of education will be

underpinned by four main pillars on two foundations which will support the role of
higher education in the knowledge society. The two linking foundations are: the
updated structure of study with a proper regulation of a higher education system, which
will be even more internationally comparable and recognized, and a higher education
funding system which rewards quality and helps to achieve the objectives of the NPHE.
The four main pillars are: diversification, which brings the various types and missions of
institutions and study program together in order to achieve all of the basic goals of higher
education; a broader and better level of internationalization, i.e. openness, in the
international area, which is necessary for the functioning of higher education institutions
in the contemporary global situation; a quality which will allow for an internationally
comparable and recognized standard of education, employability and mobility in Europe
and beyond; and the social dimension, which will allow equitable access to higher
education and the smooth completion of study.
According to Global Competitiveness Index the primary factor in 2012s competitiveness
of Slovenia was health and primary education. This pillar got very excellent performance
which was equal to advance economies. Other pillars which got the same performance
with advance economies were macroeconomic environment and higher education and
training. Among twelve pillars used to measure competitiveness, market size and
financial market development were the most weakness pillars in Slovenia
competitiveness. This was not surprised because the population of Slovenia was very
small.
In 2013 the pillars such as health and primary education, macroeconomic, and higher
education and training were the main power in Slovenia competitiveness and they had
equal performance to advance countries. Pillars of infrastructure and market efficiency
got relatively high performance and could be improved so as to enhance competitiveness.
Like 2012, market size and financial market development were still the most weakness
pillars in Slovenia competitiveness, whereas these two pillars only got 3 points of 7.
Like year 2012 and 2013, the development of health and primary education and higher
education pillars are the best among others in 2014. In this year the performance of these
two pillars can be paralleled to other advance countries, such as USA, Germany, England,
etc. Pillars such as technological readiness which got score 5 of 7 is a potential factor to
be a leverage in Slovenias competitiveness. In 2014 the score for market size and
financial market development are still the lowest in Slovenia and give negative impact to
the competitiveness.

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2012/2013

2013/2014

2014/2015

Diagram 1. Performance of Competitiveness Pillars, 2014

Source: Global Competitiveness Index

In conclusion, for three years from 2012 to 2014 health and primary education pillar has
become the main source of Slovenias competitiveness and its performance has been
equal to developed or advance countries, whereas labor market efficiency and market size
have been the two pillars weakened most for Slovenia competitiveness. The development
of pillars such as macroeconomic environment, technological readiness and higher
education and training have been in the right pathways and will become the potential
pillars to enhance the future competitiveness because their recent performance are quite
good comparable to advance countries.
Along with the development of educational and health facilities, Municipality of
Ljubljana improves also the urban space and infrastructure to increase the scale of
economic activities and environment. The concept of mixed use development providing
commercial, residential, retail, hotel and sports and leisure facilities and supported by
railway and busway will be applied mainly for central district.

Figure 2. Development of Ljubljana Central District

Source: http://www.trigranit.hu

Concept of area integration which integrates structures (a football stadium, university

sports hall, shopping center, underground parking) and a landscaped park into a coherent
whole is implemented to increase attractiveness of Ljubljana urban space. For example is
Sports Hall Stozice. In this area sport, nature and culture are intertwined and together
they form an interactive social space which facilitates development of numerous events.
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The park is Ljubljanas new recreational space, a generator of new urban spaces. It is an
artificial landscape which connects with the natural landscape. It retains the flatness of
the space along the path, and thus also the spatial proportions between the large landscape
features now merged with the hall and stadium. The grassy plane, as the central
landscaping feature of the wider area, protrudes into the park from the side and rises on
the roof of the stadium, where the stadium becomes a part of the park, in the visual and
program sense. In the atriums in the middle of the park it sinks into the shopping center
and it reaches to the parking level.

