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BattleofGuandu
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

TheBattleofGuanduwasfoughtbetweenthewarlords
CaoCaoandYuanShaoin200CEinthelateEastern
Handynasty.Thebattle,whichconcludedwitha
decisivevictoryforCaoCao,wasaturningpointinthe
warbetweenthetwowarlords.Itmarkedthebeginning
ofCaoCao'sgradualreunificationofnorthernChina,
whichmadepossibletheestablishmentofthestateof
CaoWeiintheThreeKingdomsperiod.

BattleofGuandu
PartofthewarsattheendoftheHandynasty

Contents
1Background
2Prelude
3SkirmishesalongtheYellowRiver
4TheadvanceonYangwuandflanking
attempts
5ThesiegeofGuandu
6TheraidonWuchao
7Aftermath
8Legacyandanalysis
9Modernreferences
10Notes
11References

Background
From196onwards,itbecameincreasinglyobviousthat
anarmedconfrontationbetweenthewarlordsCaoCao
andYuanShaowasinevitable.YuanShaowasin
controlofthelandsnorthoftheYellowRiver,namely
theHebeiregion,andhadlargeandpowerfularmies
underhiscommand.CaoCaocontrolledmostofthe
landssouthoftheYellowRiverandhadtheEmperor
XianwithhiminthenewcapitalcityofXu.The
warlordssaweachotherasthebarriertotheirindividual

Amapofthebattle.Itshowsthemovementsduringthe
battlesofBomaandYanFord.Flankingattemptsarenot
shown.NotethattheYellowRiverhaschangedcourse
overthecenturiesandtheplacesdepictedarenolongerat
thesamelocationsrelativetotheriver.

Date

SeptemberNovember200

Location

NortheastofpresentdayZhongmu
County,Henan

Result

DecisiveCaoCaovictory

Belligerents
CaoCao

Commandersandleaders
CaoCao
CaoHong

YuanShao
ChunyuQiong
GuoTu

Strength
~40,000

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YuanShao

110,000
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ambitionstoconquerandruleChina.Thus,itseemed
thatatrialofstrengthbetweenthetwowarlordswas
inevitable.
Someyearsbeforethebattle,YuanShao'sadvisorsJu
ShouandTianFenghadforeseenthatCaoCaowould
becomeathreattotheirlordinhisambitiontodominate
China.TheyadvisedYuanShaotostartacampaign
againstCaoCaowhenthelatterwasstillbuildinguphis
forces,butYuanShaoignoredtheiradviceasCaoCao
wasstillnominallyhisally.TensionbetweenCaoCao
andYuanShaostartedtobuildupafterCaoCaomoved
EmperorXianfromtheoldcapitalLuoyang.

Casualtiesandlosses
(Unknown)

~70,000

BattleofGuandu
TraditionalChinese

SimplifiedChinese

Transcriptions
Mandarin
HanyuPinyin

GundZhZhn

Prelude
ThegeographicalpositionofGuandu(northeastofpresentdayZhongmuCounty,Henan)madeita
militarilystrategicposition.ItwasnearYanFord(northofpresentdayYanjinCounty,Henan)on
theYellowRiverandlaidontheroadleadingtothecapitalcityXu.CaoCaorecognizeditsstrategic
importanceandintheautumnof199,hestationedtroopsthereandpreparedfortifications.Other
deploymentsalongthefrontlineincludedLiuYan()inBoma(nearpresentdayHuaCounty,
Henan),YuJininYanFord,ChengYuinJuancheng(nearpresentdayJuanchengCounty,
Shandong),andXiahouDuninMengFord(presentdayMengjinCounty,Henan).[1]Atthesame
time,CaoCaosentZangBatoharassQingProvince(),whichwasgovernedbyYuanShao'ssonYuan
Tan,topreventhiseasternflankfromcomingunderattack.
Inthefirstmonthof200,LiuBeirebelledagainstCaoCaoandseizedXuProvinceafterkillingCheZhou
(),CaoCao'sappointedInspector()ofXuProvince.CaoCao,inanunexpectedmove,lefthis
northernfrontexposedtoYuanShaoandturnedeasttoretakeXuProvince.YuanShaotriedtousethe
opportunitytostartacampaignsouth,butwasdauntedbyYuJin,thedefenderofYanFord.
WhenCaoCaoreturnedtoGuanduafterhisvictoryoverLiuBei,whosoughtrefugeunderYuanShao
afterwards,YuanShaowishedtorenewthecampaignagainstCaoCao.Theaidedecamp()Tian
Feng,whohadurgedYuanShaotoattackCaoCaowhilehewasaway,advisedagainstsuchacampaign,
reasoningthattheyhadlosttheirchanceandmustwait.YuanShaoignoredTianFeng'srepeated
remonstrationsandimprisonedhimunderchargesofdemoralizingthearmy.
Shortlyafter,YuanShaohadChenLindraftadocumentcondemningCaoCaoinwhatisessentiallya
declarationofwar,andmarchedhismainarmytowardtheforwardbaseofLiyang(northwestof
presentdayXunCounty,Henan)northoftheriver.Atthetime,YuanShao'sarmyboastedofnumbersup
to110,000,including10,000cavalry.

