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GROUP
EXPERIMENT
NO.
1
2
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6
7
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11
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TITLE
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
AIMS
THEORY
APPARATUS
METHODOLOGY/PROCEDURE
RESULTS
CALCULATIONS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCE / APPENDIX
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ABSTRACT
Vinegar is a dilute solution of a acetic acid. Both molarity and percent by mass of a
acetic acid in a vinegar solution can be determined by performing titration. A titration is a
process in which small increments of a solution of known concentration are added to a specific
volume of a solution of unknown concentration until the stoichiometry for that reaction is
attained. The purpose of titration is to determine the equivalence point of the reaction. The
equivalence point is reach when the added quantity of one reactant is the exact amount necessary
for stoichiometric reaction with another reactant.
In this experiment, the molarity of a solution and the percent by mass of acetic acid in
vinegar is determine by titration of a vinegar sample with a standardized sodium hydroxide,
NaOH solution will be performed. I am required to find out how to prepare a 500 mL, 0.6M
NaOH stock solution. To standardize the NaOH solution, potassium hydrogen phthalate, KHP
solution will be titrated with 0.6M NaOH solution. Prepare KHP solution by dissolving 1.5
grams of KHP in 30mL of distilled water.
INTRODUCTION
moles of solute
Liter of solution
Percent by mass is the mass in grams of solute per 100 grams of solution
Percent solute =
grams of soute
x 100 %
Grams of solution
Vinegar is a dilute solutionof a acetic acid. The molecular formula for acetic acid is CH3COOH.
Both molarity and percent by mass of aceric acid in a vinegar solution can be determined by
performing a titration. A titration is a process in which small increments of a solution of known
concentration are added to a specific volume of a solution of unknown concentration until the
stoichiometry for that reaction is attained. Knowing the quantity of the known solution required
to complete the titration enables calculation of the unknown solution concentration. The purpose
of titration is to determine the equivalence point of the reaction. The equivalence point is reach
when the added quantity of one reactant is the exact amount necessary for stoichiometric reaction
with another reactant.
AIMS
Determine the molarity of a solution and the percent by mass of acetic acd in vinegar by
titration with a standardized sodium hydroxide solution.
THEORY
In the titration process, a burette is used to dispense a small, quantifiable increment of solution of
known concentration . A typical burette has the smallest calibration unit of 0.1mL, therefore the
volume dispensed from the burette should be estimated to the nearest 0.05mL.
In this experiment, the equivalence point occurs when the moles of acid in the solution equals the
molesof base added in the titration. For example, the stoichiometri amount of 1 mole the strong
base, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), is necessary to neutralize 1 mole of the weak acid, acetic acid
(CH3COOH) as indicated in equation:
NaOH (aq) + CH3COOH (aq)
The sudden change in the solution pH shows that the titration has reached the equivalence point.
pH in an aqeous solution is related to its hydrogen ion concentration. Symbolically, the hydrogen
ion concentration is written as [H3O+]. pH is defined as the negative of the logarithm of the
hydrogen ion concentration.
pH = -log10[H3O+]
pH scale is a method of expressing the acidity or basicity of a solution. Solution with pH < 7 are
acidic, pH = 7 are neutral, pH > 7 are basic. For example, a solution having an H3O+
concentration of 2.35 x 10-2 M would have a pH of 1.629 ad is acidic. pH electrodes will be used
in this experiment. The titration is initiated by inserting pH electrode into a beaker containing
the acid solution ( pH within 3-5 ). As sodium hydroxide, NaOH is incrementally added to the
acid solution , some of the hydrogen ions will be neutrtalized. As the hydrogen ion concentration
decreases, the pH of the solution will gradually increase. When sufficient NaOH is added to
completely neutralize the acid ( most of the H3O+ ions are removed from the solution), the next
drop of NaOH added will cause a sudden sharp increases in pH . the volume of based required to
completely neutralized the acid is determined at the equivalence point of titration.
In this experiment, titrion of a vinegar sample with a sample with a standardized sodium
hydroxide solution will be performed to standardize the sodium hydroxide solution, a primary
standard acid solution is initially prepared. In general, primary standard solutioins are produce by
dissolving a weighed quantity of pure acid or base in a known volume of solution. Primary
standard acid or bases have several common charaateristics:
Potassium hydrogen phthalate, KHC8H4O4, and oxalic acid, (COOH)2, are common
primarystandard acids. Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, is the most commonly used base. Most acids
and bases ( e.g HCL, CH3COOH, NaOH, and KOH ) are mostly available in primary standard
form. To standardize one of these acidic or basic solutions, titration of the solution with aprimary
standard should be performed. In this experiment, NaOH solution will be titrated with potassium
hydrogen phthalate (KHP). The reaction equation for this is:
Once the sodium solution has been standardized it will be titrated with 10.00mL aliquots of
vinegar. The reaction equation for vinegar with NaOH is:
CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq)
Knowing the standardized NaOH concentration and using the equation, we can determine the
molarity and percent by mass of acetic acid in the vinegar solution.
