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TU Delft
Delft University of Technology
INTERNA TIONAL
INSTITUTE
AND . ENVIRONMENTAL
FOR HYDRAULIC
ENGINEERING
P. V. CHANDRAMOHAN
Adv .,
. Gul-
Dr.lr.G.ABRAHAM
F.bruary. 1889
.l
-.'.,
.'.
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DICHTHEIDSSTROMING
EN SEDIMENT A TIE
-MT"ALS' SPEcF'KE
.
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TEPAS~SING COCHIN
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. P: v. CHNDRAMOHAN
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INTERNATIONAL
INSTITUTE
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FOR HYDRAULIC
AND
ENVIRONMENT AL ENGINEERING
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Acc.ptH by
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DIrector. DE
CONTENTS
1.0.
2.0.
3.0.
Page
Contents
( i)
Synopsis
(iv)
1.1
1.1.
History
l.l
1.2.
Saga of Cochin
1.1
1.3.
1.2
1.4.
1.2
l.S.
Currents
1.7
1.6.
Rainfall
1.8
1. 7.
Freshet discharge
1.8
1.8.
Salinity
1.10
1.9.
Vind
1.10
1.10.
Vaves
1. 13
1.11.
Mud banks
1.12.
Bed material
1. 13
1. 14
1.13.
1. 14
1.14.
1. 15
1.15.
Present problem
1.18
DETAILS
2. I
2.1.
2. I
2.2.
2. I
2.3.
2.2
2.4.
N.l.O.
- 1975 - 1976
2.3
2.5.
2.5
2.6.
2.6
2.7.
NESA - 1988
2.7
2.8.
Data on dredging
2.7
HYDRODYNAHICS OF DENSITY
3.1.
CURRENT
Relevanee of theory
3. I
3. I
(ii)
3.2.
Critical
flow concept
Page
3.6
3.3.
Critical
flow concept
3.7
3.4.
Application
3.9,
layer flows
4.0.
5.0.
6.0.
7.0.
3.5.
3.13
3.6.
3.18
flow
4.1
4.1.
Rigter's graphs
4.2.
Procedure
4.3.
Practical
4.4.
4.5.
Limitations
4.6.
Physical characteristics
of density current
4.6
4.7.
4.13
4.1
4.3
problems
4.5
4'.6
of the method
5.1
5.1.
Tidal flow
5. 1
5.2.
5.8
5.3.
5.9
6. 1
6.1.
Discussion
6. 1
6.2.
Stratification
6.3.
Computational
6.4.
s , 17
6.5.
6.24
6.6.
Future deepening
on available
data
for Cochin
parameters
quantification
of density current
of the channel
SEDIKENTATION
6.5
6.30
7.1
7.l.
Introduction
7.2.
Transport
7.3.
Sedimentation
7.4.
7.5.
Computations
Inferences
6.3
to problem
processes
of
7.1
cohesive sediments
during salinity
on sedimentation
intrusion
7.4
7.10
7.14
7.21
(iii)
Page
8.0.
CONCLUSIONS
AND RECOKHENDATIONS
8. 1
8.1.
Purpose of study
8.1
8.2.
Schematization
8. 1
8.3.
Conclusions
8.2
8.4.
Recommendations
8.6
List of figures
List of tables
(i)
(v)
Notations
(vi)
Reference
(viii)
Acknowledgements
(xiii)
SYNOPSIS
In
an
estuary,
the
confluence
of
complex
two
liquids
stratified,
of
the
about
2.5%.
Vhen
the
estuary
is
the lighter fresh water extends as a long wedge far into the
upstream.
The
amount
of
saline
water
brought in by the
Port
of
Cochin
inside a natural
passing
lagoon
with
large
monsoon
discharge
large
amount
of
at
presents
made
the
results
of
desk
study
Cochin
and
with
the
objectives
1. to
analyse
the
hydrodynamics
of
density
currents in
study.
for furhter
(v)
In
the
study,
hydrodynamics
more
of
sedimentation
emphasis
the
has
density
part.
The
currents
research
be
been
rather
done
general
on
in
on
the
than
the
the
density
character
and
put
agree
reasonably
forward.
observations.
The
weIl
density
its
currents
is
those
obtained
from
actual
placed
on
density
currents
there,
the
sea,
as
thesis
density
concentrates
difference
more
on
is
the
study
on
siltation
has
been
assumptions:
1.Most of the siltation inside the harbour occurs during the
wet monsoon when silt concentration at sea is high due
to
the
sea
assessment
So quantification
matter
was
made
sediment
parameters
for
of
sediments
flocculating
are
characteristics.
complex
However
due
a
to
rough
the
estimate
cohesive
of
the
(vi)
The work for the thesis
density
currents
included
study
of
literature
on
survey
have
been
included
only
of
the
in so far as
chapter
3.
'Queen
of
the
freshet
discharge.
The
begins
by
giving
an
above context.
The
second
chapter
glances
back
at
the
hydraulic data
is attempted.
The
mechanism
of
part
of
the
far
density
described
by
the
data.
A method to quantify density
chapter
4. Rigter's
graphs
currents
are
current
is
put
is
forward
in
method is
introduced.
of density current
and
then
an
all
inclusive
graph
of
(vii)
For
quantification
schematized
tidal
schematization
of
the
density
discharge
curves
currents
are
at
Cochin,
required.
The
not
the
density
been
have
current
and
Salient
features
attempt
to
quantify
siltation
have
been
made
in
wedge
is
explained.
Computation
of
the
for
flow
in
the
increasing
erosion
however,
that
channels
and
by
additional
to instal a silt
determining
be
the consequences of
to
was
CHAPTER 1
1.1.
Hl STORY
Hailed as the 'Queen of the Arabian Sea' from ancient times,
the Port of Cochin is situated in one of the best
waters
in
of India geographically
and
harboured
7616'
East.
The
port
facilities
are located on an
near
Since
the
hydrodynamic
factors
at
is
for
play, a broad
which
receive
backwaters
fact,
into
sea
the
was
major
opening
of
Muziris
silted up and in
norhtern
But
the
14th
as
the
port
flood
waters
of
the
the Cochin Gu t.
1.2.
SAGA OF COCHIN
to
make
Cochin
come inside. This bar along with an approach channel was cut
1.2
dredged
put
up
on
the
Initially
port
infrastructure
Ernakulam
side
up
facing
cut.
to
9.14
catered
to
to
10.7
draught.
The tiny
island which
backwaters
60
years
was
raised
is
connected
the
bed
of
the
from
to
commercial
activity.
The
places
km
only.
In
islands
apart
itself.
The
from
the
irregular
shape
of
the
lagoon
Fig. 1.1.
1.4.
are
semidiurnal
marked
diurnal
with
Cochin
tides
enter
the
basin
Tides
lose
most
of
to
their
energy as they travel farther from the gut. The tidal range,
for a 0.9 m tide at
southern
extremity
the
of
gut
the
reduces
lagoon.
to
0.20
at
Consequently,
the
the
1.3
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. FIG:1.1.
GENERAL . PLAN OF COCHIN:BACKWA TERS SHOWING
VARIOUS RIV"ERS
1.4
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FIG:1.4.TIDAl
CURVES AT COCHIHrN-
TIME
(hrs)
1.7
prism
to
explain
is
the
the
considered
south
fact
the
southern
water
areas
were
port
facilities
south
CURRENTS
in
is
and
Mattanchery
different
at
flows
around
velocities
are
channels
but
their
and
magnitude
bifurcates
channels
on
the
northern
the
veloeities.
As
can
be
gut
had
been
found
to
were
recorded
at
at
the
ebbing.
bottom
due
Max.
flood
to density
Mattanchery
Vypeen
channel
channel
channel
Premonsoon
0.96 mis
0.85 mis
Monsoon
1.42 mis
1.12 mis
1.01 mis
Post monsoon
1. 32 mis
1.18 mis
1.01 mis
1.8
sea
nor th
spring
to
south
during
the
are
predominantly
tides,
crossing
the
tidal
from
mis,
through
reverse
during
the
neap
tides,
to
the
west
of
the
tends
the
pattern
gut
in
the
sea
is charaterized by
RAINFALL
period,
November.
During
monsoon
which
lasts
till
Cochin
rainfall
is
3260
mm
while
major
FRESHET DISCHARGE
The
Manimala
and
Meenachil
enter
The
discharge
into
the
northern
Periyar.
The
ave rage
dominated
by
the
river
discharge
of
the
southern
value
of
Pampa,
little
part
is
monsoon
m3/s.
The
corresponding
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1. 10
1.8.
SALINITY
1.November to May
During November and December, the surface salinities are low
inside.
sudden
Maximum
late
May,
salinity
Except
very
during
for
be
the
this
begins
season
period
to
is
decrease.
found
January
to
But
bottom
to be quite high.
April,
the
salinity
during
of
low
be
can
fresh
water.
about
considerable
mixing,
the
influx
the
of
dense
bot tom
water
associated
with
the
monsoon,
season.
The
in
spite
the
of
turbulent
there
is
conditions
considerable
with
that
at
surface.
1.9.
Vind
at
Cochin
is
highly
to
1960
shows
I. 11
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1. 13
that
the
wind
direction
changes
from
May.
During
both
during
south
land
winds
is
not
dominant
during south west monsoon. The estimated annual ave rage wind
rose is shown in Fig. 1.5. and direction of max. wind speeds
has been illustrated in Fig. 1.6.
1.10.
VAVES
Yave
action
the
being
west
contributory
During
component
factors
September
and
during
the
October,
the
in
1.7.
Fig.
as
material
However
between
this
consequence
the
transport
in
the
rose
shoreline
of
and
material
siltation
of
is
the
transport
-3.6 m contour.
of
not
much
channel.
approach
Ref .1.18.
