Biology

HSC BIOLOGY
Kerri Humphreys
Science Press 2007

First published 2007
Reprinted 2008 (twice), 2010
Science Press
Private Bag 7023 Marrickville NSW 1475 Australia
Tel: (02) 9516 1122 Fax: (02) 9550 1915
sales@sciencepress.com.au
www.sciencepress.com.au
All rights reserved. No part of this publication

may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording
or otherwise, without the prior permission of
Science Press. ABN 98 000 073 861
Contents
Introduction
Verbs to Watch
vi
Dot Points
Maintaining a Balance
vii
Blueprint of Life
ix
The Search for Better Health
xi
Communication
xiii
Genetics: The Code Broken?
xv
Questions
Blueprint of Life
35
71
Communication
103
145
Summaries
179
Blueprint of Life
195
211
Communication
229
247
Answers
265
Blueprint of Life
277
289
Communication
299
315
Science Press
Dot Point HSC Biology
iii
Contents
Notes
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
Contents
iv
Introduction
What the book includes
,QWKLVERRN\RXZLOOQGW\SLFDOH[DPLQDWLRQTXHVWLRQVDQGDQVZHUVDVZHOODVVXPPDULHVIRUHDFKGRWSRLQWLQ
the Board of Studies syllabus for the following topics in the Year 12 Biology course:
0DLQWDLQLQJD%DODQFH
%OXHSULQWRI/LIH
7KH6HDUFKIRU%HWWHU+HDOWK
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
*HQHWLFV7KH&RGH%URNHQ"
Also included are typical experimental results for students to analyse if the third column of the syllabus indicates
WKDWVWXGHQWVVKRXOGFDUU\RXWUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQV
Format of the book
The book has been formatted in the following way:
1. Main topic statement (column 1 of syllabus)
1.1etc Syllabus requirement from columns 2 and 3.
1RWHWKDWWKHQXPEHULQJRIWKHVHUHTXLUHPHQWVLVWKHDXWKRUVFKRLFHDQGKDVEHHQXVHGWRPDNHUHIHUHQFLQJ
TXHVWLRQVDQGDQVZHUVFOHDUHU7KHLQGLYLGXDOUHTXLUHPHQWVDUHQRWQXPEHUHGLQWKHV\OODEXVWKH\DUHVLPSO\
EXOOHWHGKHQFHRXUXVHRIGRWSRLQWVZKHQZHUHIHUWRWKHP
1.1.1 )LUVWW\SLFDOTXHVWLRQZKLFKFRXOGEHDVNHGLQDQH[DPLQDWLRQIRUWKLVV\OODEXV

UHTXLUHPHQW
1.1.2 6HFRQGW\SLFDOTXHVWLRQZKLFKFRXOGEHDVNHGLQDQH[DPLQDWLRQIRUWKLVV\OODEXV

UHTXLUHPHQWHWF
7KHQXPEHURIOLQHVSURYLGHGIRUHDFKDQVZHUJLYHVDQLQGLFDWLRQRIKRZPDQ\PDUNVWKHTXHVWLRQPLJKWEH
worth in an examination. As a rough rule, every two lines of answer might be worth one mark. Note that in
PDQ\DQVZHUVWKUHHOLQHVKDYHEHHQSURYLGHGDVWKHDPRXQWRIZULWLQJUHTXLUHGH[FHHGVWZROLQHVEXWWKH
biology involved is worth only one mark.
How to use the book
&RPSOHWLQJDOOTXHVWLRQVZLOOSURYLGH\RXZLWKDVXPPDU\RIDOOWKHZRUN\RXQHHGWRNQRZIURPWKHV\OODEXV
You may have done work in addition to this with your teacher as extension work. Obviously this is not covered,
but you may need to know this additional work for your school exams.
:KHQZRUNLQJWKURXJKWKHTXHVWLRQVZULWHWKHDQVZHUV\RXKDYHWRORRNXSLQDGLIIHUHQWFRORXUWRWKRVH\RX
NQRZZLWKRXWKDYLQJWRUHVHDUFKWKHZRUN7KLVZLOOSURYLGH\RXZLWKDTXLFNUHIHUHQFHWRZRUN\RXVKRXOG
spend more time revising later, and allow you to spend your study time more productively.
$WWKHHQGRIHDFKVHFWLRQLVDQ$SSOLHG4XHVWLRQ7KLVTXHVWLRQOLQNVVHYHUDOGRWSRLQWVUHTXLULQJ\RXWR
DQDO\VHLQIRUPDWLRQDQGVKRZUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQFRQFHSWV+LJKHURUGHUTXHVWLRQVLQWKH+6&H[DPLQDWLRQ
UHTXLUHVWXGHQWVWRDQDO\VHDVVHVVHYDOXDWHDQGOLQNFRQFHSWVIURPGLIIHUHQWVHFWLRQVRIWKHV\OODEXV
Science Press
Introduction
Verbs to Watch
account, account for
State reasons for, report on, give an account of,
narrate a series of events or transactions.
distinguish
Recognise or note/indicate as being distinct or
different from, note difference between things.
analyse
Identify components and the relationships among
them, draw out and relate implications.
evaluate
Make a judgement based on criteria.
examine
,QTXLUHLQWR
apply
Use, utilise, employ in a particular situation.
explain
Relate cause and effect, make the relationship
between things evident, provide why and/or how.
appreciate
Make a judgement about the value of something.
extract
Choose relevant and/or appropriate details.
assess
0DNHDMXGJHPHQWRIYDOXHTXDOLW\RXWFRPHV
results or size.
extrapolate
Infer from what is known.
calculate
'HWHUPLQHIURPJLYHQIDFWVJXUHVRULQIRUPDWLRQ
identify
Recognise and name.
clarify
Make clear or plain.
interpret
Draw meaning from.
classify
Arrange into classes, groups or categories.
investigate
3ODQLQTXLUHLQWRDQGGUDZFRQFOXVLRQVDERXW
compare
Show how things are similar or different.
justify
Support an argument or conclusion.
construct
Make, build, put together items or arguments.
outline
Sketch in general terms; indicate the main features.
contrast
Show how things are different or opposite.
predict
Suggest what may happen based on available data.
critically (analyse/evaluate)
Add a degree or level of accuracy, depth, knowledge
DQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJORJLFTXHVWLRQLQJUHHFWLRQDQG
TXDOLW\WRDQDQDO\VLVRUHYDOXDWLRQ
propose
Put forward (a point of view, idea, argument,
suggestion etc) for consideration or action.
deduce
Draw conclusions.
recall
Present remembered ideas, facts or experiences.
GHQH
6WDWHWKHPHDQLQJRIDQGLGHQWLI\HVVHQWLDOTXDOLWLHV
recommend
Provide reasons in favour.
demonstrate
Show by example.
recount
Retell a series of events.
describe
Provide characteristics and features.
summarise
Express concisely the relevant details.
discuss
Identify issues and provide points for and against.
synthesise
Put together various elements to make a whole.
Science Press
Verbs to Watch
vi
Dot Point
Page
Dot Point
Page
1.
Organisms are active in a limited

temperature range
2.12 Investigation: TS and LS xylem

and phloem
23
1.1
Role of enzymes
2.13 Applied Question Section 2
24
1.2
Investigation: Enzymes and

temperature, pH, substrate
3.
Regulation of concentrations of gases,

water and waste products
25
1.3
pH and acidity
3.1
25
1.4
Constant internal environment
Why water concentrations are

maintained in a narrow range
1.5
Homeostasis
3.2
Why removal of wastes is essential
25
1.6
Two stages of homeostasis

5ROHRIWKHNLGQH\LQVKDQGPDPPDOV

1.7
Role of nervous system
3.4
26
1.8
Investigation: Feedback model
Diffusion and osmosis and removing

nitrogenous wastes
1.9
Range of temperatures for life
3.5
Active and passive transport in

mammalian kidney
26
3.6
Filtration and reabsorption in nephron
26
3.7
Investigation: Structure of mammalian

kidney
27
3.8
Investigation: Renal dialysis
28
3.9
Roles of hormones aldosterone and ADH
29
1.10 Australian endotherms and ectotherms
1.11 Investigation: Australian

adaptations for temperature
1.12 Plant responses to temperature
10
11
2.
Plants and animals transport nutrients 13

DQGJDVHVLQDXLGPHGLXP
2.1
Substances in blood
13
2.2
Advantage of haemoglobin
14
2.3
Structure of arteries, veins, capillaries
14
2.4
Changes in blood composition
16
2.5
Investigation: Carbon dioxide and

blood pH
17
2.6
Investigation: Size of red and white

blood cells
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.10 Investigation: Hormone replacement

therapy
30
3.11 Investigation: Urine concentration of

PDPPDOVDQGVK
30
3.12 Investigation: Water concentration

and nitrogenous wastes in insects
and mammals
31
3.13 Enantiostasis and estuarine organisms
32
18
3.14 Investigation: Salt regulation in

different plants
32
Need for oxygen and removal of carbon

dioxide
19
3.15 Adaptations of terrestrial Australian

plants to reduce water loss
33
Investigation: Current technologies

for measurement of oxygen and carbon
dioxide in blood
19
3.16 Investigation: Structures in plants to

conserve water loss
34
34
Investigation: Donated blood
21
$UWLFLDOEORRG

2.11 Current theories for movement in

xylem and phloem
22
Answers to Maintaining a Balance
265
Science Press
vii
Notes
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
viii
Blueprint of Life
Dot Point
1.
1.1
1.2
Page
Evidence of evolution
Investigation: Model natural selection
Impact on evolution of physical and
chemical environment changes and
resource competition
1.3 Case study: Environmental change
and change in a species
1.4 Supporting evidence for evolution
1.5 Investigation: Vertebrate forelimbs
1.6 Investigation: Technology advances
and evolutionary relationships
1.7 Darwin/Wallace theory for divergent
and convergent evolution
1.8 Investigation: Historical development of

HYROXWLRQWKHRULHVDQGSROLWLFDOLQXHQFHV
2.
Gregor Mendel and inheritance of
characteristics
2.1 Experiments of Gregor Mendel
0HQGHOVWHFKQLTXHVDQGKLVVXFFHVV
2.3 Monohybrid crosses and dominance
:K\0HQGHOVZRUNZDVUHFRJQLVHGODWHU
2.5 Homozygous and heterozygous genotypes
2.6 Distinguish allele and gene
2.7 Phenotype and dominant and
recessive alleles
2.8 Investigation: Family trees and pedigrees
,QYHVWLJDWLRQ3UREOHPVROYLQJ
monohybrid crosses
2.10 Investigation: Hybridisation within
a species
3.
Structure of Chromosomes
3.1 Sutton and Boveri
3.2 Chemical nature of chromosomes
and genes
3.3 DNA is a double helix with bases and

VXJDUSKRVSKDWHEDFNERQH
3.4 Chromosomes during meiosis and
inheritance of genes
3.5 Investigation: Model of meiosis
and crossing over
Dot Point
36
36
36
Page
3.6
Gamete production, sexual reproduction 53

and variability
6H[OLQNDJHDQG0HQGHOVUDWLRV

0RUJDQDQGVH[OLQNDJH

3.9 Codominance
55
,QYHVWLJDWLRQ3UREOHPVROYLQJ

FRGRPLQDQFHDQGVH[OLQNDJH
3.11 Environment and gene expression
56
3.12 Investigation: Effect of environment
56
on phenotype
57
4.
Structure of DNA
59
'1$UHSOLFDWLRQDQGLWVVLJQLFDQFH

4.2 DNA controls production of polypeptides 59
4.3 Investigation: Model for polypeptide
60
synthesis
4.4 Relationship of proteins and polypeptides 61
4.5 Investigation: Experiments of Beadle
61

DQG7DWXPIRURQHJHQHRQHSURWHLQ
4.6 Mutations lead to new alleles
62
4.7 Evidence for mutagenic nature of radiation 62
4.8 Investigation: Flow chart for change in
62
DNA changes cell activity
4.9 Understanding source of variation supports 63

'DUZLQVWKHRU\RIQDWXUDOVHOHFWLRQ
4.10 Investigation: Modern example of
63
natural selection
3XQFWXDWHGHTXLOLEULXPDQGJUDGXDO

evolution
4.12 Investigation: Watson, Crick, Franklin
64
and Wilkins
65
5.
Current reproductive technologies
67
$UWLFLDOLQVHPLQDWLRQDUWLFLDO

pollination and cloning
5.2 Investigation: Cloning
68
5.3 Producing transgenic species
68
5.4 Investigation: Examples of transgenic
69
species
5.5 Reproductive technologies and genetic
69
diversity
70
Answers to Blueprint of Life
277
38
38
41
41
41
42
43
45
45

46

47
47
47
48

49
50
51
51
51
51
52
52
Science Press
ix
Blueprint of Life
Notes
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
Blueprint of Life

Dot Point
Page
Dot Point
Page
1.
What is a healthy organism?
72
4.4
Defence adaptations
87

