Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PGE368
Fall 2003 Semester
November 13 and 18
Course Plan, II
Electrical Resistivity of Rocks
Saturation
Electrical Resistivity Tools:
Induction and Laterolog
Active Nuclear
Logging
Invasion
Core
Data
Porosity
Neutron Logging
Invasion
Sonic Logging
Gas
Lithology
Objectives:
To understand the physical principles
behind the operation of sonic logging
tools,
To understand the principles behind the
interpretation of sonic logs, and
To understand the limitations of sonic
borehole measurements.
APPLICATIONS:
Mechanical Property Analysis
Formation Evaluation
Geophysical Prospecting (Seismic
Exploration)
P and S WAVES
BASIC PRINCIPLES
Logging Tools
RESISTIVITY
LATEROLOG
40 cm
NEUTRON
RADIOACTIVITY
GAMMA RAY
DENSITY
ACOUSTIC
SONIC
MICRO RESISTIVITY
RESISTIVITY
MICROLOG
DIPMETER
250 cm
200
150
100
80 cm
50
DEPTH OF INVESTIGATION
30 cm
20 cm
60 cm
5 cm
2 cm
0 cm
0 cm
RESOLUTION
80 cm
INDUCTION LOG
EARLIER TOOLS
Single Transmitter Dual Receiver
EARLIER TOOLS
Dual Transmitter Dual Receiver
(Borehole Compensation)
Synthetic Compensation
MONOPOLE WAVEFORM
BOREHOLE WAVES
CYCLE SKIPPING
Formation Over-Pressure
Qualitative Summary
Sonic Porosity
1. The porosity from the sonic slowness is different from that of
the density or neutron tools.
2. Sonic porosity reacts to primary porosity only, i.e. it does not
see the fractures or vugs.
3. The difference between the sonic porosity and the neutrondensity porosity gives a Secondary Porosity Index (SPI) which
is an indication of how much of this type of porosity there is in
the rock.
Intuitive Model
Sonic Porosity
The basic equation for sonic porosity is the Wyllie Time Average
Formula (strictly speaking, an empirical formula):
t log = t f + (1 ) t ma
tlog t ma
=
t f t ma
This is very simple with the inputs of a matrix
slowness and a fluid slowness
Compaction Effects
Sonic Porosity
There is another possibility for transforming slowness
to porosity, called Raymer Gardner Hunt
This formula tries to take into account some
irregularities seen in the field
the basic equation is
1 (1 )
=
+
t ma
t f
t c
2
=C
tlog tma
tlog
Surface
Seismic
Acoustic
Impedance
Synthetic
Seismogram
DIPOLE WAVEFORMS:
Fast Formation
DIPOLE SONIC
ARRAY TOOL
EXAMPLE:
Ultra Slow Compressional Wave
EXAMPLE:
Ultra Slow Dipole Shear Response
STONELEY PERMEABILITY
FRACTURE
EVALUATION
CROSS-DIPOLE:
In-Situ Stress
In-Situ Stress
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Baker Atlas
Schlumberger