Inside
the
harbour,
generally,
as
it
is
calm
weIl
conditions
protected
prevail
from
the
MUD BANKS
The
mud banks along the coast of the Kerala form one of the
about
the
Yhile
very
little
is
its
wave
attenuation
1.14
capacity.
Occasionally,
mud bank
crossed
the
approach
BED HATERIAL
The bed material on the sea bed upto -3.6 m contour consists
of very fine sand. The sea bed in the deeper contours
silty clay having a median diameter of about 2
microns in the dispersed state and 100 microns in the
of
consists
flocculated
state.
occur
during
that
through
70%
the
period,
of
the
months
there
siltation
of
is
the
high
in
south west
fresh
It
would
so.
velocities
are
strong
winds
and
lagoon
itself,
where
also
accompanied
them
in
suspension.
It
is
the
gut,
currents.
point
the
In
(T.P.)(Fig.2.1)
siltation
the
as the predominant
west
of
cross
by the
is
and
by
It
water
is
the
caused
by
the
the
channel
1. 15
east
of
portion
of
the
approach
in
large
tidal
prism
entering
Cochin
stated
for
As
water
the
freshwater
discharge
is
For
more
an
than
average
the tidal
wedge.
high
degree
of
stratification
is also
the
the
ocean
channels.
It
in
is
T.P.
also
comes
in
the
1.9.
to
1.12.
present
desired
that
when
the
tidal
to
streamline
I. 17
-:
...,',
.:
"'...
."'.
1'1\
ut
....
""
0::
Loot
I-
"'-
-c
....
~
~
l. 18
there
on
acted
Ernakulam
the
southern
side
which
(fig.
1.11.).
Thus
started
the
was
while
only
0.2
106
m3
was
in the Ernakulam
the
Mattanchery
up. This is
supposed
to
streamline
the
flow
into
that
channel.
1.15.
PRESENT
There
PROBLEM
was
drastic
change
port,
Cochin
was
catering
to
declared
vessels
of
9.14 m
bring
deeper
Ernakulam
draughted
vessels,
the
approach
at
approach
channel,
Cochin
the
continental
channel
the
Since
and
in
was
also
widening
and
increased.
deepening
In
the
Ernakulam
reduced
the
ebb
stresses
to
erode
maintainance
up from 0.2 x 10
the
deposited
shot
up
particles.
considerably.
The
phase
deepening
of
m.
expansion
which
involves
1. 19
siltation
assumes
greater
channel
and
importance
factors
in
this
CHAPTER 2
AVAILABLE DATA AND TBEIR
2.1.
DETAILS
- 1940(Ref.1.10.)
Even though the port of Cochin has a long history dating back
to the twenties and though the port facilities are located in
a
The
earliest
observations
hydraulic
cross
cumulative
be
4,400
today.
2.2.
necessity
ahead
with
the
development
which
is
known
scheme.
Kuttanad
deltaic
Kuttanad
as
the
reg;i.on of
salt
water
intrusion
the
into
the
tidal
prism.
Since
it
off
part
of
obtained
at
various
con trol
stations
all
on
Tidal
influx
2.2
southwards
was
computed.
The
freshwater
discharges
were
computed based on the rainfall and run off. These values were
used in the model at Pune. Peak monsoon discharges agree with
those observed in 1980.
2.3.
July
in
1968.
on
the
flow
characteristics
the
only
valuable
on
data
Attention
approach
was
focussed
season
the
are
analysis. Continous
available
for
interpretation
and
Turning
point
10
~CALE
2
:t~4~OOO
.IND.EX
PLAN
tendency
(3
and
stratified
while
4)
at
vertical
the
gut
velocity
and
and
at
certain
salinity
Observations
were
also
locations
inside. The
profile
establishes
2.3
stratisfied
flow
and
shows
complete
2.4.
Again these
tidal conditions
spring
l..1.
I-sr
\,.
o
~k?-,S;;Z:::5 ..
..
lOOO
..
1000
1000
dd;;:==~==dl,...Iru
sc AlE r : "000
-~
...
c
..J
2.4
and
neap.
currents
eight
The
details
of
separate
locations
in
various
are
given
in
fig.
and
the
observation
Ernakulam,
Hattanchery,
during
the
in
maximum
current
of
the
gut
are
recorded.
The
maximum
in
observed
postmonsoon.
saline
later
part
of
the
the
surface
during
flushing
of the salt into the sea during higher tidal and freshet
discharges.
The
definite
conditions
during
change
monsoon
to
from
highly
vertically
stratified
homogeneous
The
average
tidal
prism
tidal
be
much
higher
dredging
operations
in
the
2.5
2.5.
...;_C_.ll_o_..;...&_P_._R_.-,-S_.
__ 19:....;8~O(Ref.1.
11)
Extensive
were
collected
channels
from
the
gut,
Ernakulam
Mattanchery
excessive
continuous
rainfall.
observations
The
at
freshet discharges
1
hour
time
and
there
were high.
2
depth
shows
sharply
stratified
followed
of
conditions
the
of
at
saline
July.
The
wedge
can
be
between
gut
L.I.
-wr
salt
inflow,
net
flow,
later in
2.6
e.v.
deepening
af ter
the
widening
observations
locations
taken
in
all,
one
and
channel. Two
the
other
locations were
the
widened
portion
""111 IlllIDiaIIl
. .'
"'8U'IIIIIOi.I.'
"
... ..IIC.IIII,.'
8f
.. 1111'" DAIA
F;:G~...2 .4
e-
of
the
was
in
Ernakulam
"""'' 111'
OBSERVATIONS-1985
channel.
Two
In
the Mattanchery
channel, stratified
was
conditions
2.7
mixed
conditions
were
seen.
One important feature was that in the widened portion of
Ernakulam
the
centre
than
NESA - 1988
This is the most recent survey carried out at Cochin. But the
timing
of
the
observations.
survey
was
not
proper
for
rains
results. The
salini ty
hydraulic
just
before
freshwater
distributions.
by
the
affected
bathymetric details
the
affected
turbidity
dredging
But
discharge
The
phase.
velocity
values
operations.
were
But
and
also
valuable
DATA ON DREDGING
The data on maintainance dredging
quantities
are
given
Quantity
be removed
106 m3
removed
106 m3
1984-1985
4.608
3.187
1985-1986
2.322
1.851
1986-1987
2.795
2.804
1987-1988
3.654
2.519
Year
in
2.8
Quantity
Quantity
to be removed
106 m3
removed
3
106 m
1984-1985
2.128
1.659
1985-1986
2.883
2.980
1986-1987
2.064
1.969
1987-1988
2.643
2.693
Year
CHAPTER 3
HYDRODYNAKICS OF DENSITY CURRENT
3.1.
RELEVANCE OF TBBORY
It
is
proposed
to
The
sea,
gut.
the
This is apart from the fact that there are six rivers, whose
annual
catchment areas receive more than 3000 mm of
rainfall, discharge into the basin.
Fig. 3.1. gives the schematised sinuzoidal
induced
by
the
discharge
curve
The
above
considered.
The
water
is
/00.
pressure
difference
which
fresh
water
front
at
the
the
salt
goes
inside
with
velocity
c and the
3.2
I
C1l
;>-.
"0
.-1
C1l ........
:;>0-0
"00-
~-c
C1l
Q)
C1l
c;~ @
,_.
>4
~
0
~
111
,_.
Qj
~
~
lt-4
'-'
. ~-
.-<y-
.. ":
I-~-_.,..~I..
i J
1-) ~
I
~
Qj
~
:l
'0
""
ITT ~ j !l!
I . I-- ~; i
(-4
til
H
~
(-4
I_ ...... ~~
ttt1ttt1
u
~
o ....
~
....
cu
111
'-'
....
0'
-...
U
.c
lt-4
0
11
(-4
....
0
I
....
~
~
(.!I
....
0'
[c ,..;
111
Qj
Ic
:l
H
til
cri
:l
0
0
I~
....
lt-4
'-'
""~
j;Q
~
0
~
Ig
~
~
""
H
(-4
:s
til
0'
.....
-""
'-'
Q)
....o
..
'0
o
....
~.
u
I-.l
'-'
Q)
.......
o
I,
.....
cri
w..J .
.1l
3.3
maximum
discharge
velocity.
This
is
During
the
ebb
velocity is superimposed
to
over the
that
extent.
The
ebb
net
of
a ou t
at
the
gut,
the
one
to
show
by
subtracting
itself.
period
of
about
30
get
the
net
in
fig.
3.4.
over
Ve
it
is
plotted
at
the
One interesting
of
say
flow,
0500
of
salt
6.29.
water
is
This
phenomenon
also
accompanied
dep th
of
continous
by
more
during
high
and
2200
hrs
in
that
the
3.4
_
....
_.
S131\31 WOU
_. .... _ ..._
...;
-I
-.
_
00
...
CO
..
....
.;
..:!-
HJ.d30
..
...S131\31
Wa.J.
00
00
....;
...
00
z:_
..
...
'0
...
lil
>
....
.t::.
0
0
....
....
00
"" t.......
0
:ii
i1i
..
00
1;
,~
0
0
N
0
....
s:
t.-
~
~
....
Ol
&.
...
co
> _
~
111
0-
~
~
0
00
0-
Vl
0
.op
0
N
...
~
I
..
:3
VI
LU
...J
u,
~~
~It
Cl::
>
>I-
;t:
<t
I-
=
Q.
n,
.-J
U
...
110
....
Q.
...
2-,
..~-
~
;_
>
Q.
111
t:
:i
;;
111
1/1
.... ,
00
.-J
LU
::::t-
lil
lil
...
00
:!
lil
lil
....
..
...
:g...
1/1
s:
_..
'1i
>
....
.2!
0
0
......
>
t:
Q.
Q.
...
2-
~----==~====~-
........
i1i
111
~...
111
..
-....
-..
.-:!...