'HQLQJKHDOWKDQGGLVHDVH

,QYHVWLJDWLRQ,PEDODQFHRIPLFURRUD

1.2
Function of genes, mitosis,

differentiation, specialisation
and health
72
4.6
Applied Question Section 4
88
5.
MacFarlane Burnets work and

immunisation
89
1.3
Investigation: Gene expression

and maintenance and repair
73

$QWLERGLHV7FHOOV%FHOOV

%DQG7FHOOVDQGWKHLPPXQHUHVSRQVH

1.4
73
5.3
Vaccinations prevent infection
90
2.
Chinese and Hebrews advocated

cleanliness and hygiene
75
5.4
Investigation: Vaccination programs

including smallpox, diphtheria and polio
91
2.1
Distinguish infection and

QRQLQIHFWLRXVGLVHDVH
75
5.5
Suppression of immune response

and organ transplant
92
2.2
Cleanliness and hygiene control

disease
75
5.6
92

'HQLWLRQRISDWKRJHQ

6.
Epidemiological studies and

non-infectious diseases
93
2.4
Investigation: Microbes in food

or water
77
6.1
Features of epidemiology lung cancer
93
2.5
Investigation: Treatment of
drinking water
77
6.2
Investigation: Cause and effect

of smoking and lung cancer
93
2.6
78
3.
Pasteur, Koch and the search

for microbes
79
3.1
Work of Pasteur and Koch
79

,QYHVWLJDWLRQ3DVWHXUVH[SHULPHQW
with microbes

3.3
Prions, viruses, bacteria, protozoans,

fungi, macroparasites
81
3.4

1RQLQIHFWLRXVGLVHDVHLQKHULWHG
nutritional, environmental

,QYHVWLJDWLRQ1DPHGQRQLQIHFWLRXV
disease

6.5
96
7.
Strategies to prevent and control disease 97
7.1
Quarantine in and across Australia
97
7.2
Preventing disease using public

health programs, pesticides, genetic
engineering
97
7.3
Investigation: Effectiveness of
TXDUDQWLQHLQRUDFURVV$XVWUDOLD
98
7.4
Investigation: Plant pathogens

and insect pests
99
7.5
Investigation: Shift from treatment

and control to management or
prevention of disease
100
101
Investigation: Cause and prevention

of malaria
82
3.5
Investigation: Named infectious disease
82
3.6
Role of antibiotics in infectious disease
83
3.7
Investigation: Problems with

antibiotic resistance
83
3.8
84
4.
Immune response
85
4.1
Barriers to prevent entry of pathogens
85
7.6
4.2
Antigens trigger immune response
86
Answers to The Search for Better Health
4.3
Transplants and the immune response
86
289
Science Press
xi
Notes
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
xii
Communication
Dot Point
1.
Page
Humans and animals detect a range

of stimuli
1.1 Role of receptors in detecting stimuli
1.2 Stimulus, receptor, messenger,
effector, response
1.3 Investigation: Range of senses
in communication
2.
Visual communication and the eye
2.1 Anatomy of the eye
2.2 Limited wavelengths detected by humans,
a vertebrate and an invertebrate
2.3 Investigation: Dissection of a
mammalian eye
2.4 Investigation: Range of wavelengths
detected by humans and other animals
3.
Signal clarity can affect interpretation
3.1 Conditions for refraction
3.2 Investigation: Convex lenses
and accommodation
3.3 Refractive media in the eye
3.4 Accommodation and lens curvature
3.5 Investigation: Changes in the shape
of the lens and focus
3.6 Refractive power and accommodation
3.7 Myopia and hyperopia
3.8 Depth perception
3.9 Investigation: Cataracts and technology
to prevent blindness
4.
Light signal and electrical impulse
4.1 Photoreceptor cells
4.2 Distribution, structure, function
of photoreceptors
4.3 Role of rhodopsin
4.4 Three types of cones
4.5 Colour blindness
4.6 Investigation: Photoreceptors in
mammals, insects and another animal
4.7 Investigation: Colour communication
in animals
Dot Point
104
4.8
5.
Page

Sound is an important
communication medium
5.1 Why sound is a useful form of
communication
6RXQGYLEUDWLQJREMHFWDQGIUHTXHQF\
,QYHVWLJDWLRQ:DYHOHQJWKIUHTXHQF\
and pitch
5.4 Human larynx and sound production
5.5 Structures used by animals to
produce sound
6.
Organs to detect vibrations
6.1 Detection of vibrations by insects,

VKDQGPDPPDOV
6.2 Anatomy and function of human ear
6.3 Investigation: Structure of mammalian ear
6.4 Role of Eustachian tube
6.5 Path of sound wave through ear
6.6 Organ of corti
6.7 Sound shadow
,QYHVWLJDWLRQ)UHTXHQFLHVGHWHFWHG
by humans and other animals
6.9 Investigation: Hearing aids and
cochlear implants
7.
Electrochemical changes in
membranes
7.1 Nerve is a bundle of neurones
7.2 Neurones transmit signals
7.3 Investigation: Nerve and neurone
structure
7.4 Threshold and action potential
7.5 Areas of cerebrum
7.6 Investigation: Brain dissection
7.7 Correct interpretation of signals
and coordination
7.8 Investigation: Typical action potential
Answers to Communication
104
104
105
106
107
107
109
109
110
110
111
111
111
111
112
112
113
113
114
115
116
117
117
117
118
119
119
120
122
123
123

125
126
127
129
129
130
131
131
132
132
133

135
136
137
137
137
138
139
139
140
141
142
143
299
121
Science Press
xiii
Communication
Notes
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
Communication
xiv

Dot Point
1.
Page
The structure of a gene and the

code for a polypeptide
1.1 Information from DNA to RNA to
polypeptide
1.2 Investigation: Model of DNA
1.3 Current understanding of gene
expression
2.
Multiple alleles and polygenic
inheritance provide further variability
within a trait
2.1 Characteristics determined by
multiple alleles
2.2 Inheritance of ABO and Rhesus
blood groups
2.3 Investigation: ABO blood
groups and Rhesus factor
2.4 Polygenic inheritance
2.5 Investigation: Example of polygenic
inheritance
'1$QJHUSULQWLQJIRUHQVLFV
paternity and pedigrees

2IIVSULQJVWXGLHVUHHFWLQKHULWDQFH
on different chromosomes and genes
on same chromosomes
3.1 Diploid and haploid
3.2 Dihybrid crosses and Mendel
3.3 Investigation: Dihybrid crosses
when both traits inherited independently
and when linked
3.4 Predict inheritance difference if two
genes linked
3.5 Crossbreeding experiments identify
relative positions of linked genes
3.6 Chromosome mapping and
species relationships
3.7 Investigation: Model linkage
4.
Human Genome Project
%HQHWVRI+XPDQ*HQRPH3URMHFW
4.2 Limitations of data from Human
Genome Project
4.3 Investigation: Why Human Genome
Project could not be achieved by
studying linkage maps
Dot Point
146
Page
4.4
4.5
Procedure to produce recombinant DNA 160

Use of recombinant DNA technology
161
and gene position on a chromosome
161
5.
Gene therapy and harmful conditions 163
8VHRIJHQHWKHUDS\IRUDQLGHQWLHG

disease
5.2 Investigation: Current use of gene therapy 163
164
6.
Mechanisms of genetic change
165
6.1 Distinguishing between mutations
165
of chromosomes
6.2 Investigation: Effect of one named
165
and described genetic mutation on
human health
6.3 DNA repairs itself
166
6.4 Transposable genetic elements
166
6.5 Germ line and somatic mutations
166
167
7.
Selective breeding is different to
169
gene cloning
7.1 Selective breeding in agriculture
169
7.2 Investigation: History of selective
169
breeding of one species and changes
in the species
7.3 Gene cloning and examples
170
7.4 Gene cloning and whole organism
171
cloning
7.5 Use of cloning in animals or plants
171
7.6 Investigation: Processes used in
172
cloning an animal and verifying
it is a clone
172
8.
Timing of gene expression
173
8.1 Genes and embryonic development
173
8.2 Role of gene cascades
173
8.3 Ancestral vertebrate gene homologues
174
8.4 Evolution of genes and their actions
174
8.5 Investigation: Gene analysis and
175
evolutionary relationships
175
Answers to Genetics: The Code Broken?
315
146
147
148
149
151
151
151
152
152
152

153
155
155
155
156
156
156
157
157
158
159

159
160
Science Press
xv
Notes
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
Genetics:The Code Broken?
xvi
DOT POINT
Science Press
1. Most organisms are active in a limited temperature range.

1.1
Identify the role of enzymes in metabolism, describe their chemical composition and use a
VLPSOHPRGHOWRGHVFULEHWKHLUVSHFLFLW\RQVXEVWUDWHV
1.1.1
Describe the role of enzymes in metabolism.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.1.2
Describe the chemical composition of enzymes.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.1.3
7KHIROORZLQJGLDJUDPVKRZVDVLPSOHPRGHOWRLOOXVWUDWHWKHVSHFLFLW\RIHQ]\PHVRQ
substrates.
(a)
Name this model.
Substrate
.......................................................................................................................
Active site
.......................................................................................................................
(b)
Enzyme
Explain how this model illustrates the

VSHFLFLW\RIHQ]\PHVRQVXEVWUDWHV
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
F
2XWOLQHKRZWKLVPRGHOKDVEHHQPRGLHG
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
List the factors that affect enzyme activity.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
, GHQWLI\GDWDVRXUFHVSODQFKRRVHHTXLSPHQWRUUHVRXUFHVDQGSHUIRUPDUVWKDQG
investigation to test the effect of:
LQFUHDVHGWHPSHUDWXUH
FKDQJHLQS+
FKDQJHLQVXEVWUDWHFRQFHQWUDWLRQV
on the activity of named enzyme(s).
1.2.1

Describe an experiment you performed to show the effect of increased temperature on the
activity of a named enzyme. In your answer include:
DOLVWRIWKHHTXLSPHQWXVHG
DVDIHW\SUHFDXWLRQQHHGHG
DVWHSE\VWHSPHWKRG
DJHQHUDOGHVFULSWLRQRI\RXUUHVXOWV
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
1.2.2
Some HSC Biology students wished to investigate the effect of pH on the activity of an
enzyme. They made up a series of junket solutions and added buffers to the solutions so that
the series of test tubes covered a range of pH. They added 5 mL milk to each test tube and
then added some of the junket solution to different test tubes. Each test tube was kept in a
water bath at 37C.
(a)
Explain why the students kept each water bath at 37C.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(b)
Identify some of the variables that would have needed to be kept constant in this experiment.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
The following graph shows the activity of four different enzymes.
Enzyme 1
Enzyme 2
Enzyme 3
Enzyme 4
10 11 12 13 14
Activity
of enzyme
8
pH
Which graph would be most similar to the action of the enzyme rennin? Explain your answer.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
Explain how the students could modify the experiment to improve reliability.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
1.2.3
Some HSC Biology students wished to investigate the effect of change in substrate
concentration on the activity of an enzyme. They decided to use the enzyme catalase. Catalase
speeds up the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into oxygen and water. Hydrogen
peroxide is toxic in the body and is produced in chemical reactions such as the oxidation of
fatty acids. The students cut several raw potato cubes each measuring one cubic centimetre
(cc). Each cube was ground with a mortar and pestle and then added to a test tube using a
spatula. Different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide solution were added to each test tube
(e.g. 6%, 3%, 1.5%) and the rate of reaction was observed (the rate of bubble production).
(a)
In this experiment, what was the source of the enzyme catalase?
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(b)
Explain why the students ground the potato with a mortar and pestle.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
The students observed the rate of bubble production. What gas was being released?
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(d)
The students found that the more concentrated solution (6% hydrogen peroxide) had a faster
rate of bubble production than the weaker solution (1.5% hydrogen peroxide). The students
made the following inference from their results:
The more concentrated the reactants, the greater the rate of reaction.
Suggest a reason why more concentrated solutions have a faster rate of reaction.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(e)
Draw a generalised graph to show how the rate of reaction changes with change in substrate
concentration.
Science Press

,GHQWLI\WKHS+DVDZD\RIGHVFULELQJWKHDFLGLW\RIDVXEVWDQFH
1.3.1
What is pH?
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

[SODLQZK\WKHPDLQWHQDQFHRIDFRQVWDQWLQWHUQDOHQYLURQPHQWLVLPSRUWDQWIRURSWLPDO
(
PHWDEROLFHIFLHQF\
1.4.1
Explain why organisms devote a lot of energy to maintaining a constant internal environment.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

HVFULEHKRPHRVWDVLVDVWKHSURFHVVE\ZKLFKRUJDQLVPVPDLQWDLQDUHODWLYHO\VWDEOHLQWHUQDO
'
environment.
1.5.1
'HQHKRPHRVWDVLV
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.5.2
Identify body processes that are controlled by homeostasis.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

([SODLQWKDWKRPHRVWDVLVFRQVLVWVRIWZRVWDJHV
GHWHFWLQJFKDQJHVIURPWKHVWDEOHVWDWH
FRXQWHUDFWLQJFKDQJHVIURPWKHVWDEOHVWDWH
1.6.1
Identify the two stages of homeostasis.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.6.2
Describe how changes from the stable state are detected.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
1.7
Outline the role of the nervous system in detecting and responding to environmental changes.
1.7.1
HVFULEHWKHVWLPXOXVUHVSRQVHSDWKZD\DQGKRZLWHQDEOHVWKHQHUYRXVV\VWHPWRUHVSRQGWR
'
environmental changes.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.8
Gather, process and analyse information from secondary sources and use available evidence to
develop a model of a feedback mechanism.
1.8.1
The diagram shows a feedback mechanism for thermoregulation in humans.

(a)
Blood vessels
dilate
How is a change in the internal body

temperature of humans detected?
X
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
Cooling centre
sends
message
Body temperature
decreases
............................................................................................................................
(b)
Hypothalamus
in brain
In this model, what is the effector and how

does it carry out a response?
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
Heating centre
sends message
Temperature
increases
(c)
What is meant by negative feedback?
............................................................................................................................
Blood vessels
constrict
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
Science Press

, GHQWLI\WKHEURDGUDQJHRIWHPSHUDWXUHVRYHUZKLFKOLIHLVIRXQGFRPSDUHGZLWKWKHQDUURZ
limits for individual species.
1.9.1
Identify the range of temperatures over which most life is found and give an exception to this
range.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.9.2
Use an example to show how some species can only survive in a very narrow temperature
range.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.10 Compare responses of named Australian ectothermic and endothermic organisms to changes in
WKHDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHDQGH[SODLQKRZWKHVHUHVSRQVHVDVVLVWWHPSHUDWXUHUHJXODWLRQ
1.10.1 Name an Australian ectotherm and describe how it responds to changes in the ambient
temperature to control its body temperature.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.10.2 Name an Australian endotherm and describe how it responds to changes in the ambient
temperature to control its body temperature.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
1.11 Analyse information from secondary sources to describe adaptations and responses that have
occurred in Australian organisms to assist temperature regulation.
1.11.1 Distinguish between ectotherms and endotherms and identify organisms belonging to each
group.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.11.2 7KHGLDJUDPVVKRZDEOXHWRQJXHOL]DUGDQGDEUXVKWDLOHGSRVVXP
Identify which is an endotherm and which is an ectotherm and describe an adaptation or

response of each to assist temperature regulation.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
1.12 Identify some responses of plants to temperature changes.