SkirmishesalongtheYellowRiver
YuanShao'sgeneralYanLiangcrossedtheYellowRiverandattackedCaoCao'sfortatBoma,besieging
it.HeedinghisadvisorXunYou'sadvice,CaoCaoledabattaliontowardYanFordasafeinttotrickYuan
ShaointobelievingthatCaoCaowouldattackhiscampontheothersideoftheriver.YuanShaosplitoff
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histroopsfromLiyangtocounterCaoCao'sattack.HenceYanLiang'ssiegeatBomaacrossfromLiyang
becameunsupported.CaoCaothenstruckeastwardtoliftthesiegeonBoma.Intheensuingbattle,Yan
LiangwaskilledbyGuanYuandYuanShao'stroopswererouted.
CaoCaothendecidedtoabandonthefortandevacuateditsoccupants
southward.Takingadvantageofthesituation,YuanShao'sforcesof6,000
lightcavalryledbyWenChouandLiuBeisetoffinpursuit.However,
CaoCaoanticipatedtheattackandpreparedadistractiontactic.He
orderedhistroopstodiscardtheirsteeds,weaponsandothervaluables
alongtheway.YuanShao'sforcesweretemptedbygreedandbroketheir
rankstograbthevaluableslyingahead.Justastheyweregrabbing
valuables,CaoCao's600elitecavalry,whichhadbeenlyinginambush,
attacked.Inthechaos,YuanShao'scommanderWenChouwaskilledand
LiuBeifled.EvenbeforethemainengagementatGuandu,theserelatively
minorskirmishesinflictedacrushingblowtothemoraleofYuanShao's
armyasYuanShaohadalreadylosttwoelitegeneralsatthestartofthe
campaign.