"-
'0
o
o
o
o
'.
u.
00
2-
...
s:
f-
on
1/1
rrt
rrt
t.:I
<,
Ir
10
r-V~
-"_~r ........
....
_
..:
.. .. ...
.;
...
H.1d30
....
.;
51]1\31 1ym.1
_ .......
$!
J
__..
:sO'
-;;
>
&.
_
-I
t:
Q.
.......
:~
;;
es
-I
VI
elf
"
-ct
_.... Hl.dlO...
0
S1]1\]1
lVu.
..
-----1
.0
3.5
.-.-.-r-----.._-
22.7.1980
.8
Q_.Q .. 0
~6
..s
HET
fLOW
TaTAL OUTflOW
I....a
~8
4:
:r:
910
Cl
12
14
16
18
I..
.J
:112
t--------_;:.--....c....---
----_.--...__ .
..
li"Lr'OUTFLOW
#0.0
.0 _0..
0_0
~
-'0
".
0-
0_...
..
"0
fIG:3.4.DfNSITY
CURRfNT - 1980
0
0..
. .
3.6
out
on ce
every
day,
thereby
that the
confirming
the
salt
in
completely
is
wedge
driven
out
The
gut
is
separating
schematized
of
.
as
channel
of
finite
width
question
density
justified
induced
the application
return
currents
over
of
a sill
the
the
any
there
is
salt
accumulation,
reduced considerably.
is
salt
accumulation.
If
a density current.
3.2.
and
apply
the
densimetric
to
concept
homogeneous
of a long
3.7
......
c = u Igh
where,
3.1
velocity
of
acceleration
water depth
due to gravity
Fr =
gn
.....
where,
Fr
Froude
number
of
open
channel
flow,
Fr
<
propagating
in
the
can be made:
Iu I <
Then,
3.2
I/gh
in
the
I, meaning
that
there
is
one
wave
direction.
For Fr
>
Then,lul<l/ghl
3.3.
(c=o)
CRITICAL
For
that
LAYER FLOV)
given
by
(Schijf
and
3.8
u1a1+u2a2
c.
a1+a2
where,
(u1-u2)
(). a1a2
[~--p
a1+a2
:veloci ty
c.
a1a2 1/2
......
2
]
3.3
(a1+a2)
of long internal
propagation
of
wave
a1,a2 :Thickness
lower layer
of
upper
the
below
the
layer
above and
interface
between
both
layers
Vhen
wave
the
term,
are
Both
two
waves
propagating
in
opposite
second
absolute
value
by
the
direction
side.
Therefore, defining internal Froude numbers as,
.....
densimetric
Froude
3.4
lower layers,
in
accordance
with
the
magnitude
of
(Fr1+
Fr2),
the
For
3.9
of
Eq.
(Fr1+
>
Fr2)
propagating
over
the
interface
in
hand
indicated
3.4.
APPLICATION OF 'CRITICAL
3.4.1.
river
As
range
the
is
zero,
an
arrested
salt
wedge
the
freshwater
flow
to
be
in
the
positive
3.10
.....
3.5
.....
3.6
and
where, qfr
3.4.
gives
qfr
--3
....
3.7
~l
p
and
of
that
Eq.
is
stratified
flow
positive.
is
This
means
supercritical,
that
both
when
this
internal
waves
Only
interfacial
opposite
when
wave
the
which
flow is subcritical,
can
propagate
in
there is one
the
direction
the
basis
of
the
above
information,
the
following
the
filled
with
fresh
salt
flow
at
in
water
water
the
penetrates
mouth
of
the
made
salt.
is
subcritical
and
layer,
al
3. 11
river.
qfr
--3
.... 3.8
= 1
~
p
of
the
estuary,
the
slope
of upper
lower
layers.
discussion
of
two
layer
found
the
length
of
the
.... 3.9
in which, FO
qfr
--3
....
3.10
~
p
Yhere, L.
salt
wedge(see
fig.
3.6.)
FO
depth of river
k.
The
river
a2
3.12
and
a.
therefore
In
cannot
penetrate
into
the
river
and
so
no
represents
the
large
condition
to
satisfy
eq.
3.11.
which
in
6.5.5.
Comparision
the
pressure
is
3.12.
where, p
x,y:
P1
and
horizontal
vertical
co-ordinates
(fig.3.6.)
density of upper layer
horizontal
pressure
gradient
is
given by:
....
3.14
....3.15
3. 13
an
arrested
salt
wedge,
the
fresh
water
accelerated
the
The
sea.
pres su re
gradient
distance
(Eq.
the
gradient
3.14.).
The
acting
the
on
from
this
is
for
required
acceleration
flow
the
surface
the
due
the
interface.
As
6p
p,
this
3.5.
upper
layer
freshwater
Fresh wat:r
reserVOlr
flow
flow.
Consider
reservoir
with
long
another
weir,
with
connecting
which there is a net flow qfr from the fresh water reservoir
to
the
3.14
be
to
is
smaller than that of the arrested salt wedge. Then the slope
CJ'rr
I
-- .......
T
UI
L
Of
:
FIG.3.8. DENSITY INDUCED RETURN CURRENT
OVER SHORT WEIR
of the interface may become so large that there is
layer
flow
of
lower
to
density
connection,
interface
return
larger
current,
water underneath,
fresh
induced
the
water
the
fresh
continuously
is
q.
In
r
bringing
the
this
the
at a lower
position
in
the
the weir.
This stops to be true when the flow at x
becomes
critical.
The
flow
being
and
3.15
locations, at x
right
side
one
of
weir.
the
the
interface
further
in
Consequently,
freshwater
lowering
reservoir
or
given
value
of
is
critical.
These
critical
flow
of a
2
curve
equation
mathematically
for
stratified
flow.
This
link
water
can
be
expressed as
= a2,O
.. 3.16
and
select
the
critical
the
velocities
at
conditions
the
shear
between
design
graphs
interfacial
shear
coefficient
which
layers
over
it.
Rigter
in
further
derives formally that qr has its maximum value when the flow
is critical at both x = 0 and x = L,
physical
as
reasoning.
confirming
the
above
3.16
....
3.17
determines
q.
Therefore,
the
....
3.18
where
aA
aa2,0
aA
aYe
aA
aa2,L
aA
aq
--+
aq
aa2~= 0
.
.. 3.19
aq
r
0
aa2,L =
..3.20
has
....3.21
aA
aa2,L = 0
... 3.22
o and at x
....
3.23
3.18
(Fr1 + Fr2 = 1)
induced
exchange
the
flow
weir),
over
the
there
occurs
weir
which
is
ex
3.24.
magitude
of
qex
1
(~
7+ a p
ga
)1/2
.... 3.25
of
about
various
the
gut,
from
CHAPTER 4
A KETHOD TO QUANTIFY DENSITY CURRENT
4.1.
RIGTER' S GRAPHS
....4.1
where,e:
F and F :for upper and 10wer 1ayers respective1y. See
1
2
fig. 4.1. In the graph, F1 is p10tted against F2 and 1ines
of equa1 k.L have been drawn. k. is the interfacia1 shear
1
coefficient
+x
Fig .4.J.
4. 2
,.::0
ij"
::::J
,.
. C"'
~
,.
,.
::::J
. Fig.4.4Relation
betweenkl, ,F1,Fi
Data
O~igin~l
E.9
- solid
ApP~oxiMation
'.'
.. '~.
. 149
~
.
.
o.
::
r:
,:,
0,
"
+ .
i
~
:
:
.
:
:
:'
"1' i' '1' t
ooi
o .. 'j'
'l'
j
i
q::i':}f:;::::
j
ol,
;
.969
:.......
'.
;.
:
;:
'.' ,. '.'
,.
:.
'1'
-1-
,:
: : r
.:
:
:.
I .
:
:
~
:
t:
-1.~
:
:
:
:
":
'. :
'
:.
.... .
.189
~.dotted
;'
~.
, r::::
.929
o~
.~
'.'
'
.969
.....
_._-- ..
E 9
'.-
.
FIG:4.1 I~ -
F.J
vs .~
4.3
4.2.
PROCEDURE
The starting point is the tidal
fresh
mind
water
that
discharge
the
indicates
curve
including
through
schematised
the
discharge
discharge
(Fig.3.1. )
curve
in effect is q1 -
q2'
.....
the
net
flow
per
4.3
6p/ p
are
known
to
calculate
Vhat
is
obtained
curve
are
Several
points
along
the
entire
tidal
PRACTICAL PROBLEMS
4.3.1.
As
mentioned
the schematized
discharge
curve
with
fresh
water
4.4
sort of tidal
Some
it.
on
superimposed
discharge
computations will have to be carried out to obtain this. The
tidal
schematization
attempted
for
Another
important
point
is
to
velocities
required
draw
to
distribution
estuary mouth are
As
discharge.
density
of
graph
the
the
at
salini ties
and
Vertical
(q2)'
At
the
same
instance
from
(ql - Q2)' (F2 - F1) can be read out from the graph for
various values of kiL.
F2a/ga or F1a/ga
whichever
value represents density current as given by Rigters curves
may
be
computed.
For
graph
example
may
a
be
value
adopted
for
further
of 0.001.
I/a
L is dimensionless length
where
is the length of
the sill
4.3.3.
In
the
case
be
done
for two consecutive tides and the graphs should be drawn for
one larger and one smaller
particular
combination
of
tide.
tides
This
and
means
that
for
25
times
if
values
4.5
of
overcome
the
above
difficulty
and
Since,
case
found
of
Cochin,
kiL
0.05
curve
was
in
the
fitting,
4.4.
a/ga,
4.5.
2
Substituting for (F - F1) from Eq. 4.3. and for F2 from Eq.
