[BUFFER SOLUTION]

A. TITLE
B. DATE
C. PURPOSE
strong base

: Buffer Solution
: March, 19th 2013
: To learn the effect of adding strong acid,

D. BASIC THEORY

and dilution toward the PH of Buffer Solution

:

A buffer solution is a solution of a weak acid or a weak base and its salt; both
components must be present. The solution has the ability to resist changes in pH
upon the addition of small amounts of either acid or base. Buffers are very
important to chemical and biological systems. The pH in the human body varies
greatly from one fluid to another; for example, the pH of blood is about 7.4,
whereas the gastric juice in our stomachs has a pH of about 1.5. These pH values,
which are crucial for proper enzyme function and the balance of osmotic pressure,
are maintained by buffers in most cases.
A buffer solution must contain a relatively large concentration of acid to react
with any OH- ions that are added to it, and it must contain a similar concentration
of base to react with any added H+ ions. Furthermore, the acid and the base
components of the buffer must not consume each other in a neutralization
reaction. These requirements are satisfied by an acid-base conjugate pair, for
example, a weak acid and its conjugate base (supplied by a salt) or a weak base
and its conjugate acid (supplied by a salt).
A simple buffer solution can be prepared by adding comparable amounts of
acetic acid (CH3COOH) and its salt sodium acetate (CH3COONa) to water. The
equilibrium concentrations of both the acid and the conjugate base (from
CH3COONa) are assumed to be the same as the starting concentrations. A
solution containing these two substances has the ability to neutralize either added

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acid or added base. Sodium acetate, a strong electrolyte, dissociates completely in
water:
CH3COONa(s)

CH3COO-(aq) +Na+(aq)

If an acid is added, the H- ions will be consumed by the conjugate base in the
buffer, CH3COO-, according to the equation
CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq)

CH3COOH(aq)

If a base is added to the buffer system, the OH - ions will be neutralized by the
acid in the buffer:
CH3COOH(aq) +OH-(aq)

CH3COO-(aq) +H2O(l)

The buffering capacity, that is, the effectiveness of the buffer solution,
depends on the amount of acid and conjugate base from which the buffer is made.
The larger the mount, the greater the buffering capacity. In general, a buffer
system can be represented as salt-acid or conjugate baseacid. Thus the sodium
acetateacetic acid buffer system discussed above can be written as
CH3COONa/CH3COOH or simply CH3COO-/CH3COOH.
Citric acid is a weak organic acid. It is a natural preservative/conservative and
is also used to add an acidic, or sour, taste to foods and soft drinks and cakes. In
biochemistry, the conjugate base of citric acid, citrate, is important as an
intermediate in the citric acid cycle, and therefore occurs in the metabolism of
virtually all living things. It can also be used as an environmentally benign
cleaning agent. It is very corrosive to the touch of the skin and can burn severely.

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Citric acid exists in greater than trace amounts in a variety of fruits and
vegetables, most notably citrus fruits. Lemons and limes have particularly high
concentrations of the acid; it can constitute as much as 8% of the dry weight of
these fruits (about 47 g/L in the juices). The concentrations of citric acid in citrus
fruits range from 0.005 mol/L for oranges and grapefruits to 0.30 mol/L in lemons
and limes. Within species, these values vary depending on the cultivar and the
circumstances in which the fruit was grown.
Application of buffer solution in daily life, Buffer solutions are necessary
to keep the correct pH for enzymes in many organisms to work. Many enzymes
work only under very precise conditions; if the pH moves outside of a narrow
range, the enzymes slow or stop working and can denature, thus permanently
disabling their catalytic activity. A buffer of carbonic acid (H2CO3) and
bicarbonate (HCO3) is present in blood plasma, to maintain a pH between 7.35
and 7.45.
Industrially, buffer solutions are used in fermentation processes and in
setting the correct conditions for dyes used in colouring fabrics. They are also
used in chemical analysis and calibration of pH meters.
The majority of biological samples that are used in research are made in
buffers, especially phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.4.