TerritoriesofYuanShao(red)
andCaoCao(blue)atthetime
ofthebattle

TheadvanceonYangwuandflankingattempts
CaoCaowasawarethathewasfightingunderdisadvantageousconditions,thusheabandonedtheforward
basesalongtheYellowRivertoprepareforadetermineddefenceatGuandu.CaoCaoalsoorderedhis
officialsinchargeofhislandsinhisabsencetogovernwithlenience,soastominimisechancesofchaos
withintheciviliancommunitythatcouldaffecthisarmy'smorale.
Aftertheengagementsattheriver,YuanShao'sarmypushedtoYangwu(nearpresentdayYuanyang
County,Henan),directlynorthofGuandu,andbeganconstructingearthenfortifications.Bydoingsohe
hadignoredChengYu'sbastionof700menatJuancheng,andpossiblymissedanopportunitytoattackCao
Cao'seasternflank.[2]ThiswasaccordingtoChengYu'spredictionearlierthatYuanShaowouldignorea
positionwithsofewmen.YuanShao'sAttendantOfficer()JuShouhadreservationsabout
concentratingallofthemainarmyatYangwu,andsuggestedtoleaveagarrisonatYanFordasastepof
cautionincasetheattackonGuandudidnotgowell.YuanShaoignoredthesuggestionagain.JuShou,in
despair,triedtoexcusehimselfbyclaimingtobeill,butYuanShaobecameannoyedathimandwouldnot
granthimleave.Instead,hedivestedJuShou'smenanddividedthemunderthecommandsofGuoTuand
ChunyuQiong.
YuanShaoreorganizedhisforcesandsentLiuBeiwithanarmytosupporttherebellionsagainstCaoCao
inYinjiang(southwestofpresentdayXuchang),just20lisouthofthecapital.CaoCaobecame
concernedaboutsuchdevelopmentsinhisrear,buthiscousinCaoRenobservedthatLiuBeicouldnot
havetoomuchcontroloverhisnewmengivenbyYuanShao.SoCaoCaosentCaoRentodealwiththe
rebellion.CaoRensucceeded,killingtherebelleaderLiuPiandroutingLiuBei.YuanShaoalsotriedto
cutoffCaoCaofromthewestbysendingHanMeng()[3]southwest.CaoRenagainrespondedtothe
threatbydefeatingHanMengatMountJiluo(50linortheastofpresentdayXinmi,Henan).Yuan
ShaodidnotsendanydetachedforceintoCaoCao'sterritoryafterthis.

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AtYangwu,severalwarplanswerepresentedtoYuanShao.JuShouobservedthatCaoCao'smenwere
runningoutofgrain,andthusitwouldbepropertoenterawarofattrition,denyingCaoCaoadecisive
battle.Anotheradvisor,XuYousuggestedthatYuanShaoshouldmaintainthefrontatGuandubutatthe
sametimesendmentocirclearoundandcapturetheemperorinXu.YuanShaoacceptedneitherplan,
sayinghepreferredtocapturetheemperorwithadirectadvance.XuYouwasnotpleased.

ThesiegeofGuandu
Intheeighthmonth,YuanShao'sarmyslowlyadvancedsouthwardfromYangwuandengagedCaoCao's
menintrenchwarfare,behindtheearthenembankmentsthatbothsidesmade.Bothsidesharassedeach
otherwithenginesofwar.YuanShaohaderectedsiegerampsandhighplatformswhichallowedhismen
torainarrowsontoCaoCao'sforces.Inresponse,CaoCao'smenhadtocarrytheirshieldsabovetheir
heads,andretaliatedwithtractiontrebuchetsthatdestroyedthearcherplatforms.YuanShaoalsotriedto
tunnelunderCaoCao'sfort,butCaoCaohadalargeditchdugwithinhislinestoblockthetunnels.
Subsequently,neithersidecouldovercomeeachotherasCaoCaoandYuanShaobecamelockedina
stalemate.
Beforelong,CaoCao'sarmybegantorunshortofsuppliesandCaoCaowasinadilemmaonwhetherto
retreatinordertolureYuanShaodeeperintohisterritory.XunYu,thedefenderofthecapitalXu,sentCao
Caoaletterdissuadinghimfromretreat.Hewrote,drawinghistoricalexamplesfromtheChuHan
Contention:
...yourmilitarysuppliesarelow,buttheyarenotasbadasthesituationofChuandHanat
XingyangandChenggao.AtthattimeneitherLiunorXiangwerewillingtobethefirstto
retreat.Thefirsttoretreatrevealsthathisstrengthisexhausted.You,Duke,withonetenthof
theenemy'sforceyouhaveheldthegroundyoumarked,andgrippinghimbythethroat,have
notlethimadvanceforalreadyhalfayear.Inthissituationhisstrengthwillbeexhaustedand
theremustarisesomecrisis.Thisisthetimeforemployingunexpectedstratagemsyoumay
notmissthisopportunity.[4]
CaoCaofollowedthisadviceandheldfasttohisground.Intheninthmonth,[5]XunYupointedoutthat
YuanShaohadbeenstoringsuppliesatadepotinthevillageofGushi(southwestofpresentday
YanjinCounty,Henan),guardedbyHanMeng.CaoCaosentoutsmallcavalryunitsledbyXuHuangand
ShiHuan()toattackthisposition.Theysucceeded,routingHanMeng,disruptingYuanShao'ssupply
lines,andburninghisgraincarts.YuanShaowasforcedtocallforreliefsuppliesinresponsetothisraid.