2
4.4. into Eq. 4.5., we have,
2
q2
0.174 a/e,ga
4.6
- 0.483 q + 0.274 q
aJe,ga
density current
where,q2
a
tidal amplitude
per
unit
width
be
now
termed
the
as
the
procedure
density
is
simply
current
equation
to substitute
the
examination,
we
can
find
that
are
procedure.
all
dependent
the
tidal
only independent
period
and
the
4.6
4.5.
LIKITATIONS
As
OF TUE KETBOD
explained
theory,
in
section
3.1.5.,
for
applying
Rigter's
salt
water
reservoir
accumulation.
(sea),
neglecting
This assumption is
the
effect
of
salt
when
the
salt
justified
described
in
chapter
show
inside
eventually,
which
the flow
accumulation
of
salt
4.6.
PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
Vhile evaluating
OF DENSITY
CURRENT
currents
of
of
theoretical
density
current
fig.4.4.
The
range
water
and
friction, a 90
phase
lag
between
the
Following
the
procedure
mentioned
earlier,
the density
force
for
density
depends
on
la.
current is proportional
estuary,
current
estuary.
is
So
driving
force
flow
of
the
to a/a
4.7
Ti,j.:: 0.75111, 2nd Tide: u.30&\,
fl'~::tl.:t, dc.t~l'\J~: G. u bl::./:.
bt
u.7,-----------------~-----------------r-----------------r----------------~
U.+------------------+------------------+-----~-----------+------------------~
O.5+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------~
0.4 '
0.3
r-,
0.2
-7\~
,
O. 'I
0
.[
-0. 'I
i
>-
.!!
...= -o.~
ii
-0.3
,I
I
/
-0.4
I
.....
Ol
....
ii
oi
r<:
5+-~------~---~~--~----~--~-------------+------------~
-;
~
:
/I.
c:
~.
1_.
,,'(1
~ 0 , ......
......
Ol
l'";
cl
~(
~q_!~
""
.~,
I
, .! i) ,,(0 ,. \ ' ..
..~ G
.., ~~,
,
.'.
..
v-u- .\ -t~,
t :,,.
' ~,
,..: r:
10.,.,':
: '
'. t ':.'
....
..
," '. ," .-J)..-Er
..
'Oi
e:
Cl
-5+----------------~------------~---~~-----------------4-----------------~
o
~ltllOl
4.8
(net)
discharge.
4.6.2.
is
when
the
opposing
tidal cycle, this may happen two times ie, at instances when
the tidal flood becomes equal to the freshet flow. As can be
seen from Fig.4.4.,
H
and
tidal
top
graph
at
will
be
then
that
to zero. But this will be lower than the other two values.
4.6.3.
of density current is
certain
maximum,
and
goes
beyond
density
current.
point
when
hence
lower
0,
the
density
than at B because
driving
force.
Please note the upward slope of line KL. From Eq. 4.6.,
q2 = 0
for
va lues
of
q/a/ga
equal
to
or
same.
0.5.
For a particular
above
will
remain
4.9
points Band
zero
density current.
4.6.4.
flushing
is
happens
when
the
the
Theoretically
estuary.
there would be
an
and
increases
favourable for the salt to be driven out. It has been
from
data
that
at
zero
The
Cochin,
flushing
It is not necessary
takes
'q'
are
found
place
when
balance
between
VARIATION OF DENSITY
CURRENT
YITH
FRESHET
DISCHARGE
AND
TIDAL FILLING
In the above schematisation,
becomes
more
interesting
tidal
filling
with
its
variation
value at F. Correspondingly
on
to
of
tidal
filling
current
to
is
to reduce density
the
tidal
current
to a
4.10
tidal
filling.
If
we
start
from
higher freshet
on
increasing;
but
the
tidal
current.
So
there
to
current.
On
reduce
a
maximum
quantity
the
would
current
of salt water
the
Of
course,
...
...
";.
.......
Ol
~~
'0
VI
...
0
,~
Ol
;;..
when
freshet
discharge
the
4. 11
4.6.6.
it
amount
of
salt
calculating
the
time
limits
equation
4.6.,
the
total
inflow
of
salt
water.
4.6.7.
LACUNAE NOTICED
During
it
was
curve
whereby
inflow,
phase
in
noticed
there
would
be
compensate
of salt in the
accumulation
since
the
showed
data
for
complete
the
to
the
was
found
was
attention
For
was
to be
itself,
the
8.
wedge.
This
ave rage
This
for
peak
fresh
water
had
to
be
explained.
4.6.8.
EXPLANATION TO LACUNAE
Part of the explanation to both this lacunae is given by the
experimental
results
put
forward
by
Keulegan
(1966).
4.12
..
. ..
..,E
c:
e
';;
,..:i
... eu
2...
::J
Q.
>-
iii
c
):
0
Q
)I
0
Q
IJ)
U .;: iii
c:
0
'ij
.. ...
0
.:;J
u iii
Q.
..t
Ah
. (Oc.an
fig.
4.G ..
2.5
fully
En',anc.)
stratiffed
estuary.
2.0
0
0
1.5
JI.
Fresh Water
0
--'l
1.0
y/hz
0.5
0""
.
Interface_:)
o ...
o
05
10
03
ffg.
peP
,.Qc
00
o_o
oorP
lf-
00
Solt ...,edge
u/
o
4.'L
0.3
0.6.
1,2
09
_ .f1_0w..
Keulegan established
to
salt
underflow.
in pressure at
side
4.13
of
saline
the
wedge
and
the
interfacial
shear
zero
days
4.6., when Q
outflow,
the
also
>
saline
and
for
seven
established
velocity
are
wedge
equal
to
,
Q <
s
when
the
outflow,
that
Q,
means
the
wedge
is
the
wedge
is
retreating.
This
fact
also
stratification
gives
rise
velocity
velocity
stratification
occurs
at
data
about
the prototype
intervals.
data
So
velocity and
give
velocities
only
salinity
is
observations,
noticed
as
out
stratification
picture
of
depth
at
closer
is pinpointed.
salt
out
soon
as
density
at
stratification
be
a lower
flow
intervals
Then
which
we
observations
should
till
the
velocity
will
get
clear
explanation
to
the
4.7.
prototype
observations,
conceptual
graph
analysis
on
the
4.8.
schematic
oscillations
4.14
T _..,.
,.
,
C-
,
J
>-
!:::.
VlO
,
I
Z ......
LoJuCI~
0
~
.....
0
............
a.
<U-
VIS
.....
-e
VI
....J
Hf1GHT 0
U0
.I
::t:
.....
(.
0..
LoJ
Q
l -,
I:
- l.
fI
CJ
:.
.....
_,
4(
VI
u,
(;)
l
CJ
::
VI
J
_,
u...
OS
j!:
ffi_,
FIG:4.8. COMPLETE Q.UALJTA TIVE DENSITY CURRfNT GRAPH
4. 15
of
the wedge front during the entire twin tidal period. The
twin
tidal cycle
place
by
the
outflow
being
is still much more than the outflow. In other words, 0's > 0 s
(para 4.5.8.). Af ter point D, the ebb discharge of the 2nd
tide increases and start driving out the density current. So
salt outflow increases and at Al' 0' = 0 . This is the first
s
s
point of arresting. From Al to A2, there is a larger salt
outbalances
There
is
(=net)
discharge
freshet
water
depth
would
until
at
be
salt
outflow
for
the
Fl
when
complete flushing
occurs.
It
can be seen from the foregoing that for a twin tide, the
saline wedge
lengths.
gets
arrested
at
three
points
various
at
quantitatively,
the
position
to
should
be
the
topic
for
further
research,
in
CHAPTER 5
TIDAL FLOV
The tidal flow through the gut is due to the tidally induced
variations of the water level at sea. It
the
is
controlled
by
characterized
depth,
flanked
by
shallow
the area as a
however,
tidal computations.
These types of
study.
Because
of
the
above
response
of
distinguishing
that
the
depends on the
through
channel
of rectangular
constant
dep th
considered
and
channel
5.2
11
11
Sln
2n
T
.... 5.1
where,11
time
denoting
parameters
of
amplitude
involved.
Vhen in the basin,
channel,
water
level
rises
or
falls,
in
the
channel.
water
waves
level
rises,
tidal
water
Vhen
in
the
basin,
falls,
negative
t, the height Zo
of
an
individual
Consequently,
.....
5.3.
and
..... 5.4.
Vhere,zo (t ): height of tidal wave entering
the
O
at t = to
Zo (t + ~ T), Zo (to + T): the same at ~ Tand T
The
channel
later.
and flow rate which the waves induce are given by:
c
Igh
.....
5.5.
5.3
ic
......
5.6
Bzc
5. 7
and
q
velocity of propogation
where,c
z
acceleration
depth of channel
width of channel
due to gravity
the
velocity
of
h.
of
the
incoming
the
closed
This reflection
an
at
positive
after
reflection,
tidal
wave
remains
positive
when
basin.
An
incoming
negative
wave
assuming
that
by
the incoming tidal wave passes through the closed end of the
channel. In doing so, at x
wave
L, it must be met
by
tidal
in the large
sea
basin
do
not
5.4
negative
wave
re
dx ..
de
[..t +t
o 2L
....
.....
@'
.,,-
.,,-
'"
t;to+[4L
tgh
:positive wave
:negative wave
CD
damping factor
~:
""
its
Jb"
- - - ... - ..
.... .....
loses
a=
e-foL
[-[0+[6L
....
..... ....
....
6);
[;[0+[8L
5.7.).
It
does
when at x = 0, it is
the
channel
by
wave
propagating
in
the
5.5
opposite
direction,
flow
is negative.
shear. Therefore
by bed
Vhere,x
damping coefficient
lJ
The
above
phenomena
are represented
schematically
in fig.
which
.. 5.9
etc
19h
in terms
of
the
given by
.... 5.10.
T/gh
as
the
channel,
the
5.6
at
to
reinforce
each
is
the
sea
is given by,
where tz
time
w long.
to
(Eq.