Figure 3. Concept of Structure Integration in Sports Hall Stozice

to Enhance the Attractiveness of Ljubljana
Source: http://www.skyscrapercity.com

LAND AND URBAN FORM MANAGEMENT

Land Development Process / Procedure
After being independence in 1991 from Yugoslavia, Slovenia began to redesign the entire
legal system. Before this, Slovenia adopted the Law on Spatial Planning and
Management for the Transitional Period (Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia,
No.48/90) from 1986-1990. The Spatial Planning Act was adopted only in 2002 (Official
Gazette of the RS, No. 110/2002). Then in 2004, it was adopted into the Spatial
Development Strategy of the Republic of Slovenia and Spatial Order (Official Gazette of
the RS, No. 76/2004). This spatial order determines the basic rules for spatial
management at the level of local, regional, and national. Its also provides the laws and
requirements related to spatial planning, architectural and landscape design with respect
to characteristic of each Slovenian regions. The law then was extended until the new
regulation, which is Spatial Planning Act that established in 2007 (Official Gazette of the
RS, No. 33/2007).
The 2002 Spatial Planning Act was never established in its entirety and even before the
adoption of all its envisaged implementing regulations, a new Spatial Planning Act was
adopted (Official Gazette of the RS, No. 33/2007), which has brought about amendments
to the spatial planning system as well as extended the time limits set for the preparation
of spatial plans.
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The competences in the area of spatial planning in the Republic of Slovenia are divided
into the State and Municipalities area. Nevertheless, the regions have not yet been
established in Slovenia, but there are regional spatial documents, which are basically a
special type of inter-municipal plans. The inter-municipal cooperation was included into
spatial planning in interim period, and finally implemented on 2011.
The spatial planning documents are provided in national, municipal, and inter-municipal
level. The contents are the national strategic master plan, the detailed national master
plan, the municipal master plan, the detailed local master plan, and the regional (intermunicipal) master plans.
The Spatial Planning Act derived from the basic principles: the principle of sustainable
spatial development, the principle of publicity, the principle of guided urban
development, the principle of overriding public interest, the principle of preservation of
the distinctive spatial features, the principle of the integration of cultural and urban
heritage protection and the principle of proficiency.

Diagram 2. Planning Process of Slovenias Law Amendments

The Spatial Development Strategy of Slovenia determines the following spatial

development goals (Republic of Slovenia, 2007):

increased competitiveness through the guidance of spatial development;

development of polycentric network of urban and other settlements;
quality development and attractiveness of urban and other settlements;
balanced development of areas with common spatial development characteristics;
synergy of urban and rural areas;
integration of infrastructure networks with European infrastructure system;
prudent use of natural resources;
spatial development in conformity with spatial restrictions;
cultural diversity as the basis of national identity;
preservation of natural landscape features;
environmental protection.

The Key Actors

The Spatial Planning is part of Spatial Planning Directorate tasks. It is the part of
responsibility of the Environment and Spatial Planning Ministry. The Directorate
comprises six departments; they are Department of National Spatial Planning,
Department of Regional Spatial Development, Department of Co-operation with
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Municipalities, Department of Construction, Department of Housing, and Department of

Systemic Legal and Information Support.
The supervision of the spatial planning is controlled by the Inspectorate. The duty of
inspectorate covers urban planning and construction work, the meeting of the basic
building requirements (construction permit), and land survey activities.

Innovation and Creative

The Environmental Protection Act assessment (The Directive 2001/42/EC) lay down for
the purpose of the implementation of the principles of sustainable development, integrity,
and prevention an integrated Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). EIA was issued
by the Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia (ARSO) by independent
decision. It is a special procedure to determine, describe and assess the impacts of spatial
development planning on man, soil, water, air, biotic diversity and valuable natural
features, climate and landscape as well as on immovable property and cultural heritage,
and their interrelations. EIA shall be carried out in order to determine and evaluate
impacts on the environment and the integration of the requirements of environmental
protection, conservation of nature, protection of human health and cultural heritage into
the plan. A certificate shall be obtained from the ministry on the acceptability of the
implementation of the plan for the environment.
The environmental protection basic strategic document is the National Environmental
Action Plan 2005-2012. The objectives and measures are determined in four areas;
climate change, nature and biotic diversity, quality of life, waste, and industrial pollution.
So the spatial development of Slovenia commonly has been fully considered the rights of
environmental aspects.
In 1990s, Ljubljana has some important projects according to change the land use and to
accommodate growth of population demand and capital investors after its independence
from Yugoslavia. The projects are multi-dwelling private house on Brownfields, new
shopping centers, the circle motorway around Ljubljana inner-city, residential and
commercial sprawl in suburban municipalities or in periphery of inner-city, and etc.
Related to the vision of Ljubljana City by year 2025, there are three principal
development aims of Ljubljana, they are:
Ideal city, by optimizing city size either for living, working, or recreation.
Sustainable city, by preserving urban environment and natural both in the city and
urban region. In Ljubljana itself, its implemented by preserving Ljubljanas green
lungs, which are three quarters green areas over the citys territory, 46% forest that
covering city land use, four protected landscape parks, and so on.
Slovenian metropolis, by becoming European competitive capital city.

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Figure 4. Ljubljana Public Housing

Source: The Green Capital Award Presentation of Ljubljana City

URBAN INSTITUTIONAL MANAGEMENT

Governance System
The management hierarchy of Ljubljana City can be seen in picture below

Figure 5. Management Structure of Ljubljana City

Source: Publication of the Green Capital Indicator 12 of Ljubljana City
- Integrated Environmental Management