1.12.1 Complete the following table to summarise some adaptations of plants for temperature
change.
Temperature
change
Example
What happens
How this assists plant
Becomes
much colder
Becomes
much colder
Becomes
hotter
Becomes
hotter
1.12.2 Explain how vernalisation assists plants to live in cold climates.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
10

The following diagram shows a model you have studied.
Walls of active site move
a little and wrap around
part A as it binds
(a)
Name this model.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(b)
Explain how enzymes speed up reactions.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
(c)
The diagram shows the graph of the reaction rate of two enzymes against pH.
Enzyme B
Reaction rate
Enzyme A
4
pH
10
If these enzymes are found in the human body, suggest possible places where enzyme A and
enzyme B could work. Give a reason for each suggestion.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
11
(d)
The following data was collected when a group of HSC Biology students wanted to
investigate the effect of temperature on the action of the enzyme catalase.
Catalase is an enzyme found in plants and animals and aerobic bacteria. Catalase is involved
in the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and molecular oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide
is produced as a waste product of metabolism in many organisms, e.g. hydrogen peroxide is
DE\SURGXFWRIIDWW\DFLGR[LGDWLRQ+\GURJHQSHUR[LGHLVWR[LFWRFHOOVDQGPXVWEHTXLFNO\
removed.
2H2O2
catalase
2H2O + O2
The students used a liver suspension as the source of catalase and added 2 drops of
suspension to test tubes containing 3 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 3 mL of water. Each
test tube was then placed in a water bath held at a particular temperature.
The test tubes were connected to a pressure sensor and data logger and the following results
were the maximum pressures (atm/min) recorded by the students.
Student results:
Temperature C
Pressure (atm/min)
10C
0.4
25C
0.5
35C
0.7
40C
0.8
45C
0.9
50C
0.1
(i) Plot these results on the graph.
(ii) Suggest why the students only tested the catalase activity in the temperature range 10C
to 50C.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
12
2. Plants and animals transport dissolved nutrients and gases in a uid medium.

,GHQWLI\WKHIRUPVLQZKLFKHDFKRIWKHIROORZLQJLVFDUULHGLQPDPPDOLDQEORRG
FDUERQGLR[LGH
R[\JHQ
ZDWHU
VDOWV
OLSLGV
QLWURJHQRXVZDVWHV
RWKHUSURGXFWVRIGLJHVWLRQ
2.1.1
Complete the following table to summarise how substances are carried in the blood.
Substance
Form carried in mammalian blood
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Water
Salts
Lipids
Nitrogenous
waste
Other products
of digestion
Science Press
13
2.2
Explain the adaptive advantage of haemoglobin.

2.2.1
Haemoglobin is often described as a respiratory pigment. What does this mean?
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.2.2
Explain why the presence of haemoglobin in the red blood cells of mammals is an adaptive
advantage.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.3
Compare the structure of arteries, capillaries and veins in relation to their function.
2.3.1
([SODLQZK\DUWHULHVQHHGWKLFNHUOD\HUVRIHODVWLFWLVVXHDQGPXVFOHEUHV
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.3.2
Explain why it is incorrect to say that arteries carry oxygenated blood and veins carry
deoxygenated blood.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
14
2.3.3
Complete the following table to compare arteries, capillaries and veins.

Feature
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Diagram
Denition
Wall structure
Blood pressure
Diameter of
blood vessel
Function
Composition of
blood present
Valves
Science Press
15
2.4
Describe the changes in the chemical composition of blood as it moves around the body and
LGHQWLI\WLVVXHVLQZKLFKWKHVHFKDQJHVRFFXU
2.4.1
For each of the following locations in the body, identify a chemical that changes
concentration at that location and describe why the changes occurs.
Location
Chemical
that changes
concentration
Lungs
Carbon dioxide
Lungs
Oxygen
Villi of small
intestine
Amino acids and

glucose
Liver
Glucose
Kidneys
Water
Kidneys
Nitrogenous
waste
Gland
Hormones
Why the change in concentration occurs
Science Press
16

HUIRUPDUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWRGHPRQVWUDWHWKHHIIHFWRIGLVVROYHGFDUERQGLR[LGHRQ
3
ZDWHU
2.5.1

HVFULEHDUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ\RXSHUIRUPHGWRGHPRQVWUDWHWKHHIIHFWRIGLVVROYHG
'
carbon dioxide on water. Your description should include:
DOLVWRIHTXLSPHQWXVHG
WKHVWHSE\VWHSPHWKRGXVHG
GLVFXVVLRQRI\RXUUHVXOWV
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
17

HUIRUPDUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQXVLQJWKHOLJKWPLFURVFRSHDQGSUHSDUHGVOLGHVWRJDWKHU
3
LQIRUPDWLRQWRHVWLPDWHWKHVL]HRIUHGDQGZKLWHEORRGFHOOVDQGGUDZVFDOHGGLDJUDPVRIHDFK
2.6.1

HVFULEHDUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ\RXSHUIRUPHGWRHVWLPDWHWKHVL]HRIUHGDQGZKLWHEORRG
'
cells. Your description should include:
GLVFXVVLRQRIKRZ\RXHVWLPDWHGWKHVL]HRIWKHHOGRIYLHZ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
18
2.6.2
Use the following diagram to identify a red blood cell and a white blood cell and for each of
these cells estimate its size.
10 microns

XWOLQHWKHQHHGIRUR[\JHQLQOLYLQJFHOOVDQGH[SODLQZK\UHPRYDORIFDUERQGLR[LGHIURPFHOOV
2
is essential.
2.7.1
Explain why living cells need oxygen.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.7.2
Explain why the removal of carbon dioxide from cells is essential.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

QDO\VHLQIRUPDWLRQIURPVHFRQGDU\VRXUFHVWRLGHQWLI\FXUUHQWWHFKQRORJLHVWKDWDOORZ
$
measurement of oxygen saturation and carbon dioxide concentrations in blood and describe
DQGH[SODLQWKHFRQGLWLRQVXQGHUZKLFKWKHVHWHFKQRORJLHVDUHXVHG
2.8.1
When researching information from websites, what details should you check to ensure the
TXDOLW\DQGDFFXUDF\RIWKHLQIRUPDWLRQ\RXREWDLQ"
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
19
2.8.2
Describe a current technology that allows the measurement of oxygen saturation in blood and
explain the conditions under which this technology is used.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.8.3
Describe a current technology that allows the measurement of carbon dioxide concentrations
in blood and explain the conditions under which this technology is used.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
20
2.9
Analyse and present information from secondary sources to identify the products extracted
from donated blood and discuss the uses of these products.
2.9.1
Complete the following table to show four products from donated blood and the uses of these
products.
Product extracted
from donated blood
Is component from
plasma or blood cells?
Use
2.10 Analyse and present information from secondary sources to report on progress in the
SURGXFWLRQRIDUWLFLDOEORRGDQGXVHDYDLODEOHHYLGHQFHWRSURSRVHUHDVRQVZK\VXFKUHVHDUFK
is needed.
2.10.1 :
KDWLVPHDQWE\DUWLFLDOEORRGDQGZK\DUHEORRGVXEVWLWXWHVRIWHQFODVVLHGDVHLWKHU
volume expanders or oxygen therapeutics?
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.10.2 , QWKHVUHVHDUFKEHJDQLQWREORRGVXEVWLWXWHV3HUXRURFDUERQVZHUHGHYHORSHG
DQGPRUHUHFHQWGHYHORSPHQWVLQFURVVOLQNLQJDQGFKHPLFDOPRGLFDWLRQKDYHOHGWR
haemoglobin solutions. Explain why research is needed in this area.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
21
2.10.3 Assess a named blood substitute product.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.11 Describe current theories about processes responsible for the movement of materials through
plants in xylem and phloem tissue.
2.11.1 Identify the parts of vascular tissue in plants and their functions.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.11.2 Describe the process for movement of materials in xylem tissue.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
22
2.11.3 Describe the process for movement of materials in phloem tissue.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
&
KRRVHHTXLSPHQWRUUHVRXUFHVWRSHUIRUPDUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWRJDWKHUUVWKDQGGDWDWR
GUDZWUDQVYHUVHDQGORQJLWXGLQDOVHFWLRQVRISKORHPDQG[\OHPWLVVXH
2.12.1 The diagrams show two ways of cutting plant sections.
Method A
Method B
Razor blade
Razor blade
Stem
Stem
Longitudinal section
Transverse section
Describe the use of each method.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.12.2 The diagram shows a stained tissue of plant stem as seen under high power with a light
microscope. Name the type of section used to make this slide, the tissue, the material
WUDQVSRUWHGE\WKLVWLVVXHDQGLGHQWLI\HDFKSDUWWKDWKDVEHHQLGHQWLHGZLWKDQDUURZ
(a)
...........................................................................................................................................................
(b) ............................................................................................................................................................
(c) ............................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
23
2.12.3 The diagram shows a student drawing of what was seen under high power of a light
microscope after making a thin section of plant stem.
What is this section?
..............................................................................................................................................................
Label the different cell types.

Compare the transport of water in plants with the transport of water in animals.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
24
3. Plants and animals regulate the concentration of gases, water and waste products of
metabolism in cells and in interstitial uid.

[SODLQZK\WKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIZDWHULQFHOOVVKRXOGEHPDLQWDLQHGZLWKLQDQDUURZUDQJHIRU
(
optimal function.
3.1.1
[SODLQZK\DFKDQJHLQWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIZDWHULQFHOOVFDQKDYHVHULRXVFRQVHTXHQFHVRQ
(
cell metabolism.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

([SODLQZK\WKHUHPRYDORIZDVWHVLVHVVHQWLDOIRUFRQWLQXHGPHWDEROLFDFWLYLW\
3.2.1
Identify the main metabolic wastes products and discuss why they need to be removed from
the body.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

,GHQWLI\WKHUROHRIWKHNLGQH\LQWKHH[FUHWRU\V\VWHPRIVKDQGPDPPDOV
3.3.1
&RPSDUHWKHUROHRIWKHNLGQH\LQPDPPDOVIUHVKZDWHUVKDQGVDOWZDWHUVK
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
25

[SODLQZK\WKHSURFHVVHVRIGLIIXVLRQDQGRVPRVLVDUHLQDGHTXDWHLQUHPRYLQJGLVVROYHG
(
QLWURJHQRXVZDVWHVLQVRPHRUJDQLVPV
3.4.1
Explain why many organisms do not rely on diffusion and osmosis as the only processes to
remove dissolved nitrogenous wastes.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

LVWLQJXLVKEHWZHHQDFWLYHDQGSDVVLYHWUDQVSRUWDQGUHODWHWKHVHWRSURFHVVHVRFFXUULQJLQWKH
'
mammalian kidney.
3.5.1
What is the difference between active and passive transport?
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3.5.2
Describe active and passive transport in the mammalian kidney.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

[SODLQKRZWKHSURFHVVHVRIOWUDWLRQDQGUHDEVRUSWLRQLQWKHPDPPDOLDQQHSKURQUHJXODWH
(
ERG\XLGFRPSRVLWLRQ
3.6.1
[SODLQKRZOWUDWLRQDQGUHDEVRUSWLRQLQWKHNLGQH\PDLQWDLQWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIZDWHUDQG
(
salts in the body.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
26

HUIRUPDUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKHVWUXFWXUHRIDPDPPDOLDQNLGQH\E\GLVVHFWLRQXVHRI
3
DPRGHORUYLVXDOUHVRXUFHDQGLGHQWLI\WKHUHJLRQVLQYROYHGLQWKHH[FUHWLRQRIZDVWHSURGXFWV
3.7.1

HVFULEHDUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ\RXSHUIRUPHGWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHVWUXFWXUHRIDPDPPDOLDQ
'
kidney by dissection. Your description should include:
ODEHOOHGGLDJUDPRIWKHLQWHUQDOVWUXFWXUHRIDNLGQH\DVVHHQLQWKHGLVVHFWLRQ
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Labelled diagram of kidney:
Science Press
27
3.8
Gather, process and analyse information from secondary sources to compare the process of
UHQDOGLDO\VLVZLWKWKHIXQFWLRQRIWKHNLGQH\
3.8.1
'HQHGLDO\VLVDQGRXWOLQHKRZLWFDQDSSO\WRWKHNLGQH\
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3.8.2
Fill in the following table to compare renal dialysis and the kidney.
Feature
Kidney
Renal dialysis
Structure
Function and
nitrogenous
wastes
Other
functions
How often it
occurs
Filtration and
reabsorption
Science Press
28

