March 2015

REVIEW SHEET CH. 17, 18, 19, 20, 27, and 47

Weblinks:
1) McGraw Hill RNAi animation
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter16/rna_interfer
ence.html
2) Epigenetics NOVA video at https://youtu.be/M4boKud1MRk
3) RNAi NOVA video at https://youtu.be/uiObPBeof5s

4) Pattern Formation in Drosophila websites and the Bozeman Science Development

Timing and Coordination websites:
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp19/1902003.html
http://www.bozemanscience.com/024-development-timing-and-coordination/
5) Review Spemann and Mangold experiments at:
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp20/2002002.html
6) McGraw Hill Transformation:
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter28/bacterial_tr
ansformation.html
7) McGraw Hill Transduction:
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/007352543x/student_view0/chapter20/transductio
n__generalized_.html
8) McGraw Hill Conjugation:
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072556781/student_view0/chapter13/animation_
quiz_3.html
9) Gel Electrophoresis:
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/gelelectrophoresis.html
10) PCR animation at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_YgXcJ4n-kQ

March 2015

Ch. 17.5- Gene Mutations

Types of mutations (see p.344-346)
Point Mutations
Nucleotide Pair Substitutions (silent; missense; nonsense)
Frameshift Mutations (insertions, deletions)

Ch. 18- Gene Regulation

Know that all cells have the same genes but that differential gene expression is what makes each
cell type different
Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
Lac Operon (all parts and how it is controlled)
Trp Operons (all parts and how it is controlled)
cAMP
CAP
Positive control; Negative Control
Inducible v. Repressible operons
Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
Most eukaryotes lack operons
Eukaryotic genes are coordinately controlled (see p. 361)
Differential gene expression
Basic stages at which gene expression can be regulated (see Fig. 18.6)
Regulation of Chromatin Structure
Histone acetylation (usually increases transcription and gene expression)
DNA methylation (usually silences genes)
Epigenetics (view NOVA video- see link on my website and under AP Bio Docs)
Know about the agouti gene in mice (fat orange mouse v. skinny black
mouse)
Be generally familiar with Dutch Winter Hunger study (See abstract of
Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to
famine in humans)
Genomic Imprinting know what it is and its effect on allele expression;
know the effect on offspring resulting from mutations in maternal or
paternal allele (see Chapter 15.5 and Class Handout- Epigenetics and
Inheritance)
An example of maternal imprinting: the IGF2 gene studied in the Dutch
Winter Hunger children. This gene
is hypomethylated
Role of Enhancers (see Fig. 18.10)
Role of Activators (see Fig. 18.10)
Post-transcriptional regulation
Alternative RNA splicing (see Fig. 18.13)

March 2015

mRNA degradation
Post-translational regulation
Protein processing and degradation (see Fig. 18.14)
Role of ubiquitin and proteasome
Role of noncoding RNAs
siRNAs
RNAi (RNA interference- see figure 18.15)
Role of Dicer
Results in either mRNA degradation or blockage of Translation
Differentiation
Know what it is
Know what morphogenesis means
Role of signals in embryonic development: (see p. 367-68)
cytoplasmic determinants
extracellular signals lead to induction
Pattern formation in drosophila
Role of nurse cells and follicle cells
Maternal effect genes: General Role and effect of mutations in:
a) Bicoid (Bicoid mRNA ( a morphogen involved in axis establishmentconcentrated in anterior end)
b) Nanos (establishes posterior structures)
Zygotic Genes: General Role and effect of mutations in:
Gap Genes, Pair-Rule Genes, Segment Polarity Genes,
Homeotic Genes
Be able to interpret graph of Anterior-Posterior Gradient involving the Maternal
effect (Bicoid and Nanos) and Zygotic Genes (Hunchback and Caudal)
Know that Maternal Effect Genes and Zygotic Genes are transcription factors that
activate each subsequent set of genes. (Know hierarchy)
Evolutionary conservation of HOX genes across many species
Role of HOX genes
Mutations in HOX genes
Relationship between location of HOX genes on chromosome and order of
anatomical structure in the animal
Cancer (Section 18.5- See Figure 18.24)
Oncogenes
Proto-oncogenes
3 ways that can transform proto-oncogenes into onco-genes
Role of ras gene and effect of mutations in ras (normal ras relies on external signal,
normally a growth factor)

March 2015

Role of p53 gene and effect of mutation in p53 (activated when it receives signal from
within nucleus DNA damage)

CH. 47.3 - Animal Development

Determination v. Differentiation
Cleavage, Blastula, Gastrula
Establishment of Axis (see Figure 47.21)
Role of Gray Crescent on normal embryonic development (See Figure 47.22)
Role of Dorsal Lip (See Figure 47.23)
Hans Spemann and Hild Mangold Experiments see weblinks

Ch. 27. 3- Bacterial Genetics

Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation
F plasmid
Homologous recombination
R plasmids- antibiotic resistance

Ch. 19.2- Viral Cycles

Basic viral structure
Bacteriophage
Lytic cycle (virulent phages)
Lysogenic cycle (temperate phages)
Prophage

Ch. 20.1 and 20.2- Biotechnology

Plasmids
Restriction Enzymes
Can make staggered cuts resulting in sticky ends (example: EcoR1 cuts GAATTC
between the G and A) or straight cuts resulting in blunt ends (example:
)
Each enzyme recognizes specific target sequence and cuts each time that target sequence
appears. (See Figure 20.3)
DNA ligase
Steps of making a recombinant DNA molecule and cloning a gene (See Figure 20.4)
Cloning Vector
Plasmid Maps
Using standard curve of known base pair sizes to interpolate fragment size of unknown bands
Gel Electrophoresis- (See Figure 20.9)

March 2015

Purpose
Role of:
Electricity,
Charge,
Size,
Reference Bands,
Resolution,
Apparatus (Agarose Gel, Buffer, Tracking Dye, DNA cut with different enzymes,
Wells)
PCR- purpose; materials needed; general steps; (See Figure 20.8)
Restriction Length Polymorphisms (see handout)
VNTRs (Variable Number of Tandem Repeats)
STRs (Short Tandem Repeats)
DNA fingerprinting analysis of DNA banding pattern from gel (See PowerPoint)
Use of 13 Loci in FBI database (CODIS)
Effect of Mutation at restriction site on banding patterns (Ex: Sickle v. Normal Hemoglobin- See
Figure 20.10)