APPARATUS
Equipment:
Calibrated analytical balance with sensitivity 0.001 g, burette 20 mL, retort stand, conical flask,
beaker 100 mL , volumetric flask 1 L , pH meter, gloves and safety glasses.
Chemical material:
Sodium hydroxide, NaOH solid, distilled water, potassium hydrogen phthalate, KHC8H4O4
solid.
PROCEDURE
RESULTS
pH reading 1
4.73
4.92
5.06
5.17
5.21
5.28
5.36
5.47
5.54
5.74
5.86
5.94
5.98
6.03
6.11
6.18
6.27
6.42
6.49
6.52
6.7
6.73
7.51
12.17
12.76
12.98
13.21
pH reading 2
5.06
5.13
5.16
5.21
5.3
5.35
5.42
5.44
5.54
5.63
5.66
5.72
5.79
5.85
5.91
5.98
6.06
6.16
6.23
6.34
6.46
6.58
10.39
12.4
12.76
13.26
13.48
Chart Title
14
12
10
8
pH
6
4
2
0
Volume of NaOH 2
10
12
Figure 2.3 : the graph of pH versus the volume of NaOH solution added for Titration 1
16
14
12
10
pH
8
6
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324252627
Figure 2.3 : the graph of pH versus the volume of NaOH solution added for Titration 2
B) Molarity of acetic acid and mass percent in vinegar
pH reading 1
3.52
3.76
3.97
4.13
4.26
4.34
4.45
4.53
4.60
4.68
4.73
4.78
4.83
4.87
4.93
4.97
5.01
5.05
5.09
5.12
5.14
5.17
5.20
5.23
5.27
5.30
5.37
5.40
5.43
5.47
5.51
5.54
5.57
5.61
5.64
5.69
5.72
5.77
5.83
5.86
5.95
5.99
6.05
6.11
pH reading 2
3.76
3.95
4.10
4.23
4.30
4.42
4.50
4.53
4.57
5.63
4.72
4.79
4.84
4.89
4.93
4.97
5.01
5.05
5.09
5.12
5.15
5.19
5.22
5.26
5.29
5.32
5.36
5.38
5.41
5.45
5.49
5.52
5.55
5.59
5.62
5.66
5.69
5.73
5.77
5.81
5.84
5.89
5.94
5.98
22.5
23.0
23.5
24.0
24.5
25.0
25.5
26.0
26.5
27.0
27.5
28.0
28.5
29.0
30.0
31.0
32.0
6.16
6.24
6.33
6.42
6.54
6.68
6.87
7.23
9.47
11.94
12.23
12.51
12.73
12.94
13.01
12.94
13.01
6.04
6.10
6.16
6.22
6.29
6.39
6.50
6.63
6.79
7.07
7.79
11.76
12.45
12.69
12.85
12.94
13.01
14
12
10
8
pH
6
4
2
0
Figure: the graph of pH versus the volume of NaOH added for titration 1
14
12
10
8
pH
6
4
2
0
Figure: the graph of pH versus the volume of NaOH added for titration 2
CALCULATION
11.75 mL
NaOH
at equivalence point.
1 mol KHC8 H 4 O4
=0.0073492mol KHC 8 H 4 O4
204.2 g KHC 8 H 4 O4
NaOH
The molarity of
11.75 mL NaOH
Molarity =
=
=
NaOH
1 mol NaOH
=0.0073492 mol NaOH
1 mol KHP
solution;
1L
=0.01175 L NaOH
1000 mL
Num . of mol(mol)
Volume of solution( L)
0.0073492mol NaOH
0.01175 L NaOH
0.6246 mol /L NaOH
For Titration 2;
11.5 mL
NaOH
at equivalence point.
1.5004 g KHC8 H 4 O4
1 mol KHC 8 H 4 O 4
=0.0073476 mol KHC 8 H 4 O 4
204.2 g KHC 8 H 4 O 4
NaOH
moles of KHP;
0.0073476 mol KHC 8 H 4 O 4
The molarity of
11.5 mL NaOH
NaOH
1 mol NaOH
=0.0073476 mol NaOH
1mol KHP
solution;
1L
=0.0115 L NaOH
1000 mL
Molarity =
=
=
Molarity
Titration1+ Molarity Titration 2
2
NaOH
at equivalence point.