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[BUFFER SOLUTION]
E. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT :
a) Tools and Materials :
Tools :
o Test tube
: 9 Pieces
o Rack
: 1 Piece
o Graduate Cylinder : 2 Pieces
o Mortar
Materials :

o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

NaOH
HCl
CH3COOH
CH3COONa
NH4OH
NH4Cl
NaCl
Pineapple
Orange
Tomato
Cucumber
Soft drink

:0,5 M
: 0,5 M
: 0,5 M
: 0,5 M
: 0,5 M
: 0,5 M
: 0,5 M

b) Experiment Step :
a. Determining the Comparison Solution
1. Prepare 9 of clean test tube, pour 5 mL solution
to each test tube that the pH, has already know
and labeled according to the pH value of the
solution.
2. Add 3 drops of universal indicator each solution.
3. Write the color of each solution and the pH
value, save it as a comparison.
b.

Making a Solution from Juice

1.
2.
3.
4.

Prepare fruits that will be made as solutions.

Squeezed the fruits about to get the juice.
Add 20 mL aquades as much as the juice
Filter the juice that has been diluted and save
the juice in a beaker glass which has been
labeled according to the name of the fruit.

c. The effect of adding a strong acid

1. Prepare 10 pieces of clean test tube and pour
the solution into each tube as follows :
a. Test tube 1 : 2 mL CH3COOH and 2 mL
CH3COONa
b. Test tube 2 : 2 mL NH4OH and 2 mL NH4Cl
c. Test tube 3 : 2 mL NaCl and 2 mL HCl
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d. Test tube 4 : 2 mL NaCl and 2 mL NaOH
e. Test tube 5 : 4 mL pineapple solution
f. Test tube 6 : 4 mL orange solution
g. Test tube 7 : 4 mL tomatoes
h. Test tube 8 : 4 ml cucumber
i. Test tube 9 : 4 mL soft drink
j. Test tube 10 : 4 mL aquades
2. Add 2 drops of universal indicator to the each
test tube, shake and record the color of the
solution and its pH value by comparing with the
first experiment
3. Add drop of HCl 0.5M into each test tube until
the color was changing.
4. Count, the total drops of HCl.
d. The effect of adding a strong bases
1. Prepare 10 pieces of clean test tube and pour
the solution into each tube as follows :
a. Test tube 1 : 2 mL CH3COOH and 2 mL
CH3COONa
b. Test tube 2 : 2 mL NH4OH and 2 mL NH4Cl
c. Test tube 3 : 2 mL NaCl and 2 mL HCl
d. Test tube 4 : 2 mL NaCl and 2 mL NaOH
e. Test tube 5 : 4 mL pineapple solution
f. Test tube 6 : 4 mL orange solution
g. Test tube 7 : 4 mL tomatoes
h. Test tube 8 : 4 ml cucumber
i. Test tube 9 : 4 mL soft drink
j. Test tube 10 : 4 mL aquades
2. Add 2 drops of universal indicator to the each
test tube, shake and record the color of the
solution and its pH value by comparing with the
first experiment
5 mL solution
A
3. Add drop of NaOH 0.5M into each test tube until
the color was changing.
4.
Count,
5 mL solution
B the total drops of NaOH.
c). Procedur
:
5 mL solution
C

1. Determining the Comparison Solution

5 mL solution D

-Write the pH
3 drops of indicator universal

5 mL solution E
5 mL solution F
-Observe and write the result
5 mL solution G
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Change Colour
5 mL solution H
5 mL solution I

[BUFFER SOLUTION]

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2. Making a Solution from Juice

Fruit

Squeezed to get the extract

Placed the juice into 50 mL beaker glass

Add aquades as much as 10 times of the juice volume

Filtered the juice

Saved in beaker glass that already labeled

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3. The Effect of Adding Strong Acid

