HELMET BASED

VEHICLE CONTROL
SYSTEM

CONTENT

CHPTER NO
PAGENO

TITLE

ABSTRACT

2
3
4
4.1

INTRODUCTION
BLOCK DIAGRAM
ZIGBEE
Over view

4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9

NETWORK LAYERS
APPLICATION LAYERS
Main Components
SECURITY SERVICES
PROTOCOLS
NODE TYPES
Zigbee coordinator (ZC)
Zigbee Router (ZR)

14
14
14
15
16
17
18
19

5
5.1
5.2

MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52)
INTRODUCTION
DESCRIPTION

20
21
21

5.3

PIN CONFIGURATION

5.4

BLOCK DIAGRAM(ARCHITECTURE)

23

5.5

PIN DESCRIBTION

24

5.6

OSCILLATOR CHARACTERISTICS

28

5.7

IDLE MODE

29

5.8

FEATURES

30

ADC0808/ADC0809

31

6.1

INTRODUCTION

32

9
11
12

22

6.2

CRICUIT DIAGRAM

33

6.3

pin DIAGRAM

34

6.4

FUNCTION DESCERIPTION

35

6.5

CONVERTOR CHARACTERISTICS

35

6.6

Features

36

6.7

KEY SPECIFICATIONS

37

SENSORS

38

7.1

vibration sensor

39

7.2

FLEX SENSOR

39

7.3

TEMPERATURE SENSOR

40

OVER ALLCIRCUIT DIAGRAM

44

POWER SUPPLY DIAGRAM

45

9.1

POWER SUPPLY DESCRIPTION

46

10

LCD DISPLAY UNIT

49

10.1

LCD display description

50

11

RS232 SERIALCOMMUNICATION

52

11.1

RS232 SIGNAL

53

12

SOFTWARD REQURIED

57

12.1

INTRODUCTION TO KEIL

58

12.2

FUNTION OF KEIL

59

12.3

DEVELOPMENT OF KEIL

60

13

ADVANTAGES

62

14

APPLICATION

64

15

CONCUSION

66

16

Future Enhancement

68

16

RESUIT

70

17

REFERENCE

72

1. ABSTRACT

1. Abstract:
An accident is a specific, unexpected, unusual and unintended external action
which occurs in a particular time and place, with no apparent and deliberate cause but with
marked effects. Carelessness of the driver is the major factor of such accidents. The traffic
authorities give a lot of instructions to the vehicle operators. But many of them do not obey the
rules. Nowadays most of the countries are forcing the motor riders to wear the helmet and not
to use the vehicles when the person is in drunken condition. But still the rules are being
violated by the users. In order to overcome this we introduces an intelligent system, Smart
Helmet, which automatically checks whether the person is wearing the helmet and has nonalcoholic breath while driving. Here we have a transmitter at the helmet and the receiver at the
bike. There is a switch used to sure the wearing of helmet on the head. The ON condition of
the switch ensures the placing of the helmet in proper manner. An alcohol sensor is placed near
to the mouth of the driver in the helmet to detect the presence of alcohol. The data to be
transferred is coded with RF encoder and transmitted through radio frequency transmitter. The
receiver at the bike receives the data and decodes it through RF decoder. The engine should
not ON if any of the two conditions is violated. MCU controls the function of relay and thus
the ignition, it control the engine through a relay and a relay interfacing circuit.

