LLC DC/DC

Analysis and Implementation for A Half-Bridge DC/DC

LLC Resonant Converter


DC/DCPWM
PWM

LLCDC/DC

(1)
(SRC)(2)(PRC)(3)
(SPRCLCC)

LLCLCC
LLC(1)
(2)(3)()
(4)

IsSpice
LLC
LLC VDC = 150 V
Vo = 24 V Po = 100 W = 88.9 %

Abstract
In general, front-end DC/DC converters are classified into two types of
pulsewidth modulation converters and resonant converters. Since a PWM converter
is operating in hard switching, it leads to large switching losses so that the
efficiency is degraded. A resonant converter with soft switching is thereby
developed to reduce the switching loss and increase the efficiency. Therefore, an
LLC resonant converter is investigated in this thesis. It is employed as the front-end
DC/DC converter with high efficiency, high power density and high reliability on its
performances.
In the thesis, three types of traditional resonant converters are introduced. They
are series resonant converter (SRC), parallel resonant converter (PRC) and series
parallel resonant converter (SPRC, or LCC). The switching frequencies of these
converters must increase to maintain a regulated output voltage, when the input
voltage increases and the load becomes light. However, more circulating energy will
be resulted form the higher switching frequencies.
To proceed, the operating principle of an LLC resonant converter is presented.
Its performances are compared with those of an LCC resonant converter. The LLC
resonant converter exhibits the advantages over LCC converter. The main switches
achieve ZVS operation and rectifier diodes have no reverse recovery current. The
ZVS operation region of the converter increases when the loads become light. The
circulating energy is still small even if the input voltage increases.
Finally, the theoretical analysis is validated by IsSpice simulations and
experimental results. It reveals that the LLC resonant converter achieves ZVS
operation despite variations in input voltage and load resistance. A prototype of
100 W output LLC resonant converter with efficiency of 88.9 % is implemented in

this thesis.

II

..................................................................................................................... I
.................................................................................................................... II
.......................................................................................................................... III
.................................................................................................................... V
............................................................................................................ 1-1
1.1 .................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 DC/DC .......................................................... 1-2
1.3 ........................................................................................ 1-3
1.4 ........................................................................................ 1-3
1.5 ................................................................................................ 1-4
........................................................................ 2-1
2.1 ............................................................ 2-1
2.2 ................................................................................ 2-2
2.2.1 ............................... 2-2
2.2.2 ........................................................... 2-3
............................................................ 3-1
3.1 ........................................................................ 3-1
3.2 ........................................................................ 3-6
3.3 .................................................................. 3-11
3.4 SRCPRC LCC ................................ 3-13
3.5 LLC ..................................................................... 3-14
LLC ............................................................................ 4-1
4.1 LLC ............................................................................... 4-1
4.2 LLC LCC .................................. 4-4
4.3 LLC ........................................... 4-9

III

4.3.1 (II) ................................................................................ 4-11

4.3.2 (I) ................................................................................. 4-11
4.3.3 (III)............................................................................... 4-12
LLC DC/DC .......... 5-1
5.1 LLC ................................................... 5-1
5.2 LLC ................................................... 5-3
............................................................................ 6-1
6.1 ........................................................................ 6-1
6.1.1 ( Lr , Cr , Lm ) ..................................... 6-2
6.1.2 Co ................................................... 6-5
6.2 ........................................................................ 6-7
LLC ................................................................ 7-1
7.1 IsSpice .................................................................. 7-1
7.2 ................................................................................... 7-3
7.3 ........................................................... 7-5
7.4 ....................................................................................... 7-8
7.5 ..................................................................... 7-12
7.6 ............................................................................................. 7-16
........................................................................................ 8-1
8.1 ........................................................................................................ 8-1
8.2 ................................................................................................ 8-1

IV

1.1

.......................................................................... 1-1

1.2

.......................................................................... 1-2

1.3

.......................................................................... 1-2

2.1

/ ................................................. 2-2

2.2

ZVS/ ............................................................. 2-3

2.3

ZCS/.............................................................. 2-3

2.4

.............................................................. 2-4

2.5

...................................................................... 2-5

2.6

...................................................................... 2-5

3.1

.................................................................. 3-1

3.2

(SRC)................................................................ 3-1

3.3

( S1 , S 2 )............................................................ 3-2

3.4

(a)+ (b) Req ....................................... 3-2

3.5

.................................................................................. 3-3

3.6

.............................................................. 3-5

3.7

...................................................................... 3-6

3.8

(PRC)................................................................ 3-6

3.9

(a)+ (b) Req ............................... 3-7

3.10 .................................................................................. 3-8

3.11 .................................................................... 3-10
3.12 .................................................................... 3-10
3.13 (LCC).......................................................... 3-11
3.14 ............................................................................ 3-11
3.15 ................................................................ 3-12
3.16 ................................................................ 3-12

3.1

......................................................... 3-14

3.17 LLC......................................................................... 3-14

4.1

LLC........................................................................... 4-1

4.2

(a)LCC (b)LLC........................................ 4-1

4.1

Q ..................................................................................... 4-3

4.3

.............................................................................................. 4-4

4.4

LLC....................................................................... 4-4

4.5

(a) X ( ) Req (b) ZCSZVS .................................... 4-6

4.6

(a)ZCSZVS (b)LCC ........................ 4-7

4.7

(a) X ( ) Req (b) ZCSZVS .................................... 4-8

4.8

(a)ZCSZVS (b)LLC......................... 4-9

4.9

LLC..................................................................... 4-10

4.10 LLC................................................................. 4-10

4.11 LLC(II) ........................................................... 4-11
4.12 LLC(I)............................................................. 4-12
4.13 LLC(III).......................................................... 4-12
5.1

LLC........................................................................... 5-1

5.2

++...................................................... 5-1

5.3

( v1 , i1 ) .............................................. 5-2

5.4

(a) LLC (b) .................................................. 5-3

5.5

.............................................................................. 5-4

5.6

.............................................................................. 5-4

5.7

.............................................................................. 5-6

5.8

.............................................................................. 5-7

5.9

.............................................................................. 5-9

5.10 ............................................................................ 5-10

5.11 ............................................................................ 5-11
5.12 v1 i1 .............................................. 5-12

VI

5.13 LLC......................................... 5-12

6.1

LLC........................................................... 6-1

6.1

LLC....................................................... 6-1

6.2

(a)LLC( Lr , Cr , Lm )................................ 6-2

6.2

(b)LLC Co ............................................. 6-2

6.3

(a)LLC (b) ....................................... 6-2

6.4

( Lr , Cr )................................................................ 6-5

6.2

.............................................................................................. 6-5

6.5

.......................................................................................... 6-6

6.3

LLC................................................... 6-7

6.6

LLC........................................... 6-8

6.7

( v gs , v gs )....................................................................... 6-8

6.8

LLC....................................................... 6-9

7.1

LLC....................................................... 7-1

7.2

S1 v gs1 vS ............................................................... 7-1

7.3

S 2 v gs 2 vS2 ............................................................... 7-2

7.4

iL iL ..................................................... 7-2

7.5

io ........................................................................... 7-3

7.6

vC ..................................................................................... 7-3

7.7

S1 : ZVS ..................................................................................... 7-3

7.8

S 2 : ZVS .................................................................................... 7-3

7.9

iL VDC = 150 V, f s = 50 kHz, Vo = 24 V .................................. 7-4

7.10 io VDC = 150 V, f s = 50 kHz, Vo = 24 V ............... 7-4

7.11 vC VDC = 150 V, f s = 50 kHz, Vo = 24 V ......................... 7-4
r

7.12 .......................................................................................... 7-5

7.13 ............................................................................... 7-5
7.14 .............................................................. 7-5
7.1

.......................................................................................... 7-6

VII

7.15 iL VDC = 140 V f s = 50 kHz Vo = 22.34 V ........................ 7-6

r

7.16 iL VDC = 140 V f s = 48.1 kHz Vo = 24 V .......................... 7-6

r

7.17 iL VDC = 160 V f s = 50 kHz Vo = 25.56 V ........................ 7-6

r

7.18 iL VDC = 140 V f s = 56.7 kHz Vo = 24 V .......................... 7-6

r

7.2

.................................................................................................. 7-7

7.19 iL R = 10 f s = 50 kHz Vo = 25.2 V ............................... 7-7

r

7.20 iL R = 10 f s = 53.9 kHz Vo = 24 V .............................. 7-7

r

7.21 iL R = 5 f s = 50 kHz Vo = 23.72 V .............................. 7-7

r

7.22 iL R = 5 f s = 49.1 kHz Vo = 24 V ................................ 7-7

r

7.23 LLC........................................................... 7-7

7.24 .......................................................................... 7-7
7.25 .......................................................................... 7-8
7.26 v~o ( s) v~ctrl ( s) ......................................................... 7-8
7.27 .................................................................................. 7-9
7.28

k > 0 ............................................................................... 7-10

7.29

k < 0 ............................................................................... 7-10

7.30 C ( s) = 1 / s ...................................................................... 7-10

7.31 C ( s) = 1 / s .................................................................. 7-10
7.32 C ( s) = 100 / s .................................................................. 7-11
7.33 C ( s) = 100 / s .............................................................. 7-11
7.34 ............................................................................ 7-11
7.35 ........................................................................ 7-11
7.36 ........................................................................ 7-12
7.3

........................................................................................ 7-12