XWOLQHWKHUROHRIWKHKRUPRQHVDOGRVWHURQHDQG$'+DQWLGLXUHWLFKRUPRQHLQWKHUHJXODWLRQ

2
RIZDWHUDQGVDOWOHYHOVLQEORRG
3.9.1
Complete the following table to summarise the hormones aldosterone and ADH.
Feature
Aldosterone
Antidiuretic hormone
Where it is
produced
When it is
produced
Stored
Travels
Action
Suppression
Science Press
29
3
UHVHQWLQIRUPDWLRQWRRXWOLQHWKHJHQHUDOXVHRIKRUPRQHUHSODFHPHQWWKHUDS\LQSHRSOHZKR
cannot secrete aldosterone.
3.10.1 What is hormone replacement therapy?
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3.10.2 Describe the use of hormone replacement therapy for kidney conditions involving aldosterone
GHFLHQFLHV
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3.11 Analyse information from secondary sources to compare and explain the differences in urine
FRQFHQWUDWLRQRIWHUUHVWULDOPDPPDOVPDULQHVKDQGIUHVKZDWHUVK
3.11.1 Complete the table to summarise the three types of nitrogenous wastes.
Feature
O
H
N
H
N
H
HN
Ammonia
C
N
H
H2N
NH2
Urea
N
H
Uric acid
Formation and
energy needed
for formation
Toxicity
Solubility
Animals
releasing this
as nitrogenous
waste
Science Press
30
3.11.2 In vertebrates, the function of the kidneys is the removal of nitrogenous and other wastes.
.LGQH\VDUHDOVRLQYROYHGLQWKHRVPRWLFUHJXODWLRQRIERG\XLGV,GHQWLI\WKHPDLQ
nitrogenous waste and where it is removed from the bodies of terrestrial mammals, marine
VKDQGIUHVKZDWHUVK5HODWHWKLVH[FUHWLRQWRWKHXULQHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIWKHVHDQLPDOV
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
8
VHDYDLODEOHHYLGHQFHWRH[SODLQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHFRQVHUYDWLRQRIZDWHUDQGWKH
SURGXFWLRQDQGH[FUHWLRQRIFRQFHQWUDWHGQLWURJHQRXVZDVWHVLQDUDQJHRI$XVWUDOLDQLQVHFWV
and terrestrial mammals.
3.12.1 Leichhardts Grasshopper, Petasida ephippigera is a bright red, blue and orange grasshopper
found on the eastern side of Australia. The Giant Australian termite, Mastotermes
darwiniensis is only found in tropical northern Australia and nearby islands. It is Australias
most destructive termite and builds large mounds. Grasshoppers and termites excrete uric
acid. Explain the relationship between conservation of water and production of uric acid for
these insects.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
31
3.12.2 7
KHVSLQLIH[KRSSLQJPRXVHNotomys alexis lives in the desert and can survive by eating
seeds, insects and plant roots and not drinking water. Their urine is one of the most
concentrated found in mammals and they eliminate an almost dry faeces. Explain the
relationship between conservation of water and the concentration of their nitrogenous waste
IRUWKHVSLQLIH[KRSSLQJPRXVH
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
'
HQHHQDQWLRVWDVLVDVWKHPDLQWHQDQFHRIPHWDEROLFDQGSK\VLRORJLFDOIXQFWLRQVLQUHVSRQVHWR
variations in the environment and discuss its importance to estuarine organisms in maintaining
appropriate salt concentrations.
3.13.1 'HQHHQDQWLRVWDVLV
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3.13.2 Describe the main features of an estuarine environment.

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3.14 Process and analyse information from secondary sources and use available evidence to discuss
processes used by different plants for salt regulation in saline environments.
3.14.1 Describe two different processes to regulate salt levels of named plants that live in saline
environments.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
32
'
HVFULEHDGDSWDWLRQVRIDUDQJHRIWHUUHVWULDO$XVWUDOLDQSODQWVWKDWDVVLVWLQPLQLPLVLQJZDWHU
loss.
3.15.1 Complete the following table to summarise the adaptations of each Australian plant.
Plant and feature
Diagram
How feature minimises water loss
Eucalypts
Leaves hang
vertically.
Spinifex grass
Leaf can coil around
underside.
Hakea multilineata
(grass-leaf hakea)
Leaves are long, thin
blades.
Carpobrotus rossii
(pigface)
Leaves are thick,
succulent.
Actinotus spp
(annel ower)
Leaves have dense
covering of pale
woolly hairs.
Acacia spp
Have extensive root
system with root
nodules.
Oleander
Deep root system
below the water
table.
Science Press
33
3
HUIRUPDUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQWRJDWKHULQIRUPDWLRQDERXWVWUXFWXUHVLQSODQWVWKDWDVVLVWLQ
WKHFRQVHUYDWLRQRIZDWHU
3.16.1 To investigate structures in plants used in the conservation of water, some HSC Biology
VWXGHQWVPDGHDWKLQFURVVVHFWLRQRIDOHDIRIVSLQLIH[JUDVV7KH\REVHUYHGWKHVHFWLRQ
under low power of a light microscope and drew the following diagram for their results.
Low power spinifex grass stem
Identify two features on this diagram and discuss how each structure assists in the
conservation of water.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Compare an adaptation to reduce water loss in an Australian plant with a mechanism to reduce water
loss in an Australian animal.
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
34
DOT POINT
Answers
Science Press
263
Answers
Notes
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Science Press
Answers
264
1.1.1
(Q]\PHVDUHRUJDQLFFDWDO\VWVWKDWFRQWUROWKHUDWHRIUHDFWLRQVLQWKHERG\(DFKHQ]\PHLVVSHFLFIRUDVSHFLFUHDFWLRQ
1.1.2
Enzymes are proteins and made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Proteins consist of long chains of
amino acids held together by peptide bonds.
1.1.3
(a)
Lock-and-key model.
E
7KHVKDSHRIWKHHQ]\PHDQGWKHDFWLYHVLWHRQWKHHQ]\PHKDYHDVSHFLFVKDSHZKLFKWVRQWRWKHVXEVWUDWHIRUPLQJ
DQHQ]\PHVXEVWUDWHFRPSOH[7KHUHDFWLRQRFFXUVDQGWKHHQ]\PHEUHDNVDZD\IURPWKHSURGXFWV
F
7KHORFNDQGNH\PRGHOKDVEHHQPRGLHGWRWKHLQGXFHGWPRGHO$QDO\VLVRIWKHVKDSHVRIPROHFXOHVVKRZVWKDW
WKHDFWLYHVLWHLVPRUHH[LEOHWKDQDNH\KROHDQGFDQVOLJKWO\DOWHULWVVKDSHWRWPRUHFORVHO\ZLWKWKHVXEVWUDWH
G
)DFWRUVWKDWDIIHFWHQ]\PHDFWLYLW\LQFOXGHWKHDPRXQWRIVXEVWUDWHSUHVHQWWHPSHUDWXUHS+SUHVHQFHRIFRHQ]\PHV
RUFRIDFWRUVWKHSUHVHQFHRIKHDY\PHWDOVHJPHUFXU\OHDG]LQF
1.2.1
7RLQYHVWLJDWHWKHHIIHFWRIWHPSHUDWXUHRQWKHDFWLYLW\RIDQHQ]\PHZHXVHGWKHIROORZLQJHTXLSPHQW
(
TXLSPHQWXVHG
- XQNHWWDEOHWUHQQLQHQ]\PHZKLFKLVSURGXFHGLQWKHVWRPDFKRIPDQ\PDPPDOVWRFDXVHWKHFORWWLQJRIPLONPRUWDUDQG

SHVWOHGLVWLOOHGZDWHUJUDGXDWHGSLSHWWHWHVWWXEHVWHVWWXEHUDFNZDWHUEDWKVWKHUPRPHWHUVVWRSZDWFK
6DIHW\SUHFDXWLRQ
&DUHZDVWDNHQZKHQXVLQJPHUFXU\WKHUPRPHWHUVDVLIWKH\EUHDNWKHJODVVFDQFXWDQGPHUFXU\LVSRLVRQRXVDQGLQFRQWDFW
ZLWKWKHVNLQFDQFDXVHDQDOOHUJLFUDVK
6WHSE\VWHSPHWKRG

$MXQNHWWDEOHWZDVJURXQGZLWKWKHPRUWDUDQGSHVWOHDQGP/GLVWLOOHGZDWHUZDVDGGHGXVLQJDJUDGXDWHGSLSHWWH
WRPDNHDUHQQLQVROXWLRQ

$VHULHVRIWHVWWXEHVZHUHVHWXSHDFKFRQWDLQLQJP/PLONLQDVHULHVRIZDWHUEDWKVWKDWUDQJHGLQWHPSHUDWXUH
&&&&&&&&&7KHWHPSHUDWXUHRIHDFKZDWHUEDWKZDVNHSWFRQVWDQWDQG
WKHUHZHUHWHVWWXEHVSHUZDWHUEDWK

