Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Review
Author(s)
Vetrivel SCI
Chandrakumarmangalam SII
I
Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai
Erode, Tamilnadu- India
II
Department of Management Studies
Anna University Regional Centre, Coimbatore.
India
Mail Adress
Corresponding author e-mail address
Dr. S.C.Vetrivel
Assistant Professor, School of Management
Studies
Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai
Erode, Tamilnadu- India
Tel: +91 94422 10999.
E-mail: scvetrivell@gmail.com
Keywords
Eggs, supply, production, technology, growth,
population.
Abstract
Poultry farming in India, in spite of several constraints, has
progressed considerably during the last decade. The present study
has been undertaken to examine various aspects related to the
growth and development of poultry production in the country. Poultry
production in India was confined to backyards till recently. Local breed
of birds were reared for the supply of eggs and meat. The increasing
demand for poultry products necessitates augmenting the supply by
importing improved breeds of poultry. In 1961, the proportion of
hybrid populations in the total population of poultry was about 2
percent. Within a couple of decades, these birds have dominated the
market sidelining the indigenous birds. The technological advances
have revolutionized the role and the structure of poultry industry
in India. It became one of the most specialized enterprises in many
parts of the country. A general confidence has been created among
the people that green revolution has ushered an era of self-reliance
in the food grain production. The rapidly growing population has
created some doubts in the said hypothesis. In fact, crop production
alone may not solve the food problem of the country. The advances
in cereal technology, of course, can fill the empty stomach, but it
may not help in the balanced growth of the human body. The chief
ingredients of balanced diet also comprise proteins, fats, minerals
and vitamins, which are essential for growth. The supply of these
items can easily be increased through increased production of
livestock products.
Introduction
In a short period, in the livestock sector poultry is the most
efficient enterprise for increasing the supply of Desi red proteins,
fats, minerals and vitamins. The broad objectives of this study are, as
follows:
To study the existing status of poultry sector in India
To examine the growth pattern of poultry in different regions and
To construct developmental indices for poultry production in
different states.
Literature Review
Submitted: November/2012
Approved: July/2013
Headley (1964) estimated that production functions for egglaying flocks of hybrid and leghorn hens raised on Iowa state farms.
The regression analysis indicated that flock size, housing area, corn
equivalent labor and protein equivalents significantly contributed for
gross returns. Hunter (1981) studied the economic aspects of egg
production in Australian poultry farms. That study revealed that feed
287
Vetrivel SC
Chandrakumarmangalam S
Methodology
Due to constraints of resources and time along
with preliminary nature of this investigation, only 220
interviewers were chosen from Namakkal, Pollachi,
Rasipuram and Vellore districts of Tamil Nadu. Stratified
random sampling method was used to select the
sample. To obtain a probability sample, considerable
effort was devoted to selecting the appropriate sample
plan. A preliminary version of the questionnaire was
developed in English on the basis of insights from
in-depth qualitative interviews with experts. Besides,
personal observation was done where necessarily
applicable. A pilot survey was conducted in the study
area and the questionnaire was improved in that light.
Interviewers were given a letter of introduction about
the researcher so that respondents would see that the
study was authentic. The telephone/mobile numbers
were provided too, in case respondents wanted to
verify the identity of the investigators or clarify any
questions.
Vetrivel SC
Chandrakumarmangalam S
Vetrivel SC
Chandrakumarmangalam S
a. Growth in production.
Poultry products had shown a massive growth in
the country after 1961. Egg production in that year
was 2,881 million, which increased to about 30,000
millions in the year 1996. Broiler production starting
from zero increased 400 million birds in the year 1996.
Similarly, poultry meat, which was about 81 thousand
tones in the year 1961, increased to 659 thousand
tones in that same period. The increased production
increased the availability of poultry products for
consumption.
b. G
rowth in Production and Productivity
of Eggs and Chicken Meat
Years
1991
1999
2001
2005
2009
2012
Production
Eggs
(Million)
Broiler
(Million)
2881
5340
12500
23300
33000
35000
2
4
30
190
700
800
Egg
(number)
7
10
18
28
36
38
Poultry
meat
(grams)
188
220
266
498
-
d. Growth in Productivity
Productivity of Desi (Local) and improved birds in
different regions was examined for the period of
1987-88 to 1994-95. The mean productivity level of
Desi (Local) birds was maximum, i.e., 156 eggs/year, in
Himachal Pradesh, in Northern region, and minimum,
with 62 eggs/year, in Manipur, in Eastern Region. In
case of improved birds, the maximum productivity of
278 eggs/year was reported in Andhra Pradesh, in the
Southern region, and minimum of 109 eggs/year, in
Manipur State, in the Eastern Region.