7.37 iL VDC = 140 V f s = 46.8 kHz Vo = 24V ........................ 7-13

r

7.38 iL VDC = 160 V f s = 53.5 kHz Vo = 24 V ....................... 7-13

r

7.4

................................................................................................ 7-13

7.39 iL R = 10 f s = 52.2 kHz Vo = 24 V ............................ 7-13

r

VIII

7.40 iL R = 5 f s = 48.9 kHz Vo = 24 V .............................. 7-13

r

7.5

Vo ............................................................................ 7-14

7.41 ........................................................ 7-14

7.42 .................................................................... 7-14
7.43 ........................................................ 7-15
7.44 ............................................................................................ 7-15

IX


1.1

(power supply)

(power density)

(DPSDistribute Power
System)1.1DC/DC
DC/DC
300 ~ 400 V DC/DC
300 ~ 400 V (DC bus) 12 48 V
DC/DC
DC bus(12/48V)
on-board
converter #1
300-400V
EMI
filter

front end

PFC

on-board
converter #2

DC/DC
converter
high voltage
VRM
AC/DC
on-board
converter #3

1.1

1-1

low voltage
VRM

1.2 DC/DC
DC/DCPWM
PWM
PWM

(1)(SRC : Series Resonant Converter)

(2)(PRC: Parallel Resonant Converter)
(3)(SPRC LCC: Series Parallel Resonant Converter)

( 400 V )
1.2

300 V

400 V

Vin

1.2
LLC

1.3

300 V

400 V

Vin

1.3

1-2

DC/DC
(1) (efficiency)
(2) (line regulation)
(3) (load regulation)

1.3

[Bha93][Yan03](SRC)

[KUS91][Yan03](PRC)

[Ste88] [Yan03](SPRC)

[YLZH02][LLLW05](LLC)

1.4

(1) (SRC, PRC, SPRC)

(2) LLCIsSpice

(3) LLC

1-3

1.5

LLC
LLCDC/DC

LLC

1-4

2.1
2.2

2.1
on/off

(1)

(2)

2-1

(3)

2.1

v (t )

v(t )

i (t )
t
p(t ) = v(t ) i (t )

2.1 /

2.2

2.1
2.2.1
( L, C )
/2.1/

on
off
on
on
(ZVS: Zero Voltage Switching)2.2
off
off
(ZCS: Zero Current Switching)2.3

2-2

vs (t )
is (t )

S : off on

2.2 ZVS/

vs (t )

is (t )

vs (t )

S : on off

2.3 ZCS/
2.2.2

(RC: Resonant Converter)

(SRC)
(PRC)(LCC)LLC

SRCPRCLCC
LLC

2.4(ZVS/ZCS)
ZVS/ZCS

2-3

ig

vg

R
Zin

2.4
(1) ZVS
2.4 Z in
ig v g
/
off on ZVS
(2) ZCS
2.4 Z in
ig v g
/
on off ZCS
l

(QRC: Quasi-Resonant Converter)

/ZVS/ZCS

( L , C )/

(1)
2.5
(a) 2.5(a) Lr iLr
( dis dt )

2-4

Lr

Lr

iS = iLr

iS = iLr

DS

Lr

iS = iLr
Cr

Cr

+vC

+ vC

iS

vS

iS

vS

vS

on

off

off

off

on

(a)offon

iS

vS
off on

on

off

(c) iS (t ) 0

(b)onoff

2.5
(b) 2.5(b)on iLr
off Cr Lr C r
iLr offZCS
(c) 2.5(c)
iLr
offZCS
(2)
2.6
Lr

+ vS

+ vS

+ vC

+ vS

DS

Cr

+ vC

Cr

Cr

+ vC

vS
vS
off

iS

iS

iS

iS

on

on

off

on

(a)onoff

Lr

(b)offon

vS

on off

on off

(c) vS (t ) 0

2.6
(a) 2.6(a) Cr
( dvs dt )

2-5

(b) 2.6(b)off vC
r

on Lr Lr C r
vC onZCS
r

(c) 2.6(c)
vC
r

onZVS
l

(MRC: Multi-Resonant Converter)

ZVS

2-6

3.1

(SRC)(PRC)
(LCC)LLC

Vdc

3.1

3.1
(SRC)3.2( S1 , S 2 )
S1 S 2 S1 S 2
v g ( S1 , S 2 )
(dead time) Td
v x (non-overlapping square wave)3.3
C1

S1

DS

vg

ig

Cr

Lr

iac
D4

VDC

D1

vac

C2

S2

D3

DS2

D2

Co

Vo

3.2 (SRC)
3.4(a)
3.4(b)3.4(b)
3.4

3-1

S (t )

S1 on

S2 on

S1 on

S 2 off

S1 off

S 2 off

DTs

Td

DTs

Ts

vg (t )
VDC

VDC

3.3 ( S1 , S 2 )
Lr

Cr

iac

VDC

Lr

D4

VDC

vg (t )

D1

vac

ix

D2

iac

VDC

v g (t )
D3

Cr

VDC

Co

vac Req

Vo

(a)

(b)

3.4 (a)+ (b) Req

f s f r
iac
f s (fundamental component)( Lr ,
C r ) iac (t )
iac (t ) = I m sin( s t )

(3-1)

Co R (Cutoff
frequency) f c = 1 2RCo << f s iac (t ) i x (t )
R
Vo = i x (t )

Ts

ix (t ) = iac (t ) = I m sin( s t )

3-2

(3-2)

i x (t )

Ts

1
Ts

Ts
0

i x (t ) dt =

1
Ts

Ts
0

I m sin( s t ) dt

(3-3)

2
= Im

(3-2) Vo = (2 ) I m R v ac (t ) Vo
iac (t ) vac (t )

V , i (t ) > 0
vac (t ) = Vo sgn (iac (t ) ) = o ac
Vo , iac (t ) < 0

(3-4)

sgn()
1, x > 0
sgn( x) :=
1, x < 0

(3-5)

Vo v ac (t ) (Fourier series)
vac (t ) =

a0
+ an cos(n s t ) + bn sin(n s t )
2 n=1

(3-6)

v ac (t ) a n = 0
b1 =

Ts
2 Ts 2
4
Vo sin(s t ) dt + (-Vo ) sin(s t ) dt = Vo

Ts 2
Ts 0

(3-7)

v ac (t )
v ac ( fdl ) = b1 sin( s t ) =

4
Vo sin( s t )

(3-8)

(3-1)(3-2) (3-8)3.4(b)
Req =
=

vac ( fdl )
iac ( fdl )

4
Vo sin(st )
4 Vo 4 2
=
=
= R
I m sin(st )
Im

8
R
2

3.23.5
Cr

Lr

vg ( fdl )

ig (t )

vac ( fdl )

Req =

3.5

3-3

8
R
2

(3-9)


vac ( fdl ) ( s )
vg ( fdl ) ( s )

Req
1
sLr +
+ Req
sCr

1
1
L sL
1+ r r ( r +
)
Req r Lr sCrr Lr

1
s
1 + Qs ( + r )
s
r

(3-10)

(quality factor) Qs := r Lr Req (resonant frequency)

r := 1

Lr Cr (characteristic impedance) Z o := Lr Cr

3.5(3-10) ig v g ( fdl )
ig ( s)
v g ( fdl ) ( s )

vac ( fdl ) ( s )

1
1

Req 1 + Q ( s + r )
s
s
r

1
1

Req 1 + Q ( j
j r)
s
r

Req

1
v g ( fdl ) ( s )

(3-11)

i g ( j )
v g ( fdl ) ( j )

i g ( j s )

= tan 1 Qs ( s r )
v g ( fdl ) ( j s )
r s

(3-12)

(3-13)

s > r s i g
v g ( fdl ) 3.6
3.6
(1) f s > f r s r > 1
(ZVS)
(2) f s < f r s r < 1
(ZCS)

3-4

Voltage Gain Characteristic

vac ( fdl ) ( j )
vg ( fdl ) ( j )

Vin
operating region

s
r

3.6
(3) Vg B
( Qs )A f s ( B ) f s ( A)
(4) R Vg Vo
CA f s (C ) f s ( A)
MOSFETZVS
f s f r MOSFET
(switching loss)3.6
:

:
( R Qs )3.6BA
s

:
R
f s 3.7 f s > f r f s
(3-13) ig v g

3-5

(circulating energy)

Vin1 = 300V

vg (t )

ig (t )

Ts1
Vin 2 = 400V

v g (t )

Ts 2

ig (t )

f s 2 > f s1 Ts1 > Ts 2

3.7

3.2
(PRC)3.8

( S1 , S 2 )SRC3.3
3.33.9(a)
3.9(b) Lo

C1

DS

S1

vg

ig

Lr

VDC

iac

Cp

C2

S2

DS

D4

D3

D1

vac

Lo

D2

Co

Vo

3.8 (PRC)
3.1
v ac (t )
v ac (t ) = Vm sin( s t )

3-6

(3-14)

Lr

iac

vy

VDC

vg (t )

VDC

vy

vac

Cr

Io

D1

D4

VDC

D3

D2

vac Req

Cr

vg (t )
Co

iac

Lr

VDC

Vo

(a)

(b)

3.9 (a)+ (b) Req

v ac (t ) v y (t )
Vo = v y (t )

(3-15)

Ts

v y (t ) = vac (t ) = Vm sin( s t )
v y (t )

Ts

1
Ts

Ts
0

v y (t ) dt =

1
Ts

Ts
0

Vm sin( s t ) dt =

2
Vm

(3-16)

