Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Coimbatore
Kovai
Metropolis
Coimbatore
Location of Coimbatore in India
Coordinates:
1116N 765821ECoordinates:
1116N 765821E
India
Tamil Nadu
Kongu Nadu
Country
State
Region
Government
Type
Body
Mayor
Corporation
Commissioner
Area
Metropolis
Metro[1]
Elevation
Population (2011)
Metropolis
Metro[1][2]
Demonym
Languages
Official
Time zone
PIN
STD Code
MayorCouncil
CCMC
Ganapathy P Rajkumar
Dr K Vijay Karthikeyan, IAS
246.75 km2 (95.27 sq mi)
642.12 km2 (247.92 sq mi)
411.2 m (1,349.1 ft)
1,050,721
2,136,916
Coimbatorean
Tamil
IST (UTC+5:30)
641XXX
+91-422
Vehicle registration
Website
TN 37 (South), TN 38 (North),
TN 66 (Central), TN 99 (West)
www.ccmc.gov.in
Area Note 1: The pre expansion area of city limits was 105.6
sq.km. The 2010 expansion order added 12 local bodies and
increased the total area to 265.36 sq.km. However in 2011, three of
the local bodies were dropped from the expansion and two more
added instead. Those removed were Vellalore (16.64 sq.km),
Chinniampalayam (9.27 sq.km) and Perur (6.40sq.km). Those added
were Vellakinar (9.20) and Chennavedampatti (4.5). So the actual
area post expansion is 246.75 sq. km.[3][4][5][6]
Population Note 1: The census 2011 data is available only for pre
expansion city limits.[7] For the expanded city limits only 2001
census data is available. Pre expansion the population was 930882.
[4]
After the 2010 expansion GO, the population became 1262122.[4]
But after the small changes mentioned in the previous note were
made, the 2001 population figure was 1250446.[3][8] However the
2011 census data for the urban agglomeration is available and has
been provided.[7]
Coimbatore also known as Kovai, [koj] is a city in India. It is the second largest city and
urban agglomeration in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, after Chennai[9] and the sixteenth largest
urban agglomeration of India. It is one of the fastest growing tier-II cities in India and a major
textile, industrial, commercial, educational, information technology, healthcare and
manufacturing hub of Tamil Nadu.[10] It was the capital city of the historical Kongu Nadu and is
often referred to as the Manchester of South India.[11][12] The city is located on the banks of the
Noyyal River surrounded by the Western Ghats and is administered by the Coimbatore
Municipal Corporation. Coimbatore is the 4th largest metropolis in South India and the
administrative capital of Coimbatore district. Coimbatore has been ranked 4th among Indian
cities in investment climate by CII[13] and ranked 17th among the top global outsourcing cities by
Tholons.[14]
Contents
1 Name
2 History
3 Geography
4 Climate
5 Demographics
6 Administration
7 Urban structure
8 Suburban areas
9 Politics
10 Economy
11 Culture
12 Languages
13 Cuisine
14 Transport
o 14.1 Air
o 14.2 Rail
14.2.1 Monorail
o 14.3 Road
15 Education
17 Healthcare
18 Sports
19 Recreation
20 Environmental issues
21 International relations
o 21.1 Twin towns Sister cities
22 See also
23 References
24 External links
Name
One theory for the city's name states that Coimbatore is a derivation of Kovaiputhur (lit. new
town of covai), chieftain Kovan or Koyan, who ruled the region around the city. Kovaiputhor
evolved into Koyambatoor, which was anglicised as Coimbatore. Another suggested etymology
involves the Dravidian root ru 'river' (DED 4233).[15] Yet another theory states that the name
could have been derived from Koniamman, the goddess whose temple is situated in the city.[citation
needed]
Henry Whitehead in his Village Gods of South India (1921) states that the goddess
worshipped by Koyan came to be called as Koyamma which evolved into Kovaiamma and later
Koniamma.[16]
History
Main article: History of Coimbatore
After defeating Tipu Sultan in the Anglo-Mysore Wars, the British East India Company annexed
Coimbatore to the Madras Presidency in 1799. The Coimbatore region played a prominent role in
the Second Poligar War (1801) when it was the area of operations of Dheeran Chinnamalai.[24] In
1865, Coimbatore was established as the capital of the newly formed Coimbatore district and in
1866 it was accorded municipality status.[25] Sir Robert Stanes became the first Chairman of the
Coimbatore City Council.[26] Industrialization of the region begin in 1888 and continued into the
20th century. The region was hard hit during the Great Famine of 187678 resulting in nearly
200,000 famine related fatalities. On 8 February 1900 an earthquake struck Coimbatore
damaging many buildings. The first three decades of the 20th century, saw nearly 20,000 plaguerelated deaths and an acute water shortage.[27][28] The city experienced a textile boom in the 1920s
and 1930s due to the decline of the Cotton industry in Mumbai.[29] The region played a
significant role in the Indian independence movement.[30] Post independence, Coimbatore has
seen rapid growth due to industrialisation. In 1981, Coimbatore was constituted as a corporation.