TUBE 1 :
2 ml CH3COOH + 2 ml CH3COONa

TUBE 2 :
2 ml NH4OH + 2 ml NH4Cl

TUBE 3 :
2 ml NaCl + 2 ml HCl

TUBE 4 :
2 ml NaCl + 2 ml NaOH

Added 2 drops of universal indicator

Shake and noted the color of the solution and also pH ra
TUBE 5 :
Added drops of HCl until there is color changing
4 ml pineapple solution
Counted total drops of HCl to until there is a color chang
TUBE 6 :
4 ml orange solution

TUBE 7 :
4 ml tomato solution

TUBE 8 :
4 ml cucumber solution

RESULT

TUBE 9 :
4 ml sprite

TUBE 10 :
4 ml aquades

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4. The Effect of Adding Strong Bases

TUBE 1 :
2 ml CH3COOH + 2 ml CH3COONa

TUBE 2 :
2 ml NH4OH + 2 ml NH4Cl

TUBE 3 :
2 ml NaCl + 2 ml HCl

TUBE 4 :
2 ml NaCl + 2 ml NaOH

Added 3 drops of universal indicator

Shake and noted the color of the solution and also pH ran
TUBE 5 :
Added drops of NaOH until there is color changing
4 ml pineapple solution
Counted total drops of NaOH to until there is a color chan
TUBE 6 :
4 ml orange solution

TUBE 7 :
4 ml tomato solution

TUBE 8 :
4 ml cucumber solution

RESULT

TUBE 9 :
4 ml sprite

TUBE 10 :
4 ml aquades

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F. EXPERIMENT RESULT :
N
O

PROCEDUR

1.

The Effect of Adding

Strong Acid

RESULT
BEFORE
AFTER
Tube I :
Collorless

TUBE 1 :
2 ml CH3COOH + 2 ml CH3COONa

Tube II :
Collorless

Tube II :
UI : blue
pH : 8
HCl :
Drops :25
pH : 3

Tube III :
Collorless

Tube III :
UI : orange
pH : 3
HCl : smooth

TUBE 2 :
2 ml NH4OH + 2 ml NH4Cl

TUBE 3 :
2 ml NaCl + 2 ml HCl

TUBE 4 :
2 ml NaCl + 2 ml NaOH

Added 2 drops of universal indicator

Shake and noted the color of the solution and also pH range
TUBE
5 : drops of HCl until there is color changing
Added
4 ml pineapple
solution
Counted
total drops of HCl to until there is a color changing

Tube IV :
Collorless

TUBE 6 :
4ml orange solution

TUBE 7 :
4ml tomato solution

Tube V :
Yellow
TUBE 8 :
4 ml cucumber solution

TUBE 9 :
4 ml sprite

TUBE 10 :
4 ml aquades

Tube I :
UI : yellow
pH : 6
HCl :
Drops: 28
pH : 2

RESULT

Tube VI :
Turbit

HYPOTESIS

CONCLUSI
ON

If we add a lot

Buffer is the

of strong acid, it

solution if we

will be occur

added a little

the change of

strong acid the

pH.

pH is settled.

orange
Drops: 40
pH : 2
Tube IV :
UI : purple
pH : 11
HCl : smooth
purple
Drops: 42
pH : 10
Tube V :
UI : orange
pH : 4
HCl : yellow
Drops :45
pH : 2
Tube VI :
UI : smooth
yellow

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[BUFFER SOLUTION]
pH : 3
HCl : smoth
yellow
Drops : 73
pH : 3

Tube VII :
Red

Tube VIII :
Turbid

Tube IX :
Colorless

Tube X :
Colorless

Tube VII :
UI : orange
pH : 4
HCl : smooth
yellow
Drops : 40
pH : 3
Tube VIII :
UI : yellow
pH : 5
HCl : yellow
Drops :
pH : 5
Tube IX :
UI : orange
pH : 3
HCl : smooth
orange
Drops :42
pH : 2
Tube X :
UI : green
pH : 7
HCl : pink
Drops : 23
pH : 4

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[BUFFER SOLUTION]
N
O

PROCEDUR

2.