(3-16) Vo = (2 )Vm iac (t ) I o

v ac (t ) iac (t )

I , v (t ) > 0
iac (t ) = I o sgn (vac (t ) ) = o ac
I o , vac (t ) < 0

(3-17)

I o iac (t )
iac (t ) =

a0
+ an cos(nst ) + bn sin(ns t )
2 n=1

(3-18)

a n = 0
b1 =

Ts
2 Ts 2
4
I o sin(s t ) dt + (-I o ) sin(s t ) dt = I o

Ts 2
Ts 0

(3-19)

iac (t )
iac ( fdl ) = b1 sin(s t ) =

3.9(b)

3-7

4
I o sin(s t )

(3-20)

Req =

Vo sin( s t )
2
2
=
=
R
4
8
I o sin( s t )

v ac ( fdl )
iac ( fdl )

(3-21)

3.83.10
Lr

ig (t )

v g ( fdl )

Cp

vac ( fdl )

Req =

2
R
8

3.10

1
// Req
vac ( fdl ) ( s )
sC r
=
1
v g ( fdl ) ( s )
sLr + (
// Req )
sC r
=

1
sL
s Lr C r + r + 1
Req

(3-22)

1
s
1 s
( )2 +
( ) +1
r
Q p r

Q p := Req ( r Lr ) r := 1 Lr Cr
Z o := Lr Cr

3.10(3-22) ig v g ( fdl )
ig ( s)
v g ( fdl ) ( s )

1
1
sLr + (
// Req )
sC r

Req

1 + sReq C r
L
Lr C r s 2 + r s + 1
Req

s
)
r
1
=

Req ( s ) 2 1 ( s ) 1
+
+
r
Q p r
1+ Qp (

3-8

(3-23)

)
i g ( j )
r
1
=

v g ( fdl ) ( j ) Req
( )2 +
j( ) + 1
r
Q p r
1 + Q p j(

1 s

Q ( )
i g ( j s )

p
r

= tan 1 Q p ( s ) 180 tan 1

s 2

r
v g ( fdl ) ( j s )

( ) 1

(3-24)

, s > r

1 s
Q ( )
s
p
r

1
1
= 180 + tan Q p ( ) + tan
s 2

( ) 1
r

1 s

( )

Q p r

Q ( )+
s 2

p r
( ) 1

r
+ 180
= 180 + tan 1
1 s

( )

Q p r

1 Q p ( )
s 2

r
( ) 1

(3-25)

1 s

( ) + Q p ( s ) ( s ) 2 1
= tan 1
r r

Q p r

s > r s i g
v g ( fdl ) 3.11

tan 1 x + tan 1

1 x + y
, if xy < 1
tan 1 xy
y=
x+ y
180 + tan 1
, if xy > 1

1 xy

(3-26)

3.11:
:
( R Q p )BA
Q p SRC

3-9

Voltage Gain Characteristic

vac ( fdl ) ( j )
v g ( fdl ) ( j )

R B

Vin
A

s
r

3.11
SRC

:
R
f s CA3.12
v g (t )

Vin1 = 300V
t

i g (t )
v g (t )

Ts1
Vin 2 = 400V

Circulating energy

ig (t )

Ts 2
f s 2 > f s1 Ts1 > Ts 2

3.12
f s (3-25) i g v g
(circulating energy)PRC
SRC
PRC

3-10

SRC

3.3
(SPRC, or LCC)3.13
C1

DS1

S1

vg

Lr

ig

Cr

iac
D4

VDC

Cp
C2

D3

DS 2

S2

D1

Lo

vac
D2

Co

Vo

3.13 (LCC)
SRC
C p
PRC( Lr , C r )
PRC Lr ( Lr , C r )
3.9
LCC3.14
vac ( fdl )
ig (t )

v g ( fdl )

R eq =

2
R
8

3.14

1
// Req
sC p
vac ( s )
=
v g ( s ) sL + 1 + ( 1 // R )
r
eq
sCr
sC p
1

=
s 2 Lr C p +

C
1
sLr
+
+ p +1
Req sReqCr Cr

3.15

3-11

(3-27)

Voltage Gain Characteristic

vac ( fdl ) ( j )
v g ( fdl ) ( j )

Vin
R

s
r

3.15
3.15:
:
( R Q )BA
Q SRCPRCPRC
ZVS

:
R
f s CA
3.16
vg (t )
iac (t )

vg (t )

iac (t )

3.16

3-12

3.4 SRCPRCLCC

n
(1) SRC3.7
(2) PRC Q p Qs PRC
PRCSRC

(3) LCCSRC C p
C p LCCSRCPRC
( Lr , C r )
LCCPRC
n
(1) SRC3.6 Qs R
f s
(2) PRC3.11 Q p R
f s SRC
(3) LCCSRCPRCSRCPRC

f s
n

3.1

3-13

3.1

SRC

PRC

LCC (SPRC)

(
)

3.5 LLC
SRCPRCLCC
300 ~ 400 V

LLC3.17

S1
VDC

vg
S2

Lr

iLr

Cr

i1

v2

iLm

vCr
DS

D1

n :1 :1

DS1

Lm

io

i2
Co

Vo

v1
v3

i3
D2

3.17 LLC
Lr Lm Cr LCC

(LCD: Liquid Crystal Display)(PDP: Plasma Display Panel)

3-14

LLC

3.1

LLC4.14.2
LLC4.3LLC
(II)

4.1 LLC
4.1LLCLCC C p
Lm 4.2LLC

( Req = 0 )
r1 := 1

Lr C r ( Req = )

r 2 := 1

( Lr + Lm )C r Req = (8 2 )n 2 R 3.1

S1

vg

VDC

ig = iLr Lr

D1

n :1:1

DS1

Cr

i1
v2

Lm

DS2

S2

io

i2
Co

Vo

v1
v3

i3
D2

4.1 LLC
ig (t )

Lr

Cr

v g ( fdl )

ig (t )

vac ( fdl )

Lr

Cr

v g ( fdl )

R eq

(a)

Lm

(b)

4.2 (a)LCC (b)LLC

4-1

vac ( fdl )
Req

4.2(b)
vac ( fdl ) ( s )

sLm // Req
v g ( fdl ) ( s) sL + 1 + ( sL // R )
r
m
eq
sC r
s 2 Lm C r
=
Lr C r Lm 3
L
s + ( Lr Cr + Lm C r ) s 2 + m s + 1
Req
Req
=

(4-1)

Lin
Q Req Lr Lm C r
(4-1)
Req
Lm
s +1 = 0 s =
Req
Lm

(4-2)

Lr C r Lm 3
L
s + ( Lr C r + Lm C r ) s 2 + m s = 0
Req
Req

(4-3)

s2 +

Req
Lr // Lm

1
=0
Lr Cr

(4-4)

1
=0
Lr Cr

(4-5)

1
Lr C r

(4-6)

s+

Lm >> Lr
s2 +

Req

2 n =

Req

Lr

s+

Lr

,n =
2

(Lm // Lr Lr )
Q=

Lr
Cr

1
=
2
Req

(4-7)

R = 5.7 n = 2.5 Req = (8 2 )n 2 R = 28.9 Lr = 65 H

4-2

Lm = 273 H C r = 60 nF (4-1)
3.69 10 -17 s 3 + 2.03 10 -11 s 2 + 9.45 10 -6 s + 1 = 0

(4-8)

s1 = 1.35 10 5

5
s2,3 = (2.07 j 3.97) 10

(4-9)

(s + (2.07 + j3.97) 10 )(s + (2.07 j3.97) 10 ) = 0

5

s 2 + 4.14 10 5 s + 20.05 1010 = 0

(4-10)

2 n = 4.14 10 5 , n = 20.05 1010

2

Q
Q=

1
= 1.08
2

(4-11)

(4-7)( Lr // Lm Lr )
Q = 1.14

(4-12)

Q (4-7)4.14.1 Req
Q Q
4.1 Q
Req []

Q = Lr C r / Req

5.1

6.49

6.5

10.1

3.23

3.25

15.2

2.14

2.17

20.3

1.58

1.62

28.9

1.08

1.14

35.5

0.86

0.93

40.5

0.78

0.81

76

1.51

0.43

101.3

2.04

0.32

4-3

4.2(b)A
s 2 Lr C r + 1
1
=
sC r
sC r
sLm Req
Z 2 ( s ) = sLm // Req =
sLm + Req
Z1 ( s ) = sLr +

(4-13)
(4-14)

4.3 Q
C r = 60 nF

Lr = 65 H

Z1 ( j )

Lr
= 32.9
Cr

Lm = 273 H

Req
Lm

Req = 28.9

Z 2 ( j )

= 1.06 105

Lr Cr

= 5.06 105

4.3

4.2 LLCLCC
(4-1) Lr = 65 H Lm = 273 H C r = 60 nF LLC
4.4 Q (4-7) Q
vac( fdl ) ( j )

vg ( fdl ) ( j )

2.5

2.04
Req = 101.3

2
1.51
Req = 76

1.5

Req = 28.9

1.08

A
Req = 10.1

3.23
0.5

Q = 13

0.2 f r1

0.4 f r1

0.6 f r1

0.8 f r1

Req = 2.5

f r1

1.2 f r1

4.4 LLC

4-4

1.4 f r1 1.6 f r1

4.4

R
s 4.4BA

A s ( Lr , Cr ) r1 ( Lr , Cr )
LLC

( R )4.4BC
3.2PRC

Lin
( Req )
(1) LCCZVS
(2) LLCZVS
LCC ZVS
4.2(a)LCC
1
+ ( sC p // Req )
sCr
Z ( j ) = jL + 1 + ( jC // R )
in
r
p
eq
jCr
Req jReq2 C p
1
= j (Lr
)+
Cr
1 + 2 Req2 C p2
=: R( ) + jX ( )