Vetrivel SC
Chandrakumarmangalam S
1. Cocks Total
a) Desi
b) Improved
2. Hens a) Desi
b) Improved
3. Total Chicken
below 5 months
Desi for eggs
Desi for meat
Total
a) Improved for eggs
b)Improved for meat
Total
Total chicken
Total
2000
2008
Annual
Growth
Rural
32282(94.05)
28288(95.05)
3994(87.55)
68129(94.65)
30003(85.78)
98133(91.75)
Urban
2041(5.95)
1473(4.95)
568(12.45)
3853(5.35)
4975(14.22)
8828(8.25)
Total
34323
29761
4562
71982
34978
106961
Rural
40677(93.02)
31741(93.38)
8936(91.75)
69039(93.29)
41962(90.70)
111001(92.28)
Urban
3054 (6.98)
2251(6.62)
803(8.25)
4981(6.73)
4303(9.30)
9284(7.72)
Total
43731
33.992
9739
74020
46265
120285
4.43
2.21
15.48
0.16
5.59
2.05
28.142(93.53)
13058(94.25)
60494(95.50)
10800(86.44)
5600(86.81)
18335(86.69)
78829(93.30)
215480(92.76)
1946(6.47)
797(5.75)
2848(4.50)
1694(13.56)
851(13.90)
2814(13.31)
5662(6.70)
16815(7.24)
30088
13855
63342
12494
6451
21149
84491
232295
42581(93.54)
29610(93.50)
72191(93.52)
22136(87.66)
15245(86.78)
37381(87.30)
109572(91.30)
261250(91.98)
2940(6.46)
2060(6.50)
5000(6.48)
3115(12.34)
2322(13.22)
5437(12.70)
10437(8.70)
22775(8.02)
45521
31670
77191
25251
17567
42818
120009
284025
8.35
17.53
3.82
14.89
21.57
14.84
7.03
2.50
Data Source: Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics 2009 (AHS Series-7) (I did not find the indication of this reference)
Desi birds
population
344
227
1377
2590
4538
% of all
India Desi
birds
0.48
0.32
1.92
3.62
6.34
(2010-11)
% of all India
Improved birds
Improved birds
population
population
2695
3.69
147
0.20
396
0.54
12011
16.42
1195
1.63
16444
22.48
Productivity
Desi
Improved
3039
374
1773
12011
3785
20982
% of all
India total
population
2.10
0.26
1.23
8.30
2.62
14.51
144
168
162
128
150.5
217
195
200
203
234
209.8
Total No. of
birds
1351
981
10120
4052
16504
1.89
1.37
14.14
5.66
23.06
1349
1262
5187
3788
11586
1.84
1.73
7.09
5.18
15.84
2700
2243
15307
7840
28090
1.87
1.55
10.58
5.42
19.42
95
106
113
97
100
252
240
263
199
238
8035
6980
4113
4481
23609
11.23
9.75
5.75
6.25
32.98
16225
3221
6287
11464
37201
22.19
4.40
8.60
15.68
50.87
24260
16201
10400
15945
66806
16.77
7.05
7.19
11.02
42.03
117
96
121
88
100
278
249
205
232
241
7970
3731
10655
2661
216
25233
71558
100
11.14
5.21
14.89
3.72
0.30
34.26
3041
1063
1782
394
143
64.23
73127
100
4.16
1.45
2.44
0.54
0.20
8.79
11011
4794
12437
3055
359
31656
144685
100
7.61
3.31
8.60
2.11
0.25
21.88
88
91
114
83
79
91
106
100
187
205
268
183
180
204
233
291
Vetrivel SC
Chandrakumarmangalam S
Period 1999-2000
Compound
Simple
Growth
Growth
2.98**
3.03**
2.76*
3.12**
2.82*
2.72
2.80**
1.09**
1.09**
1.01*
1.14**
1.03
1.00
1.03**
R2
0.73
0.98
0.25
0.98
0.33
0.12
0.95
Period 2000-01
Compound
Simple
Growth
Growth
2.91*
2.25*
2.87**
2.92**
2.55*
2.88*
2.85**
1.07*
1.05*
1.05**
1.07**
-1.05*
1.05*
1.05**
R2
Compound
Growth
0.77
0.78
0.90
0.97
0.54
0.61
0.93
2.96**
2.94**
2.82**
3.03**