The Effect of Adding

Strong Bases

RESULT
BEFORE
AFTER
Tube I :
Collorless

TUBE 1 :
2 ml CH3COOH + 2 ml CH3COONa

Tube II :
Collorless

TUBE 2 :
2 ml NH4OH + 2 ml NH4Cl

Tube I :
UI : yellow
pH : 5
NaOH: dark
purple
Drops: 6
pH : 14

HYPOTESIS

CONCLUSI
ON

If we add a lot

Buffer is the

of strong bases,

solution if we

it will be occur

added a little

the change of

strong bases

pH.

the pH is
settled.

Tube II :
UI : purple
pH :12
NaOH:smooth
purple
Drops : 44
pH : 14

TUBE 3 :
2 ml NaCl + 2 ml HCl

Tube III :
Collorless

TUBE 4 :
2 ml NaCl + 2 ml NaOH

Added 3 drops of universal indicator

Shake and noted the color of the solution and also pH range
TUBE
5 :drops of NaOH until there is color changing
Added
4 ml pineapple
solution
Counted
total drops of NaOH to until there is a color changing

Tube IV :
Collorless

TUBE 6 :
4 ml orange solution

Tube III :
UI : orange
pH : 4
NaOH:smooth
purple
Drops: 34
pH : 12
Tube IV :
UI : dark blue
pH : 11
NaOH :blue
Drops: 42
pH : 10

TUBE 7 :
4 ml tomato solution

Tube V :
Yellow

TUBE 8 :
4 ml cucumber solution

Tube V :
UI : orange
pH : 4
NaOH: brown
Drops :7

RESULT
TUBE 9 :
4 ml sprite

Tube VI :
Turbit
TUBE 10 :
4 ml aquades

Tube VI :
UI : smooth
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[BUFFER SOLUTION]
orange
pH : 3
NaOH:smooth
yellow
Drops : 50

Tube VII :
Red

Tube VIII :
Turbid

Tube IX :
Colorless

Tube VII :
UI : orange
pH : 4
NaOH : dark
red
Drops :21
pH :
Tube VIII :
UI : smooth
green
pH : 5
NaOH: dark
purple
Drops : 3

Tube X :
Colorless

Tube IX :
UI : orange
pH : 3
HCl : blue
Drops : 15

Tube X :
UI : green
pH : 7
NaOH :purple
Drops : 2

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G. DATA ANALYSIS :

1. Effect of adding strong acid

In the first experiment, we react CH 3COOH + CH3COONa that colorless and
after drop two drops of universal indicator the solution become green so pH = 6
and after we drop HCl until 28 drops pH change become 2. It means that it is a
buffer solution because buffer solution is a solution of a weak acid and its salt and
able to keep value of pH upon the addition of small amounts of either strong acid.
For the second experiment, it is about NH4OH react with NH4Cl that colorless
and directly become blue after added by universal indicator it show that the pH is
8 and after added of HCl 25 drops the color become orange and the pH decrease
until become 2. It is include in buffer solution especially in base.
In the third experiment, we react NaCl with HCl that colorless and become
orange after added by universal indicator and the pH is 3 although after add by 40
drops of HCl color become smooth orange and the pH is 2. It is not buffer solution
because buffer is a solution that formed if one of them is weak acid or base, but in
this reaction is contain of strong acid and strong base.
In the fourth experiment, we react NaCl with NaOH that are colorless and
become purple after we add by universal indicator with the pH is 11, but after we
added by 42 drops of HCl the color become smooth purple and the pH decrease
become 10. It is not a buffer solution.
For the fifth experiment, when pineapple solution that are dark yellow react
with universal indicator the color become orange and the pH is 2 after added by
45 drops of HCl, the color is smooth orange and the pH is 4. It is a buffer solution
especially in acid because it can resist changes in pH upon the addition of small
amounts of either acid
In the sixth experiment, it is about orange solution that are turbid react with
universal indicator is become orange with the pH is 3, after added by 73 drops of