(4-15)

R eq

R ( ) =
1 + 2 Req2 C p2

1
1
1
X ( ) = Lr

+
C r C p
1 + ( R eq C p ) 2 C p

(4-16)

Z in ( s ) = sLr +

X ( ) Req 4.5(a)

4-5

 Req X ( ) = 0
crit (4-16)
X ( crit ) = crit L r

1
crit C r

1
1
+
=0
crit C p (1 + ( crit R eq C p ) 2 ) crit C p

(1) Req = 0 crit := R

eq = 0

Req = 0 Lr

1
Req = 0 C r

= 0 Req = 0 =

(2) Req = crit := R

eq =

Req = Lr

1
Req = C r

1
Req = C p

(C r // C p ) < C r R

eq = 0

(4-17)

1
Lr C r

(4-18)

= 0 Req = =

1
Lr (C r // C p )

(4-19)

< Req = 4.5(a) Req crit

4.5(b) Req crit > crit

4.5(a) > crit X ( ) > 0 Z in ( j )
LCC i g v g ZVS
< crit X ( ) < 0 LCC
i g v g ZCS
Req

X ( )

ZVS
Req =0

eq

R eq

=1

Req = 20

Req =10

R eq

=2

ZCS

0
R eq

Req =

20
10

ZCS

(a)

ZVS
Req =0 Req =10 Req =20

crit

Req =

(b)

4.5 (a) X ( ) Req (b) ZCSZVS

3.15 Req = 10 Req = 20
4.6(b)4.6(a) Req = 10 ZVS
s > R

Req = 20 ZVS s > R

eq =10

eq = 20

4-6

( Req = 20 ) R

eq =10

< Req =20 LCC

ZVS
vac( fdl ) ( j )

Req

v g ( fdl ) ( j)
R

eq

ZCS

20
10

eq

ZVS
Req =0 Req =10 Req =20

crit

Req =

20

=1
0

Req =10 Req = 20

(a)

(b)

4.6 (a)ZCSZVS (b)LCC

( Req = 10 20 ) crit
R

eq = 20

> Req =10 ZVS

s s > R

eq = 20

(1) ZVS s > crit

(2) ( Req ) crit ZVS s

LLC ZVS
4.2(b)LLC
1
+ ( sLm // Req )
sC r
Z ( j ) = jL + 1 + ( jL // R )
in
r
m
eq
jC r
2 L2m Req + jLm Req2
1
= j (Lr
)+
C r
Req2 + 2 L2m
=: R ( ) + jX ( )
Z in ( s) = sLr +

4-7

(4-20)


2 L2m R eq
R ( ) = 2

R eq + 2 L2m

( Lm ) 3
X ( ) = Lr 1 + Lm

C r
( Lm ) 2 + R eq2

(4-21)

X ( ) Req 4.7(a)
Req X ( ) = 0
crit (4-21)
X ( crit ) = crit Lr

1
crit C r

+ crit Lm

(3) Req = 0 crit := R

eq = 0

Req = 0 Lr

1
Req = 0 C r

eq

1
Req = C r

1
Lr C r

eq = 0

(4-23)

+ Req = Lm = 0 Req = =

( Lr + Lm ) > Lr R

(4-22)

= 0 Req = 0 =

(4) Req = crit := R

Req = Lr

( crit Lm ) 3
=0
( crit Lm ) 2 + Req2

1
( L r + L m )C r

(4-24)

> Req = 4.7(a) Req crit

4.7(b) Req crit > crit

4.7(a) > crit X ( ) > 0 Z in ( j )
LLC i g v g ZVS
< crit X ( ) < 0 LLC
i g v g ZCS
X ( )

Req
R eq

R eq

ZVS

20

R
Req =

Req = 20

Req =10

eq

=1

R eq
Req =0

=0

ZCS

Req =

Req =20 Req =10 Req =0

(a)
(b)
4.7 (a) X ( ) Req (b) ZCSZVS

4-8

4.4 Req = 10 Req = 20

4.8(b)4.8(a) Req = 10 ZVS
s > R

Req = 20 ZVS s > R

eq =10

eq = 20

( Req = 20 ) R

eq =10

> Req =20 LLC

ZVS
vac ( fdl ) ( j )

Req

v g ( fdl ) ( j )

eq

20
10

eq

Req =

Req =20 Req =10 Req =0

crit

=1

=2

0(

Req =20 Req =10

(a)

(b)

4.8 (a)ZCSZVS (b)LLC

( Req = 10 20 ) crit
R

eq = 20

< Req =10 s > Req =10 s > Req =20 Req = 10

ZVSZVS

(1) ZVS s > crit

(2) ( Req ) crit ZVS s

4.3 LLC
LLC4.9
Lr = 65 H Lm = 273 HC r = 60 nF(a)(b)Region (I)

Region (II)Region (III)

4-9

(a)

(b)

Req = 101.3

Req = 76
Req = 28.9

C
A

Req = 10.1

Q=

0.2 f r1

0.4 f r1 f r 2 0.6 f r1

Req = 2.5

0.8 f r1

f r1

1 .2 f r 1

1 .4 f r 1

4.9 LLC
4.2(b)(4-1) i g v g ( fdl )
Y ( s) =
=

i g ( s)
v g ( fdl ) ( s )

v ac ( fdl ) ( s )
v g ( fdl ) ( s )

i g (s)
v ac ( fdl ) ( s )

(4-25)

sLm // Req
1

1
sLm // Req
+ ( sLm // Req )
sLr +
sC r
Lm C r 2
s + Cr s
Req
L
Lr C r Lm 3
s + ( L r C r + Lm C r ) s 2 + m s + 1
Req
Req

LLC4.10Lr = 65 H
Lm = 273 H C r = 60 nF
ig ( j )
vg ( fdl ) ( j )

Q=

0.2 f r1

0.4 f r1

0.6 f r1

0.8 f r1

f r1

1 .2 f r 1

1 .4 f r 1 1 .6 f r 1

4.10 LLC

4-10

 Y ( j ) = ig ( j ) v g ( fdl ) ( j ) ZVS
i g v g Y ( j ) < 0 4.10
ZVS
4.3.1 (II) f r 2 < f s < f r1 1.08 < Q < 2.04
f s = 50 kHz f r1 = 80.6 kHz f r 2 = 35.3 kHz Q = 1.5
4.114.10SRC
4.10ZVS

vg
iLm
iLr

t0

v1
io

4.11 LLC(II)
4.11
( Lr , C r ) Lm
iL iL ( i L = i L ) Lm
r

( Lr , C r , Lm )( Lr , C r , Lm )
iL iL i1
r

4.3.2 (I) f s > f r1

4.12 f s = 100 kHz f r1 = 80.6 kHz

4-11

Q = 1.5 4.10

ZVS

vg
iLr
iLm

v1
io

4.12 LLC(I)
4.11( t < t 0 )off
4.114.12 f s > f r1 Ts < Tr1
iL iL Lm
r

i1

D1 D2 (reverse recovery current)

4.3.3 (III) f s < f r 2

4.13 f s = 31 kHz

vg

iLr
iLm

v1

io

4.13 LLC(III)

4-12

f r 2 = 35.3 kHz Q = 1.5 4.10

ZCS i L v g 4.13
r

MOSFETZVS

(a) Region (I)Region (II)ZVS regions

(b) Region (III)ZCS region
Region (I) D1 D2 Region (II)

4-13

LLCDC/DC

LLC(II)
Lin
LLC

5.1 LLC
5.1LLC
5.2
Co Vo Lin

5.2
5.2

S1
VDC

vg
S2

Cr

Lr

iLr

D1

n :1 :1

DS1

i1

iLm

vCr

Lm

DS2

v2

io

i2
Co

v1
v3

i3
D2

5.1 LLC
vD 2

n :1 :1

D1

i1

i2

v2

Vo

v1
v3

i3
D2

vD 3

5.2 ++

5-1

Vo

5.2
i1 > 0 i1 < 0 i1 = 0 v1 i1

ni1 + (i2 ) + i3 = 0

v1 = v = v
2
3
n

(5-1)

i2 0 , i3 0

vD2 0 , vD3 0

(5-2)

(1) i1 > 0 (5-1) i2 = ni1 + i3 > 0 ( D1 on , D2 off ) v2 = Vo v1 = nVo

D2 on v3 = Vo v2 = v3 Vo = Vo D2 off
(2) i1 < 0 (5-1)i3 = i2 ni1 > 0 ( D1 off , D2 on ) v3 = Vo v1 = nVo
D1 on v2 = Vo v2 = v3 Vo = Vo D1 off
(3) v1 n = v2 = v3 v2 vo v3 vo nVo v1 nVo
i1 > 0 io = i2 + i3 = ni1 i1 < 0 io = i2 + i3 = ni1

io = ni1 sgn(i1 )

(5-3)

= n i1

( v1 , i1 )5.3

v1
D1 : off
D2 : on

nVo
D1 : off
D2 : off

0
D1 : on
D2 : off

i1

nVo

5.3 ( v1 , i1 )