TheraidonWuchao
Inthetenthmonth,YuanShao'sgeneralChunyuQiongreturnedwithanarmyof10,000fromHebei
escortinglargereservesoffoodsupplies.YuanShaoorderedChunyutoescortthesuppliestoWuchao(
inpresentdayYanjinCounty,Henan),aplace40liawayfromGuandunearGushi,andplacedhimin
chargeofguardingthesuppliesthere.YuanShao'sadvisorJuShouarguedthatWuchao,beingtheir
importantsupplydepot,wastoolightlyguardedandinsistedthatYuanShaoshouldsendthegeneralJiang
Qi()toserveasaperimeterguardtoChunyuQiongandcutoffanypotentialraids.YuanShao,again,
didnotheedJuShou'sadvice.
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Shortlyafter,YuanShao'sadvisorXuYou,whohadharboureddissatisfactionagainstYuanShaofornot
usinghisplanandhavinghiswifearrestedbyShenPei,defectedovertoCaoCao.HeunderstoodCao
Cao'sshortageofsuppliesandalertedCaoCaotoYuanShao'sexploitableweaknessatWuchao.CaoCao's
generalsweresuspiciousofthispieceofintelligence,buthisadvisorsXunYouandJiaXuurgedCaoCao
toputXuYou'splantoaction.Thusatnight,CaoCaoled5,000infantryandcavalrytoattackWuchao
afterleavingCaoHongandXunYouinchargeofhismaincampatGuandu.CaoCao'sarmydisguised
itselfasareinforcementunitfromYuanShaoandattackedWuchao.ChunyuQiong'sinitialdefenceswere
overrun,andheretreatedtoholdhisforts,whichCaoCaoattackedandsetonfire.
WhenYuanShao'scampreceivedthenewsthatWuchaowasunderattack,ZhangHeurgedYuanShaoto
sendreinforcementstoWuchaotosavethesupplies,onwhichthefateofthecampaignhinges.GuoTu,
however,advocatedtheopposite:attackCaoCao'sbaseatGuanduwiththehopethatCaoCaowill
abandontheraidonWuchao.YuanShaousedGuoTu'sideaandsentZhangHeandGaoLantoleadhis
mainarmytoattackCaoCao'smaincampatGuandu,whileonlysendingasmallcavalryunittoreinforce
Wuchao.
Withincrediblebravado,CaoCaoignoredpleastosplitoffhisforcetodealwiththereinforcements,thus
hismenwerepreparedtofighttothedeath.TheraidonWuchaowasagreatsuccess,withYuanShao's
casualtiesoverathousand.YuanShao'sgeneralsLWeihuang,HanJuzi,SuiYuanjin,andZhaoRui(
)weredecapitatedChunyuQiongwascapturedbyYueJinandhadhisnosecutoff.AlmostallofYuan
Shao'sfoodsuppliesatWuchaowereburnt.
Bydawn,WuchaohadturnedintoaninfernoandthemoraleofYuanShao'sarmyplummetedsharplydue
tothelossoffoodsupplies.CaoCaoalsocutoffthenosesofthedead,mixedthemwithnosesandlipsof
oxenandhorses,andshowedthemtoYuanShao'smen,asaformofintimidation.
MeanwhileatGuandu,YuanShao'sarmyledbyZhangHeandGaoLanfailedtobreakthroughtheenemy
lines.AffectedbythenewsofthedefeatinWuchaoandrumorsofGuoTumakingslanderousremarks
aboutthem,ZhangHeandGaoLansurrenderedtoCaoHonganddestroyedtheirweapons.Themoraleof
YuanShao'sarmywasdrasticallyweakenedandCaoCao'sforcesseizedtheopportunitytolaunchthefull
attackonYuan'sarmy.YuanShao'snumerousarmiesweredestroyedandmuchofhissupplieswere
capturedbyCaoCao.YuanShaohimselfflednorthacrosstheYellowRiverwithonlyabout800cavalry,
whichwaswhatwasleftofhisarmy.OrderwasrestoredonlywhenYuanShaoreachedthecampofhis
generalJiangYiqu,fromwherehegatheredhisstragglingtroops.
SomeofYuanShao'smencouldnotcrosstheYellowRiverintimeandwerecapturedbyCaoCao,
includingJuShou.Someofthesemenhadfeignedsurrendersotheycouldescapelater,thusCaoCaohad
thesemenburiedalive.InhisproclamationofvictorytoEmperorXian,CaoCaoclaimedtohavekilled
70,000enemytroops.

