Chp.12 Cont.

Examples
to design Footings

Example
Design a square footing to support a 18 in. square
column tied interior column reinforced with 8 #9
bars. The column carries an unfactored axial dead
load of 245 k and an axial live load of 200 k. The
base of the footing is 4 ft. below final grade and
allowable soil pressure is 5 k/ft2 Use fc = 3 ksi and
fy = 60 ksi

Example 1
Assume a depth of footing. (2 ft or 24 in.) The
weight of concrete and the soil are:

Wc = d = 150 lb/ft * 24 in. *

3

1 ft.

= 300 lb/ft 2

12 in.

1
ft.
= 200 lb/ft 2
Ws = s d s = 100 lb/ft * 4 ft 24 in. *

12 in.

Example 1
The effective soil pressure is given as:

qeff = qs Wc Ws
= 5000 lb/ft 2 300 lb/ft 2 200 lb/ft 2
= 4500 lb/ft 2 4.5 k/ft 2

Example 1
Calculate the size of the footing:

Actual Loads = DL + LL = 245 k + 200 k = 445 k

Area of footing =

445 k
4.5 k/ft

= 98.9 ft 2
2

Side of footing = 9.94 ft Use 10 ft

Example 1
Calculate net upward pressure:

Actual Loads = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL

= 1.4(245 k ) + 1.7(200 k ) = 683 k
Net upward pressure qn =

683 k
100 ft 2

= 6.83 k / ft 2

Example 1
Calculate the depth of the reinforcement use # 8 bars
with a crisscrossing layering.

d = h cover 1.5d b
d = 24 in. 3 in 1.5(1.0 in )
= 19.5 in.

Example 1
Calculate perimeter for two-way shear or
punch out shear. The column is 18 in.
square.

bo = 4(c + d )
= 4(18 in. + 19.5 in.) = 150 in.
1 ft
= 3.125 ft
c + d = (18 in. + 19.5 in.)

12 in

Example 1
Calculate the shear Vu

Vu = Pu qn (c + d )

= 683 k 6.83 k/ft 2 (3.125 ft ) = 616 k

2

The shape parameter

10 ft
10 ft

=1

Example 1
Calculate d value from the shear capacity according to
11.12.2.1 chose the largest value of d

4
Vc = 2 + f c b0 d
c

Vc = s + 2 f c b0 d
bo

Vc = 4 f c b0 d

s is 40 for interior, 30 for edge

and 20 for corner column

Example 1
The depth of the footing can be calculated by using
two way shear

d=

Vu

4 f c b0

1000 lb

616 k

1k

0.85 4 4000 (150 in )

= 19.1 in.

Example 1
The second equation bo is dependent on d so use the
assumed values and you will find that d is smaller and
= 40
d=

Vu

Actual (d =14.02324 in.)

40d
+ 2 f c b0

bo=128.93 in

1000 lb

616 k

1k
=
= 10.6 in.
40(19.5 in )
+ 2 4000 (150 in )
0.85

150 in

Example 1
The depth of the footing can be calculated
by using one-way shear

1 ft

18 in

L c
10 ft
1 ft
12
in

d =

19.5 in

2
2
2 2

12 in

= 2.625 ft

L c

Vu = qn (l2 ) d

2 2

= 6.83 k/ft 2 (10 ft )(2.625 ft ) = 179.3 k

Example 1
The depth of the footing can be calculated by using
one-way shear

1000 lb

179.3 k

Vu
1k
=
d=
= 13.9 in.

2 fc b
12
in

0.85 2 4000 10 ft

1 ft

The footing is 19.5 in. > 13.9 in. so it will work.

Example 1
Calculate the bending moment of the footing at the
edge of the column

1 ft

18 in

L c 10 ft
12 in = 4.25 ft
=

2
2
2 2

L c

L c 2 2
(4.25 ft ) (10 ft ) = 616.8 k - ft
M u = qn
b = 6.83 k/ft (4.25 ft )

2
2
2 2

Example 1
Calculate Ru for the footing to find of the footing.

12 in.