7KHWHVWWXEHVLQHDFKZDWHUEDWKZHUHODEHOOHG$DQG%(DFKWHVWWXEH$KDGGURSVRIUHQQLQVROXWLRQDGGHG
DQGWKHVWRSZDWFKHVZHUHVWDUWHG

7KHWLPHIRUWKHPLONLQHDFKWHVWWXEHZDVUHFRUGHGLQDWDEOH

7KHUHVXOWVZHUHJUDSKHGDQGWKHGDWDDQDO\VHG

$Q\JHQHUDOWUHQGVZHUHQRWHGDQGDFRQFOXVLRQGUDZQ
*
HQHUDOGHVFULSWLRQRIUHVXOWV
, WZDVIRXQGWKDWWKHIDVWHVWWLPHZDVDW&7KHUDWHLQFUHDVHGVWHDGLO\XQWLO&DQGWKHQGUDPDWLFDOO\VWRSSHG7KHPLON
DWWKHKLJKHUWHPSHUDWXUHVGLGQRWFORW
Rate of
reaction
(1/time)
10 20 30 40
50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Temperature (C)
Science Press
265
1.2.2
D
7KHZDWHUEDWKVZHUHNHSWDW&DVWKLVLVERG\WHPSHUDWXUHDQGUHQQLQKDVRSWLPDODFWLYLW\DWWKLVWHPSHUDWXUH
E
9DULDEOHVWKDWQHHGHGWREHNHSWFRQVWDQWLQFOXGHWKHDPRXQWRIMXQNHWVROXWLRQDGGHGWRHDFKWHVWWXEHWKHDPRXQWRI
PLONDGGHGWRHDFKWHVWWXEHWKHDPRXQWRIEXIIHUVROXWLRQDGGHGWRHDFKWHVWWXEHWKHWHPSHUDWXUHRIHDFKWHVWWXEH
F
7KHJUDSKIRUHQ]\PHZRXOGEHPRVWVLPLODUWRWKHDFWLRQRIWKHHQ]\PHUHQQLQ5HQQLQZRUNVLQWKHVWRPDFK
ZKLFKLVKLJKO\DFLGLFHJDSSUR[LPDWHO\S+ DQGWKHRSWLPDOS+IRUHQ]\PHLVDSSUR[LPDWHO\S+
G
7RLPSURYHWKHUHOLDELOLW\RIWKHH[SHULPHQWWKHVWXGHQWVQHHGWRUHSHDWWKHH[SHULPHQWVHYHUDOWLPHVDQGFRPSDUHWKH
UHVXOWV,IWKHVDPHUHVXOWVRFFXUHDFKWLPHWKHH[SHULPHQWDOPHWKRGKDVEHHQVKRZQWREHUHOLDEOH
1.2.3
D
7KHSRWDWRZDVWKHVRXUFHRIWKHFDWDODVH
E
7KHSRWDWRZDVJURXQGDVFDWDODVHLVDQLQWUDFHOOXODUHQ]\PHDQGFHOOZDOOVDQGPHPEUDQHVQHHGWREHEURNHQWR
release the enzyme.
F
7KHEXEEOHVZHUHR[\JHQJDV
G
$PRUHFRQFHQWUDWHGVROXWLRQKDVDJUHDWHUQXPEHURIVXEVWUDWHPROHFXOHVDQGWKHUHIRUHWKHUHLVDJUHDWHUFKDQFHRID
FROOLVLRQEHWZHHQHQ]\PHDQGVXEVWUDWH$QLQFUHDVHLQWKHUDWHRIUHDFWLRQLVDQLQFUHDVHLQWKHQXPEHURIFROOLVLRQV
EHWZHHQWKHUHDFWLQJSDUWLFOHV
Reaction rate
(e)
Dilute
Concentrated
Concentration of substrate
1.3.1
S+LVDPHDVXUHRIWKHDFLGLW\RIDVXEVWDQFH7KHVFDOHUDQJHVIURPDFLGWRQHXWUDOWREDVH
1.4.1
ORWRIHQHUJ\LVGHYRWHGWRPDLQWDLQLQJDFRQVWDQWLQWHUQDOHQYLURQPHQWDVWKHFKHPLFDOUHDFWLRQVWKDWVXSSRUWWKHSURFHVVHV
$
RIOLIHUHTXLUHVSHFLFFRQGLWLRQV,IFRQGLWLRQVHJWHPSHUDWXUHS+VXEVWUDWHFRQFHQWUDWLRQGRQRWUHPDLQUHODWLYHO\VWDEOH
WKHUHDFWLRQVZLOOVWRSDQGOLIHFRXOGVWRS
1.5.1
+RPHRVWDVLVLVGHQHGDVWKHPDLQWHQDQFHRIDUHODWLYHO\VWDEOHLQWHUQDOHQYLURQPHQW
1.5.2
&RQGLWLRQVFRQWUROOHGE\KRPHRVWDVLVLQFOXGHERG\WHPSHUDWXUHS+ZDWHUFRQFHQWUDWLRQVDOWFRQFHQWUDWLRQVVXJDUOHYHOV
levels of dissolved gases, e.g. oxygen and carbon dioxide.
1.6.1
+RPHRVWDVLVFRQVLVWVRIWZRVWDJHVGHWHFWLQJFKDQJHVIURPWKHVWDEOHVWDWHDQGFRXQWHUDFWLQJFKDQJHVIURPWKHVWDEOHVWDWH
1.6.2
KDQJHVIURPWKHVWDEOHVWDWHDUHGHWHFWHGE\UHFHSWRUV7KHUHDUHLQWHUQDODQGH[WHUQDOUHFHSWRUV5HFHSWRUVLQWKHVHQVH
&
organs detect changes in the external environment. Internal receptors are part of a feedback system to help maintain
homeostasis in the body.
1.7.1
7KHVWLPXOXVUHVSRQVHSDWKZD\FRQVLVWVRIWKHVWHSVVWLPXOXVUHFHSWRUFHQWUDOQHUYRXVV\VWHPHIIHFWRUUHVSRQVH
KLVSDWKZD\DOORZVDFKDQJHLQWKHHQYLURQPHQWHJGURSLQDLUWHPSHUDWXUHWREHGHWHFWHGE\UHFHSWRUVHJ
7
WKHUPRUHFHSWRUVLQWKHVNLQ7KHUHFHSWRUVSDVVDQHUYRXVLPSXOVHWRWKHFHQWUDOQHUYRXVV\VWHPZKLFKFDQFDXVHDUHH[
DFWLRQWRRFFXURUWKHEUDLQFDQLQWHUSUHWWKHLQIRUPDWLRQDQGDFRQVFLRXVGHFLVLRQFDQEHPDGH$QHUYRXVLPSXOVHLVVHQWWR
WKHHIIHFWRUHJPXVFOHRUJODQGDQGWKHHIIHFWRUFDUULHVRXWWKHUHVSRQVHHJVKLYHULQJWRLQFUHDVHERG\WHPSHUDWXUH7KXV
WKHSDWKZD\DOORZVWKHQHUYRXVV\VWHPWRUHVSRQGWRHQYLURQPHQWDOFKDQJHV
1.8.1
D
$FKDQJHLQLQWHUQDOERG\WHPSHUDWXUHLQKXPDQVLVGHWHFWHGE\WKHUPRUHFHSWRUVLQWKHK\SRWKDODPXVLQWKHEUDLQ
E
7KHHIIHFWRULVWKHPXVFOHVFRQWUROOLQJWKHGLDPHWHURIEORRGYHVVHOV7KHPXVFOHVFDXVHWKHEORRGYHVVHOVWRGLODWHWR
KHOSFRROWKHERG\RUWRFRQVWULFWWRKHOSZDUPWKHERG\
F
,QQHJDWLYHIHHGEDFNDVSHFLFFKDQJHUHVXOWVLQDUHVSRQVHRSSRVLWHWRWKHLQLWLDOVLWXDWLRQ
1.9.1
RVWRUJDQLVPVOLYHLQHQYLURQPHQWVZLWKWHPSHUDWXUHVEHWZHHQ&DQG&+RZHYHURUJDQLVPVKDYHEHHQIRXQGDWWKH
0
SROHVZLWKWHPSHUDWXUHVEHORZ&DQGDURXQGEODFNVPRNHUVLQRFHDQLFWUHQFKHVZLWKWHPSHUDWXUHVDERYH&
1.9.2
UJDQLVPVWKDWOLYHLQFRUDOUHHIVFDQRQO\VXUYLYHLQDYHU\QDUURZWHPSHUDWXUHUDQJHHJVWDJKRUQFRUDOAcroporaVSS$
2
FKDQJHLQWHPSHUDWXUHZLOOWKUHDWHQWKHH[LVWHQFHRIWKHFRUDO
Science Press
266
1.10.1
$
Q$XVWUDOLDQHFWRWKHUPLVWKHQHWWHGGUDJRQZKLFKLVDGHVHUWOL]DUG,WOLHVLQWKHVXQWRDEVRUEZDUPWKWRKHDWLWVERG\XQWLO
ERG\WHPSHUDWXUHLVDURXQG&,WZLOOWKHQUHWUHDWWRLWVEXUURZWRVWRSEHFRPLQJWRRKRW
1.10.2
$
Q$XVWUDOLDQHQGRWKHUPLVWKHUHGNDQJDURR,IWKHWHPSHUDWXUHEHFRPHVWRRKRWLWZLOOSDQWDQGOLFNLWVIRUHOLPEVUHO\LQJRQ
WKHHYDSRUDWLRQIURPWKHERG\VXUIDFHIRUFRROLQJ
1.11.1
QGRWKHUPVXVHLQWHUQDOPHWDEROLFSURFHVVHVWRFRQWUROWKHLUERG\WHPSHUDWXUHHJPDPPDOVDQGELUGV(FWRWKHUPVXVHWKH
(
HQHUJ\IURPWKHLUHQYLURQPHQWWRUHJXODWHWKHLUERG\WHPSHUDWXUHHJVKUHSWLOHVDPSKLELDQVDQGDOOLQYHUWHEUDWHV
1.11.2
KHEOXHWRQJXHGOL]DUGLVDQHFWRWKHUP7RFRQWUROERG\WHPSHUDWXUHOL]DUGVEDVNLQWKHVXQWRJDLQKHDWDQGZLOOKLGHLQ
7
EXUURZVRUXQGHUORJVWRUHGXFHWHPSHUDWXUH7KHLUOHYHORIDFWLYLW\GXULQJWKHGD\LVGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUH
7KHSRVVXPLVDQHQGRWKHUP7KHLUIXUKHOSVLQVXODWHLQFROGZHDWKHUDQGSRVVXPVOLYLQJLQ7DVPDQLDKDYHWKLFNHUIXUWKDQ
PDLQODQGVSHFLHV0RVWDUHDUERUHDODQGQRFWXUQDODQGERG\VL]HFKDQJHVVRWKDWWKHODUJHUIRUPVZLWKVPDOOHUVXUIDFHDUHD
YROXPHUDWLRDUHLQFROGHUDUHDV
1.12.1
Temperature change
Example
What happens
How this assists plant
Becomes much colder
Beech tree
Tree is deciduous, leaves are dropped in

winter
Reduces growth rate, less energy is needed and avoids

damage to leaves
Becomes much colder
Daffodil
Plant dies back leaving no parts above

ground
Bulb is protected underground to survive winter and will

sprout when conditions favourable
Becomes hotter
Geraniums
The plant produces smaller leaves to

reduce surface area exposed to heat
Leaves have stomates and higher temperatures can lead

to increased transpiration which causes plant to dry out
Becomes hotter
Hakea
Extreme heat of re causes seed dispersal
Seeds are released onto soil covered in ash with less

ground cover giving the seeds a higher chance of survival
1.12.2
9
HUQDOLVDWLRQLVDUHVSRQVHZKHUHE\SODQWVQHHGWRKDYHEHHQH[SRVHGWRDFHUWDLQGHJUHHRIFROGFRQGLWLRQVEHIRUHWKH\ZLOO
RZHUHJPDQ\JDUGHQHUVLQZDUPHUDUHDVRI16:UHPRYHWXOLSVIURPWKHJURXQGDQGSXWWKHPLQDUHIULJHUDWRUIRUDOHQJWK
RIWLPHLQZLQWHUVRZKHQWKHEXOEVDUHUHWXUQHGWRWKHVRLOWKH\ZLOORZHULQVSULQJ
1.13
D
,QGXFHGWPRGHOIRUHQ]\PHDFWLYLW\
E
(Q]\PHVORZHUWKHHQHUJ\QHHGHGWRVWDUWDFKHPLFDOUHDFWLRQ(Q]\PHVDUHXVHGLQVPDOOTXDQWLWLHVDUHQRW
FRQVXPHGLQWKHUHDFWLRQDQGKHQFHFDQEHUHXVHGPDQ\WLPHV
F
(Q]\PH$FRXOGRSHUDWHLQWKHVWRPDFK7KHRSWLPDOS+IRUWKLVHQ]\PHLVS+ ZKLFKLVDFLGLFDQGFRUUHVSRQGV
WRWKHS+LQWKHVWRPDFKHJHQ]\PHFRXOGEHSHSVLQ(Q]\PH%FRXOGRSHUDWHLQWKHVPDOOLQWHVWLQH7KHRSWLPDOS+
IRUWKLVHQ]\PHLVS+ ZKLFKFRUUHVSRQGVWRVOLJKWO\EDVLFDQGFRUUHVSRQGVWRWKHS+LQWKHVPDOOLQWHVWLQH
HJHQ]\PH%FRXOGEHWU\SVLQ
(d)
(i)
Temperature and catalase activity
Pressure
(atm/min)
1
0.5
0
10C
25C
35C
40C
45C
50C
Temperature (C)
LL7KHVWXGHQWVRQO\WHVWHGWKHFDWDODVHDFWLYLW\LQWKHWHPSHUDWXUHUDQJH&WR&DVWKHFDWDODVHFDPHIURP
DOLYHUVXVSHQVLRQDQGERG\WHPSHUDWXUHUDQJHLV&WR&7KHUHVXOWVFRQUPWKDWHQ]\PHDFWLYLW\LVORZ
EHORZ&RUDERYH&
Science Press
267
2.1.1
Substance
Form carried in mammalian blood
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide travels in different forms in the blood around 7% carbon dioxide dissolves directly in the
plasma, about 23% combines with haemoglobin forming carbaminohaemoglobin and about 70% forms hydrogen
carbonate ions (HCO3 ) and travels in the plasma.
Oxygen
Oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin in red blood cells.
Water
Water travels in plasma as water molecules.
Salt
Salts travel as either positive or negative ions, e.g. potsssium ions (K ).
Lipids
Many lipids are water-insoluble and only travel in the blood when they are coated with proteins becoming
lipoproteins and travel as high-density lipoproteins (HDL) or low-density lipoproteins (LDL).
Nitrogenous waste
The nitrogenous waste is ammonia, but as this is toxic most mammals convert the ammonia to urea. The
conversion occurs in the liver and the kidneys lter the urea from the blood.
Other products of
digestion
Many products of digestion are soluble and travel dissolved in the plasma, e.g. amino acids, glucose, vitamins.
2.2.1
UHVSLUDWRU\SLJPHQWLVDFRPSRXQGWKDWJLYHVFRORXUHJKDHRPRJORELQLVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHUHGFRORXURIEORRGDQGWKDW
$
is involved in respiration, e.g. haemoglobin carries oxygen needed for respiration.
2.2.2
[\JHQFDQFRPELQHZLWKKDHPRJORELQWRIRUPR[\KDHPRJORELQ7KLVLQFUHDVHVWKHR[\JHQFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\RIWKHEORRG
2
0DPPDOVDUHHQGRWKHUPVDQGXVHWKHKHDWIURPLQWHUQDOPHWDEROLFSURFHVVHVWRPDLQWDLQERG\WHPSHUDWXUHHJR[\JHQ
DQGJOXFRVHDUHXVHGLQUHVSLUDWLRQWRUHOHDVHHQHUJ\LQWKHIRUPRI$73DQGKHDW,WLVWKHUHIRUHDQDGDSWLYHDGYDQWDJH
for mammals to have haemoglobin in their red blood cells to carry more oxygen to release more energy to maintain body
WHPSHUDWXUHHQVXUHRSWLPXPFRQGLWLRQVIRUFKHPLFDOUHDFWLRQVDQGIRUDQDFWLYHOLIHWRQGIRRGQGDPDWHDQGFDUHIRU
offspring.
2.3.1
$UWHULHVWDNHEORRGDZD\IURPWKHKHDUWZKLOHYHLQVWDNHEORRGWRWKHKHDUW7KHUHLVKLJKEORRGSUHVVXUHLQDUWHULHVDQG
WKHVWUXFWXUHRIWKHDUWHU\QHHGVWREHDEOHWRZLWKVWDQGWKHKLJKSUHVVXUHDVZHOODVWKHFKDQJHVLQSUHVVXUHEHFDXVHRIWKH
UK\WKPLFSXPSLQJRIWKHKHDUW7KHWKLFNHUOD\HURIHODVWLFWLVVXHDQGPXVFOHEUHVLQDUWHULHVDOORZWKHYHVVHOWRH[SDQGZKHQ
XQGHUSUHVVXUHDQGWKHQFRQWUDFWDJDLQ9HLQVDUHXQGHUOHVVSUHVVXUHDQGPDQ\KDYHYDOYHVWRNHHSWKHEORRGRZLQJLQRQH
GLUHFWLRQDVWKHSUHVVXUHFRXOGQRWUHWXUQWKHEORRGWRWKHKHDUW
2.3.2
RVWDUWHULHVFDUU\R[\JHQDWHGEORRGDQGPRVWYHLQVFDUU\GHR[\JHQDWHGEORRG+RZHYHUWKHKXPDQFLUFXODWRU\V\VWHPLVD
0
GRXEOHV\VWHPZLWKWKHULJKWVLGHRIWKHKHDUWSXPSLQJEORRGWRWKHOXQJVDQGWKHOHIWVLGHRIWKHKHDUWSXPSLQJWRWKHERG\
7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHSXOPRQDU\DUWHU\FDUULHVGHR[\JHQDWHGEORRGWRWKHOXQJVIURPWKHKHDUW,QWKHOXQJVR[\JHQPRYHV
GRZQWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQJUDGLHQWIURPWKHOXQJVLQWRWKHEORRGDQGWKHSXOPRQDU\YHLQFDUULHVWKHR[\JHQDWHGEORRGWRWKH
heart.
2.3.3
Feature
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Diagram
Fibrous outer layer
Muscle and elastic fibres
Endothelium
Single layer of cells
Fibrous outer layer