Aftermath
CaoCao'svictoryattheBattleofGuanduwasadecisiveoneandmarkedtheturnofthetideinhisstruggle
forpowerwithYuanShao.YuanShaodiedtwoyearslaterandhisyoungestsonYuanShangwasmadehis
successor.HisoldestsonYuanTanwasfuriouswiththesuccessionandfoughtwithhisyoungerbrother.
ThisresultedininternalconflictwithinYuanShao'sforces.YuanShao'spooloftalentedadvisorsand
generalswerealsodividedintotwofactionsbytheconflictonesupportedYuanShangandtheother
supportedYuanTan.CaoCaoseizedtheopportunitytolaunchanattackonYuanTan'sbaseatLiyang.
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ThoughCaoCaoeventuallywithdrew,YuanTancametoresentYuanShangevenmoreduringcourseof
thebattle,whichledtoopenwarfarebetweenthebrothers.YuanTaneventuallyalliedwithtoCaoCao
againstYuanShang,butCaoCaoaccusedhimofviolatingsometermsoftheallianceandkilledhimin
battle.Ontheotherhand,YuanShangsuffereddefeatsatthehandsofCaoCaoandflednorthtojoinhis
secondbrotherYuanXi.CaoCao'sforcespursuedthemanddefeatedtheWuhuantribe,theYuanbrothers'
ally,intheBattleofWhiteWolfMountain.YuanShangandYuanXifledtoLiaodongtoseekshelterunder
thewarlordGongsunKangin207,butGongsunkilledtheminsteadandsenttheirheadstoCaoCao.By
then,mostofnorthernChinawasunifiedunderCaoCao'scontrol,andCaoCaocouldbegintoturnhis
attentiontothesouth.

Legacyandanalysis
Throughouttheages,CaoCao'simpressivevictoryatGuandu,theclimacticeventofhislife,hasdrawn
analysisbybothhistoricalcommentatorsandmilitaristshopingtoimitatehissuccess.
TheSongdynastyhistorianSimaGuang,compilerofthechronicleZizhiTongjian,remarkedthatwhile
YuanShaowasgenerous,elegantandable,hewasalsoobstinate,selfsatisfied,andseldomheeded
reasonableadvice.Thesenegativeattributeswerethecauseofhisdefeat.[6]
Inmorerecenttimes,boththeChineseNationalistsandCommunistshavepickeduponthisbattleand
madetheirowninterpretations,invariousdegreesofobjectivity.
TheNationalistsfollowedtraditionalChinesehistoriographyinthattheyjudgedthebattleintermsof
personalities,ratherthanthesituationsandthetacticsinvolved.Forexample,CaoCaowasseenascapable,
decisive,andfarsighted,whileYuanShaowasderidedasmediocre,slow,arrogant,andunabletoemploy
menproperly.[7]
TheCommunistleaderMaoZedong,inhiswritingsaboutstrategicretreat,usedtheBattleofGuandualong
withtheBattleofChenggao,BattleofKunyang,BattleofRedCliffs,BattleofXiaoting,andBattleofFei
Rivertoillustratetheconcept.Inallofthesebattles,hewrote,"...thecontestantswereunequalinstrength,
andtheweakeroneyieldingastepatfirst,pinneddownthestrongeronethroughdelayedactionand
defeatedhim."[8]Mao'swordsattractedsomeattentiontothebattle,andmanypaperswerewrittento
analyzetheBattleofGuanduinMaoistterms.TheMaoistinterpretation,whiletakingnoteofYuanShao's
seriouserrorsofjudgement,advocatesthatthestrongenemywillmakefatefulerrors,whiletheweaker
opponentneedonlytoawaittheirappearance.[7]TheMarxistinterpretationportraysYuanShaoasthe
representativeofthegreatlandlordofficialclass,andCaoCaoasofthemiddleandsmalllandlordclass.
ThebattlewasthusaproductofclassconflictinwhichYuanShao'sfallwasinevitable.[9]
ThehistorianCarlLebanattributesCaoCao'svictorytoonesinglestrategicdecisionthedefender's
choiceoflocation.LebanassertsthatCaoCaochoseGuanduastheplacetomakehisstandbecauseofhis
superiorunderstandingoftherelationbetweentopography,logistics,andtacticsoverYuanShao.Itwasthe
issueaboutlogisticsthatpromptedCaoCaotoabandonthedefenceattheYellowRiver.ByluringYuan
ShaofarsouthintoGuandu,CaoCaohadforciblyextendedYuanShao'ssupplylinesandwasthusableto
pounceonhislogisticaldisadvantagetogainadecisivevictory.[10]