Key words

2. INTRODUCTION

2. INTRODUCTION
A traffic accident is defined as any vehicle accident occurring on a public highway (i.e.
originating on, terminating on, or involving a vehicle partially on the highway). These
accidents therefore include collisions between vehicles and animals, vehicles and pedestrians,
or vehicles and fixed obstacles. In higher-income countries, road traffic [1] accidents are
already among the top ten leading causes of disease burden in 1998 as measured in DALYs
(disability-adjusted life years). In less developed countries, road traffic accidents were the
most significant cause of injuries, ranking eleventh among the most important causes of lost
years of healthy life. In Indian road system, widening of the road is not an alternative solution
to avoid traffic in such a cities [2]. The problems with state drunk driving control systems can
be solved in many ways. The most effective will follow several principles: They will invest
authority and responsibility in people and organizations at all levels, local to national, because
drunken driving control [6] requires action at all levels. They will operate in the public eye,
using the media to report on problems and solutions, because ultimate decisions on priorities
and resources to control drunk driving must have public support. They will not promise instant
solutions based on a single action but rather will take steady steps towards long-term
improvement. And they will establish mechanisms for identifying and solving problems rather
than attempting to apply one-size-fits-all methods.Application of electronics in the automobile
field is very much popular now. Because of the low prices and various varieties available in
the market
people prefer motorbikes to buy over 4 wheelers. Hence Road Safety becomes a major issue of
concern. Therefore it becomes necessary to implement such a technique which is not easy to
bypass the basic rule of wearing helmet and to avoid drunken driving. Here we designed a
system which checks the two conditions before turned ON the engine of the bike. Our system
includes an alcohol sensor [8] and a helmet sensing switch. A switch is used to detect whether
the biker is wearing helmet. Alcohol sensor is used to detect the biker is drunk, the output is
fed to the MCU. Both the switch and the alcohol sensor are fitted in the helmet. If any of the
two conditions are violated the engine will not turned ON.
Alcohol sensor MQ3 is used here for detecting the alcohol concentration present in the drivers
breath. Sensor provides an analog resistive output based on the alcohol concentration. MCU is
the microcontroller unit, which controls all the functions of other blocks in this system. MCU
takes or read data from the sensors and controls all the functions of the whole system by
manipulating these data. Alcohol sensor is connected to the MCU through an interfacing
circuit and the helmet sensing switch is directly connected to the MCU. MCU receives data
from these sensors and it gives a digital data corresponding to the output of sensors to the
encoder only if the two conditions are satisfied.
Most of the accidents occur outside the cities are due to drunken driving and no testing
methodology is adopted to avoid these fatalities in highways. Motorists parking their vehicles
in No-parking areas increase the rate of traffic in the metropolitan cities. In Indian road
system, widening of the road is not an alternative solution to avoid traffic in such a cities.

3. BLOCK DIAGRAM

HELMENT SECTION
POWER UNIT

HT12E
IR sensor 1

RF TRNANMITTER

Encoder
&
PIC16F877A

IR sensor 2

Alcohol Sensor

VEHICLE SECTION

POWER UNIT
RF RECEIVER

HT12D
DECODER

PIC16F
877A
Control
ler

DISPLAY UNIT
CONTRO
CIRCIUT

REALY

4. RF MOULES

4.RF MODULES (434MHz) :

The RF module, as the name suggests, operates at Radio Frequency. The corresponding frequency
range varies between 30 kHz & 300 GHz. In this RF system, the digital data is represented as
variations in the amplitude of carrier wave. This kind of modulation is known as Amplitude Shift
Keying (ASK).
Transmission through RF is better than IR (infrared) because of many reasons. Firstly, signals
through RF can travel through larger distances making it suitable for long range applications. Also,
while IR mostly operates in line-of-sight mode, RF signals can travel even when there is an
obstruction between transmitter & receiver. Next, RF transmission is more strong and reliable than
IR transmission. RF communication uses a specific frequency unlike IR signals which are affected
by other IR emitting sources.
This RF module comprises of an RF Transmitter and an RF Receiver. The transmitter/receiver
(Tx/Rx) pair operates at a frequency of 434 MHz. An RF transmitter receives serial data and
transmits it wirelessly through RF through its antenna connected at pin4. The transmission occurs at
the rate of 1Kbps - 10Kbps.The transmitted data is received by an RF receiver operating at the same
frequency as that of the transmitter.
The RF module is often used along with a pair of encoder/decoder. The encoder is used for encoding
parallel data for transmission feed while reception is decoded by a decoder. HT12E-HT12D,
HT640-HT648, etc. are some commonly used encoder/decoder pair ICs.

Pin Description
Transmitter Module
Pin Number
1
2
3
4

Function

Name

Ground (0V)
Serial Data Input Pin
Supply Voltage (5V)
Antenna Output Pin

GND
DATA
VCC
ANT

Receiver Module Pin Function

Name

Number
1
2
3

Ground (0V)
GND
Serial Data Output Pin
DATA
Linear Output Pin; Not NC

4
5
6
7
8

Connected
Supply Voltage (5V)
Supply Voltage (5V)
Ground (0V)
Ground (0V)
Antenna Input Pin

CHAPTER 4

VCC
VCC
GND
GND
ANT

RF TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER:

Transmitter Circuit

Receiver Circuit

4.MICRO CONTROLLE
(AT89S52)