616.8 k - ft *

Mu
1 ft = 0.1622 ksi
=
Ru =
(120 in )* (19.5 in )2
bd 2

Example 1
From Ru for the footing the value can be found.
Ru = f c (1 0.59 ) 1.7 +
2

1.7 Ru

f c

0
.
1622
ksi

1.7 (1.7 ) 41.7

0.9(4 ksi )

=0

= 0.04632

fy
fc

= 0.04632 =

0.04632(4 ksi )
60 ksi

= 0.0031

Example 1
Compute the area of steel needed

12 in.
(19.5 in.) = 7.23 in 2
As = bd = 0.0030910 ft

1 ft

The minimum amount of steel for shrinkage is

As = 0.0018 bh = 0.0018(120 in.)(24 in.) = 5.18 in 2

The minimum amount of steel for flexure is

200
200
(120 in.)(19.5 in.) = 7.8 in 2
As =
bd =

fy
60000

Use

Example 1
Use a #7 bar (0.60 in2) Compute the number of bars
need
As
7.8 in 2
=
= 13 Use 13 bars
n=
Ab 0.60 in 2
Determine the spacing between bars
s=

L 2 * cover

(n 1)

120 in - 2(3 in )
12

= 9.5 in

Example 1
Check the bearing stress. The bearing strength N1, at
the base of the column, 18 in x 18 in., = 0.7

N1 = (0.85 f c A1 ) = 0.7 0.85(4 ksi )(18 in ) = 771 k

2

The bearing strength, N2, at the top of the footing is

N 2 = N1

A2
A1

2 N1

Example 1
A2 = (10 ft ) = 100 ft 2
2

1 ft
= 2.25 ft 2
A1 = 18 in

12 in.

The bearing strength, N2, at the top of the footing is

A2
A1

100 ft 2
2.25 ft 2

= 6.67 > 2 N 2 = 2 N1 = 2(771 k ) = 1542 k

Example 1
Pu =683 k < N1, bearing stress is adequate. The
minimum area of dowels is required.
0.005 A1 = 0.005 * (18 in ) = 1.62 in 2
2

Use minimum number of bars is 4, so use 4 # 8 bars

placed at the four corners of the column.

Example 1
The development length of the dowels in compression
from ACI Code 12.3.2 for compression.
ld =

0.02d b f y
fc

0.02(1 in )(60000 psi )

= 18.97 in Use 19 in

4000 psi

The minimum ld , which has to be greater than 8 in., is

ld = 0.0003d b f y = 0.0003(1 in )(60000 psi ) = 18 in 8 in

Example 1
Therefore, use 4#8 dowels in the corners of
the column extending 19 in. into the column
and the footing. Note that ld is less than the
given d = 19.5 in., which is sufficient
development length.

Example 1
The development length, ld for the #7 bars for the
reinforcement of the footing.
f ydb
fy
(
ld
60000 psi )(0.875 in )
=
ld =
=
= 41.5 in
20 f c
20 4000 psi
d b 20 f c
There is adequate development length provided.
ld =

L
2

cover

c
2

120 in
2

3 in

18 in
2

= 48 in

Example 1 - Final Design

Example 2
Design a footing to support a 18 in. square column
tied interior column reinforced with 8 #9 bars.
The column carries an unfactored axial dead load
of 245 k and an axial live load of 200 k. The base
of the footing is 4 ft. below final grade and
allowable soil pressure is 5 k/ft2 Use fc = 3 ksi and
fy = 60 ksi. Limit one side of the footing to 8.5 ft.

Example 2
Assume a depth of footing. (2 ft or 24 in.) The
weight of concrete and the soil are:

Wc = d = 150 lb/ft * 24 in. *

3

1 ft.

= 300 lb/ft 2

12 in.

1
ft.
= 200 lb/ft 2
Ws = s d s = 100 lb/ft * 4 ft 24 in. *

12 in.

Example 2
The effective soil pressure is given as:

qeff = qs Wc Ws
= 5000 lb/ft 2 300 lb/ft 2 200 lb/ft 2
= 4500 lb/ft 2 4.5 k/ft 2

Example 2
Calculate the size of the footing:

Actual Loads = DL + LL = 245 k + 200 k = 445 k

Area of footing =

445 k

= 98.9 ft 2

4.5 k/ft 2
Side of footing =

98.9 ft 2
8.5 ft

= 11.64 ft Use 12 ft

Example 2
Calculate net upward pressure:

Actual Loads = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL

= 1.4(245 k ) + 1.7(200 k ) = 683 k
Net upward pressure qn =

683 k

(8.5 ft )(12 ft )

= 6.70 k / ft 2

Example 2
Calculate the depth of the reinforcement use # 8 bars
with a crisscrossing layering.

d = h cover 1.5d b
d = 24 in. 3 in 1.5(1.0 in )
= 19.5 in.