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The City Supervisory Boards responsibility is to supervise the use of budget funds.
While the Local City Council (LCC), Mayor, and user authorities are giving the
recommendations and providing implementation reports. The Mayor proposes the budget,
ordinances, and other related acts under the authorities of LCC that it represents. Mayor
also proposes the working area of administration, the organization, and defines the jobs
layout in the administration. There are 106 public institutions and companies who are
cooperate in projects, cooperate in designing strategies, inform to the public, and cofinance the companies operation.
On the lower level, there are City Electoral Commissions and committees who are
responsible on discuss and propose measures. Meanwhile, the District Authority Councils
are participate in the preparation of development programs, the budget, and other
materials adopted by the LCC, and also propose environmental projects.
Related to the spatial planning, there are the Public Space Council and the Deputy
Mayors Collegium for Public Space and Traffic who are concern on the policy of green
and open spaces, urban sprawl, and regional cooperation in Ljubljana. The Public Space
Council plays a primarily advisory role and links professionals in various fields, while the
Deputy Mayors Collegium plays an operative role. The operative role are includes being
representatives of various departments of the municipal administration, discusses the
planning, coordinate between individual actors, and promote the information, knowledge,
and experience exchange. Besides that, the strategic action of the Deputy Mayors
Collegium are responsible on public utilities and contractors; maintenance; and renewal
of green and open areas in the city.

Community Attachment and Community Participation

The vision of Ljubljana 2025 is to realize Sustainable City which the strategies are the
elaborated process from the documents (Republic of Slovenia, 2014):

Environmental Protection Program 2007-2013 (EPP) (revised version 20142020),

Sustainable Energy Action Plan 2020 (SEAP),
Sustainable Mobility Plan 2020 (SMP),
Electro Mobility Strategy 2020, and
Urban Master Plan 2030.

These documents were the result of cooperative dialog with local, regional, and national
stakeholders (citizens, city districts, NGO, private individuals, industry, professional
circles, state, university, education (eco schools), sports (clubs are obligated to contribute
to sustainable development), environmental protection, welfare (social entrepreneurship),
etc. in some workshops, presentations, round tables, exhibitions, public debates and the
public gathering of proposals. The citizen participation on the process of drafting
documents indirectly increase the possibility of realization, for better quality policies,
minimize the conflicts, yields additional information from the market, and etc.
Besides those, there are some innovations to increase participation of citizen. The aim of
the participatory is for raising sustainable awareness based on two-way interactive
communication, by websites, social networks and mobile applications (more than 40)
such as 3D Urban Planning, and Ljubljana is you!. Based on Ljubljana presentation and
publication document for European Green Capital achievement, there are some other
instruments to achieve it (Republic of Slovenia, 2014):

User support centers, open days, free SMS services;

Media presence, publications, etc.;
Workshops, lectures for children;
Awareness-raising actions (Clean-up campaign For a More Beautiful Ljubljana
(since 2001) runs every year for an entire month; European Mobility Week and CarFree Day (since 2001), European Sustainable Energy Week (since 2011);
International/national/regional fairs, conferences, festivals (some of the biggest);
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- Sustainable traditional international fairs at the Ljubljana Exhibition and

Convention Centre
- World Engineering Forum in Ljubljana on sustainable construction for people 2012:
more than 70 countries
- Organizing International conference Ljubljana Forum by cooperating with the
GoForeSight Institute
Public calls for sustainable development for NGOs and private individuals.

Figure 6. Participatory Approach Scheme

The amendments of Slovenias basis law were a comprehensive process from the
amelioration of citizen involvement into the making of plans. The process of citizen
participatory approach simply can be divided into five steps. The first one is preliminary
preparation by the mayor and city council, which are responsible to the whole of process.
Then it continues on public participation, by announcing process publicity, asking helps
of professional facilitator to get some important opinions, providing citizens feedback by
making survey, and involving participations of any stakeholders like NGO, city
administrators, and etc. This process held within 30 days. The next process is making the
draft of planning by analyzing situations, planning the vision and principles, deciding the
priorities, planning the measures, and making the corrections from preliminary research.
The forth process is public discussion and adaption. In this step, the forum agenda was
heard opinion of any stakeholders and discussing about the special citizen requirements
like the low-income people, difabel, weak or old people, and young people. Then the
result presented by inviting the delegation of any stakeholders that involved before. The
last process are implementation that supervised by monitoring and evaluating the plan.

Private Sector Involvement

Besides public sector, the urban management of Ljubljana also involves private sectors.
Public Hodling Ljubljana (JHL) has manage 87.32% of the city, including the citys
energy production and supply companies Energetika Ljubljana (JPE) and
Termoelektrarna Toplarna Ljubljana (TE-TOL), public transport company Ljubljanski
potniki promet (LPP), waste management company Snaga and water-wastewater
management company Vodovod-Kanalizacija (VO-KA). Together, they implement the
citys vision and the sustainable EU goals.
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Inter Cities / Governance Co-Operations

Based on new Local Self-Government Reform Act in 1994, the number of Slovenias
municipalities increased to 211 by 2009, and only 11 of them are urban municipalities.
The future development of Ljubljana is to create Competitive and sustainable Central
European capital city in an enlarged Europe. The implementation can be succeeded
depends on strong political leadership of local leaders. The good ability of local leaders
and city administrators in encouraging inclusive and active involvement of different key
stakeholders, can make successful results of planning implementation.