5.4.) Hence for this length of the channel the positive wave
entering at t= to + t2L and the negative wave induced by the
negative wave which entered at t = to counteract each
other. In a similar way, each individual wave
the
channel
from
predecessors.
the
sea
basin
is
which
enters
couteracted
by its
of
corresponds
to a
Neglecting
shear,
the
imply
that
there
is
maximum
quarter
of
(~
0),
the
tidal
wave
leng th
of
resonance,
the
L.
bed
shear
stress
must
this
be
is
a minimum amplification
to half
of
the
tidal
wave
length.
Neglecting shear (~ = 0), at any station along the
maximum
tidal
veloeities
estuary,
5.7
occur
in
mathematical
of
terms
by
Ippen(Ref.1.9).
The
phenomena
of
the
could
irregular
not
did
not
give
applied
and
other
Cochin
obstructions.
to
be
obtained
to
It
any
desk
study,
it
was
SCHEMATISATION
gut
is
known,
and
the
depth
averaged,
been
used
PHASE LAG
As mentioned in 5.1.2., the velocities
schematized
using
the
simple
method
of
tidal
level
and
the
maximum
discharges.
This
analysis
at a later
performed
prism
high
has been
to
6.20.
stage
of
the
showed,however,
simultanously
the
were
study
af ter
computations
were
6.22.
to
6.26.
5.8
For
equal
to
at
that.
The
phenomenon
of
the
situation
water
in
the
longitudinal
embayments
tidal
does
transport.
not
participate
in
the
So
the
only
should
of
the
represent the
as
mentioned
earlier
this
through
elaborate
computations
could
which
be
was
the
history
net
of
computations
discharge
the
through
discharges
remains
to
used
be
primarily
as
of
the
an
input
correct
into
the
order
of
are
smalle
level
discharges
obtained
from
It
is
estimated
that
and
September,
the
freshwater discharge from all the five rivers from the south
of Cochin increases rapidly. The peak monsoon discharge
is
recorded as 3400 m3/s. Out of this, Thottappally spillway
3
discharges a peak of 560 m3/s at an ave rage of 280 m /s into
the
5.9
of
the
gut.
Except
north of Cochin, all the above water has to find its way out
through Cochin gut. This quantity comes to 3740 m3/s and
1870 m3/s for the peak and ave rage discharges. Varying
va lues
of
freshwater
discharges
we re superimposed on the
gut
has
an
irregular
--
+0
tNt
430m
')
--
-12.0
schematized
discharge
curves
for
various
freshet
CBAPTER 6
6.1
DISCUSSION
6.1.1
TBEORY
ON AVAILABLE DATA
inside
the
gut
on
flow
outside
this
study.
Vertical
velocity
profiles
at
purpose
a certain
stratification.
Based
(1969)
surface
and
gradient
at
profile
surface
suggesting
stratification.
the
basin
is
clear
The
of
salt.
It
may
be
NIO : 1975-76
As discussed earlier in 2.4, these were
observations
covering
all
of
analysed
report
for
arrived
at.
first
complete
The
data
the
mainly
contains
various
locations
and
channels
have
mean
the
downstream
the
graph'
northern
side.
The
'percentage
flow
sharp
change
at
during
day
in
gradient
at
the
6.2.
close
advance
depth
and
completely
and
time
retreat
flushed
stratification
intervals.
of
the
saline
out.
The
salinity
also.
Vertical
until
it
is
distribution
of
current
data
(Ref.
February
presents
normal
vertical
gradient.
6.1.3
e.v.
As
& P.R.S.
earlier
:1980
mentioned,
made
from
Ernakulam
observations
for
use
of
for
analysis.
The
data
were
Mattanchery
was
between
channels.
20th
The
period
of
From
Table 1.1, it can be seen that during this month, there was a
rainfall of 749.40 mm compared to an average for the month of
614 mmo The previous month of June
rainfall
of
888.90
(average
844
also
registered
mm).
high
all
data
for
seven
days
collected
pattern
salinity
verticals
the
study.
showed
this
for
high
discharges
oscilating
with
the
6.3.
6.1.4
taken
af ter
the
channmel
was
by
deepened
Two
and
locations
side
collected
similar
to
1980. In Mattanchery
of
those
flank
of
the
channel
fully
mixed
conditions
were
lateral
variation
observed.
Stratified
conditions
were
observed
also
at
NE SA
:1988
Eventhough
these
sophisticated
could
not
observations
were
taken
with
out
at
the
had
channels
been
were
discharge.
discrepancy
This
some
untimely
subjected
had
noticed
if
most
to
affected
was
the
rain
some
pre
monsoon.
during
amount
But
freshwater
high
velocities
6.2
the
analysis
of
There
is
6.4.
2.
The
freshet
discharges
were
the
with
the
theory,
the
stratification
.....
6.1
where Of
volume
flood tide
For
3
a peak monsoon discharge of 3,740 m Is and for a maximum
F 2
..... 6.2
ex
U 2
~h
F~ : Froude number =
Uo :Maximum
profile averaged
where,
value of velocity
at mouth
h
10
-4for
peak
discharge
and
1.9 x 10
6.5.
10 -3 ,the
upper
for
limit
stratification.
6.2.3
Ot
.....
/1p/ p
respectively
which
were
peak
less
and
6.4
average
to be present.
..... 6.4
b U3
t
where,
Richardson
number
worked
out
to
be
2.91
for
peak
0.75 m tide both of which is more than the lower limit of 0.8
for highly stratified conditions.
The
above
parameter
values
are
compatible
with
of
stratified
proceed to make a
estuary
the
clear
study
about
6.3
section
gives
theoretical
schematisng
the
net
flow
current
through
equation
the gut as
used
here
6.6.
inequality,
following
twin
tidal
tides
with
combinations
The
together.
considered
were
0,75 m
0,30 m
(2)
0.75 m
0.15 m
(3)
0.50 m
0.30 m
(4)
0.50 m
0.15 m
Freshet Discharges
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
graphs
were
laid
down
in
Chapter
given
in
Fig.
density
4,
sets
of
graphs
increasing
with
for
freshet
discharge
for
higher
coming
which
was
of
6.00
current
it
2
mis,
was
was
found
the density
found
to
be
inside
is
density
current
plus
tidal
tide,
was
much
lower
than
'./J 7
j('
.....
.... :
.:: I
~.--:".,~
q ::::':
~.... ,.'
'%:
0..
<
IX
lr" ....':
.~:.
-::.
I.!:I
....
....
cr:
cr:
:>
....
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1\
Z.
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-, .
....Vi
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z.
....
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Q
.G
j.
i:
.,. .....
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,~ ...
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......
it1I::, ,
"(I~:
--~
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on
o.
..
ol
.:...
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'"~.....
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on
GO
6.8
...
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11.
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IX
I:J
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IX
IX
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00'"
....
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,,
....
Vi
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00
z
..,
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ol
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4'01
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ei
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oM
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on
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6.11
:
Q..
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0:
o.:J
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0:
Cl:
Cl:
::l
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., ..
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>....
v;
z
....
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I/
~3
....
,.,c ~~
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0:>
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ex
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Cl
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water
coming
inside
the
harbour
the
silt
charged
basin
is very
sea
water
is
and September. Using the ave rage conditions, the total volume
of
salt
density
water
coming
current
is
an
upper
limit
6.1.
6.4.
6.4
currents
through
the
net
flow
and
the
TABLE 6.1
DENSITY
FILLING
Densitl current
lst
qfr
m 2/s Tide
2nd
Total
Tide
Tidal fillins:
lst
2nd
Tide
Tide
Total
Total
Ratio:
densitf
curren
HitI~;
Saline
water
6.77
3.29
2.32
1.49
1.08
11,061
15,257 115.058
40,851 173,015
70,028 231,560
101,432 292,912
139,213 345,162
6.54
3.24
2.31
1.89
1.48
94,516
5,254 148,239
70,360 233,708
70,650 273,546
117,825 326,735
8.16
6.00
4.08
2.33
1.00
60,704 42,523
62,737 71,621
60,972 102,376
59,141 111,827
58,026 122,757
103,227
134,358
163,348
176,968
180,783
15,257
0
40,851
0
70,028 332
101,432
17,289
128,152 39,270
15,257
40,851
70,360
118,721
167,428
CD
27.22
2.32
2.87
1.77
6J9
PRESENT SITUATION.
Tidal filling
Density current
qfr
2
m /s
1st
2nd
Total
Tide
Tide
1st
2nd
Tide
Tide
Total
densitv
curren1:
Total
il~tI~;
Saline
llater
8.16
53,643
37,031
90,674
6.00
73,656
67,120
140,776
4.08
82,418
98,100
180,517
26,104
2.33
8.7,556 129,909
217,364
.53,334
1.00
88,675 145,339
234,014
78,549
11 ,061
It
further
of
net
the
flows
5,254
GO
5,254
146,030
26.79
26,104
206,621
6,92
53,334
210,698
4,08
89,610
323,624
2.61
gives
theoretical
an
input
into
the
density
current
equation.(Eq.4.6.).
The velocity verticals at one hour
for
density
currents.
The
curves
intervals
of
were
Tidal
analysed
levels,
Net
on
data
22-7-1980
marked
at
the
beginning
data,
is
of
the
These
of
The
correlation
6.20
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22 .7 .1980
0200 hrs
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1900 hrs
2100 hrs
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2200 HRS
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23 .7 .1910
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41
_ .. _------_._------------
624
the
initial
portion,
there
is
deviation of the
the
accumulation
wedge
goes
into
both
of
the
abov~
findings,
the
for
the
density
currents.
6.5
6.5.1
given
during
by
that
Fig.
Because of the
predominance
of
freshwater
discharge,
the
over
pattern
is
ebb
three
tides.
current
density
flow
flow.