[31]
Geography
Main article: Geography of Coimbatore
Stork, Open Billed Stork, Ibis, Spot-billed Duck, Teal, Black Winged Stilt are some of the
migratory birds that visit Coimbatore wetlands regularly.[32]
Apart from the species common to the plains, wild elephants, wild boars leopards, tigers, bison,
various species of deer, Nilgiri Tahr, sloth bear and black-headed Oriole can also be found.[39]
The Anamalai Wildlife Sanctuary 88 km (55 mi) in the Western Ghats at an altitude of 1,400
meters covers an area of 958 square kilometres (370 sq mi). More than 20% of the district is
classified as forest, lying in the west and north. The forests here are abundant in commercially
significant trees such as teak, sandalwood, rosewood and bamboo. The Nilgiris slope of the
Mettupalayam range is rich in sandalwood trees and bamboo. They vary from rich tropical
evergreen forests of the Punachi range to jungles of shrubs in southern ranges. Apart from the
high altitude regions of Western Ghats, most of the forest area has come under Lantana invasion.
The locals refer to this as Siriki Chedi.
Climate
Coimbatore has a pleasant, salubrious climate due to its proximity to thickly forested mountain
ranges and the cool breeze blowing through the Palghat gap which makes the consistently hot
temperatures pleasant.[33] Under the Kppen climate classification, the city has a tropical wet and
dry climate, with the wet season being from October to December due to the northeast monsoon.
Coimbatore is located at an elevation of about 411 meters.[32] The mean maximum and minimum
temperatures varies between 35 C (95 F) and 18 C (64 F).[40] highest temperature ever
recorded is 41 C (106 F) and lowest is 8 C (46 F).[41]
Due to the presence of the mountain pass, more elevated parts of the district benefit from the
south-west monsoon in the months from June to August. After a warm, humid September, the
main monsoon starts from October lasting till early November. These monsoons are brought
about by the retreating monsoon. The average annual rainfall is around 700 mm (27.6 in) with
the North East and the South West monsoons contributing to 47% and 28% respectively to the
total rainfall.[40] This rainfall is not enough to sustain the needs of the city for the entire year and
the shortage is made up through water supply schemes like Siruvani, Pilloor and Athikadavu.[42]
[43]
The soil is predominantly black, which is suitable for cotton cultivation, but some red loamy soil
is also found. Coimbatore falls under the Class III/IV Seismic Zone, having experienced a 6.0
Richter scale earthquake in 1900.[44]
[hide]Climate data for Coimbatore (19712000)
Month Jan
Jul
Aug Sep
Year
Record 35.6 37.6 39.7 40.3 40.4 38.6 35.6 35.7 36.2 36.1 34.4 35.0
high C (96.1) (99.7) (103.5 (104.5 (104.7 (101.5 (96.1) (96.3) (97.2) (97) (93.9) (95)
40.3
(F)
(104.5)
Average
30.5 33.3 35.9 36.7 35.2 32.2 31.6 31.6 32.5 31.6 30.1 29.3
32.5
high C
(86.9) (91.9) (96.6) (98.1) (95.4) (90) (88.9) (88.9) (90.5) (88.9) (86.2) (84.7) (90.5)
(F)
Average
18.2 19.5 21.3 23.4 23.5 22.4 21.8 21.8 22.0 21.8 20.7 19.0
21.3
low C
(64.8) (67.1) (70.3) (74.1) (74.3) (72.3) (71.2) (71.2) (71.6) (71.2) (69.3) (66.2) (70.3)
(F)
Record
11.7 12.8 15.6 17.8
low C