Development Incentives System

The Spatial Strategy must be implemented by coordinating development and spatial
planning, and encouraging spatial development acts such as information exchange,
steering the research, and coordinates the public administration operation and spatial
planning institutions. The incentives of this strategy is derived from both of national and
European financial

Financial Matters
The budget funds were came from some sources. In the development sectors, funds
acquired from the European communities or other funds from organizations of
transnational whether it is in national, regional, or local levels. Based on the Vision 2025,
all Slovenias city projects are carried out by tenders and also by cooperating with the
private sector (RCERO Ljubljana, Bicike (LJ), Sustainable Mobility Plan, and etc.). The
projects main financial instruments are divided into Cohesion Fund, Structural Fund,
national and municipal budgets.

URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT

Public Transport
The public transport system of Ljubljana is, besides of the development of public green
space, the most important government-backed scheme. With the past performance in the
growth of the use of public transport and the establishment of a pedestrian area in the
inner city, Ljubljana can be proud of its development.
Planning and development of transport infrastructure with provision of public transport
services in Slovenia has been until recently in the domain of the Ministry of Transport
and the Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning. After central government reforms
in year 2012 they were put under one umbrella and one building of the Ministry of
Infrastructure and Spatial Planning for the whole republic of Slovenia.
(www.mzip.gov.si)
There are the following key documents, with that Ljubljana responded to define strategic
and optional objectives for the regulation of sustainable transport (ESPON TANGO, Case
Study 11, 2013)
Sustainable Development of the City of Ljubljana Strategy 2002
Environmental Protection Program 2007-2013, strategic objective of establishing a
system of sustainable mobility
Urban Master Plan (UMP) 2010, received Max Fabiani national award 2012 for
special
achievements in planning
Expert Guidelines for the Regulation of Public Transport in LUR 2009; 6 key tasks
identified Sustainable Mobility Plan 2012.

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Past Performance
Beside the improvement of the public transport system, the city of Ljubljana also
upgraded and renovated a large amount of public open spaces to promote walking and
cycling. One of the projects was to refurbish the embankments along the Ljubljanica
River and renovating or building new bridges which connect key points in the city center.
The implementation of this project was awarded with the European Prize for Urban
Public Space in 2012. Belongings to this topic will be explained in the chapter about
Urban Space and Hinterland Management. (MMP COL, 2010)
In 2007 an ecological zone in the city center was created which is closed to all motorvehicles. In this area, there were also measures to renovate the city center to make it more
attractive and greener.

Figure 7. Green Living Room in the City Center

Source: ESPON TANGO, Case Study November, 2013

As you can see on the picture above, the streets along the river at the city center are
closed for motor-vehicles and can just be entered by pedestrians or cyclists. The red
marked area is only for pedestrians and the yellow marked area is pedestrian area with
limited access for local traffic. All over in the city, traffic calming zones were established,
where the limit of speed is by 30km/h and especially in the vicinity of schools and
kindergartens the speed limit is by 10km/h. There was also a system of one-way streets
provided for safer bicycling. (ESPON TANGO, 2013)
For the public transport system, new bus routes were established so that the use of it can
reach more areas in the city is and makes the use more sensible. All the buses and bus
stops were equipped with modern technology, which allow bus priority at intersections,
information on vehicle accessibility for people with reduced mobility and real-time
information on bus arrivals. There is also transport on demand available in the pedestrian
area for people with disabilities. Therefor electric vehicles get deployed and their use is
for free. (www.ljubljana.si/en/green-capital)

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Present Situation
Nowadays, the present situation in Ljubljana is, that 23% of trips are made on foot, 7%
by bicycle, 57% by a car and 13% by public transport.
Ljubljana has a well-developed route network, managed by the public company
Ljubljanski potniki promet. The public transport system comprises 209 urban
transport vehicles and 63 interurban transport vehicles. The Integration of public
transport routes is one of the ways, how Ljubljana increases the number of public
transport passengers. This number rose by 4.6% in 2011 and 14.8% in 2012. The
proportion of inhabitants who live less than 500 meters from the nearest public transport
stop is 96%, while 92% live within a radius of 300 m. (www.ljubljana.si/en/green-capital)

Figure 8. Modern technology of bus and bus stops for public transportation
Source: http://www.hecktictravels.com/tour-de-ljubljana

Bicycling
To increase the use of Bicycles 190 km of cycling paths were created or renovated
connected to the projects of Urban Green Space Management. The city of Ljubljana is
offering a self-service bike-sharing system since 2011. 33 Stations for using the bikesharing system are spread over the city and provide 308 bicycles. The first hour of using
the bicycles is free. (www.ljubljana.si/en/green-capital)