Muscle and elastic fibres
Endothelium
Denition
Carry blood away from the heart
Thin-walled blood vessels, e.g. link

arteries to veins
Carry blood to the heart
Wall structure
Thick elastic muscular wall with three

main layers with muscle and elastic
tissue
Walls are only a single cell in

thickness with no elastic or muscular
bres
Thin walls with fewer elastic and

muscle bres than the equivalent
layers in arteries
Blood pressure
Highest blood pressure is in arteries

near the heart, e.g. aorta
Small diameter causes high frictional

resistance, restricts blood ow and
lowers blood pressure
Lower blood pressure, insufcient to

return all blood from extremities to
the heart
Diameter of blood
vessel
Small bore
Bore is diameter of one red blood

cell
Large bore
Function
Distribute blood away from the heart,

e.g. to arterioles that carry blood to
capillaries
Exchange vessels when chemicals,

e.g. gases exchange between blood
and interstitial uid surrounding cells
Return blood to the heart from

capillaries to venules to veins
Composition of blood
present
Most arteries carry oxygenated

blood (except pulmonary artery)
Gas exchange occurs, e.g. oxygen

from blood into tissues and carbon
dioxide from tissues into blood
Most veins carry deoxygenated

blood (except pulmonary vein)
Valves
No valves
No valves
Valves present to prevent back-ow
Science Press
268
2.4.1
Location
Chemical
that changes
concentration
Why the change in concentration occurs
Lungs
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide increases in concentration as it diffuses into the lungs from the blood returning from respiring
body cells.
Lungs
Oxygen
Oxygen decreases in concentration as it diffuses out of the alveoli in the lungs into the blood to be taken to
cells for respiration.
Villi of small
intestine
Amino acids and

glucose
Glucose and amino acids decrease in concentration as they diffuse from the small intestine into the blood to
be taken away to be used by the body.
Liver
Glucose
Glucose concentration can decrease in the liver when there is too much glucose in the bloodstream and the
glucose is removed to be stored as glycogen. Glucose concentration can increase in the liver when there is
not enough glucose in the blood for maintaining stable body conditions.
Kidneys
Water
Water can be removed from blood or reabsorbed back into blood during the ltration process in the kidneys.
Osmoregulation maintains a constant water balance in the body.
Kidneys
Nitrogenous
waste
Most mammals produce urea as the main nitrogenous waste. It is formed when excess amino acids
accumulate after the digestion of proteins and when cells metabolise proteins into amino acids. The excess
amino acids cannot be stored and are taken to the liver where they are deaminated. The concentration of
urea increases in the kidneys as it is ltered from the blood and accumulated to be excreted.
Glands
Hormones
Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into blood, e.g. hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland,
pancreas, ovaries, testes. The hormone travels around the body in the blood until it reaches the target cell/tissue.
2.5.1
7RLQYHVWLJDWHWKHHIIHFWRIFDUERQGLR[LGHWKHIROORZLQJH[SHULPHQWZDVSHUIRUPHG
(TXLSPHQWXVHG
7KUHHWHVWWXEHVGLVWLOOHGZDWHUP/PHDVXULQJF\OLQGHUWZRSODVWLFVWUDZVS+PHWHUOLPHZDWHU
$
VDIHW\SUHFDXWLRQQHHGHG
, WLVYHU\LPSRUWDQWWRWDNHFDUHZKHQKDQGOLQJJODVVZDUHDVLWFDQEHHDVLO\EURNHQDQGVNLQFRXOGEHFXWOHDGLQJWRDQ
infection.
7KHVWHSE\VWHSPHWKRGXVHG

P/RIGLVWLOOHGZDWHUZDVPHDVXUHGXVLQJWKHPHDVXULQJF\OLQGHUDQGSRXUHGLQWRDWHVWWXEH7KLVZDVUHSHDWHG
DQGRQHWHVWHGZDVODEHOOHG$DQGWKHRWKHUWHVWWXEHZDVODEHOOHG%

$S+PHWHUZDVXVHGWRQGWKHS+RIWKHZDWHULQHDFKWHVWWXEHDQGWKHS+UHFRUGHGLQDWDEOH

8VLQJDVWUDZEUHDWKZDVH[KDOHGLQWRWHVWWXEH$IRUPLQXWHV

7KHS+RIHDFKWHVWWXEHZDVPHDVXUHGDJDLQ

6WHSVWRZHUHUHSHDWHGWLPHVDQGWKHDYHUDJHFKDQJHLQS+IRUHDFKWHVWWXEHZDVFDOFXODWHG

8VLQJDVWUDZEUHDWKZDVH[KDOHGLQWRDWHVWWXEHWKDWFRQWDLQHGP/OLPHZDWHU
'
LVFXVVLRQRIUHVXOWV
7
KHS+LQERWKWHVWWXEHVVWDUWHGDWS+ 7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHZDWHUZDVQHXWUDODWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHH[SHULPHQW$IWHU
PLQXWHVWKHS+LQWHVWWXEH%KDGQRWFKDQJHGZKLOHWKHS+LQWHVWWXEH$VKRZHGDGURSWRDQDYHUDJHRIS+ 7KH
OLPHZDWHUWXUQHGPLON\ZLWKH[KDOHGEUHDWK7KHOLPHZDWHUWHVWLVWKHGLVWLQJXLVKLQJWHVWIRUFDUERQGLR[LGH7KHUHVXOWV
VKRZWKDWWKHDGGLWLRQRIFDUERQGLR[LGHIURPH[KDOHGEUHDWKORZHUVWKHS+IURPS+ WRS+ RIGLVWLOOHGZDWHU7KLV
PHDQVWKDWFDUERQGLR[LGHFDXVHVDQLQFUHDVHLQDFLGLW\RIZDWHU7KLVZLOOKDYHDQLPSRUWDQWDSSOLFDWLRQLQ%LRORJ\DVFDUERQ
GLR[LGHUHOHDVHGIURPUHVSLUDWLRQZLOOORZHUWKHS+RIEORRGDIIHFWLQJKRPHRVWDVLVDQGS+FRQGLWLRQVQHFHVVDU\IRUHQ]\PH
action.
2.6.1
7RHVWLPDWHWKHVL]HRIUHGDQGZKLWHEORRGFHOOV
(TXLSPHQWXVHG
/LJKWPLFURVFRSHVPDOOWUDQVSDUHQWUXOHUSUHSDUHGVOLGHRIEORRG
$
VDIHW\SUHFDXWLRQQHHGHG
&
DUU\WKHOLJKWPLFURVFRSHZLWKRQHKDQGRQWKHEDVHDQGWKHRWKHUKDQGKROGLQJWKHDUPRIWKHPLFURVFRSHDVWKHPLFURVFRSH
LVKHDY\DQGLIGURSSHGLWFRXOGGDPDJHH[SRVHGERG\SDUWVRUGURSSLQJFRXOGEUHDNJODVVFRPSRQHQWVZKLFKFRXOGFXWVNLQ
DQGFDXVHEOHHGLQJ
Science Press
269
7KHVWHSE\VWHSPHWKRGXVHG

6HWXSWKHPLFURVFRSHDQGVZLWFKRQWKHLQEXLOWODPS

3ODFHWKHVPDOOWUDQVSDUHQWUXOHURQWKHVWDJHDQGIRFXVXVLQJWKHORZSRZHUREMHFWLYH

8VHWKHVFDOHRQWKHUXOHUWRFDOFXODWHWKHHOGRIYLHZXVLQJWKHORZSRZHUREMHFWLYHDQGXVHWKHVHGLPHQVLRQVWR
FDOFXODWHWKHHOGRIYLHZXQGHUKLJKSRZHU

3ODFHWKHSUHSDUHGVOLGHRIEORRGRQWKHVWDJHDQGIRFXVXVLQJWKHORZSRZHUREMHFWLYH&KDQJHWRKLJKSRZHU

8VHWKHHVWDEOLVKHGVL]HRIWKHHOGRIYLHZWRFDOFXODWHWKHVL]HRIDUHGEORRGFHOODQGDZKLWHEORRGFHOO
(VWLPDWLQJVL]HRIHOGRIYLHZ
0RYHWKHUXOHUVRWKDWWKHVFDOHOLHVDFURVVWKHGLDPHWHURIWKHHOGRIYLHZ8VHWKHREMHFWLYH8VLQJWKHVFDOHRQWKHUXOHU
FDOFXODWHWKHHOGRIYLHZ&KDQJLQJWRKLJKSRZHUPHDQVWKDWWKHHOGRIYLHZZLOOEHVPDOOHU7RFDOFXODWHWKHHOGRIYLHZ
XQGHUDKLJKSRZHUREMHFWLYHRI
Field of view
)LHOGRIYLHZ HOGRIYLHZ

Ruler
,IWKHUXOHUKDVDVFDOHLQPLOOLPHWUHVWKHHOGRIYLHZIRUWKHKLJKSRZHUREMHFW
ZLOOQHHGWREHFRQYHUWHGLQPLFURPHWUHVRUPLFURQV
2.6.2
,GHQWLI\LQJDQGPHDVXULQJUHGEORRGFHOODQGZKLWHEORRGFHOO
Red blood cell