(53.1) (55) (60.1) (64)
(F)
17.8
(64)
15.0
(59)
13.9
(57)
12.2
(54)
11.7
(53.1)
Average
5.4
13.0 15.1
71.2 27.4 35.5 35.5 74.3 123.1 122.2
rainfall
48.0
46.0 606.0
(0.213 (0.512 (0.594
(2.803 (1.079 (1.398 (1.398 (2.925 (4.846 (4.811
mm
(1.89)
(1.811) (23.858)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
(inches)
Avg.
rainy
days
0.3
1.0
1.0
3.0
4.2
2.7
2.6
2.6
4.6
7.4
5.8
Demographics
[show]Historical population
2.8
38.3
Administration
Corporation officials
Mayor
Ganapathy P. Rajkumar
Deputy Mayor
S. Leelavathiunni[65]
Commissioner
[66]
Urban structure
Suburban areas
A large part of the Coimbatore urban agglomeration falls outside the Municipal corporation
limits.[72] These suburbs are governed by local bodies called Village Panchayats and Town
Panchayats.[73] Besides the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation, the Coimbatore UA comprises
the town panchayats of Vellalur, Irugur, Sulur, Pallapalayam, Kannampalayam,Chinna
Politics
Coimbatore elects ten members to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly and one member to the
Indian Parliament. The five legislative assembly constituencies in the city are Coimbatore North,
Coimbatore South, Kaundampalayam, Singanallur and Sulur. All five are part of the Coimbatore
Parliamentary Constituency. Till 2009, there were only four assembly constituencies in
Coimbatore Coimbatore East, Coimbatore West, Singanallur, and Perur. Also about 20% of the
urban agglomeration came under the Nilgiris constituency which runs into the northern part of
the city and about 10% came under the Pollachi (Lok Sabha constituency). In the last Lok Sabha
election held in 2009, Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI-M) candidate won in the
Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency.[75] In the last legislative assembly election held in 2011, the
ADMK led front won in all five assembly constituencies.[76]
Economy
Main article: Economy of Coimbatore
Lakshmi Mills was one of the earliest textile mills in 1910 in Papanaickenpalayam, Coimbatore
With more than 25,000 small, medium and large industries, the city's primary industries are
engineering and textiles. Coimbatore is called the "Manchester of South India" due to its
extensive textile industry, fed by the surrounding cotton fields.[77][78] The district also houses the
country's largest amount of hosiery and poultry industries.[citation needed] The city has two special
economic zones (SEZ), the Coimbatore Hi-Tech Infrastructure (CHIL) SEZ at Saravanampatti
and the TIDEL Park near Peelamedu, and at least five more SEZs are in the pipeline.[79][80] As of
2005, when Tirupur was a part of Coimbatore district, Coimbatore was the highest revenue
earning district in Tamil Nadu.[81] In 2010, Coimbatore ranked 15th in the list of most
competitive (by business environment) Indian cities.[82]
An insignificant little town prone to droughts and earthquakes till the early years of the 20th
century, Coimbatore region experienced a textile boom in the 1920s and 1930s.[29] Though,
Robert Stanes had established Coimbatore's first textile mills as early as the late 19th century, it
was during this period that Coimbatore emerged as a prominent industrial centre.
