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Theory
With proper data preconditioning, this analysis can give
indications of lithology and/or pore content. Reconnaissance
analysis can be done with AVO Attribute Stacks using leastsquares linear fits of the amplitudes with offset or with AVO
Weighted Stacks using weighted stacking of amplitudes to
determine elastic parameters. More detailed investigations
should include angle limited CDP gathers and angle gathers.
See helpfile for AVO Analysis Gathers. AVO analysis is
successfully used to discriminate between the presence of
gas and lithologic variations in Bright Spot analysis.
The theory behind AVO analysis finds its roots in the
Zoeppritz equations. These equations are the plane wave
approximations that describe reflection coefficients for
varying angles of incidence. Qualitatively, seismic wave mode
conversion is responsible for the dependence of amplitude
anomalies in seismic data with respect to wavefront incidence
angle or offset. This mode conversion is most evident with a
large change in Poissons ratio, and this occurs when gas
saturated rock meets water saturated rock.
The rock properties associated with gas saturated formations
and hydrocarbon presence are manifested in seismic
amplitudes. An increase in the absolute reflection coefficient
and the resulting reflection amplitude with offset can be
indicative of hydrocarbon presence.
This implementation of AVO attribute analysis is done across
isotime sample values or within gated intervals defined by
stack polarity. Input gathers are assumed to be NMO
corrected to align primary events. Multiple energy and other
forms of coherent noise, as well as random noise, will
degrade the AVO analysis. The problems caused by noise can
be reduced by the input of offset-mixed supergathers as well
as by preconditioning with an offset-consistent amplitude
correction.
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4200
Polarity
Gate
Usage
Input gathers must have primary sort order CDP and
secondary sort key AOFFSET. Angle-of-incidence gathers
from AVO Analysis Gathers (secondary sort key ANG_VALU)
can be input as well, but the output cannot be expected to be
the same as when inputting offset gathers. NMO must be
applied to the input data. For screen displays, trace scaling
should be set to Scale to Entire Screen.
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AVO_ATTR
Description
Intercept
Gradient
Intercept * Gradient
Intercept * Gradient *
Correlation Coefficient
Angle of Crossover
Sign(Intercept) * Gradient
Correlation Coefficient
Runs Statistic
Fluid Factor
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Amplitude
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
sin2 (incidence angle)
G= Gradient
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Case
1
Sin2
Ampl
-
Case
sign(I) * G = AVO_ATTR#6
AVO
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dVs
------------ = Intercept Gradient
dVsa
Vs = 0.8621 Vp 1.1724
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References
Castagna, J.P, 1993, AVO analysis - tutorial and review: in Castagna, J. P. and
Backus, M. M., Eds., Offset-dependent reflectivity - Theory and Practice of AVO
analysis: Soc. Expl. Geophys.
Koefoed, O., 1955, On the effect of Poissons ratios of rock strata on the reflection
coefficients of plane waves: Geophysical Prospecting, 3, 381-387.
Ostrander, W.J., 1984, Plane-wave reflection coefficients for gas sands at nonnormal angles of incidence: Geophysics, 49, 1637-1648.
Shuey, R.T.,1985, A Simplification of the Zoeppritz Equations: Geophysics, 50,
609-614.
Smith, G. C., and Gidlow, P.M., 1987, Weighted stacking for rock property estimation and detection of gas: Geophysical Prospecting, 35, 993-1014.
Walden, A.T., 1991, Making AVO sections more robust. Geophysical Prospecting,
39, 915-942.
Parameters
Beginning time for AVO analysis
Enter the minimum time for AVO analysis.
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Vint
X
sin ( ) = ------------- ---------------------------------------------------
Vrms X 2 + ( Vrms T ) 2
0
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