The
the
But
starts
again
af ter
really
occuring.
to
whole
depth
during
the
is
no
flushing
at
over
this
discharge,
Eventhough,
when
the
6.25
in
4.5.9.
This
is
phenomenon
for
the
results
peak
in
discharge
high
conditions.
This
for
keeping
up
As
earlier
stated,
components
the
salt
outflow
consists
of
two
The
depicted
difficult
to
in
see
stratification.
The
no
doubt
vertical
salt
present,
profile.
overflow
is
not
But it is not
above
the
velocity
the
the
is
hrs
to
concentration
1800
hrs
in
fig.3.3.,6.28.,and
outflow
(whole
depth)
is
this
of
period,
zero
the
density
entire
in
hrs
current
wedge
and
flushing.
verticals.
Fig.
6.22.
is
just
this period, all the salt had been driven out of the estuary.
That
means
there
at
is
high
channels
have
irregular
shape
and
are
fresh
water
in
the
estuary.
6.26
Please
could
or Vypern channels.
and
it
is
the
estuary
0.7
is that as
meets
the
this is
not so. The channel continues into the sea with high contours
on the sides. The sea bottom slopes only mildly. So
part
of
the wedge is still formed outside. This has been proved right
by data collected in 1967-68 as discussed
in 6.1.1.
channel. This was the case before 1983 when the channels
were deepened. For the same Froude number, for the deepened
conditions,
a discharge of 15.60 m2/s would be required to
flush out the salt wedge. Ve do
not
have
any
observation~
taken at the gut af ter deepening of the channel (to -11.9 m).
In all probability,
It
inner
the
dep th
scouring
and
more
at
the
section is less. The result is that the driving force for the
density
current
is
proportional
gut.
at
6.27
If
the
channel
is
deeper,
the
the
channel
increase
density
in
A~'I
"7"""'" '~
I
~
--=-
/'11), ~n",ru"
.
rl
,J
I
1.0NGITUDlHAL SfCTIOH
PLAH
are
three
natural
shallow
side. Out of this, Vypern channel joins right at the gut. Two
other
Ernakulam
channel
at
interface
above -9.8 m the wedge finds its way into the Mattanchory
would
start
wedge.
628
6.5.8
In
by
flanks
there
of
the
channels,
the
deep
are
channels.
On
the
deep
channels.
The
discharge
stratified
conditions.
So
By
taking
is
lateral
This
widening
which
this
found
that
was
location
was
has
partly
due
to
the
resulted in lateral
(Dixit
1985,
prism
and
the
up land
discharge
is
expected
to
6.29
6.5.10
Before
deepening
of
both
the
third
channel
was
channel.
But
channel
in
1983,
current
to a/a, where a
Ernakulam
reversed.
of
in
favour
This
acquires
more
significance
since
density
..
..-. ....
.'.
.
..
lil
'.
'
'.
.'
~~::~~~~~~~~--~---I."
111:
lil
'.,
'.
.,
.'.... ...,....,
. ....
.' . . ..,..'. : ''..
.. . ',:.. '.. .-, ....
,.q :. ....
, : SA~iNE. WEll<i,'
'
'. '
'.
'.'
t,'
'
't
-5r-----------r---------~----------_4----------~
TiIK'
:::0
(T r::.)
One
feature
which
quantification
sudden reduction
was
not
taken
into
account
for
the
of
in
the
density
current
when
the
wedge
6.30
reaches
the
end
of
that
stage
is
reduced
to
the
the
Fig.
density
6.32.
The
flow,
which
point
at
is
shown
schematically
in
This
Port
further
for
required
by
accommodating
trade.
deeper
the
vessels
inner channel
to
-13.40
would
be
interesting
to
note
the developments
following
SITUATION
Ratio of Density
During monsoon
Current to Tidal
filling
LPast
Case
9.34 x 10
m3
2.79
(Draught - 9.8 m)
2.Present Case
11.18 x 109 m3
3.54
13.80 x 109 m3
4.60
17.58 x 109 m3
6.13
(Draught -11. 9 m)
3.Future Case (1)
(Draught -13.4 m)
4.Future Case (2)
(Draught -15.2 m)
m.
in the
facts.
TABLE 6.2
m.
as
draughted
6.31
It
may
be
noted
be
the theoretical
situations
different
freshwater
discharges
are
increase
in
not
for
be
five
any
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6.34
CHAPTER 7
SEDlHENTATION
7.1
INTRODUCTION TO PROBLEM
7.1.1
The
biggest
single
problem
facing
the
port of Cochin is
As
discussed
navigation
in
the
earlier
chapters,
there
Yhen
three
are
Cochin
was
declared
major
channels
inside
the
approach
Channel
1. Approach
channel
2. Ernakulam
channel
6 3
2.0x10 m
3
O.2x106 m
6 3
O.5x10 m
3. Mattanchery channel
Total
2.7x10
widened
7.2.
1.
The
approach
channel
was
deepened
at
from
-11.3 m
Cochin
being
to
only
widened
from
Ernakulam
channel.
So
this
channel,
generally
underwent
There
were
earlier
250
the
-11.9 m.
The
high
wideningj
as
500
3.
the
in
upto
sizable
as
up
m.
the
two
relative
position
this
has
OBJECTlVE
The
objective
accurately
as
various
of
this
thesis
is
and
the
parameters
not
the
quantify
of
the
silt
available.
The
main
the
total
density
to
southwest
the
harbour
to
examine what hap pens to the silt during the period the saline
wedge stays inside.
7.3.
7.1.3
SCOPE
As mentioned earlier, para 1.13, the mechanism
is
different
in
approach
thesis is concentrating
focussed
on
silt
on
carried
and
inner
density
of
siltation
current,
attention
is
this
is
mostly
confined
suggest that
the
to
the
interface
inner
basin
extends
to
phenomenon
small
distance
HYPOTHESIS
A large tid~l prism is meeting a larger fresh water discharge
at
the
saline
wedge
and
circulation
during
Incidentally
winds
the
four
of
the
resulting
of
salt water
water
discharges
southwest monsoon.
by
strong
these
waves
erode
lot
into
of
bed
westerly
months
fresh
the
navigation
brings
this
certain
the
wedge
enters
be
as:
Eros'on by waves;
Transportation
summarised
7.4.
7.2
7.2.1
FLOCCULATION
Flocculation
aggregates
Flocculation
is
brought
increases the
flocculation
fluid and
probability
of
collision aiding
they
flocculating
Yhen
two
But
the negatively
charged suspended
in a
decrease
as
in
of
a
flocculation
the
repulsive
of
the
cloud
colliding
thus
of
aiding
particles. A salinity of 2
point
of
there
is bioflocculation
around
ggregates.
forces
flocculation.
amount
coagulation
given
the
particles
agent.
particles
when
Apart
/00
from
is
salt
Polymers
they
the
are
found
to
be
7.5.
From
the
foregoing,
it
can
properties
organic
content etc.);
the properties of the fluid (salinity, pH, temperature);
hydraulic conditions (turbulence);
Sediment concentration.
The
aggregated
in the
dispersed
state
and
would
be
possessing
high
settling velocity.
Fig. 7.1 gives a particle size distribution graph of the
bed
......
7.1
above
case,
In
Fig.
7.2
shows
flocculation on concentration.
astrong
take
actual
dependence
of
is
of ten used.
= me
where, usually, 1
...... 7.2.
<
<
7.6
>
lil
lil
,.
en .
0
C:)
,._
tD
('9
g
I
I- ....
c:::
lV!
lI...l
':J
a.
4J
..I
V!
...-:
r--
. ;)~
u..
"',
lil
ct.
a',
c.:J
:-:
....
Vl
liJ
>_I
U Z
-:(
I
)0("
"
I'
'
Cf.
z
o
0:
U
"'_
N
U')
0 cc
ai
"1:
...J
U')
I..)
J:
u
w
~
...
..J
";
0
lil
._
~'.
ei
.)
1.01
(1-
r-
..J ...J
.!:
l.
Cl
.,
I,
::E
<{
lil
l.u
t,,-e .
,e
CJ)
e oo-o
~__._...~..
7. 7
Krone(1962)
for n.
the
dispersed
material
QJ
Clmu/II-
the
flocculated
state,
density
for
the
7.8
7.2.2
DEPOSITION
Once fall velocity
is
decided
by
flocculation,
the
next
deposition (~
experiments
stress
shear
of
the
flow
reduces
value,
deposition
certain
to
is
more
If
the
bottom
shear
although Krone did not confirm this. Krone had expressed this
as a fraction of the concentration near the bed.
. . . . 7.3
Deposition rate (kg/m2/s)
where,D
V
Cb
probability
expressed as:
~b
1-
't
..
7 4
crD
Bottom shear stress
Critical shear stress for deposition
(in
fIume).
performed
indicate
that
by
Partheniades
and
Hehta(1978),
of
the
initial
sediment
can
Because
problems
is
the
application
of
rather cumbersome,
the
theory
to
the expression by
7.9
Both
theories
however
agree
to
the
fact
that
complete
Partheniades
found
va lues
of
0.12
and
0.15
Pa for
data
from
others
cr
Sediment
Referenee
Krone(1962)
natural mud
Mehta/Partheniades
kaolinite(distilled
Mehta/Partheniades
kaolinite(salt water)
crD
0.06
0.18
water)
0.15
"
"
kaolinite-natural
"
"
"
0.12
"
natural mud(salt)
0.10
mud
Partheniades(1968)
0.04
Partheniades(1965)
0.07
Rosillon and
Volkenborn(1964)
0.08
depends
upon
the
EROSION
Identical
to
the
critical
shear
particles
number
of
Parchure,
erosion
start
expressions
Ariathurai),
function
al,Ref. 2 .15).
is
cr
eroding.
available
the
given
stress
in
the
case of
shear
stress,
literature
(Mehta,
(Kandiah
Ariathurai
et
7JO
'tb
M(-'t-
- 1)
7 5
crE
2
'IIhere,E
2
erosion parameter (kg/m Is)
M
't
cr
M depends amongst others, upon the sediment type and the pore
fluid and can be determined in the laboratory.