diameter 8 m
White blood cell

diameter 16 m
10 microns
2.7.1
OOOLYLQJWKLQJVXVHWKHSURFHVVRIUHVSLUDWLRQWRUHOHDVHHQHUJ\WREHXVHGE\WKHFHOOVWRPDLQWDLQOLIHSURFHVVHV$HURELF
$
UHVSLUDWLRQXVHVR[\JHQLQWKHHTXDWLRQ
*OXFRVHR[\JHQFDUERQGLR[LGHZDWHUHQHUJ\
7KXVDOOOLYLQJFHOOVWKDWUHVSLUHDHURELFDOO\UHTXLUHR[\JHQWRVXUYLYH
2.7.2
&DUERQGLR[LGHLVSURGXFHGDVDZDVWHSURGXFWRIUHVSLUDWLRQ$QDFFXPXODWLRQRIFDUERQGLR[LGHFDXVHVDGURSLQWKHS+
7KLVPDNHVEORRGDFLGLFDQGLPSDLUVPHWDEROLFUHDFWLRQVDQGWKHDFWLRQRIHQ]\PHV7KXVWKHUHPRYDORIFDUERQGLR[LGHLV
essential to maintain homeostasis.
2.8.1
KHQUHVHDUFKLQJLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKH,QWHUQHW\RXQHHGWRFKHFNWKHDXWKRUVTXDOLFDWLRQVDQGUHSXWDWLRQHJ\RXFDQ
:
FKHFNWKH85/WRVHHLILWLVDSHUVRQDOSDJHDQGLWVW\SHRIGRPDLQHJJRYHUQPHQWVLWHHGXFDWLRQDOVLWHQRQSURW
RUJDQLVDWLRQ<RXQHHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHREMHFWLYLW\RIWKHZHEGRFXPHQWVDVWKHLQIRUPDWLRQPD\KDYHDELDVRUSRLQWRIYLHZ
<RXQHHGWRFKHFNWKHFXUUHQF\RIWKHGRFXPHQWVDQGZKHQLWZDVSURGXFHGDQGODVWXSGDWHG,IWKHLQIRUPDWLRQLVIURPD
UHVHDUFKGRFXPHQWWKHUHVKRXOGEHDFOHDUH[SODQDWLRQRIKRZWKHGDWDZDVJDWKHUHGVRWKDWWKHZRUNDOORZVGXSOLFDWLRQIRU
YHULFDWLRQDELEOLRJUDSK\WRVKRZVRXUFHVDQGWKHEDFNJURXQGLQIRUPDWLRQWKDWZDVXVHG
2.8.2
3
XOVHR[LPHWU\LVDFXUUHQWWHFKQRORJ\WKDWDOORZVPHDVXUHPHQWRIR[\JHQVDWXUDWLRQ,WLVDQRQLQYDVLYHSUREHWKDWLV
DWWDFKHGWRWKHSDWLHQWVQJHURUHDUOREHWRPRQLWRUWKHSHUFHQWDJHRIKDHPRJORELQVDWXUDWHGZLWKR[\JHQ7KHFRPSXWHU
LQWKHR[LPHWHUXVHVWKHGLIIHUHQWDPRXQWVRIDEVRUSWLRQRIWZRZDYHOHQJWKVRIOLJKWHJQPDQGQPWRSURGXFH
DJUDSKRIWKHRZUDWH3XOVHR[LPHWHUVFDQEHXVHGLQPDQ\VLWXDWLRQVEXWDUHYHU\LPSRUWDQWIRUPRQLWRULQJR[\JHQDWLRQ
DQGSXOVHUDWHVGXULQJRSHUDWLRQVXVLQJDQDHVWKHVLDDQGGXULQJWKHUHFRYHU\SKDVH7KH\FDQEHOHVVDFFXUDWHLIWKHSDWLHQW
LVVXIIHULQJIURPYDVRFRQVWULFWLRQHJGXHWRFROGWHPSHUDWXUHVRUFDUGLDFIDLOXUHZKHQSHULSKHUDOEORRGYHVVHOVKDYHD
UHGXFHGRZ
Science Press
270
2.8.3
$
FDSQRPHWHULVDQLQVWUXPHQWLQFRUSRUDWLQJDQLQIUDUHGGHWHFWRUDVVHPEO\XVHGWRDQDO\VHFDUERQGLR[LGHJDVHVDQGLQ
PHGLFDODSSOLFDWLRQVWRPRQLWRUDLUH[FKDQJHLQWKHOXQJVRISDWLHQWVRQYHQWLODWRUVRUXQGHUDQHVWKHVLD,WFDQHYDOXDWHWKH
UHVSLUDWRU\FRQGLWLRQRIVSRQWDQHRXVO\EUHDWKLQJSDWLHQWV,WLVXVHGDVLWLVQRQLQYDVLYHDQGSRUWDEOHFDSQRPHWHUVFDQEHXVHG
IRULQKRPHFDUHDQGLQJHQHUDOZDUGV
2.9.1
Product extracted from
donated blood
Is component
from plasma or
blood cells?
Use
Plasma proteins, e.g. albumins
From plasma
Used for burns, volume expansion as albumins contribute to osmotic balance, transport
lipids.
Red blood cells
From blood cells
Used for anaemia. Red blood cells transport oxygen.
Platelets
From blood cells
Used for severe bleeding. Platelets contain factors that control blood clotting.
Granulocytes, e.g.
lymphocytes, neutrophils
From blood cells
Used for low neutrophil count. Neutrophils are involved in defence against disease.
2.10.1
$
UWLFDOEORRGLVDWHUPWRGHVFULEHPDQPDGHSURGXFWVWKDWIXOOVRPHRIWKHIXQFWLRQVRIELRORJLFDOEORRG%LRORJLFDO
EORRGSHUIRUPVPDQ\IXQFWLRQVHJWUDQVSRUWVR[\JHQGHIHQGVDJDLQVWGLVHDVHFDXVHVFORWWLQJHWFDQGVLQFHEORRGVXEVWLWXWHV
RQO\SHUIRUPVRPHRIWKHVHIXQFWLRQVDUWLFLDOEORRGFDQEHFODVVLHGE\IXQFWLRQ9ROXPHH[SDQGHUVLQFUHDVHEORRGYROXPH
DQGR[\JHQWKHUDSHXWLFVDUHFKHPLFDOVWKDWFDQFDUU\R[\JHQ
2.10.2
7
KHUHDUHVHYHUDOUHDVRQVZK\ZHQHHGUHVHDUFKLQWRWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIEORRGVXEVWLWXWHV7KHDPRXQWRIEORRGQHHGHGIRU
WUDQVIXVLRQVLVULVLQJHDFK\HDUIDVWHUWKDQWKHDPRXQWRIEORRGEHLQJGRQDWHG7KHUHLVDOVRDFKDQFHLQVRPHSODFHVDURXQG
WKHZRUOGRIXQGHWHFWHGEORRGEDQNFRQWDPLQDWLRQIURP$,'6KHSDWLWLV&&UHXW]IHOGW-DNREGLVHDVHDQGRWKHUHPHUJHQW
GLVHDVHV,QHPHUJHQF\WUDXPDVLWXDWLRQVHJEDWWOHHOGWHUURULVWDWWDFNWKHUHLVDQHHGIRUUDSLGWUHDWPHQWRISDWLHQWVZLWKRXW
GHWHUPLQLQJEORRGW\SHIRULPPXQRORJLFUHDFWLRQVDVEORRGVXEVWLWXWHVGRQRWFRQWDLQDQ\DQWLJHQV
2.10.3
3
RO\+HPHLVDKDHPRJORELQEDVHGR[\JHQWKHUDSHXWLFEORRGVXEVWLWXWH,QWKH86$)RRGDQG'UXJ$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ
UHSRUWHGWKDWWKH3KDVH,,,WULDOVVKRZHGQRVWDWLVWLFDOHYLGHQFHRIVDIHW\FRQFHUQVIRULWVXVH7KHDGYDQWDJHVRIXVLQJ
3RO\+HPHLQFOXGHWKHUHGXFWLRQLQULVNRIFRQWDPLQDWLRQIURP$,'6KHSDWLWLV&DQGRWKHUGLVHDVHVLWFDQEHVWRUHGORQJHU
WKDQWUDQVIXVHGEORRGDQGLWDOORZVIRULPPHGLDWHIXOOFDSDFLW\R[\JHQWUDQVSRUWDVRSSRVHGWRWUDQVIXVHGEORRGZKLFKQHHGV
DERXWKRXUVWRUHDFKIXOOFDSDFLW\$GLVDGYDQWDJHRIEORRGVXEVWLWXWHVLVWKDWWKH\FDQUHSODFHRQO\RQHIXQFWLRQRIEORRG
LHR[\JHQWUDQVSRUWEXWFDQQRWUHSODFHZKROHEORRG7KXVWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI3RO\+HPHLVDQLPSRUWDQWVWHSLQELRORJLFDO
research. In trials it has helped saved lives and it has the potential to save many more lives.
2.11.1
9DVFXODUWLVVXHLQSODQWVFRQVLVWVRI[\OHPZKLFKFRQGXFWVZDWHUDQGPLQHUDOLRQVXSWKHSODQWIURPURRWVWROHDYHVDQG
SKORHPZKLFKWUDQVORFDWHVWKHSURGXFWVRISKRWRV\QWKHVLVDQGRWKHURUJDQLFSURGXFWVERWKXSDQGGRZQWKHSODQW
2.11.2
;\OHPLVLQYROYHGLQWKHPRYHPHQWRIZDWHUDQGPLQHUDOLRQVXSWKHSODQW:DWHUHQWHUVWKHURRWE\RVPRVLVDQGWKHQ
WUDQVSLUDWLRQSXOOGUDZVWKHZDWHUXSWKHVWHP&RKHVLRQEHWZHHQWKHZDWHUPROHFXOHVFDXVHVWKHZDWHUWRIRUPDFRQWLQXRXV
VWUHDPXSWKHSODQWDQGSXOOVWKHZDWHUXS$GKHVLRQEHWZHHQWKHZDWHUPROHFXOHVDQGWKHZDOOVRIWKH[\OHPYHVVHOVDOVR
KHOSVGUDZZDWHUXSWKHSODQW
2.11.3
KORHPLVLQYROYHGLQWKHWUDQVORFDWLRQRIRUJDQLFFRPSRXQGVERWKXSDQGGRZQWKHSODQWLQDVRXUFHWRVLQNPRYHPHQW$W
3
WKHVRXUFHHJOHDISKORHPORDGLQJLQYROYHVVXJDUVPRYLQJE\DFWLYHWUDQVSRUWLQWRWKHVLHYHWXEH:DWHUIROORZVGXHWR
RVPRVLVDQGWKXVUDLVHVWKHSUHVVXUHLQWKHWXEH3UHVVXUHFDXVHVWKHFRQWHQWVWRRZWRWKHVLQN$WWKHVLQNHJVWRUDJHRU
JURZLQJDUHDWKHVXJDUVDUHXQORDGHGE\DFWLYHWUDQVSRUW:DWHUWKHQPRYHVRXWE\RVPRVLVDQGPRYHVWRWKH[\OHP
2.12.1
0HWKRG$VKRZVKRZWRFXWDWKLQWUDQVYHUVHVHFWLRQRIDSODQWVWHP7KLVZLOOJLYHDFURVVVHFWLRQDFURVVWKHVWHPVKRZLQJ
WKHORFDWLRQRIYHLQVVWRUDJHWLVVXHHWF0HWKRG%VKRZVKRZWRFXWDWKLQORQJLWXGLQDOVHFWLRQ7KLVZLOOJLYHDOHQJWKZD\V
YLHZRIYDVFXODUWLVVXH
2.12.2
D 6LHYHWXEH
E 6LHYHSODWH
F &RPSDQLRQFHOO
/RQJLWXGLQDOVHFWLRQRISKORHPWLVVXH
3KORHPWUDQVSRUWVRUJDQLFPDWHULDOVDURXQGWKHSODQW
Science Press
271
2.12.2
The diagram is a cross-section of a plant stem.

Epidermis
Cortex
Xylem
Phloem
2.13

Feature
Plants
Animals
Function
Mineral ions are dissolved in water and are transported

up the plant
Mineral ions and vitamins are transported in the plasma

of blood
Tissues
Water is transported in vascular tissue (veins) in the

xylem
Water is transported in vascular tissue (veins, arteries,

capillaries)
Mechanism for transport
Transpiration pull, cohesion and adhesion cause water

to rise in the xylem
Heart pumping forces blood through arteries
3.1.1
HOOPHWDEROLVPLVFRQWUROOHGE\HQ]\PHV(DFKHQ]\PHUHTXLUHVVSHFLFFRQGLWLRQVIRURSWLPDOHIFLHQF\HJVSHFLFS+
&
WHPSHUDWXUHLRQFRQFHQWUDWLRQV7KXVDFKDQJHLQWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIZDWHULQFHOOVFRXOGLQWHUIHUHZLWKWKHIXQFWLRQLQJRI
HQ]\PHVDQGPHWDEROLVPZRXOGEHGLVUXSWHG
3.2.1
7KHPDLQPHWDEROLFZDVWHVDUHFDUERQGLR[LGHH[FHVVVDOWVH[FHVVZDWHUDQGQLWURJHQRXVZDVWHVHJXUHDDPPRQLDRU
XULFDFLG$QDFFXPXODWLRQRIZDVWHVFDQEHWR[LFWRWKHERG\RUFDQGLVUXSWPHWDEROLFDFWLYLW\)RUH[DPSOHKLJKOHYHOVRI
DPPRQLDRUXUHDZLOONLOOFHOOVDQGH[FHVVZDWHUZLOOFKDQJHFRQFHQWUDWLRQVDIIHFWLQJHQ]\PHDFWLYLW\
3.3.1
Feature
Mammal
Saltwater sh
Freshwater sh
Kidney
An excretory organ that lters blood

and removes nitrogenous wastes


Structure
Many nephrons
Simple structure with few small

glomeruli
Simple structure with many large

glomeruli
Filtration
High blood pressure in glomerulus

forces ultraltration
Low ltration rate
High ltration rate
Urine produced
Amount and concentration depends

upon water intake and activities
Small quantity urine produced
Large amounts of very dilute urine
3.4.1
LIIXVLRQDQGRVPRVLVDUHSDVVLYHSURFHVVHVDQGZLOOQRWRFFXUXQOHVVDVXIFLHQWFRQFHQWUDWLRQJUDGLHQWLVSUHVHQW7KHVH
'
SURFHVVHVFDQDOVREHTXLWHVORZ/DUJHDFWLYHPXOWLFHOOXODUDQLPDOVTXLFNO\DFFXPXODWHWR[LFOHYHOVRIQLWURJHQRXVZDVWHV
DQGWKXVQHHGRWKHUPHFKDQLVPVHJXOWUDOWUDWLRQLQWKHNLGQH\VWRPDLQWDLQVXLWDEOHFRQFHQWUDWLRQVRIZDWHUDQGVROXWHVIRU
UHPRYDORIZDVWHVDQGHIFLHQWPHWDEROLVP
3.5.1
$FWLYHWUDQVSRUWUHTXLUHVDQLQSXWRIHQHUJ\IRUWKHPRYHPHQWRIPDWHULDOVDFURVVDFHOOPHPEUDQHZKLOHSDVVLYHWUDQVSRUW
GRHVQRWUHTXLUHDQLQSXWRIHQHUJ\IRUPRYHPHQWDFURVVDPHPEUDQHHJRVPRVLVDQGGLIIXVLRQ
3.5.2
UHVVXUHLQWKHJORPHUXOXVFDXVHVZDWHULRQVDQGVPDOOPROHFXOHVWROWHULQWR%RZPDQVFDSVXOH5HDEVRUSWLRQRIJOXFRVH
3
DPLQRDFLGVDQGLQRUJDQLFVDOWVRFFXUVE\DFWLYHWUDQVSRUW$VWKHVHVROXWHVPRYHRXWRIWKHQHSKULFOWUDWHZDWHUIROORZVE\
RVPRVLV$FWLYHWUDQVSRUWRIVRGLXPLRQVFDXVHVPRUHRVPRVLVDQGWKHOHYHOVRIVDOWDQGZDWHUDUHWKXVDGMXVWHGWRPDLQWDLQ
homeostasis.
3.6.1
OWUDOWUDWLRQRFFXUVZKHQKLJKEORRGSUHVVXUHLQWKHJORPHUXOXVIRUFHVZDWHULRQVDQGVPDOOPROHFXOHVLQWR%RZPDQV
8
FDSVXOH&RPSRQHQWVWKDWDUHQHHGHGE\WKHERG\DUHWKHQVHOHFWLYHO\UHDEVRUEHGLQWRWKHEORRGVWUHDPLQWKHWXEXOHV%\
FRQWUROOLQJUHDEVRUSWLRQLQWRWKHEORRGVWUHDPWKHVDOWDQGZDWHUOHYHOVRIERG\XLGVDUHFRQWUROOHG
Science Press
272
3.7.1
7RSHUIRUPDGLVVHFWLRQRIDPDPPDOLDQNLGQH\
(
TXLSPHQW\RXZLOOQHHG
$VKHHSNLGQH\GLVVHFWLQJERDUGVFDOSHOUXEEHUJORYHVSUREHJRJJOHVODERUDWRU\FRDWQHZVSDSHUPDJQLI\LQJJODVV
)RUPHWKRGIROORZWKHVHVWHSV

2EVHUYHWKHRXWHUVKDSHRIWKHNLGQH\DQGWKHFDSVXOHRXWHUSURWHFWLYHOD\HURIVNLQ

,GHQWLI\WKHWXEHVHQWHULQJWKHNLGQH\XUHWHUUHQDODUWHU\DQGUHQDOYHLQXVHWKHPDJQLI\LQJJODVVWRFKHFNWKH
WKLFNQHVVRIWKHZDOOVRIWKHEORRGYHVVHOV

&XWWKHNLGQH\LQKDOIOHQJWKZLVHXVLQJWKHVFDOSHO

8VHWKHPDJQLI\LQJJODVVWRREVHUYHWKHLQWHUQDOVWUXFWXUHRIWKHNLGQH\DQGGUDZREVHUYDWLRQV

8VHWKHSUREHWRIROORZWKHSDWKZD\IURPXUHWHULQWRSHOYLVRINLGQH\

5HFRUGREVHUYDWLRQV

:UDSWKHGLVVHFWHGNLGQH\LQQHZVSDSHUDQGGLVSRVHRILWDSSURSULDWHO\
6DIHW\SUHFDXWLRQ
%HFDUHIXOXVLQJWKHVFDOSHODVWKHEODGHFRXOGFXWVNLQOHDGLQJWRSRWHQWLDOLQIHFWLRQ
Brown region
Pinkish-red
region
White region
Thin tube
3.8.1
'LDO\VLVLVDSURFHVVZKLFKDOORZVVROXWHVGLVVROYHGLQEORRGWRGLIIXVHDFURVVDVHPLSHUPHDEOHPHPEUDQHHJLQUHQDO
GLDO\VLVZDVWHSURGXFWVDUHUHPRYHGIURPWKHEORRGZKHQDSHUVRQKDVPLOGNLGQH\IDLOXUH
3.8.2
Feature
Kidney
Renal dialysis
Structure
Consists of about 1 million nephrons which

lter the blood.
Haemodialysis occurs in a hospital where the patient is attached

via a tube in the veins, to a machine that circulates blood through
semipermeable lters that take out the toxins in the blood. The
procedure usually takes 3 to 4 hours. Dialysers consist of three
parts: a compartment for the blood, a compartment for the
dialysate, and a semipermeable membrane separating the two.
Function and nitrogenous

wastes
Removes urea from blood.
Removes urea from blood.
Other functions
Maintains bodys balance of various salts,

e.g. sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate.
Releases into the bloodstream hormones
that regulate vital functions including blood
pressure, red blood cell production.
Concentrations of desired solutes can be adjusted by altering the

composition of the dialysis uid to maintain natural concentration
for healthy blood.
How often it occurs
Each day two kidneys excrete about 1.5 to