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TheAustraliansinologistRafedeCrespignyisskepticalofthetraditionalviewpointandquestionsYuan
Shao'ssupposedadvantageoverCaoCao.DeCrespignyarguesthatYuanShao'sholdonhisnominal
territorieswerenotassecureasCaoCao,whohadaggressivelycampaignedtostabilizehissurroundings.
TakingnotethatYuanShaotooktenyearstoeliminatetheisolatedGongsunZan,deCrespignysuggests
thatitwasnotduetoindecisivenessthatYuanShaodidnottakeadvantageofCaoCao'stemporal
weaknesses,butthatYuanShaomightnothavehadthementospareforsuchventures.Fromsucha
perspective,YuanShao,facedwiththeevergrowingthreatofhisformerallyCaoCao,concentratedhis
forceinadirectapproachtoCaoCao'sheadquartersinhopethatsuchastrikewouldoverwhelmhisenemy.
ThoughhewasoutwittedanddefeatedbyCaoCao,YuanShao'sdecisionsmightnothavebeensofoolish
asnumeroustraditionalhistoriansandcommentatorshavesaid.[11]

Modernreferences
ThebattleisfeaturedasaplayablestageinKoei'svideogameseriesDynastyWarriorsasoneofthe
highlightsofCaoCao'sstorymode.InthefifthinstallmentBoma,YanFord,andGuanduaredefendedby
CaoCao,XiahouDun,andCaoPirespectively.Intheseventhinstallment,thebattleclearlyfocusesonCao
Pi'spointofview,whereheleadstheattackonWuchao,defeatingandrecruitingZhangHe(who'dbeenits
defenderinsteadofattackingCaoCao'scampasinhistory).

Notes
1. Leban,p.342
2. Leban,p.360
3. VariouslyrecordedasHanXun()orHanRuo().Leban,p.364
4. Leban,p.365
5. Leban.p.366
6. deCrespigny(1996),Jian'an5:HH
7. Leban,p.378
8. SelectedWorksofMaoZedong,I,pp.19798.CitedinLeban,p.377
9. Leban,p.379
10. Leban,p.380
11. deCrespigny(2010),pp.147152

References
ChenShou.RecordsofThreeKingdoms.
deCrespigny,Rafe(1996)."ToEstablishPeace:beingtheChronicleoftheLaterHandynastyforthe
years189to220ADasrecordedinChapters59to69oftheZizhiTongjianofSimaGuang".Volume
1.(http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/decrespigny/peace1_index.html)FacultyofAsianStudies,
TheAustralianNationalUniversity,Canberra.ISBN0731525264.
deCrespigny,Rafe(2010).Imperialwarlord:abiographyofCaoCao155220AD.LeidenBoston:
Brill.ISBN9789004185227.
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Leban,Carl(1971).Ts'aoTs'aoandtheRiseofWei:TheEarlyYears.ColumbiaUniversity.
SimaGuang.ZizhiTongjian,Volume63.
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Guandu&oldid=642689866"
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