In
general,
this expression
consolidated
Refenence
Ariathurai,
't
cr
M (kg/m2 Is)
Sediment
Arulanandan
't
cr E (Pa)
-4
-3
- 5x10
-3
-2
1.4x10 - 1.6x10
2x10-4
5x10
Sargunam et al
Yolo loam
Cormault
Gironde mud
Thorn/Parsons
in
Grangemouth,
1.3x10
-4
-3.4x10
2 - 3
1 - 8
0.1 - 0.9
-4
0.05-0.34
Brisbane,
Belavan mud
It
cr
can vary
in orders of
magnitude.
7.3
Siltation is
Normally
any
the
net
result
of
deposition
and
erosion.
phase
phase
where
only
no
';I"
-_"'''__EROSION
Flr..7.3. OErOSITION
7.3.1
density
current
has
at
lower
velocity
salt
underflow
normally
and
of
the
larger
of
compared
to
oscillating
spending
the
this
flow
is
much
smaller
movement
with
considerable
the
wedge
moving
to
and
fact is that this flow carries silt from the sea. Due to
velocities
inside
fro
the
saline
wedge,
the
material
low
gets
7. 12
7.3.2
wedge
front
always
is
tide
(abed
by
the
this
possess
be
high
estuary
velocities
and
could
But
discharge
would
capable of eroding
this
eroding
process
could start operating only af ter the wedge has withdrawn from
that reach.
7.3.3
WEDGE
usual
consequently
phenomenon
tidal
shear
that
reduces
the
tidal
amplitude
and
of
71 j
which
the
Inside
the
point
is
velocity
line
'point
of
no
called
meets
cross
the
point
the
of
of
shoaling.
Depending
upon
the
If
the
null
point
is
downstream
of
'point
erosion
of
some
magnitude.
So
the
of
no
subjected
estuary
is
the
null
Due
to
the
density
basins
is
increased.
This
time.
This
retention
increases
time.
Af ter
deposition
to
erode
to
increased
due
material
which
the
before
tidal
shear
is
7.T 4
7.4
COMPUTATIONS
ON SEDlKENTATION
and
available
only
the
equations.
But
problem boils
down
unfortunately
to
applying
the
process
For easiness
of
eros ion
expressed
was
So
comparison,
the
computed
deposition
and
-S.
....
7.6
ln
.. ETELB
S.
ln
Cl]:
S. =
ln
. 7.7
. . .. 7.8
Yfloodcsea
.....
ex
~-Cl]:
where,
7.9
channel
reaches
in
this case)
B
reaches
300,400 and300 m)
The bed shear stress is computed by
inflow
as
taking
place
over
half
taking
the
the
total
salt
water depth as an
average case.
Vflood
u =
1 hB
....
7.10
.....
7.11
2:
The bed shear stress follows from:
2
"tb
pg C2
where,
Chezy's coefficient
g mis
(taken as 100
for
is plotted
how
Lb
is
plotted
against
7.7.
On
the
left
hand
sediment concentration
of
field
measurements,
the
amount
of
dredging
in
by
can be
the
total
cb
Pb - Pw
(p
where,
Pw
follows from
) Pg
......
cb
bed concentration
Pb
bulk density
Pw
Pg
mass
dredged
during
the
7.12
monsoon
.'.
7.16
.....
+---
0.05
rrb (Pa)
10
20
15
25
T (hu)-'"
FIG.
7.5. P vs T
s'
W = 10-4
s
0.15
0.10
0.05
1----
rrb
(Pa)
.FIG.
7.6.
5
T. (hr5)
P vs T
s'
10
..
W "10-3
s
15
20
25
..
7.17
I
C
I
C
7.18
where,
......
7.13
passing
over
net siltation
Volume dredged
7.4.1
CALIBRATION
In the present case, the volume of salt
the
Ernakulam
channel
estimated to be 6.40 x
quantity
comes
in
during the
109 m3. It
with
silt
water
southwest
monsoon
is
assumed
charge
of
that
was
this
per
kg.
I ...
I~ _
SA,:,,,,rv
<111.,
'''' "pr,
.,l. r
.,
0-.1
'""' .. ,..' '"
",.T.
Ot
6.27 x 10
9
6.40x10 xO.2
7.19
the
required value would be one, meaning that all the silt that
enters, deposits inside)
is 0.5. There
woul~
be
several
eombinations
of
and
these
The
and ~
region
the
values
of
partieular
0 - ~
set
of
value, there is no
for
erE
~erD
range of
7.4. 0 &
~:
7.14
still
have
we
ie,
~cr E-
0.20 to
CALIBRARION
DEPOSITION
~er
V~\
. . . . . ..
EROSION
0.10 Pa
0.20 Pa
0.30 Pa
2
kg/m Is
mis
10-5 0.00021 0.00385 0.0076
10-4 0.0021 0.0385 0.076
10-3 0.021
0.385
0.76
0.00885
0.0014
0.00034
0.0885
0.014
0.0034
10-5
10-4
0.885
0.14
0.034
10-3
7. 20
7.4.2
VERIFICATION
The same procedure was
draught
done
for
the
past
case
when
the
channel was much less. The computations were carried out for
-4
-3
~crO= 0.10 Pa and 0.15 Pa, Ys
10
mis and 10 mis,
-4
-3
and 10 . As per the
~crE= 0.20 Pa and 0.30 Pa and H = 10
dredging quantities at that time, the required worked out
to 0.09. The disposition of is shown in table 7.2.
now
seen
be
that
down
narrowed
parameters.
the
can
considerably
especially
with
the
erosion
It
at
the
accuracy
of
the
from
this.
which,
similar.
TABLE 7.5.
~cr
Y\
s
0.10 Pa
10-4 0:0436
10-3 0.436
& ~:
VERIFICATION
OEPOSITION:cn
EROSION:~
0.15 Pa
0.20 Pa
0.30 Pa
0.077
0.146
0.0549
0.77
1.00
0.549
-3
-3
E=0.284 Pa, Y =10 mis, H=10 ;
cr
cr
s
-4
-3
(II) ~ 0=0.15 Pa, ~ E=0.30 Pa, Y =8.325x10
mis, H=10 .
cr
cr
s
(I) ~
7.4.3
0=0.142 Pa, ~
PREOICTION
An attempt could now be made to predict the value of possible
siltation
if
the
The above two sets of values were made use of. The values
.
of
7.21
there
density
is
current.
net
This
of
the
deepened
has
increased
the
shear
stresses
salt
wedge
have
dimensional (vertical)
or
to
a
be
three
But
the
quantified
velocities
using a two
dimensional
model
for
7.5
INFERENCES
(I)
Increase
in
depth
the
velocity
of
circulation
by
the
the
this
also
in the wedge.
velocities;
not
reduce
Deepening
erosion
could
deposition.
by
decrease
increase
Therefore
in tidal velocities.
retention
time
of
increasing
further
deepening
of
predict
the
the
inner
channels.
(11) Videning
of
inducing
the
channel
might
parameters
and
flow
and so accurate
7.22-
evaluation
future,
of
the
attention
following
is
same
should
parameters
by
be
required.
paid
in
laboratory
Therefore,
in
evaluating the
and
field
measurements:
~crE' ~crD' Ys' H, csea at gut, the bulk density of
dredged
material
and
a roughness value for
bed (Chezy).
the
the
CHAPTER 8
PURPOSE OF STUDY
The
Port
basin,
of
Cochin,
exhibits
confluence
of
fascinating
a
flow
through
narrow
entire
to
the
exchange
has
to
take
due
patterns
The
port
experiences
large
brought
in
siltation
by
in
density
the
and
inner
tidal
channel
Yith
filling
on
the
deepened
Ernakulam
and
widened
The
side
in
currents.
pattern
bringing
in
sediment
research
into
the
into
the
basin
was
inevitable.
8.2
SCHEMATISATION
This
study
currents
at
has
concentrated
Cochin.
on
Cochin
the
physics
of
theory
developed
by
Rigter
(1970)
was
density
currents.
saline
made
combinations
water
for
Extensive
for
tidal
the
and
gut
and
applied with
a
method
application
quantification
entering
various
density
of
to
of this
the
silt
discharge
8.2.
explained
with
the
help
which
remained
are
to follow.
CONCLUSIONS
Host
of
the
conclusions
from
the
analysis
are given in
DENSITY CURRENT
(1)
It was found that the deeper the channel, the more would
be
the
density
proportional
to
current.
a/a.
The
Using
density
the
gut
as
indicated
quantification
of
in
density
current
density
current
section
current
5.1.2.,
the
with
increase
is
3.54
would
whole
south
west
times
6.13
total
af ter
quantity
neglecting
the
is
4.60
salt
effect
water
entering
the
basin,
of accumulation as mentioned in
density
current.
of
area
which
admits
is
large
for
constraint
deeper
on
inside.
The
8.3.
(III)From
This
accumulates
that
the
freshwater
discharge
for
only
academie
in
some
of
the
(See 6.5.4.)
wider
because
of
of
salt
water
entering
Ernakulam
channel,
the
in the
widening
pattern
of
density
based
on
the
density
above
current
study.
further
could
be
(Fig.4.8.) This
research
on
the
8.4.
8.3.2
SEDIMENTATION
Only
limited
sedimentation.
study
The
was
made
various
on
sediment
were
not
Deepening
the
in
from
the
sea
on
deposition.
stated here
important
with
thing
But
certain
is
to
get
of
correct
caution.
values
The
of
dimensional
the
model
the
area
of
the
can
deposition
and
increase
retention
reduce
time
of
channels
does
not
time,
increasing
erosion.