Example 2
The depth of the footing can be calculated
by using the one-way shear (long direction)

1 ft

18 in

L c
12 ft
1 ft
12
in

d =

19.5 in

2
2
2 2

12 in

= 3.625 ft

L c

Vu = qn (l2 ) d

2 2

Vu =150.7 k in
short direction

= 6.7 k/ft 2 (8.5 ft )(3.625 ft ) = 206.4 k

Example 2
The depth of the footing can be calculated by using
one-way shear design

1000 lb

206.4 k

Vu
1k
=
d=
= 18.8 in.

2 fc b
12
in

0.85 2 4000 8.5 ft

1 ft

The footing is 19.5 in. > 18.8 in. so it will work.

Example 2
Calculate perimeter for two-way shear or
punch out shear. The column is 18 in.
square.

bo = 4(c + d )
= 4(18 in. + 19.5 in.) = 150 in.
1 ft
= 3.125 ft
c + d = (18 in. + 19.5 in.)

12 in

Example 2
Calculate the shear Vu

Vu = Pu qn (c + d )

= 683 k 6.7 k/ft 2 (3.125 ft ) = 617.6 k

2

The shape parameter

12 ft
8.5 ft

= 1.41

Example 2
Calculate d from the shear capacity according to
11.12.2.1 chose the largest value of d.

4
Vc = 2 + f c b0 d
c

Vc = s + 2 f c b0 d
bo

Vc = 4 f c b0 d

s is 40 for interior, 30 for edge

and 20 for corner column

Example 2
The depth of the footing can be calculated for the
two way shear
1000 lb

617.6 k

Vu
1k
=
d=
= 15.8 in.

4
4

4000 (150 in )
f c b0 0.85 2 +
2+

1
.
41

Example 2
The third equation bo is dependent on d so use the assumed
values and you will find that d is smaller and = 40
d=

Vu

Actual (d =14.032 in.)

40d

+ 2 f c b0

bo=128.173 in

1000 lb

617.6 k

1k
=
= 10.64 in.
40(19.5 in )
+ 2 4000 (150 in )
0.85

150
in

Example 2
The depth of the footing can be calculated by using
the two way shear

d=

Vu

4 f c b0

1000 lb

617.6 k

1k

0.85 4 4000 (150 in )

= 19.14 in.

Example 2
Calculate the bending moment of the footing at the edge of
the column (long direction)

1 ft

18 in

L c 12 ft
12 in = 5.25 ft
=

2
2
2 2

L c

L c 2 2
(5.25 ft ) (8.5 ft ) = 784.8 k - ft
M u = qn
b = 6.7 k/ft (5.25 ft )

2
2
2 2

Example 2
Calculate Ru for the footing to find of the footing.

12 in.

784.8 k - ft *

Mu
1 ft = 0.2428 ksi
=
Ru =
2

12 in
bd
8.5 ft
* (19.5 in )2

1 ft

Example 2
Use the Ru for the footing to find .
Ru = f c (1 0.59 ) 1.7 +
2

1.7 Ru

f c

0
.
2428
ksi

1.7 (1.7 ) 41.7

0.9(4 ksi )

=0

= 0.07036

fy
fc

= 0.07036 =

0.07036(4 ksi )
60 ksi

= 0.00469

Example 2
Compute the amount of steel needed

12 in.
(19.5 in.) = 9.33 in 2
As = bd = 0.00469 8.5 ft

1 ft

The minimum amount of steel for shrinkage is

As = 0.0018 bh = 0.0018(102 in.)(24 in.) = 4.41 in 2

The minimum amount of steel for flexure is

200
200
(102 in.)(19.5 in.) = 6.63 in 2
As =
bd =

fy
60000

Example 2
Use As =8.36 in2 with #8 bars (0.79 in2). Compute
the number of bars need
As 9.33 in 2
n=
=
= 11.8 Use 12 bars
Ab 0.79 in 2
Determine the spacing between bars
s=

L 2 * cover

(n 1)

102 in - 2(3 in )
11

= 8.73 in

Example 2
Calculate the bending moment of the footing at the edge of
the column for short length

1 ft

18 in

L c 8.5 ft
12 in = 3.5 ft
=

2
2
2 2

L c

L c 2 2
(3.5 ft ) (12 ft ) = 492.5 k - ft
M u = qn
b = 6.7 k/ft (3.5 ft )

2
2
2 2

Example 2
Calculate Ru for the footing to find of the footing.