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HCl the color changed become smooth orange and the pH is 3. Same with the fifth
experiment, it is include in buffer solution.
In the seventh experiment, tomato solution that are red react with universal
indicator the color become orange with the pH is 4, after added by HCl 40 drops
the color changed become smooth orange and the pH is 3. It is include buffer
solution like orange and pineapple.
In the eighth experiment, cucumber solution that are turbid when added by
universal indicator is yellow and the pH is 5 but after added by 60 drops of HCl
the color still yellow and the pH is 5 too. It is include buffer solution.
In the ninth experiment, soft drink that are colorless react with universal
indicator the color become orange and the pH is 3, after add by 42 drops of HCl,
the color become smooth orange and the pH is 2. It means that it is a buffer
solution because buffer is a solution that able to resist changes in pH upon the
addition of small amounts of either acid or base.
In the tenth experiment, aquades that are colorless react with universal
indicator the color become green and the pH is 7, after added by 23 drops of HCl
the color become pink and the pH is 4. Based on our result, the aquades that we
use is not include as buffer solution.
2. Effect of adding base strong.
In the first experiment, we react CH3COOH + CH3COONa that
colorless and drop universal indicator and the solution become green with
pH = 5 and after we drop with 6 drops of NaOH the color changed become
dark purple. It means that it is not a buffer solution because buffer solution
is a solution of a weak acid or a weak base and its salt and able to resist
changes in pH (we can see from our experiment if there is not change, its
means the value of pH is keep)upon the addition of small amounts of either
acid or base, so it solution is Buffer because in the first step we proven that
solution is Buffer
For the second experiment, it is about NH4OH react with NH4Cl that colorless
and directly become purple after we add by universal indicator it show that the pH

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[BUFFER SOLUTION]
is 12 but after we add by 44 drops of NaOH the color change become dark purple.
It is include in buffer solution especially in base.
In the third experiment, we react NaCl with HCl that colorless and become
orange after we add by universal indicator and the pH is 4, and after we added 34
drops of NaOH the color become smooth purple. It is not buffer solution because
buffer is a solution that form if one of them is weak, but in this reaction is contain
of strong acid and strong base.
In the fourth experiment, it is about react NaCl with NaOH that are colourless
and become dark blue after we add by universal indicator with the pH is 11, but
after we add 10 drops of NaOH the color become blue Same with the third
experiment, it is not a buffer solution.
For the fifth experiment, when pineapple solution that are yellow react with
universal indicator the color become orange and the pH is 4. But after added by
NaOH 7 drops the color directly change become brown. It is a buffer solution
especially in acid because it can resist changes in pH upon the addition of small
amounts of either acid
In the sixth experiment, it is about orange solution that the first colour is
turbid react with universal indicator is become smooth orange with the pH is 3,
but after added by NaOH 50 drops the color change become smooth yellow. Same
with the fifth experiment, it is include in buffer solution.
In the seventh experiment, tomato solution that first color is red react with
universal indicator the color become orange with the pH is 4, after added by
NaOH 21 drops the color change become dark red and the pH is 13. It is include
buffer solution like orange and pineapple because in first step it can resist changes
in pH upon the addition of small amounts of either acid.
In the eight experiment, cucumber solution when add by universal
indicator is red and the pH is 4 but after add by 3 drops of HCl the color change
become pink and the pH is 3. after add by NaOH 1 drop the color directly change
become purple and the pH is 13.
In the ninth experiment, soft drink react that are colorless with universal
indicator, the color become orange and the pH is 2, after added by NaOH 15 drops
the color changed become blue. It means that it is a buffer solution because buffer
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is a solution that able to resist changes in pH upon the addition of small amounts
of either acid or base.
In the tenth experiment, aquades that first color is colorless react with
universal indicator the color become green and the pH is 7. After added by NaOH
2 drop the color directly change become purple. Based on our result, the aquades
that we use is not include as buffer solution.