5-2

5.4(a)LLC
5.35.4(b)
5.4(b)LLC
S1
VDC

vg
S2

iLr

Lr

Cr

i1
v2

iLm

vCr
DS2

D1

n :1 :1

DS1

Lm

io
S1

i2
Co

Vo

vg

VDC

v1
v3

DS1

iLr

S2

Lr

Cr

i1

iLm

vCr

Lm

DS2

5.3

v1

i3
D2

(a)

(b)

5.4 (a) LLC (b)

5.2 LLC

(1) Ts Co vo
Vo Ts vo Vo
(2)

(3)
LLC Ts

(1) [ t t 0 ]( S1 off S2 on DS off DS off)

1

( S1 , S 2 )(off, on)
5.35.5(b)

t = t 0 S 2 onoff
Lr Lm C r

5-3

VDC

VDC
DS1

S1

iLr < 0

Cr

Lr

vg

i1

Lm

DS 2

v1

S2

Lr

[iLr (t5 )]
DS

(a)

nVo

[vCr (t5 )]
Cr

DS1
iLr < 0

vg

iLm

vCr

S2

S1

v1

iLm
vCr
v1
[iLm (t5 )]

i1

nVo

Lm

(b)

(c)

5.5
iLr (t 0 ) = iLr (t6 )

iLm (t 0 ) = iLm (t6 )

vCr (t0 ) = vCr (t 6 )

(5-4)

i1 = 0
v1 (t 0 ) = vCr (t 0 ) Lm ( Lm + Lr ) nVo v1 (t 0 ) nVo

(5-5)

S 2 DS (on, off) iL (t 0 ) = iL (t 0 ) < 0

2

(2) [ t 0 , t1 ]( S1 off on S 2 off DS on DS off)

1

t = t0 S 2 onoff iL = iL (t 0 ) < 0
r

iL DS
r

5.6(a) S1 offon S1 ZVS

v1 (t o )
nVo v1 (t 0+ ) nVo
v1 (t 0+ ) < nVo v1 (t 0+ ) > nVo
VDC

S1

VDC

S1

DS1
iLr < 0

vg
S2

(5-6)

Lr

Cr

Lm

(a)

off on
()

vg

iLm

vCr
DS2

i1

v1

v1
Lr

[vCr (t0 )]
Cr

[iLr (t0 )]

vCr

DS1
iLr < 0

DS2

S2

Lm

(b)
5.6

5-4

i1

iLm

[iLm (t0 )]

t1

nVo t0+
0

i1

nVo

(c)

5.6(a) iL (t0+ ) = iL (t0 )iL (t0+ ) = iL (t0 ) iL (t0 ) = iL (t0 ) i1 (t0+ )

r

= iLr (t 0+ ) iLm (t 0 ) = 0 (t = t 0 ) 5.5(a) v g = 0 5.6(a) v g = VDC

v g 0 V VDC vC (t0+ ) = vC (t0 )

r

+
0

v1 = vL := v L (t ) vL (t ) = VDC Lm ( Lr + Lm ) v L > 0 v L (t ) = v L (t 0 )
m

+
0

+ v Lm nVo
v1 (t 0 ) + VDC
VDC

Lm
nVo
Lr + Lm

(5-7)

Lm
nVo v1 (t 0 )
Lr + Lm

nVo < v1 (t 0 ) < nVo

Lm
2nVo
Lr + Lm
V
Lm
o
VDC 2n( Lr + Lm )
VDC

(5-8)

5.3(5-8) t = t 0+ i1 (t 0+ ) = 0 v1 (t 0+ ) = v L (t 0+ )
m

v1 (t 0+ ) = nVo 5.6(b) iL

nVo Lm Lm 5.6(b)

di L r (t )
= V DC nVo v C r (t )
Lr
dvdt (t )
Cr

= i L r (t )
C r
dt

L di L m (t ) = nV
o
m dt

(5-9)

iL (t0 ) = iL (t 6 ) vC (t 0 ) = vC (t 6 ) iLm (t 0 ) = iL (t 6 )
r

VDC vCr (t 6 ) nVo

sin r1 (t t 0 )
i Lr (t ) = i Lr (t 6 ) cos r1 (t t 0 ) +
Z
r
1

vCr (t ) = nVo + vCr (t 6 ) VDC cos r1 (t t 0 ) + i Lr (t 6 ) Z r1 sin r1 (t t 0 ) + VDC nVo

nVo
(t t 0 ) i Lm (t 6 )
i Lm (t ) =
Lm

(5-10)

Z r1 := Lr Cr r1 := 1 Lr Cr iLr (t1 ) = 0

5-5

T1 := t1 t 0 =

iLr (t 6 ) Z r1
1
tan 1
nVo + vC (t 6 ) VDC
r1
r

(5-11)

(5-10) t = t1
VDC vCr (t6 ) nVo

sin r1 (t1 t 0 ) = 0
iLr (t1 ) = iLr (t6 ) cos r1 (t1 t 0 ) +
Z
r
1

vCr (t1 ) = VDC vCr (t 6 ) nVo cos r1 (t1 t 0 ) iLr (t 6 ) Z r1 sin r1 (t1 t0 ) + nVo VDC

iL (t1 ) = nVo (t1 t 0 ) iL (t6 )

m
m
Lm

(5-12)

iLr ( iL (t1 ) = 0 ) DS
r

iLr > 0
(3) [ t1 , t 2 ]( S1 on S2 off DS off DS off)
1

t = t1 DS S1
1

on5.7(a) iLr > 0

Lm nVo ( Lr , Cr )
5.7(b)
VDC

S1

VDC
DS1

iLr > 0

Cr

Lr

vg
S2

i1

vCr

Lm

DS2

v1

(a)

[vCr (t1 )]

DS1

S1

iLr > 0

vg

iLm

v1

[iLr (t1 )]
DS2

S2

Lr

nVo

Cr

i1

t1

t2
0

i1

iLm

vCr

[iLm (t1 )]
Lm

(b)
5.7

nVo

nVo

(c)

diLr (t )
= VDC nVo vCr (t )
Lr
dt

dvCr (t )
= iLr (t )
Cr
dt

diLm (t )
= nVo
Lm
dt

iL (t1 ) = 0 vC (t1 ) iLm (t1 )

r

5-6

(5-13)

VDC vCr (t1 ) nVo

sin r1 (t t1 )
iLr (t ) =
Z r1

vCr (t ) = nVo + vCr (t1 ) VDC cos r1 (t t1 ) + iLr (t1 ) Z r1 sin r1 (t t1 ) + VDC nVo

iL (t ) = nVo (t t1 ) iL (t1 )
m
m
Lm

(5-14)

Z r1 := Lr Cr r1 := 1 Lr Cr r1 (t t1 ) 0t [t1 , t 2 ] sin r1 (t t1 )

sin r1 (t t1 ) r1 (t t1 )

(5-15)

(5-14) iLr (t 2 ) = iLm (t 2 ) iL (t1 ) = 0

r

VDC vCr (t1 ) nVo

Z r1

r1 (t 2 t1 ) =

nVo
(t 2 t1 ) iLm (t1 )
Lm

(5-16)

T2 := t 2 t1 =

nVo
+ r1
Lm

iLm (t1 )
nVo + vCr (t1 ) VDC

(5-17)

Z r1

iLr iLm
i1 = 0 5.3 i1 = 0 nVo v1 nVo Lm

(4) [ t 2 , t3 ]( S1 on S2 off DS off DS off)

1

i1 = 0
5.8(b)( Lr Cr Lm )
VDC

S1

VDC
DS1

iLr > 0

Cr

Lr

vg
S2

Lm

S1

vg

iLm

vCr
DS

i1

v1

S2

(a)

v1
[vCr (t2 )]
Cr

DS1
iLr > 0

Lr

iLm
vCr
v1
[iLm (t2 )]

5.8

i1
nVo

Lm

(b)

5-7

t3
0

[iLr (t2 )]
DS

nVo t2

(c)


diLr (t )
= VDC v Lm (t ) vCr (t )
Lr
dt

dvCr (t )
= iLr (t )
Cr
dt

diLm (t )
= VDC v Lr (t ) vCr (t )
Lm
dt

(5-18)

iL (t 2 ) = iL (t 2 ) vC (t 2 )
r

VDC vCr (t 2 )

sin r 2 (t t 2 )
iLr (t ) = iLr (t 2 ) cos r 2 (t t 2 ) +
Zr2

vCr (t ) = vCr (t 2 ) VDC cos r 2 (t t 2 ) + iLr (t 2 ) Z r 2 sin r 2 (t t 2 ) + VDC

iLm (t ) = iLr (t )

(5-19)

Z r 2 := ( Lm + Lr ) Cr r 2 := 1 ( Lm + Lr )Cr (5-15)

T3 := t3 t2 =

(
(V

)
(t ) )

Z r 2 iLr (t3 ) iLr (t2 )

r2

DC

vCr

(5-20)

v1 = (VDC vC ) Lm ( Lm + Lr )
r

nVo v1 nVo S1 DS (on, off)

1

iLr (t3 ) > 0 S1 onoff

(5) [ t 3 , t 4 ]( S1 off S 2 off on DS off DS on )

1

t = t3 S1 onoff iL > 0
r

iL DS DS
r

5.9(a) S 2 offon S 2
ZVS
5.8(a)5.9(a) S 2 t = t3 onoff v g
VDC 0 V vCr (t3+ ) = vCr (t3 )5.8(b) v1 = v Lm =
VDC Lm ( Lr + Lm ) (5-8) v1 (t3+ ) = v Lm (t3+ )

v1 (t3+ ) = nVo 5.9(b)