Figure 9. Collage of Bike-sharing system in Lubljana

Source: hecktictravels.com/tour-de-ljubljana

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Sustainable Mobility Plan

The Mobility Management Plan for the City of Ljubljana is the base paper for the
creation of the sustainable mobility plan. This document was designed in 2010 as a part
of the project South Eastern European Mobility Management Scheme by the Ljubljana
Office of the Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe in
cooperation with local partners of the project CIVITAS Elan that is aiming to improve
mobility in the partner cities and sustainability of their transport systems by transfer of
information and know-how from the EU level and is led by the City of Ljubljana. It is
also co-funded by European Union. (RDA LUR, 2013)
The main goals that are important and significant for the development of the traffic
situation in Ljubljana Urban Region are:
Target by 2015: modal split of 19% public transport, 26% waking and cycling, 55 %
private cars.
Target by 2020: modal split of 1/3 public transport, 1/3 walking and cycling, 1/3
private vehicles

Figure 10. Process of the Targets, Change of Using Car, Public Transport and Bicycle or Walking
Source: http://www.ljubljana.si/en/green-capital/green-aims/

To reach these goals, there are several strategies to promote walking, cycling and the use
of public transport.
Promoting Walking
To make it more attractive to walk for the inhabitants in the inner city of Ljubljana, the
network of routes where pedestrians have priority has to become extend. The plan is to
create a footpath network between all important public institutions to be connected and
reachable by waking. In the residential areas new squares and parks will be created and
the access roads will be rearranged according to the shared space principle. (RDA LUR,
2010)
Promoting Cycling
Because of the rearrangements of the streets and the one-way streets, cycling in Ljubljana
Urban Region become more safe and according to the Urban Land Management
Strategies, which provide a higher attractiveness of cycling path combined with nature
experiences, it makes more sense.
The sustainable mobility plan expects an increase of using bicycle to go to work by 40%
and among the students to go to university and for normal daily use by 50%. (MMP COL,
2010)

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Promoting the Use of Public Transport

With the modern technology and a bus route network, that connects all parts of Ljubljana
Urban Region, people are more attracted by using public transport than before. Because
of the mind changing process among the inhabitants of Ljubljana Urban Region,
everyone is more satisfied with the quality of life in the city. The people know that they
have to fulfill their part as an environmental friendly and responsible person.
The number of people using buses and trains shall increase by 50%, for shopping in the
center by 30%. With some marketing strategies the number of visitors using public
transport to attend major events will increase by 50%. (MMP COL, 2010) For example, if
there are events like concerts, open airs, theater, etc. the use of public transport is
included in the price of the ticket.
Reducing Car Use
Targeted parking policy
measures
will
change
transport
habits.
The
sustainable mobility plan
intends to draw up mobility
plans for at least the 10
biggest employers in the
city. For the simple reason
that the use of public
transport makes more sense
and is safer for the
environment, there is the
guarantee for faster journey
Figure 11. Urbana City Card
times for city buses at rush
Source: http://www.diplomatic-corporatehours on the three main
services.si/services/sightseeing/tours/urbana-card-ljubljanaroads into the city. Therefor
slovenia.php
the use of public transport
makes more sense, because going with the own car will take more time.
(www.ljubljana.si/en/green-capital)
Urbana City Card
The Urbana City Card is a modern electronic payment system. This system involves a
contact-less smart card that enables quick and convenient cashless payment for Ljubljana
city bus journeys. It is also possible to use Urbana card to pay for using the funicular to
and from Ljubljana Castle, parking in white zones and car parks managed by the
Ljubljana Parking and Markets public company. (www.ljubljana.si/en/green-capital)
In future, it will also be possible to use the Urbana card to pay for library services, and
after that even for museum visits, sporting facilities and cultural events. Ljubljana is
among the first cities in Europe to have introduced a uniform payment system for city
services.

URBAN WASTE MANAGEMENT

Energy Efficiency
Ljubljana has a Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP) to 2020. This document, adopted
by the City Council in 2011, is a modern concept of energy supply and use:
substitution of environmentally less friendly fossil fuels with acceptable alternatives,
improvement of the efficiency of energy conversions,
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PL5141 Urban Management

energy use reduction in all segments of consumption,

intensive introduction of technologies for the exploitation of renewable energy
systems (RES).
The SEAP was prepared by an expert group consisting of representatives of the city
administration, the public companies Snaga, Energetika, TE-TOL, Elektro Ljubljana,
Ljubljana Technology Park, the Ministry of Economy and the University of Ljubljana.
The fundamental objectives of energy planning up to 2020 are about 25 % share of
renewable energy in final energy consumption, 20% improvement in energy efficiency
and the reduction of the greenhouse gas emissions by 20%.
Effects of the SEAP up to 2020 will be the reduction of final energy consumption of heat
use of buildings and fuels in transport. Total final energy consumption will be reduced by
16%. The use of RES will be achieved through the introduction of bio-fuels in transport
and the introduction of wood biomass in the heat and electricity supply segment, the
increased use of solar energy, the
installation of heat pumps and the
construction of hydroelectric plants. By
these measures a 21% share of RES in
final energy use will be achieved. After
that the reduction of CO2 will be by
30% (www.ljubljana.si/en/greencapital)