NaOH
that reacted;
1L
=0.0265 L NaOH
1000 mL
0.0265 L NaOH
CH 3 COOH
NaOH ;
1 mol CH 3 COOH
=0.01689 mol CH 3 COOH
1 mol NaOH
Molarity =
CH 3 COOH
solution:
1L
=0.01 L CH 3 COOH solution
1000 mL
0.01689mol CH 3 COOH
=
0.01 L CH 3 COOH
The mass of
CH 3 COOH
in the solution:
10 mL CH 3 COOH
1L
=0.01 L CH 3 COOH solution
1000 mL
0.01 L CH 3 COOH
1 L solution
1 mol CH 3 COOH
The mass of
CH 3 COOH
10 mL CH 3 COOH solution
solution:
1 g CH 3 COOH solution
=10 g CH 3 COOH solution
1 mL CH 3 COOH solution
mass of CH 3 COOH
100
vol . o f CH 3 COOH
1.0144 g CH 3 COOH
100
10 g CH 3 COOH
10.144 CH 3 COOH
For Titration 2:
27.75 mL
NaOH
at equivalence point.
that reacted:
1L
=0.02775 L NaOH
1000 mL
0.02775 L NaOH
NaOH
CH 3 COOH
1mol CH 3 COOH
=0.01768 mol CH 3 COOH
1 mol NaOH
Molarity =
CH 3 COOH
solution:
1L
=0.01 L CH 3 COOH solution
1000 mL
0.01768mol CH 3 COOH
=
0.01 L CH 3 COOH
The mass of
CH 3 COOH
in the solution:
10 mL CH 3 COOH
1L
=0.01 L CH 3 COOH solution
1000 mL
0.01 L CH 3 COOH
1 L solution
1 mol CH 3 COOH
1.0619 g CH 3 COOH
The mass of
CH 3 COOH
10 mL CH 3 COOH solution
solution:
1 g CH 3 COOH solution
=10 g CH 3 COOH solution
1 mL CH 3 COOH solution
mass of CH 3 COOH
100
vol. of CH 3 COOH
1.0619 g CH 3 COOH
100
10 g CH 3 COOH
10.619 CH 3 COOH
Molarity
Titration1+ Molarity Titration 2
2
10.381 CH 3 COOH
DISCUSSION
From the data recorded, the graph had been ploted. For standardization of sodium hytdroxide
solution, 2 graph has been plotted which that from 2 reading .The graph is ph versus volume of
NaOH The equivalenece point is taken from the halfof the sharp increase which is at 11.75 mL
from the first titration. For the second titration, tge equivalence point is at 11.5 mL. By using the
equation the molatity of NaOH calculated. The average molarity of sodium hydroxide also
calculated by taking from the first and second titration.
From the data recorded for determining the acetic acid concentration in vinegar by titration with
NaOH, the graph had been ploted. 2 graph has been plotted which that from 2 reading .The graph
is ph versus volume of NaOH The equivalenece point is taken from the half of the sharp increase
which for the first titration is at 26.5 mL. For the second titration, tge equivalence point is at
27.75 mL. By using the equation the molatity of acetic acid in vinegar for titration 1 and 2
calculted. The average molarity of acetic acid for each titration is calculated too. From the data
that had been calculated, % by mass and average by mass of actic acid in vinegar for both
calcuted.
CONCLUSION
For the standardizing a based with KHP, the calculatioin has been carried from the graph and
data recorded. The molarity for first titration is 0.6246 mol / L and tor the second titatration is
0.6389 mol / L. The average molarity of sodium hydroxide for both titration is 0.6372 mol/ L
NaOH.
For determining the acetic acid concentration in vinegar by titration with NaOH solution, the
calculation has been carried from the graph and the data recorded. The molarity of acetic acid in
vinegar for the first titration is1.689 mol/ L. For the second titration is 1.768 mol/L. The average
molarity of acetic acid for both titration is 1.7285mol/L CH3COOH .Tthe percent by mass of
acetic acid in vinegar for the first titration is 10.144 %. For the second titration is 10.619 % .Tthe
average of percent by mass of acetic acid is 10.381% CH3COOH.
RECOMENDATION
To get for the more accurate reading, the precaution must be taken by take the reading from the
meniscus of NaOH solution straight to the eye.
REFERENCES
standardbase.vapronet.nl/.../SI01vinegar_revFin_(Tips_for_teachers)
www.chem.vt.edu/RVGS/ACT/lab/.../Exp_21-Vinegar.html
chemcollective.org Home Analytical Chemistry/Lab Techniques
www.baruch.cuny.edu/wsas/academics/natural.../chm.../vinegar.doc