5-8

VDC

S1

VDC
DS1

iLr > 0

Lr

vg
S2

Cr

i1

vg

Lm

S2

v1

DS

nVo

[vCr (t3 )]

DS1
iLr > 0

iLm

vCr
DS2

S1

v1
Lr

Cr

[iLr (t3 )]

vCr

i1

iLm

[iLm (t3 )]

nVo

Lm

off on
()

(a)

t3

(b)

t4

i1

t3+

nVo

(c)

5.9
5.9(b)
diLr (t )
= nVo vCr (t )
Lr
dt

dvCr (t )
= iLr (t )
C r
dt

diLm (t )
= nVo
Lm
dt

(5-21)

iL (t3 ) vC (t3 ) iLm (t3 )

r

nVo vCr (t3 )

sin r1 (t t3 )
iLr (t ) = iLr (t3 ) cos r1 (t t3 ) +
Z
1
r

vCr (t ) = vCr (t3 ) nVo cos r1 (t t3 ) + iLr (t3 ) Z r1 sin r1 (t t3 ) + nVo

iL (t ) = nVo (t t3 ) iL (t3 )
m
m
Lm

(5-22)

Z r1 := Lr Cr r1 := 1 Lr Cr iLr (t 4 ) = 0

T4 := t 4 t3 =

iL (t3 ) Z r1
1

tan 1 r
vC (t3 ) nVo
r1

(5-23)

iLr ( iL (t 4 ) = 0 ) DS
r

iLr

(6) [ t 4 , t5 ]( S1 off S2 on DS off DS off )

1

t = t 4 DS S 2
2

on5.10(a) Lm
nVo ( Lr , Cr )5.10(b)

5-9

VDC

S1

VDC
DS1

iLr < 0

Cr

Lr

vg
S2

i1

Lm

DS1

S1

iLr < 0

vg

iLm

vCr
DS 2

5.3

(a)

v1

v1

[iLr (t 4 )]

Cr

i1

i1

iLm

vCr

[iLm (t4 )]

DS 2

S2

nVo

[vCr (t4 )]

Lr

nVo

Lm

(b)
5.10

t4

t5 nV
o

(c)

diLr (t )
= nVo vCr (t )
Lr
dt

dvCr (t )
= iLr (t )
Cr
dt

diLm (t )
= nVo
Lm
dt

(5-24)

iL (t 4 ) vC (t 4 ) iLm (t 4 )
r

nVo vCr (t 4 )

(
)
=
sin r1 (t t 4 )
i
t
Lr
Z
1
r

vCr (t ) = vCr (t 4 ) nVo cos r1 (t t 4 ) + iLr (t 4 ) Z r1 sin r1 (t t 4 ) + nVo

iL (t ) = nVo (t t 4 ) iL (t 4 )
m
m
Lm

(5-25)

Z r1 := Lr Cr r1 := 1 Lr Cr iLr (t5 ) = iLm (t5 )

T5 := t5 t 4 =
r1

iLm (t 4 )
nVo vCr (t 4 )
Z r1

(5-26)

nV
+ o
Lm

iLr iLm
i1 = 0 5.3 i1 = 0 nVo v1 nVo Lm

(7) [ t 5 , t0 + Ts ]( S1 off S2 on DS off DS off)

1

t = t5 iLr iLm

5-10

 i1 = 0 5.3 i1 = 0 nVo v1 nVo

5.11(b) Lm Lr Cr
5.11(b) Ts

VDC

VDC

S1

DS1
iLr < 0

Cr

Lr

vg
S2

Lm

v1

(a)

DS1

S1

iLr < 0

vg

iLm

vCr
DS 2

i1

v1
Lr

[iLr (t5 )]
DS

S2

[vCr (t5 )]
Cr

iLm
vCr
v1
[iLm (t5 )]

Lm

(b)
5.11

nVo
0

i1

t6
t5 nVo

(c)

diLr (t )
= iLm (t ) vC r (t )
Lr
dt

dvC r (t )
= iLr (t )
Cr
dt

diLm (t )
= iLr (t ) vC r (t )
Lm
dt

(5-27)

iL (t5 ) vC (t5 ) iLm (t5 )

r

iLm (t ) = iLr (t )

vCr (t5 )

sin r 2 (t t5 )
iLr (t ) = iLr (t5 ) cos r 2 (t t5 ) +
Z
r
2

vC (t ) = vC (t5 ) cos r 2 (t t5 ) + iL (t5 ) Z r 2 sin r 2 (t t5 )

r
r
r

(5-28)

Z r1 := Lr Cr r1 := 1 Lr Cr (5-15)

T6 := t 6 t5 =

Z r 2 iLr (t5 ) iLr (t6 )

r 2 vCr (t5 )

(5-29)

S 2 onLLC
Ts 5.12

5-11

( v1 , i1 )5.13LLC
/

v1
S1 : turn on (ZVS)

t2

nVo

t1

+
0

t3

i1
t0

t6
t4

t3+
nVo
t5

t0 t2
t t
3 5
t2 t3
t t
5 6

S 2 : turn on (ZVS)

5.12 v1 i1
S1 off
S 2 on

S1 on
S 2 off

v g (t )

t
iLr (t )
t

iLm (t )
vCr (t )

t
v1 (t )
nVo
t
nVo
i1 (t )
t
io (t )
T1

t0 t1

T2

T3 T4

t 2 t3 t 4

T5

T6

t5 t6 = t0 + Ts

5.13 LLC

5-12

LLC
6.1LLC
(1)(2)
6.1LLC
S1
VDC

vg
S2

Lr

iLr

Cr

i1

Lm

Co

Vo

v1

v3

v gs2
v gs1

io

i2

v2

iLm

vCr
DS

D1

n :1:1

DS1

i3
D2

(6.8)

6.1 LLC
6.1 LLC
VDC

150 V

I o

1.6 ~ 4.2 A

Vo

24 V

5.7 ~ 15

f s

50 kHz

Po

100 W

6.1
LLC()
()6.2(1)(2)
(3) LLC ZVS
( Lr , Cr , Lm ) Co

6-1

S1

Cr

Lr

iLr

vg

VDC

i1
v2

iLm

vCr

S2

D1

n :1:1

DS1

Lm

DS2

io

i2

Co

Vo

v1
v3

i3
D2

6.2 (a)LLC( Lr , Cr , Lm )
S1

Cr

Lr

iLr

vg

VDC

i1

Lm

DS2

v2

iLm

vCr

S2

D1

n :1:1

DS1

io

i2
Co

Vo

v1
v3

i3
D2

6.2 (b)LLC Co
6.1.1 ( Lr , Cr , Lm )
(1)
6.3(a)LLC
6.3(b) v g (t )
v g ( fdl ) =

2
VDC sin( s t )

(6-1)

8
Req = 2 n 2 R

S1
VDC

vg
S2

Lr

ig

Cr

i1

v2

iLm

vCr
DS

D1

n :1:1

DS1

Lm

io
ig

i2
Co

v1
v3

(6-2)

Lr

Cr

v g ( fdl )

Lm

i3

D2

(a)

(b)

6.3 (a)LLC (b)

6-2

vac ( fdl )

Vo

i1
Req

6.3(b) v g ( fdl ) ig
Y ( s ) :=

i g (s)
v g ( fdl ) ( s )
1

1
+ ( sLm // Req )
sLr +
sC r
Lm C r 2
s + Cr s
Req
=
L
Lr C r Lm 3
s + ( L r C r + Lm C r ) s 2 + m s + 1
Req
Req

(6-3)

i1 ig
i1 ( s ) = i g ( s )

sLm
=: i g ( s ) H ( s )
sLm + Req

(6-4)

(6-3)
i1 ( s ) = Y ( s ) H ( s ) v g ( fdl ) ( s )

(6-5)

(6-1)
i1 (t ) =

2
V DC Y ( j s ) H ( j s ) sin ( s t + Y ( j s ) + H ( j s ) )

(6-6)

=: I m sin( s t + )

I m = (2 )VDC Y ( j s ) H ( j s ) = Y ( j s ) + H ( j s ) (6-3)
Y ( j s ) Y ( j s ) ( Lr , Cr , Lm ) I m ( Lr , Cr , Lm )
I m = f ( Lr , C r , Lm )

(5-3)
io (t ) = n i1 (t ) = nI m sin( s t + )
io (t )

Ts

= nI m

(6-7)

6.3(a)
Vo = io (t )

(6-8)

2
2
nI m R = nR f ( Lr , Cr , Lm )

(6-9)

Ts

Vo = io (t )

Ts

R=

6-3

(2)

(5-8)
Vo
Lm

VDC 2n( Lr + Lm )

(6-10)

VDC = 150 V Vo = 24 V
n = 2.5
Lm
4
Lr

(6-11)

Lm Lr = 4.2

(6-12)

(3) ZVS
ZVS Z in ( j ) (4-21)

ZVS X ( s ) = s Lr

( s Lm ) 3
1
+ s Lm
>0
s Cr
( s Lm ) 2 + Req2

(6-13)

n = 2.5 R R = 5.7 ~ 15 (6-2)

Req = (8 2 )n 2 R = 28.9 ~ 76 ( Req )ZVS

Req = 28.9
Req = 28.9 s = 2f s = 3.14 10 5 rad s(6-12) Lm = 4.2 Lr
(6-13)( Lr , Cr )
2.3 1018 Lr
1
6
3.14 10 Lr
+ 1.32 10 Lr
>0
2
3.14 10 5 C r
1.74 1012 Lr + 835.2
3