Modern Waste management

Figure 12. Underground Collection Points in

city center
Source: http://www.ljubljana.si/en/greencapital/green-merits/20-sustainableprojects/separated-waste-collection/

As an easier and more user-friendly

system, residents dispose their waste
with using the containers outside of
their buildings. The source of waste is
thus collected at the point of generation.
This systems also includes the
separation of waste; residual waste,
biological waste, packaging and paper.

Another new system is to dispose

packaging at collection points situated in public areas. The City of Ljubljana installed
underground collection points, where everyone can dispose his waste at urban public
space. Since 2008 the ordinary containers in the city were replaced with underground
collection points. This has two strong effects. On the one hand it is rationalizing the waste
management and on the other hand it improves the appearance of the city. Glass,
packaging and paper can be deposited by anyone, while a card is required to deposit
organic and residual waste. Such a card is available free of charge to all household users
living in the area. Currently there are 44 of underground collection points in the city with
a further 40 planned. The investment for the 44 collection points was about 5,4 Million
by 2012. Approximately a further 5 Million is needed to complete the project. The
project has proved to be extremely successful and is often presented as an example of
good practice to other cities. Therefor Ljubljana won the European Prize for Urban Public
Space in 2012. (www.ljubljana.si /en/green-capital)
Aims
1. Upgrading of the waste collection system and elimination of waste at the source.
2. Upgrading of the Regional Waste Management Center until 2015.
3. Reduction of the share of waste disposed on landfill to less than 15% of the total waste.
2. Reduction of waste generated quantity by more than 3% per year.
Objectives are based on five broad areas of waste reduction:
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reduction of waste generation,

reuse of waste,
material recovery of waste (recycling),
waste processing,
waste removal.

URBAN SPACE AND HINTERLAND MANAGEMENT

Development/Governance Approaches: Manage Compact Cities Style
The new Spatial Planning Act encourages
an integrated approach to regional spatial
planning and also inter-municipal cooperation. The purpose is to obtain spatial
arrangement project of municipalities
which is possibly can use European funds,
especially for environmental infrastructure.
Most of Slovenias regions are natural
area. Almost 81% of Slovenias hinterland
was green areas. It placed on near aquatic,
forest, and agricultural areas. The city
hinterland was extended near historical
city center by riparian corridors and green
wedges. While the other 19% green areas
were in compact city in the form of
gardens, playgrounds, parks, and etc. The
Slovenias hinterland concern area is on
coastal zone. It is particularly important
area, since the sectors bring high GDP
income for Slovenia based on tourism
(marinas), transport (Port of Koper),
fishery and mariculture. Those areas are
Slovenian Istra, South Primorska, and
Coastal-Kras hinterland.
The planning of Slovenias coastal areas is
elaborated into Integrated Coastal Zone
Management (ICZM) which is defined in
the project of Coastal Area Management
Program (CAMP). This project was
concluded in 2007. It strengthened the
Figure 13. Some Slovenias Hinterland Area
process
of
ICZM
and
regional
Source: http://www.slovenia-touristguide.com/
development programs. The regional
development
programs
have
been
prepared on the basis of the Promotion of Balanced Regional Development Act (Official
Gazette of the RS, No. 83/2003).
The coastal region of Slovenia becomes potential area because in the last forty years,
littoralization a process of concentration of the population and economic activities in the
coastal strip became an increasingly distinctive trend. The most important of economics
area are tourism, transport, industry, agriculture, fishery, and services. Because of the
hinterland areas blessed by natural value such as distinctive landscape, cultural
landscape, rural architectural heritage, and potential sea boundary, it provides enhanced
attractiveness especially for the development itself. Slovenian Istra for example, it is the
second most prosperous region in Slovenia while Coastal-Kras region ranks second
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highest GDP among the statistical regions with EUR 12,541 per capita in 2003, it
exceeded the Slovenian average by 3.4 indexed points.
South Primorska is coastal region in Slovenia which is divided into three parts: the
coastal part or the Slovenian Istra, Kras and Brkini. They are included as hinterland of
Slovenia. The areas cover is 1,524 km2, which is 7.5% of the Slovenian while the
population is 119,475 (30 June 2005), which is 5.97% of the total population in Slovenia.
It has the only and most prestigious International port in Slovenia and one of the largest
in the Adriatic Sea, that is Port of Koper. Koper has grown to an important international
port in Central Europe in the last fifty years.