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[BUFFER SOLUTION]
H. DISCUSSION :

The experiment in accordance with definition of Buffer, buffer solution is a

solution of a weak acid or weak base and its salt and able to keep value of pH
upon the addition of small amounts of either strong acid or strong base.
In adding of Strong Base, CH 3COOH + CH3COONa, orange and cucumber
do not need many drops of NaOH. Although it give the good result in HCl
addition that proven they are buffer solution because a large amount of HCl drops,
it does not work in NaOH adding. The possibility, we washed the reaction tube
unclearly. So, there is another substances that reacted, so it can disturb the
reaction.

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I. CONCLUSSION :

Base of the experiment we have done, we can conclude that :

Buffer solution is a solution of a weak acid or weak base and its salt
and able to keep value of pH upon the addition of small amounts of
either strong acid or strong base.
After we did buffer solution
CH3COOH+CH3COONa

solution,

experiment

we

NH4OH+NH4Cl

get

that

solution,

pineapple, orange, tomato, cucumber and soft drink are buffer

solution, because they can maintain their initial pH although after
dropped by HCl or NaOH.
NaCl+HCl, NaOH+NaCl, and aquades are not buffer solution
because they cant maintain their initial pH after dropped by HCl or
NaOH and because HCl is strong acid and NaOH is strong base.

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[BUFFER SOLUTION]
J. ANSWER of QUESTION :

QUESTION
1. Based on the third and fourth experiment, which one that you think is the
buffer solution?
2. What will happen if the solution of CH 3COOH + CH3COONa and NH4OH
+ NH4Cl are added by HCl into aech solution?
3. Just like the quastion number 2. But we replace the addition of HCl by
NaOH, what wil happen?
ANSWER
1. Based on the 3rd and 4th experiment, we get that the buffer solution
are: CH3COOH+CH3COONa solution, NH4OH+NH4Cl solution,
pineapple, orange, tomato, cucumber and soft drink
2. If we add HCl into solution of CH 3COONa + CH3COOH there will be
only a little changing of the pH after and before addition of HCl (it is
hard to change). And there will be pH changing but we need a lot of
HCl to be added. And it also happen when we add HCl into solution of
NH4OH + NH4Cl. It could happen because both of the solutions are
buffer. So the addition of HCl will change the pH hardly.
3. If we add NaOH into solution of CH3COOH + CH3COONa there will
be only a little changing of pH after and before addition of NaOH (it
is hard to change). And there will be pH changing but we need alot of
NaOH to be added. And it also happen when we add NaOh into
solution of NH4OH + NH4Cl. It could happen because both of the
solutions are buffer. So the addition of NaOH will change the pH
hardly

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BIBLIOGRAPY :

Tim Kimia Dasar.2013.Petunjuk Praktikum Kima Lanjut.Unesa:Unipress.

Brady, James E. 1990. General Chemistry:Principle and Structure 5 thed. United
State of America.
Chang, Raymond.General Chemistry: The Essential Concept/Raymond Chang3rded.America:Von Hoffman Press, Inc.
Svehla,G. 1979. Vogel:Longman Group Limited. London.

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ATTACHEMENT

Picture

Explanation
The material to do the
experiment.

The 3rd experiment, before

adding some universal
indicator.

The 3rd experiment, when

adding some universal
indicator.

The 3rd experiment, after we

shake and adding some
universal indicator.

The 3rd experiment, after we

shake and adding some HCl.

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[BUFFER SOLUTION]

The 4rd experiment, before

adding some universal
indicator.

The 4rd experiment, after we

shake and adding some
universal indicator.

The 4rd experiment, after we

shake and adding some NaOH.

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