12 in.

492.5 k - ft *

Mu
1 ft = 0.1079 ksi
=
Ru =
2

12 in
bd
12 ft
* (19.5 in )2

1 ft

Example 2
Use Ru for the footing to find .
Ru = f c (1 0.59 ) 1.7 +
2

1.7 Ru

f c

0
.
1079
ksi

1.7 (1.7 ) 41.7

0.9(4 ksi )

=0

= 0.0305

fy
fc

= 0.0305 =

0.0305(4 ksi )
60 ksi

= 0.00203

Example 2
Compute the amount of steel needed

12 in.
(19.5 in.) = 5.72 in 2
As = bd = 0.0020312 ft

1 ft

The minimum amount of steel for shrinkage is

As = 0.0018 bh = 0.0018(144 in.)(24 in.) = 6.22 in 2

The minimum amount of steel for flexure is

200
200
(144 in.)(19.5 in.) = 9.36 in 2
As =
bd =

fy
60000

Example 2
Use As =9.36 in2 with #6 bar (0.44 in2) Compute the
number of bars need
As 9.36 in 2
=
= 21.3 Use 22 bars
n=
Ab 0.44 in 2
Calculate the reinforcement bandwidth
Reinforcement in bandwidth
= 2 = 2 = 0.83

Total reinforcement
+ 1 1.41 + 1

Example 2
The number of bars in the 8.5 ft band is 0.83(22)=19 bars .
outside # bar =

Total # bars - band bars

2

22 19

= 1.5 Use 2 bars

So place 19 bars in 8.5 ft section and 2 bars in each in

(12ft -8.5ft)/2 =1.75 ft of the band.

Example 2
Determine the spacing between bars for the band of 8.5 ft
s=

(n 1)

102 in

= 5.67 in

18

Determine the spacing between bars outside the band

s=

L cover
n

21 in - 3in
2

= 9 in

Example 2
Check the bearing stress. The bearing strength N1, at
the base of the column, 18 in x 18 in., = 0.7

N1 = (0.85 f c A1 ) = 0.7 0.85(4 ksi )(18 in ) = 771 k

2

The bearing strength, N2, at the top of the footing is

N 2 = N1

A2
A1

2 N1

Example 2
A2 = (10 ft ) = 100 ft 2
2

1 ft
= 2.25 ft 2
A1 = 18 in

12 in.

The bearing strength, N2, at the top of the footing is

A2
A1

100 ft 2
2.25 ft 2

= 6.67 > 2 N 2 = 2 N1 = 2(771 k ) = 1542 k

Example 2
Pu =683 k < N1, bearing stress is adequate. The
minimum area of dowels is required.
0.005 A1 = 0.005 * (18 in ) = 1.62 in 2
2

Use minimum number of bars is 4, so use 4 # 8 bars

placed at the four corners of the column.

Example 2
The development length of the dowels in compression
from ACI Code 12.3.2 for compression.
ld =

0.02d b f y
fc

0.02(1 in )(60000 psi )

= 18.97 in Use 19 in

4000 psi

The minimum ld , which has to be greater than 8 in., is

ld = 0.0003d b f y = 0.0003(1 in )(60000 psi ) = 18 in 8 in

Example 2
Therefore, use 4#8 dowels in the corners of
the column extending 19 in. into the column
and the footing. Note that ld is less than the
given d = 19.5 in., which is sufficient
development length.

Example 2
The development length, ld for the #8 bars
ld
db

fy

f ydb

ld =

(
60000 psi )(1.0 in )
=
= 47.4 in

20 f c

20 f c

20 4000 psi

There is adequate development length provided.

ld =

L
2

cover

c
2

144 in
2

3 in

18 in
2

= 60 in

Example 2
The development length, ld for the #6 bars
ld
db

fy

f ydb

ld =

25 f c

(
60000 psi )(0.75 in )
=
= 28.5 in

25 f c

25 4000 psi

There is adequate development length provided.

ld =

L
2

cover

c
2

102 in
2

3 in

18 in
2

= 39 in

Example 2 - Final design

23 #6

12 #8