Internal (Capacity Building) and External Factors (Regional

Connectivity)
Regionalization process of Slovenia was completed in 2011, where the provinces
administrative level has been established. In 2009, Local Self-Government Reform Act
officially announced the 211 municipalities of Slovenia with only 11 urban
municipalities. Meanwhile, the center and the largest region in Slovenia is Ljubljana
Urban Region (LUR) by around 500.000 inhabitants or 25% of total population placed in
12.6% of national land. LURs name was derived from Regional Development Agency of
Ljubljana Urban Region in 2002. Ljubljana Urban Region is most important region since
it generates 35% of Slovenias GDP per capita, which is 30% higher than national
average. Its economic sector turned from the Socialist Industrial City to competitive
Service and knowledge-based European capital city (Pichler-Milanovi, 2005;
www.rralur.si).
The City Municipality of Ljubljana became the largest local authority in Slovenia. The
operational preparation of Regional Development Programs of LUR for 2002-2006 and
for 2007-2013 also did in 2002. The project was determined the priority program list
which is eligible for EU funds. The overall development goal is the following Ljubljana
Urban Region is a conurbation, intertwined with nature. The region will achieve high
level of global competitiveness and high-quality living through encouraging creativity
and co-operation. The entire region will benefit from Ljubljana being a European
capital (RRA LUR, 2007).

Development Focus (Coastal Zone Development)

The Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) program in Slovenia was prepared
within the framework of the Coastal Area Management Program (CAMP) Slovenia. It is
join project of the Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP), the Republic of Slovenia and the
Municipalities of South Primorska. The program was laid down in the final phase of the
project, defining the priority areas, programs and actions (National Report of Maritime
Spatial Planning, 2007):
Priority Area 1: Strengthening the sustainability of key economic activities tourism
and transport
- Program 1: Sustainable tourism development
- Program 2: Sustainable mobility in the region
- Program 3: Environmental protection and maritime activities
Priority Area 2: Reduction of environmental pressures (water, air)
- Program 4: Protection of water resources and reduction of water pollution loads
- Program 5: System of integrated waste management in the region
- Program 6: Protection against natural and other disasters, including the climate
change
Priority Area 3: Efficient protection of cultural heritage and valuable natural features,
preservation of biodiversity
- Program 7: Management of cultural heritage, valuable natural features and
biodiversity, and their integration in development processes
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Priority Area 4: Ensuring the sustainable spatial development for greater

competitiveness and higher quality of life in the region
- Program 8: Guidance of spatial development in support of greater competitiveness
of the region
- Program 9: Improved quality of life in the region
- Program 10: Spatial planning for the sustainable coastal area development

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion
Slovenia only recognized two levels of planning namely spatial planning by national
and by municipal. Spatial planning documents at national level can be leveled as
Spatial Development Strategy, the Spatial Order, and the Detailed Plans of National
Importance. Meanwhile at municipal level are the Municipal Spatial Development
Strategy with the Conception of Urban Development and the Conception of
Landscape Development and Protection, the Municipal Spatial Order, and the Local
Detailed Plans.
In the process of spatial planning formulation, Government actively involved public
participation by means of conference, exhibition and public debate to collect the
perception from citizen.
For spatial arrangement of common interests between state and municipal or intermunicipal, shall collaborate to make Regional Conception of Spatial Development
under the guidance from Minister of Environment who lays down in detail the
contents, form, and the manner of preparing the spatial planning documents.
The progress of development can be seen through the rank of global competitiveness
of Slovenia. In the periods of 2012-2014, the rank shows downward trend which is the
indication of economic and infrastructure development. Among factors which
determine the competitiveness capacity, health and education are the only factors
stipulate the competitiveness. Other factors such as roads, railways, technology,
financial market, and innovation are not developed well yet. This happened because
the government only focused on health and education aspects.
Slovenia new basis law is Spatial Planning Act that established in 2007 (Official
Gazette of the RS, No. 33/2007). The competences in the area of spatial planning in
the Republic of Slovenia are divided into the state, municipalities, and inter-municipal
area.
The Spatial Planning Act derived from the basic principles: the principle of
sustainable spatial development, the principle of publicity, the principle of guided
urban development, the principle of overriding public interest, the principle of
preservation of the distinctive spatial features, the principle of the integration of
cultural and urban heritage protection and the principle of proficiency.
The Spatial Planning is responsibility of the Environment and Spatial Planning
Ministry, on Spatial Planning Directorate.
In the institutional management, the involved stakeholders are local, regional, and
national stakeholders (citizens, city districts, NGO, private individuals, industry,
professional circles, state, university, welfare (social entrepreneurship), etc.
The Slovenias city projects main financial instruments are divided into Cohesion
Fund, Structural Fund, national and municipal budgets.
In infrastructure and service management, the main goal development is improving
sustainable mobility plan, the strategic acts to achieve it are; promoting walking,
cycling, and the use of public transport; reducing car use; and using Urbana City
Card.
Ljubljana has a Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP) to 2020. The fundamental
objectives are about 25% share of renewable energy in final energy consumption,

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20% improvement in energy efficiency and the reduction of the greenhouse gas
emissions by 20%.
The City of Ljubljana installed underground collection points, where everyone can
dispose waste at urban public space. Its easier and more user-friendly system.
The planning of Slovenias hinterland is prioritized in coastal area. Its elaborated into
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) which is defined in the project of
Coastal Area Management Program (CAMP). The basis is the Promotion of Balanced
Regional Development Act (Official Gazette of the RS, No. 83/2003).