Please
see
Chapter 7.
(ii) Videning
density
would
the
current
reduce
as
the
increase
volume
of
inside
the
wedge,
encouraging deposition.
(iii)Roughness of the channel can increase shear
and
would
reduce sedimentation.
(iv) The values of ~ ,V,
cr
s
accurately as total
Mand
Care
sedimentation
to
be
evaluated
quantity is highly
.,..
..
.l
"
,
. I
/.\ .r:....
"..
.,.,
"
;
!:
..,"
.. 8..5
cS
..,
I
-=
,,'"....
...
., .
;;:
\.
,l
/i
'1,'/'
.'
1
.:1
.;
.'/
.l,
1/
r ..
I
.i
..
__
...re
O'
a.;.
--_ -. V'
..
",
.,
a.:"
:z:
rJ'
:IC
. Lol
u.!
a.
,_
>-
>;
8. 6
8.4
RECOMHENDATIONS
The recommendations made here are of two types.
(i)
only
on
studies
feasibility
to
study
be
included
for
the
in
the
Container
imminent
Transhipmen~
Terminal at Cochin.
8.4.1
(i)
One
recommendation
is
to
streamline
that
ebb
are
quicker.
Of
higher
retention
velocities
time
of
in
the
channel
would
reduce
8.7
time,
thereby
reducing
deposition
and
increasing
erosion.
(ii) Another innovation is the silt screen
which
was
tried
the
portion
area
is
overcome
the
roughness
of
could
the
be
decreased
this
could
be
done
by
studied
studies
should
especially
for
in
prototype
and
would be no flushing.
It
must
be
mentioned
that
determining
the
(ii)
technical
and
(iii)
Even
among
all
need
silt
observation.
So
The
the
is
accompanied
be
checked
8. 8
This
is
to
be
verified
to
some
extent.
(ii) The phenomenon of flushing was weIl
1983.
established
before
would
velocity
interesting
interfaces.
interface
depth
be
are
observed.
is
to
So,
to
pin
point
as
soon
as
density
the
and
density
This
made
would
until
be
velocity
useful
interface
is
1980
observations
(vi) As
velocities
inside
the
wedge
quantification of siltation, a
plane
should
be
employed
vessels)
2-0
model
in
vertical
draught
when
(to
accommodate
third
study
exploratory.
is
LIST OF FIGURES
1.1.
General
plan
for
Cochin
backwaters
showing
various rivers
1.2.
1.3.
Port infrastructure
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.
Direction
1.7.
Vave rose-height
1.8.
Vave rose-period
1.9.
Before 1920
1.10.
Af ter 1930
1.11.
Af ter 1953
1.12.
Af ter 1982
2.1.
Observations
1968
2.2.
Observations
1975 - 1976
2.3.
2.4.
Observations
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
Velocity verticals
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
3.7.
3.8.
4.1.
Definition
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
: 1985
- 1980
sketch
the
(ii)
4.5.
Variation
4.6.
Fully stratified
4.7.
Velocity
4.8.
Complete qualitative
5.1.
5.2.
Schematized
6.1.
estuary
profile in stratified
flow
section of gut
6.5.
6.8.
6.9.
(iii)
6.15.
6.22.
6.23.
6.24.
6.25.
6.26.
6.27.
Velocity verticals
1980
6.28.
Velocity verticals
1980
6.29.
Velocity verticals
1980
6.30.
6.31.
6.32.
6.33.
Longitudinal
6.34.
6.35.
6.36.
qfr= 6.00
Increase in density current with deepening:
6.37.
qfr= 4.08
Increase in density current with deepening:
6.38.
qfr = 2.33
Increase in density current with deepening:
section
qfr = 1.00
7.1.
Size distribution
of bed material
<iy}
7.2.
7.3.
7.4.
7.5.
7.6.
7.7.
7.8.
8.1.
Comparison of V
Deposition
= 10 -4mis
vs T , V = 10 -3mis
s
s
p vs T , V
to
siltation
8.2.
Silt screen
streamline
veloci ties
to
reduce
LIST
OF TABLES
1.1.
Rainfall data
2.1.
2.2.
6.1.
6.2.
7.l.
Dredging data
7.2.
7.3.
7.4.
7.5
Calibration
oand ~:
Verification
crE
NOTATlONS
:h + ~ :Yater depth at any instance
:Ve1ocity of propogation
of tide
:Ve1ocity of propogation
of interna1 wave
:Initia1 concentration
:Bed concentration
:Chezy's coefficient
:Deposition
rate
due to gravity
g'
:g : Densimetric
ki
:Interfacia1
:l/a : Dimension1ess
:Length of si11
L.1
:Rate of erosion
:Probabi1ity
Pt
:Tida1 prism
Ql,q2:Discharge
Q
ex
(v i.i )
qr
qfr
Os
:Salt overflow
0'
:Salt underflow
0fr
:Richardson number
:Sedimentation
iE
S.
:Tidal period
:Velocity of flow
l.n
:Fall velocity
:Vertical coordinate
Zo
interfacial shear
:Ratio of deposition
PI)
/lp
P
"tb
"t
crD
"t
crE
"t.
l.
{Al
=T
:Damping factor
:Symbol denoting amplitude of parameter involved
A
:Function
:Vatersurface elevation
~.
l.
REFERENCES
1.
DENSITY CURRENTS
1.1
Abraham
G.,
"Reference
notes
on
density
and
currents
Kruiningen
F.E.V.,
"Large
scale
1.3
communication
Abraham
G.,
1971,
no . 2.
1.4
Barr,
O.I.D.,
"Densimetric
exchange
flow
in
rectangular
1.6
as
on
new
Technology
Eysink,
V.D., "Sedimentation
Gole
to the Port of
Association
1.9
Cochin".
13th
Conference
of
International
Hydro-dynamics."
McGraw-
(Lx)
1.10
Joglekar D.V.,
siltation
Gole
of
C.V.
Cochin
and
Port".
Kuiekar
XIX
S.N.,
"Studies
International
in
Navigation
Naik
A.S.,
Kanhare
salinity on siltation
Conference
on
V.N.,
in
Coastal
Vaidyaraman
the
and
Cochin
Port
P.P.,
Port".
"Effect
of
International
Engineering in Developing
Partheniades
E.,
"Salinity
Intrusion
Varma,
Abraham
Pylee,
"Hydrographic
Rama
Raju
V.S.,
Udaya
characteristics
Indian journalof
1976.
Harbour
mouth".
78-84.
1.15
Rigter
B.P.,
"Density
return
induced
currents
in outlet
Yaterlookundig
laboratorium,
"Theoretical
considerations
1970.
1.16
estuarine
V.N.
and
Naik
A.S.,
"A
study
of
(x)
1.19
Udaya
Varma
P.,
Abraham
Pylee,
Rama
Raju
V.S.,
Yillington
"Tidal
salinity
SEDIMENTATION
2.1
2.2
Burt
T.,
"Field
Proceedings
laboratorium.
settling
velocities
of
estuary
muds ",
Tampa,
Gole
e.v.,
Tarapore Z.S.
siltation
in
harbour
and
Brahme
basins
S.B.,
"Prediction
of
p.p.
33-40.
2.4
Kranck,
"Settling
Proceedings
behaviour
sediments".
cohesive
of
Tampa,
shoaling
Engineering
processes
laboratory
and
Final
Sanitary
of
sediment
report".
Engineering
in
Hydraulic
Research
significance
processes".
dynamics
with
of
aggregate
properties
to
reference
to
Physical
(Xi1
2.7
settling
velocity
Mehta
A.J.
and
depositional
Journalof
Partheniades
properties
of
E.,
flocculated
fine
sediments".
for
and transport
estuaries".
processes
in
Proceedings
of
Florida,
November
12-14, 1984.
2.10
2.11
Parker
V.R.
behaviour
"On
for
the
observation
Engineering
Cohesive
of
purposes".
sediment
Proceedings
of
Physical
12-14, 1984.
2.12
Partheniades,
E.
"A
fundamental
Dynamics
with
of
Special
frame
a
work
for Cohesive
Vorkhop
on
Cohesive
Reference
to
Physical
Partheniades,
E.
"Erosion
and
deposition
of
Cohesive
Partheniades,
E.
Cohesive
(xi.L)
2.15
Ranjan
Ariathurai
5i11s"
the
"Erosion rates of
Hydrau1ic
Division,
ASCE,
from
sediment
suspension
to
settling bed."
2.17
2.18
Trimbak
H.
Kyushu University,
Parchure
and
"Erosiona1
Hydrau1ic Engineering
Villiams,
Proceedings
Special Reference
to Physica1 Processes
in
Estuaries
Tampa,
ACKNOVLEDGEMENTS
At the onset, the author places on record his gratitude to Prof.
Ir. H.
Velsink
Services
of
Delft
Technical
University/Port
He is grateful in no small
Abraham
(Delft
measure
to
his
guide
with
Ger
Hydraulics)
who
Dr.Ir.
Advisory
at
the
Estuaries
and
Seas
van
Os
Ir.
him.
Many
thanks
are
due
to
Ir.
J.H.C.
owes
lot
Cooperation,
Netherlands
to
the
Ministry
who
remembers with
Directorate
of
foreign
that
General of International
affairs,
Government
of
the
organisations
NEDECO
and
Port
moment
is
utilised
to
thank
Delft
great institution.
Hr
Ananthakrishnan
A.
of
through
out
Ministry
souree
of
of
Surface
Transport,
inspiration
to
the
the study at IHE. The author expresses his gratitude to him. The
interest
shown
by
Dr
P.P.
Vaidyaraman
is
valuable
Hr H.H.
(xiy}_
Kaniben
thanks
from
the
bot tom
of
his
heart
~.