2.5 litres of urine.
Haemodialysis works more quickly than peritoneal dialysis, and

can be done in short sessions, e.g. 3 to 4 hours in hospital while
peritoneal dialysis needs to be performed every day.
Filtration and reabsorption
Filters and reabsorbs required materials.
Filters but no reabsorption.
Science Press
273
3.9.1
Feature
Aldosterone
Antidiuretic hormone
Where it is
produced
Adrenal cortex of adrenal gland.
Neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus in brain.
When it is
produced
Regulated by two mechanisms:

1. Decrease in blood volume and fall in blood pressure cause
secretion of rennin in kidney. Rennin starts chemical reactions
that cause the adrenal gland to release aldosterone.
2. Level of sodium ion concentration.
When hypothalamus detects a rise in blood solutes, i.e. there

is a decrease in water concentration in blood.
Stored
No.
Can be stored in posterior pituitary gland.
Travels
From adrenal gland to kidney.
Travels in bloodstream from posterior pituitary gland to

kidney.
Action
Causes increased active transport of sodium ions from

nephron distal tubules. Water follows and is reabsorbed from
the tubules. This causes concentration of solutes in blood to
decrease and blood pressure rises.
In kidney it increases the permeability of distal tubules and

collecting ducts to water. This increases the amount of water
reabsorbed and concentration of solutes decreases.
Suppression
Negative feedback causes decreased secretion of aldosterone.
Negative feedback causes decreased secretion of ADH.
3.10.1
+RUPRQHUHSODFHPHQWWKHUDS\LVDWUHDWPHQWJLYHQZKHQDJODQGLVQRWSURGXFLQJHQRXJKRIDSDUWLFXODUKRUPRQH
3.10.2
$GHFLHQF\LQDOGRVWHURQHE\LWVHOIRUFRPELQHGZLWKDJOXFRFRUWLFRLGGHFLHQF\FDQOHDGWR$GGLVRQVGLVHDVH:LWKRXW
WUHDWPHQWWKHFRQGLWLRQLVOHWKDODVLQFRUUHFWVRGLXPOHYHOVFDXVHHOHFWURO\WHLPEDODQFHVK\SHUWHQVLRQDQGFDUGLDFIDLOXUH
7UHDWPHQWRI$GGLVRQVGLVHDVHLQYROYHVUHSODFLQJWKHKRUPRQHVHJRUDOGRVHVRIXGURFRUWLVRQHDFHWDWH)ORULQHI7KH
PHGLFDWLRQLVWDNHQRQFHDGD\DQGWKHGRVHLVDGMXVWHGWRPHHWWKHQHHGVRILQGLYLGXDOSDWLHQWV
3.11.1
Feature
O
H
N
H
H
HN
Ammonia
H2N
C
N
H
NH2
Urea
N
H
Uric acid
Formation and energy needed for

formation
Formed immediately after the

amino group is removed from
protein, using little energy
Synthesis requires more energy

than urea synthesis
Produced by liver in process

that requires more energy than
production of ammonia
Toxicity
Very toxic
Not very toxic
Less toxic than ammonia
Solubility
Highly soluble in water
Not very soluble in water
Soluble can be moderately

concentrated to conserve water
Animals releasing this as nitrogenous

waste
Bony sh, aquatic invertebrates,

aquatic amphibians
Insects, reptiles, birds, some

dogs excrete uric acid. Reptiles
and birds eliminate uric acid
with faeces
Terrestrial amphibians and

mammals
3.11.2
Feature
Terrestrial mammal
Marine sh
Freshwater sh
Main nitrogenous waste
Urea
Ammonia
Ammonia
Where nitrogenous
waste is excreted
Kidney
Gills but since a lot of water is

needed to remove ammonia (only
one nitrogen in each molecule),
some ammonia is converted into
urea which accumulates in blood to
help maintain osmotic balance, e.g.
sharks.
Gills where fresh water easily ushes

ammonia from gills.
Urine concentration
Varies depending upon water

intake, activity and environmental
conditions.
Release concentrated urine to retain

as much water as possible.
Very dilute urine to eliminate as

much water as possible.
Amount of urine
released
Varies depending upon water

intake, activity and environmental
conditions.
Small amounts released to retain as

much water as possible.
Large amounts of urine to eliminate

as much water as possible.
Explanation
When water is available large

amounts of dilute urine can be
produced, as water availability
decreases concentration increases
and amount decreases.
In a marine environment, water

tends to move out of the organism
by osmosis. Some marine sh, e.g.
sharks are hypertonic to prevent
dehydration while other species
release as little water as possible.
In fresh water, water tends to move

into an organism by osmosis.
Freshwater sh need to remove as
much water as possible in their urine.
Science Press
274
3.12.1
, QVHFWVKDYH0DOSLJKLDQWXEXOHVZKLFKFROOHFWZDWHUDQGXULFDFLGIURPWKHKDHPRO\PSKDQGHPSW\LWLQWRWKHJXW8VHIXO
VXEVWDQFHVDQGZDWHUDUHUHDEVRUEHGE\WKHLQWHVWLQHVDQGWKHZDVWHVOHDYHWKHERG\IURPWKHDQXV8ULFDFLGLVLQVROXEOHLQ
ZDWHUZKLFKPHDQVLQVHFWVFRQVHUYHZDWHUZKLOHH[FUHWLQJQLWURJHQRXVZDVWHV7KLVLVDQLPSRUWDQWDGYDQWDJHLQ$XVWUDOLDQ
HQYLURQPHQWVZKLFKKDYHDOLPLWHGZDWHUVXSSO\
3.12.2
7
KHVSLQLIH[KRSSLQJPRXVHOLYHVLQDQHQYLURQPHQWWKDWKDVVFDUFHZDWHUVXSSOLHV0DPPDOVUHOHDVHXUHDDVWKHLU
QLWURJHQRXVZDVWH8UHDLVKLJKO\VROXEOHLQZDWHU7KHUHIRUHE\UHOHDVLQJDYHU\FRQFHQWUDWHGXULQHWKH\FRQVHUYHZDWHUDQG
FDQVXUYLYHLQWKDWHQYLURQPHQW
3.13.1
(QDQWLRVWDVLVLVWKHPDLQWHQDQFHRIPHWDEROLFDQGSK\VLRORJLFDOIXQFWLRQVLQUHVSRQVHWRYDULDWLRQVLQWKHHQYLURQPHQW
3.13.2
QHVWXDU\LVWKHUHJLRQZKHUHIUHVKZDWHUPHHWVVDOWZDWHUVXFKDVWKHWLGDOPRXWKRIDODUJHULYHURUFRDVWDOLQOHW2UJDQLVPV
$
SUHVHQWLQHVWXDULHVLQFOXGHPDQJURYHVVHDJUDVVHVPDULQHZRUPVR\VWHUVPXVVHOVVHDKRUVHVFUDEVSUDZQVVKZDGLQJ
ELUGVJXOOVHWF
3.14.1
Avicennia marinaWKHJUH\PDQJURYHLVWKHPDQJURYHIRXQGLQ6\GQH\HVWXDULHVA. marinaVHFUHWHVVDOWWKURXJKVHFUHWRU\

JODQGVRQWKHLUORZHUOHDIVXUIDFHV7KHVDOWFU\VWDOOLVHVXSRQHYDSRUDWLRQDQGWKHQLVZDVKHGRUEORZQDZD\E\WKHVHD
breeze. Aegiceras corniculatumWKHULYHUPDQJURYHLVIRXQGRQWKH16:FRDVWDQGKDVVLPSOHNQREOLNHSURWXEHUDQFHV
RQURRWVWRKHOSVXSSO\R[\JHQWRWKHURRWV\VWHP2[\JHQLVQHHGHGIRUUHVSLUDWLRQZKLFKSURYLGHVWKHHQHUJ\IRUDFWLYH
WUDQVSRUW(QHUJ\LVQHHGHGWRSUHYHQWVDOWGLIIXVLQJLQWRWKHSODQWGRZQWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQJUDGLHQW
3.15.1
Plant and feature
Diagram
How feature minimises water loss

Less surface area of leaf is exposed to heat of midday sun. Vertical
position means photosynthesis occurs in morning and afternoon and
stomates close midday and thus transpiration and water loss is reduced.
Eucalypts
Leaves hang vertically
Leaf can coil around underside
Stomates on underside are protected from heat, wind etc and water loss
by transpiration is reduced.
Hakea multilineata
(grass-leaf hakea)
Long, thin blades reduce surface area and reduces SA:V. This reduces
water loss by transpiration.
Spinifex grass
Leaves are long, thin blades

Carpobrotus rossii
(pigface)
Thick, succulent leaves store water allowing plant to grow in arid areas
and have water available when needed.
Leaves are thick, succulent
Actinotus spp
(annel ower)
Dense covering of woolly hairs reduces the ability of water to

evaporate and move away from the plant. This decreases water loss by
transpiration.
Leaves have dense covering of pale

woolly hairs
Extensive root system increases ability to absorb water when water is

available.
Acacia spp
Have extensive root system with root
nodules
Deep root system allows plant to tap into the water table providing water,
even if the surface is dry.
Oleander
Deep root system below the water
table
3.16.1
7KHGLDJUDPVKRZVVXQNHQVWRPDWHVRQWKHXQGHUVLGHRIDFXUOHGOHDI7KHSODFHPHQWRIVWRPDWHVLQDFU\SWPHDQVWKDWZDWHU
WKDWWUDQVSLUHVRXWWKHVWRPDWHVKDVGLIFXOW\OHDYLQJWKHFU\SWDQGKHQFHZDWHUORVVLVUHGXFHG7KHGLDJUDPDOVRVKRZVKDLUV
RQWKHXQGHUVLGH+DLUVUHVWULFWWKHPRYHPHQWRIZDWHUDZD\IURPWKHSODQWDQGKLQGHUDLUPRYHPHQWDFURVVWKHXQGHUVLGHRI
WKHOHDI7KLVUHGXFHVWUDQVSLUDWLRQDQGZDWHUORVVIURPWKHOHDI
Science Press
275
3.17
GDSWDWLRQVWRUHGXFHZDWHUORVVFDQEHIRXQGLQERWKWKHVSLQLIH[KRSSLQJPRXVHDQ$XVWUDOLDQDQLPDODQGVSLQLIH[JUDVV

$
DQ$XVWUDOLDQSODQW
Feature
Spinifex hopping-mouse
Spinifex grass
Location
Found in deserts where there is limited water supply.
Found in deserts where there is limited water supply.
Obtaining water
Mouse obtains water from seeds, insects, plants,

metabolic water and does not drink.
Obtains water from extensive root system.
Reducing water loss
Long tubules in nephrons allow reabsorption of water so

highly concentrated urine is excreted.
Stomates in crypt and hairs across crypt on underside of

leaf reduce transpiration and water loss.
Science Press
276

Biology

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Biology

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HSC BIOLOGY

Science Press 2007

All rights reserved. No part of this publication

The Search for Better Health

Genetics: The Code Broken?

The Search for Better Health

Genetics: The Code Broken?

The Search for Better Health

Genetics: The Code Broken?

The Search for Better Health

Genetics: The Code Broken?

Dot Point HSC Biology

Dot Point HSC Biology

Dot Point HSC Biology

Dot Point HSC Biology

Organisms are active in a limited

2.12 Investigation: TS and LS xylem

2.13 Applied Question Section 2

Investigation: Enzymes and

Regulation of concentrations of gases,

Constant internal environment

Why water concentrations are

Why removal of wastes is essential

Two stages of homeostasis

Role of nervous system

Investigation: Feedback model

Diffusion and osmosis and removing

Range of temperatures for life

Active and passive transport in

Filtration and reabsorption in nephron

Investigation: Structure of mammalian

Investigation: Renal dialysis

Roles of hormones aldosterone and ADH

1.10 Australian endotherms and ectotherms

1.11 Investigation: Australian

1.12 Plant responses to temperature

1.13 Applied Question Section 1

Plants and animals transport nutrients 13

Structure of arteries, veins, capillaries

Changes in blood composition

Investigation: Carbon dioxide and

Investigation: Size of red and white

3.10 Investigation: Hormone replacement

3.11 Investigation: Urine concentration of

3.12 Investigation: Water concentration

3.13 Enantiostasis and estuarine organisms

3.14 Investigation: Salt regulation in

Need for oxygen and removal of carbon

3.15 Adaptations of terrestrial Australian

Investigation: Current technologies

3.16 Investigation: Structures in plants to

3.17 Applied Question Section 3

Investigation: Donated blood

2.11 Current theories for movement in

Answers to Maintaining a Balance

Dot Point HSC Biology

Dot Point HSC Biology

Gamete production, sexual reproduction 53

Dot Point HSC Biology

Dot Point HSC Biology

The Search for Better Health

What is a healthy organism?

Function of genes, mitosis,

Applied Question Section 4