2.73
2.72
2.86**
Period 2001-02
Simple
Growth
2.08**
1.07**
1.03**
1.11**
1.00
1.00
1.05**
R2
0.92
0.96
0.86
0.97
0.01
0.2
0.97
2.91*
2.85**
2.92**
2.91*
2.88**
1.06*
1.04**
1.07**
1.06*
1.06**
0.65
0.84
0.95
0.78
0.99
2.79*
2.80*
2.99**
2.83**
2.84**
1.02*
1.03*
1.09**
1.04**
1.04**
0.76
0.75
0.95
0.96
0.98
2.82**
2.90**
2.90**
2.89**
2.87**
1.03**
1.96**
1.08**
1.06**
1.05**
0.72
0.93
0.98
0.94
0.99
2.97**
2.88**
2.86**
3.14**
1.09**
1.06**
1.05**
1.14**
0.93
0.99
0.93
0.85
2.92**
2.83**
2.82**
2.79**
1.07**
1.04**
1.03*
1.92**
0.86
0.94
0.53
0.87
2.91**
2.84**
2.83**
2.96**
1.07**
1.04**
1.04**
1.08**
0.95
0.98
0.89
0.85
2.79**
2.87**
2.93**
2.97**
2.99**
2.60*
2.99**
2.76*
2.85**
3.15**
3.20**
2.96**
1.02**
1.05**
1.07**
1.09**
1.09**
-1.04
1.09**
1.01*
1.04**
1.14**
1.16*
1.08**
0.87
0.92
0.98
0.93
0.91
0.04
0.85
0.17
0.96
0.92
0.76
0.98
2.73
2.77**
2.12**
2.68
2.80**
3.38
2.79**
2.91**
2.94**
2.78**
2.85**
2.84**
1.00
1.01*
1.00**
-1.01
1.03**
1.22
1.02**
1.07**
1.07**
1.02**
1.04**
1.04**
0.14
0.60
0,88
0.34
0.98
0.46
0.86
0.86
0.93
0.96
0.94
0.98
2.72
2.81**
2.82**
284**
2.86**
2.83*
2.95**
2.86**
2.85**
2.92**
3.04**
2.90**
1.00
1.03**
1.03**
1.05**
1.05**
1.04*
1.08**
1.05**
1.04**
1.07**
1.11**
1.06**
0.02
0.89
0.84
0.78
0.85
0.11
0.91
0.84
0.94
0.80
0.87
0.97
REFERENCES
Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics. Department of Animal Husbandry,
Dairying & Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India;
2012.
Bhardwaj SP, Nirman KPS, Pandey RK, Kaushik MS. Study of Marketing
of Broilers in Haryana. Indian Journal of Agricultural Marketing
1996;10(2):118.
Bhardwaj SP, Mahajan VK, Pandey RK. Study of cost Behaviour and
Marketing Margins in Poultry Production - A case study of Broilers,
Indian Journal of Agricultural Marketing Conference special p.72-73.
Department of Animal Husbandry. India; 2012 Nov.
292
Vetrivel SC
Chandrakumarmangalam S
1.
2.
3.
4.
Region/State
Northern Region
Haryana
H.P.
U.P.
Western Region
Gujarat
M.P.
Maharashtra
Rajasthan
Southern Region
A.P.
Karnataka
Kerala
T.N.
Eastern Region
Bihar
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Mean
Desi Birds
Std.dev.
C.V.
Mean
Improved Birds
Std. Dev.
C.V.
145.875
156.875
123.500
12.3
11.344
3.251
8.5
7.231
2.633
203.250
183.375
182.000
15.173
7.425
32.562
7.456
4.049
17.891
88.125
113.600
116.250
99.625
3.681
28.315
1.909
6.163
4.178
24.927
1.642
6.186
240.125
199.000
247.625
240.625
7.699
18.924
37.705
0.916
3.206
9.512
15.227
0.381
138.625
46.895
115.500
93.000
11.722
1.356
6.141
17.760
8.456
1.399
5.317
19.097
278.750
248.375
201.750
231.625
22.575
0.518
4.062
7.110
8.099
0.208
2.013
3.070
87.250
62.875
107.750
74.875
77.375
94.000
0.886
4.794
1.982
2.100
2.264
1.773
1.016
7.625
1.840
2.805
2.926
1.886
185.750
109.375
213.250
126.250
176.875
206.125
2.816
11.538
8.190
9.146
8.061
20.003
1.516
10.549
3.841
7.244
4.557
9.704
293