(6-14a)

6.4(ZVS)
(6-9) Vo = 24 V Lm = 4.2 Lr
24 = (2 )nR f ( Lr , C r , 4.2 Lr )

6-4

2.06 1030 Cr Lr 2.1 1019 Cr Lr + (2.1 108 2.1 1019 Cr ) Lr

2

1.86 10 7 Cr Lr + 7.05 = 0

(6-15a)

6.4
Cr

2.5 10 7

Vo = 24 V

Lr
1.4 104

6.4 ( Lr , Cr )
Lr = 65 H C r = 60 nF 6.4P
Lm = 4.2 Lr = 273 H
6.2
6.2
(n : 1 : 1)

2 .5 : 1 : 1

Lm

273 H

Lr

65 H

Cr

60 nF

6.1.2 Co
io = I o + io I o
R io Co vCo VCo = Q Co

6.5 vC
o

6-5

io (t )
I o
2

Io
0

Ta

Ts

vCo (t )
Vo
0

VCo

t
t1

t2

6.5
io (t ) = n(i L (t ) i L (t )) (5-10)
r

V nVo
nV
io (t ) = n DC
sin( r1t ) o
Z r1
Lm

(6-14)

VDC nVo
nV
sin(r1t ) o t
n
Z r1
Lm
io (t ) =

,0 < t < Ta

(6-15)

, Ta < t < Ts

I o = Vo R 6.5 io (t1 ) = I o io (t 2 ) = I o
V nVo
V
nV
n DC
sin(r1t ) o t = o
Lm t =t1 R
Z r1

t =t

(6-16)

6.16.2 t1 t 2
t1 = 0.8 s
t 2 = 6.6 s

(6-17)

Q = [io (t ) I o ] dt
t2

t1

t2
t1

VDC nVo

n 2Vo 2
V
2
n
sin( r1t ) dt
(t 2 t1 ) o (t 2 t1 )
Z r1
2 Lm
R

Co

6-6

(6-18)

VCo =

1
Co

t2 VDC nVo

n 2Vo 2
Vo
2
n

sin(
)

)
t
dt
t
t
t
t

1
2
1
2
1
r

t1

2
Z
L
R
1
m
r

(6-19)

VDC = 150 V Vo = 24 V n = 2.5 Lm = 273 H R = 5.7 Z r1 = 25.5

r1 = 3.92 10 5 rad s t1 = 0.8 s t 2 = 6.6 s
VCo =

1
3.86 10 -6
Co

(6-20)

VC = Vo = 24 V 0.01 V
o

VCo VCo < 0.04 %

VCo
VCo

1 3.86 10 -6

< 0.04 % Co > 402 F

24
Co

(6-21)

Co = 1000 F
LLC6.3
6.3 LLC
Vi

150 V

(n : 1 : 1)

2 .5 : 1 : 1

Vo

24 V

Lm

273 H

5.7 ~ 15

Lr

65 H

I o

1.6 ~ 4.2 A

Cr

60 nF

f s

50 kHz

Co

1000 F

6.2
6.1( S1 , S 2 )
S1 S 2 S1 S 2

( S1 , S 2 )
( vgs , vgs )(dead time)( S1 , S 2 )
1

Td ZVS
LLC6.6

6-7

S1 (t )

DTs
Ts

S 2 (t )

Td

DTs

Td

vg (t )
VDC
0

6.6 LLC
( v gs , v gs )
1

6.7va (t ) x (t ) ( S1 ,
S 2 ) va (t ) x(t ) (duty ratio)

( v gs , v gs )
1

v a (t )
x(t )
x(t )

vgs (t )
1

td

v gs (t )
2

6.7 ( v gs , v gs )
1

6.8
Ra x (t ) ( S1 , S 2 ) Td

6-8

+Vcc
100 k
+Vcc

10

1 F

1:1

2k

1 F

TC4050

v gs

4
2

8
LM311

10 k

10

1 F

1:1

10

TC4050

v gs

10 k

LM311

Vcc

2
LF351

10 k

6.8 LLC

6-9

7
12
100 k

10 k

x(t )

+ Vcc

Vcc

x(t )

8
7

11

1 nF

+Vcc
2k

1 F

5
ICL8038

Vcc
+Vcc

10 k

10 k

va (t )

+Vcc

2
6

LF351

+ Vcc
Ra = 100 k

100 k

LLC

IsSpice
7.1IsSpice
7.27.3
7.47.57.6

7.1 IsSpice
6.3IsSpice
LLCIsSpice7.1
7.2~7.4
1

1
1

Vs1

Vgs1

3
3

DS1
3

Vdc
150

V1

Vcr

3 3

ILr

2 2

Cr
60n

Vs2
3
3

XFMR
2.5:1:1

I1

Lr
65u

Id1
10

Id
6

6 6

D1

Vo
15
15

15

Co
1000u

ILm
DS2

Lm
273u

Ro
5.7

11

Vgs2
D2
9

Id2
6

7.1 LLC
7.2 S1 vS v gs
1

S1 vS S1 offon
1

ZVS()
vS1
ZVS
50 V/div

S1 : turn on

v gs1

5 V/div

7.2 S1 v gs1 vS

7-1

7.3 S 2 vS v gs
2

S 2 offon7.3ZVS()
vS 2
ZVS

50 V/div

S 2 : turn on

vgs

5 V/div

7.3 S 2 v gs 2 vS

7.4 iL iL
r

( iL iL ) iL
r

i L ( iL = iL )
m

iL iL
r

iLm
2 A/div

iLr 0

4 s/div
7.4 iL iL
r

7.5 io
( iL = iL )
r

7.6 vC vC
r

7-2

vC

io
5 A/div

100 V/div

4 s/div

4 s/div

7.5 io

7.6 vC

7.2
7.1
7.7~7.12
() ZVS
7.77.8( S1 , S 2 )offonZVS
7.17.27.3

vS

vS

ZVS

ZVS

v gs

v gs2

1 s / div

1 s / div

7.7 S1 : ZVS

7.8 S 2 : ZVS

7.9 iL 7.4
r

i L iL
m

7.107.11 io vC 7.5
r

7.6

7-3

1 A/div

iL

2.5 s / div

7.9 iL VDC = 150 V, f s = 50 kHz, Vo = 24 V

r

io

io
5 A/div

2.5 s / div

7.10 io VDC = 150 V, f s = 50 kHz, Vo = 24 V

vC

100 V/div

2.5 s / div

7.11 vC VDC = 150 V, f s = 50 kHz, Vo = 24 V

r

()
6.3 s = 2f s = 3.14 10 5 rad s Lr = 65 H C r = 60 nF
Lm = 273 H n = 2.5 Req = (8 2 ) n 2 R (6-13)
ZVS X ( s ) = s Lr

( s Lm ) 3
1
+ s Lm
>0
( s Lm ) 2 + Req2
s Cr

R > 4.63 ZVS

7-4

(7-1)

 Po = 100 W ( R = 5.7 )LLC

= 88.9 % R < 4.63
ZVS R = 4.1 84 % 7.12

[ %]

Po [ W ]
R []

7.12

7.3
(4-1)(4-25)6.3LLC
7.137.14LLC
R = 5.7 Q = 1.08 7.13B
i g ( j )
vg ( fdl ) ( j )

Q=

Req = 101.3

Req = 76
Req = 28.9

C
B

A
Req = 10.1

Q=

0.2 f r1

0. 4 f r 1

0.6 f r1

0.8 f r1

Req = 2.5

f r1

1.2 f r 1 1.4 f r 1 1.6 f r 1

7.13

0.2 f r1

0.4 f r1

0.6 f r1

0.8 f r1

f r1

1.2 f r1

1.4 f r1 1.6 f r1

7.14

(1) 7.13 R ( R = 5.7 )

( Vo = 24 V )BA
7.1 VDC = 150 160 V f s = 50 56.7 kHz
7.15~18 f s Vo iL
r

7-5

 7.1
VDC [V]

f s [kHz]

Vo [V]

150

50

24

140

50

48.1

22.34

24

160

50

56.7

25.56

24

1 A / div

i Lr

1 A / div

iLr

2.5 s / div

2.5 s / div

7.15 iL VDC = 140 V

7.16 iL VDC = 140 V

f s = 50 kHz Vo = 22.34 V

f s = 48.1 kHz Vo = 24 V

5
1 A / div

iLr

1 A / div

iLr

2.5 s / div

2.5 s / div

7.17 iL VDC = 160 V

7.18 iL VDC = 160 V

f s = 50 kHz Vo = 25.56 V

f s = 56.7 kHz Vo = 24 V

(2) 7.13( R )
BC7.2
R = 5.7 10 f s = 50 53.9 kHz
7.19~22 f s Vo iL
r

7-6

7.2
R [ ]

f s [kHz]

Vo [V]

5.7

50

24

10

50

53.9

25.2

24

50

49.1

23.72

24

1 A / div

1 A / div

iLr

iLr

2.5 s / div

2.5 s / div

7.19 iL R = 10

7.20 iL R = 10

f s = 50 kHz Vo = 25.2 V

f s = 53.9 kHz Vo = 24 V

1 A / div

iLr

1 A / div

iLr

2.5 s / div

2.5 s / div

7.21 iL R = 5

7.22 iL R = 5

f s = 50 kHz Vo = 23.72 V

f s = 49.1 kHz Vo = 24 V

7.237.24LLC

7.23 LLC

7-7

7.24

7.4
vo R vi
f s
7.25

vref = 6 V e~ C (s )
~

v~ctrl v~ctrl V F f s

v~m
(6 V) v ref

e~

C (s )

v~ctrl

k VCO

controller

~
fs

converter

vo (24 V)

plant
1
4

H (s )