The Main Issues of Ljubljanas Urban Management and Urban

Governance
Future development of Ljubljana as Competitive and sustainable Central European
capital city in an enlarged Europe.
In year 2007 the City Municipality of Ljubljana has adopted the new vision of the
Ljubljana City by year 2025, linking the three principal development aims of
Ljubljana (www.ljubljana.si):
- Ideal city (i.e. the optimal city size for living, working, recreation),
- Sustainable city (i.e. preserved natural and urban environment in the city and
urban region),
- Slovenian metropolis (European competitive capital city), and
- Smart growth city, by emphasizing the internationalization of the capital city
through urban revitalization, as the city of art, culture and knowledge, the safe and
healthy city.
Ljubljana achieved European Green Capital 2016 for its impressive transformation to
be sustainable city over the last 10-15 years, especially in land use planning and
implementation.
Ljubljana developed CIVITAS MOBILIS project in order to achieve sustainable
mobility by turning the priority use of transport from personal vehicles into public
transportation.
New Spatial Planning Act (Official Gazette of the RS, No. 33/2007) was the
amendment result of citizen participation engagement to the planning process.

How to Accomplish Urban Problems

Analyze the problems occurred.
Assess the scope or content of criteria of urban vision
Evaluate legal basis by getting citizen's response and feedback, hearing professional
opinion, and considering the impacts after.
Build people trust.
Facilitate forum group discussion with clear objectives to find solutions.
Cooperate with inter-municipalities
Planning inclusively by involving all of the stakeholders to the making of plan before
its implemented.
Planning with friendly approach.
Enforce the law and planning programs fairly to any stakeholders.

How to Meet Citizen Expectation

The city administrator of Ljubljana has implemented some participatory and engagement
tools that learned and evaluated from previous plan experiences. These tools are:
Check and hear key stakeholders opinion to get priority decision of plan, by making
surveys, facilitating focus group technique, or doing interviews.
Evaluate the previous plan from the results of preliminary research, and consult it
with professional facilitators to get better recommendation.
Involve key stakeholders, build their trust, and create a community of interested.
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Identify the requirements for special people especially the weaker ones (low-income
people, difabel, old and young people).
Monitor and evaluate the implementation of plan periodically.

Recommendation for Indonesia Based on the Learning from

Ljubljana
As the whole, Indonesia and Slovenia are much different, but they have some similar
contexts and forms especially as a Republic country and bottom-up system. The
development concepts and implementation that Ljubljana did is a good recommendation
to learn and to be implemented in Indonesias metropolises, cities, or regions. The lessons
are:
More involve participatory of citizens and private sector to get better feedback and
meet all stakeholders' wishful.
Join venture and facilitate well cooperation investment with others stakeholders
especially private sectors and NGOs to minimize budget.
Maximize region's potential resources for increasing regional investment such as in
tourism area, local business, local culture, and etc.
Heard the opinions from the 'weak' and 'special' citizens.
Planning from bottom-up with inclusive involvement to get citizen-own-feel of the
rules and planning, and also to get their awareness for implementation of plans.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
CIVITAS MOBILIS. Awareness Raising and Citizens Participation Report. Regional
Environmental Center Slovenia. March 2009. Slovenia. Ljubljana.
Government of the Republic of Slovenia. 2002. Spatial Planning Act of Republic of
Slovenia. Ministry of the Environment, Spatial Planning and Energy, Spatial
Planning Directorate, Office for Spatial Development. Slovenia. Ljubljana.
___________________________________. 2004. Spatial Development Strategy of
Slovenia. Ministry of the Environment, Spatial Planning and Energy, Spatial
Planning Directorate, Office for Spatial Development. Slovenia. Ljubljana.
___________________________________. 2005. The Strategy for the Economic
Development of Slovenia 2001-2006. Institute of Macroeconomic Analysis and
Development. Slovenia. Ljubljana.
___________________________________. 2007. National Report on Current Policy,
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Urban Region. Regional Development Agency of the Ljubljana Urban Region
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___________________________________. 2011. Competitiveness of Slovenian
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___________________________________. 2012. About Slovenia: Republic of Slovenia.
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___________________________________. 2014. Ljubljana Presentation for European
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Henriko Mei ERIKSON, Norma KEMPER, Zainab NURURROHMAH