7.25
7.25 v~o ( s ) v~ctrl ( s ) servo analyzer (R9211B)
7.26
15 ~ 10 5 rad s

7.26 v~o ( s) v~ctrl ( s)

7-8

7.26(curve fitting) v~ctrl

v~o
v~o ( s )
=
v~ctrl ( s ) (1 +

3.5
s
s
)(1 +
)
1500
20000

(7-2)

(7-2) v~o ( s) v~ctrl ( s) 7.27

7.27

7.27
( R = 5.7 Po = 100 W )

(1)
type-1

C (s) = k / s

(a) k > 0 7.28 k

(unstable)
(b) k < 0 7.29( s 0 )

7-9

s = 20000

Imaginary Axis

Imaginary Axis

s = 1500 s = 0

7.28 k > 0

s = 20000

s = 1500

s=0

7.29 k < 0

7.30 C ( s ) = k / s k = 1 C ( s ) = 1 / s
(GMgain margin) 87.8 dB
(PM phase margin) 90 7.31
C ( s ) = 1 / s t s = 4.5 s

Phase (deg)

Amplitude

Magnitude (dB)

7.30 C ( s) = 1 / s

7.31 C ( s) = 1 / s

(2)

C ( s) = k s 87.8 dB
2.5 10 4 < k < 0 k = 100 7.32

C ( s ) = 100 s
GM = 47.8 dB PM = 86.4 PM 45

7.33 C ( s ) = 100 s

7-10

 t s = 0.0425 s
t s = 0.0425 s

Amplitude

Magnitude (dB)

GM

Phase (deg)

PM

7.32 C ( s) = 100 / s

7.33 C ( s ) = 100 / s

(3)
C ( s) = 100 / s 7.30
v ref

~
e

100
s

v~ctrl

(7 - 2)

vo

1
4

7.34
7.34(7-2)
v~o ( s )
1.05 1010
=
v~ref ( s ) ( s + 2 10 4 ) ( s + 1399) (s + 93.77)

(7-3)

v~ref v~o 7.35

7.35

7-11

7.35 BW = 92.3 rad s = 14.7 Hz << f s = 50 kHz

(4)
7.36
0.1 F

v~e

100 k

v~ctrl

LF351

v~ ( s) 100
C ( s) = ~ctrl
=
ve ( s)
s

7.36

7.5
LLC
VDC R
(1) 7.13 R ( R = 5.7 )
( Vo = 24 V )BA
7.3 VDC = 150 160 V f s = 50 53.5 kHz
7.3
VDC [V]

f s [kHz]

Vo [V]

150

50

24

140

46.8

24

160

53.5

24

7.37~38 f s Vo
iL
r

(2) 7.13( R )
BC7.4

7-12

1 A / div

iLr

1 A / div

iLr

2.5 s / div

2.5 s / div

7.37 iL VDC = 140 V

r

7.38 iL VDC = 160 V

r

f s = 46.8 kHz Vo = 24 V

f s = 53.5 kHz Vo = 24 V

R = 5.7 10 f s = 50 52.2 kHz

7.4
R [ ]

f s [kHz]

Vo [V]

5.7

50

24

10

52.2

24

48.9

24

7.39~40 f s Vo
iLr

iLr
1 A / div

1 A / div

iLr

2.5 s / div

2.5 s / div

7.39 iL R = 10

7.40 iL R = 5

f s = 52.2 kHz Vo = 24 V

f s = 48.9 kHz Vo = 24 V

(3) VDC R 7.5

7-13

7.5 Vo
VDC [V]

R []

f s [kHz]

Vo [V]

150

5.7

50

24

158

5.7

53.3

24

150

10

52.3

24

(a) 7.41( 150 158 V )( Vo = 24 V )

(a) 150 158 V

(b) 158 150 V

(V1 V/divACH0.5 s/div)

7.41
(b) 7.42( 150 158 V ) f s
( Vo = 24 V )

(a) VDC = 150 V f s = 50 kHz

(b) VDC = 158 V f s = 53.3 kHz

7.42

7-14

(c) 7.43( 5.7 10 )

(a) 5.7 10

(b) 10 5.7

(V1V/divACH0.2 s/div)
7.43
LLC7.44

S1

vg

VDC

S2

Cr

Lr

i1

Lm

v2

iLm

vCr
DS

D1

n :1 :1

DS1

iLr

io

i2
R

Co

Vo

v1
v3

i3
D2

+Vcc

10

vgs1

1 F

10 k
3.3 k

2k

1 F

1:1

+Vcc

10 k
Vcc

+Vcc

10

vgs2

1 F

1 F

1:1

+Vcc

10 k

2 k

+ Vcc

10 k

10 k

Ra = 100 k

Vcc

+ Vcc

100 k

50 k

10 nF

10 k

1 k 0.1 F

4046

50 k

Vbias + v~ctrl

Vbias

2.2 nF

50 k

0.1 F
50 k

v~ctrl

50 k

7-15

v~e

+ Vcc

+ Vcc

50 k

50 k
50 k

10 k

7.44

100 k

vref

10 k

7.6

(1) :
Lr
Llk Lr

(2) MOSFET
rDS(on)
rDS(on)

1.5
(3)
(a)(fast recovery
diodes)(b)(ultra-fast recovery diodes)(c)
(SBD: Schottky Barrier Diode)

0.8 V
1.2 V
(4)
(aluminum electrolytic capacitor)
(ESR: Equivalent Series Resistance)

ESR

7-16


8.1
LLC

1.

2.

LLC
Q Lin
Q Req Lr Lm C r

3.

LLCLin

4.

LLC
Lin

5.

6.

IsSpice

Po = 100 W LLC 88.9 %

8.2
1.
100 W
300 W

2.

8-1

LLC
50 kHz 100 kHz

3.
1

4.

8-2


[Bha90]

Bhat, A. K. S., Analysis, Optimization and Design of A

Series-Parallel Resonant Converter, Proc. IEEE APEC, pp.
155-164, 1990.

[Bha92]

Bhat, A. K. S., Fixed-Frequency PWM Series-Parallel Resonant

Converter, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp.
1002-1009, 1992.

[Bha93]

Bhat, A. K. S., Analysis and Design of a Series-Parallel Resonant

Converter, IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp.
1-11, 1993.

[Bha93]

Bhat, A. K. S., Analysis and Design of a Modified Series Resonant

Converter, IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol. 8, No. 6, pp.
423-430, 1993.

[Chi88]

Chin, D., Steady-State Analysis for Resonant Converters, in Proc.

IEEE INTLEC, pp. 236-242, 1988.

[DmB96]

Dmowski, A. and R. Bugyi, High Frequency Resonant DC/DC

Current Converter, Proc. IEEE ISIE, Vol. 2, pp. 735-738, 1996.

[KUS91]

Kang, Y.-G., A. K. Upadhyay and D. L. Stephens, Analysis and

Design of a Half-Bridge Parallel Resonant Converter Operating
Above Resonance, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 27,
No. 2, pp. 386-395, 1991.

[LaM01]

Lazar, J. and R. Martinelli, Steady-State Analysis of the LLC

Series Resonant Converter, Proc. IEEE APEC, Vol. 2, pp. 728-735,
2001.

[LLLW05]

Liang, Y., W. Liu, B. Lu and J. D. V. Wyk, Design of Integrated

Passive Component for a 1 MHz 1 kW Half-Bridge LLC Resonant
Converter, Proc. IEEE IAS, Vol. 3, pp. 2223-2228, 2005.

Ref-1

[Sev92]

Severns,

R.

P.,

Topologies

for

Three-Element

Resonant

Converters, IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp.

89-98, 1992.
[Ste88]

Steigerwald, R. L., A Comparison of Half-Bridge Resonant

Converter Topologies, IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol. 3,
No. 2, pp. 174-182, 1988.

[ThF93]

Theron, P. C. and J. A. Ferreira, A New, Partial Series Resonant

Converter for Efficient DC to DC Conversion Proc. IEEE PCCON,
pp. 171-176, 1993.

[YLC03]

Yang, B., F. C. Lee and M. Concannon, Over Current Protection

Methods for LLC Resonant Converter, Proc. IEEE APEC, Vol. 2,
pp. 605-609, 2003.

[YLZH02]

Yang, B., F. C. Lee, A. J. Zhang and G. Huang, LLC Resonant

Converter for Front End DC/DC Conversion, Proc. IEEE APEC,
Vol. 2, pp. 1108-1112, 2002.

[Bo Yang03]

Bo Yang, Topology Investigation for Front End DC/DC Power

Conversion for Distributed Power System, Ph. D. Dissertation,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2003.

[96]

DC-DC
1996

[97]

PWMDC-DC

1997

[98]

1998

[99]

1999

[01]

Ref-2

2001
[02]

2002

[03]

AC/DC
2003

[04]

DC/DC
2004

[05]

DC/DC
2005

[05]

DC/DC
2005

[06]

DC/DC
2006

[98]

19982

Ref-3

Name Chih-Hao Tsai

1982/12/20

121 10 3

(02) 24985832

[97 ]

[94 ]

[90 ]

[87 ]

[84 ]