Coimbatore has a large and a diversified manufacturing sector facilitated by the presence of
research institutes like Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, SITRA and large number of
engineering colleges producing about 50,000 engineers.[88]
Manufacturing of automotive components is also important to Coimbatore's economy. Maruti
Udyog and Tata Motors source up to 30% of their automotive components from Coimbatore.
Coimbatore has more than 700 wet grinder manufacturers with a monthly output As of March
2005 of 75,000 units[89] and is home to a common facility for the manufacturers of wet grinders.
[90]
Coimbatore motor and pump manufacturing industry supplies 40% of Indias requirements.[13]
The city boasts some prominent auto component companies such as Pricol and L.G.
Balakrishnan & Bros, which are listed on the stock exchanges. The city also has a number of tierI, II and III suppliers catering to the needs of the entire gamut of the automobile industry, ranging
from two-wheelers and four-wheelers to commercial vehicles and tractors.[91]
Coimbatore is one of the major gold jewellery manufacturing hubs in India, renowned for
making cast jewellery and machine made jewellery is also a major diamond cutting centre in
South India. .[92][93][94][95] The city is home to about 3000 jewellery manufacturing companies and
to over 40,000 goldsmiths,[96][97][98] who have an active association called Coimbatore Jewellery
Manufacturers' Association, and Coimbatore Gem and Jewellery Industries Private Limited
(Cojewel), which is a common facility with niche goldsmith machinery to be used by the
members of the association.Owing to the presence of a large number of jewellery manufacturers
and the strong engineering base, the city is home to a number of companies manufacturing
jewellery making machinery.
Coimbatore has some of the oldest flour mills in India. The large scale flour mills, which cater to
all the southern states, have a combined grinding capacity of more than 50,000 MT per month. In
the recent years, the city has seen growth in the hospitality industry with more upscale hotels
being set up.[99][100][101][102][103]
Coimbatore is the largest non-metro city for e-commerce in South India.[104]
Culture
Main article: Culture of Coimbatore
Coimbatore and its people have a reputation for entrepreneurship.[105][106] Though it is generally
considered a traditional city, Coimbatore is more diverse and cosmopolitan than other cities in
Tamil Nadu.[61][105] The city conducts its own music festival every year.[107] Art, dance and music
concerts are held annually during the months of September and December (Tamil calendar month
Margazhi).[108] The heavy industrialisation of the city has also resulted in the growth of trade
unions.[109] There are numerous temples in and around the city including the Perur Patteeswarar
Temple, Naga Sai Mandir, Konniamman temple, Thandu Mariamman temple, Vazhai Thottathu
Ayyan temple, ISKCON Temple, Eachanari Vinayagar Temple, Karamadai temple, Marudamalai
Murugan temple, Loga Nayaga Shani Eswaran shrine, Ashtamsa Varadha Anjaneyar Temple,
Panchamuga Anjaneya temple and Dhyanalinga Yogic Temple.[110] The Mariamman festivals, at
the citys numerous Amman temples, are major events in summer.[111] The mosques on
Oppanakara Street and Big Bazaar Street date back to the period of Hyder Ali.[112] Christian
missions date back to 1647 when permission was granted by the Nayak rulers to set up a small
church in Karumathampatti 12 km (7.5 mi). It was destroyed by Tipu Sultans army resulting in a
new church in 1804. In 1886, Coimbatore was constituted as a diocese after bifurcating with
Puducherry. Sikh Gurudwaras and Jain Temples are also present in Coimbatore.
Ashtamsa Varadha Anjaneyar Temple
Languages
Kongu Tamil is the dialect of Tamil language that is spoken majorly in the city. It is originally
known as "Kangee"`[113] or "Kongalam"[114] or "Kongappechu". The speciality of Kongu Tamil is
the use of the alveolar - Tra/Dra (as in the English word track) instead of retroflex T/D () of
standard Tamil. For example 'ennuDaya' (mine) of standard Tamil is pronounced enRa in the
Kongu dialect. Additionally the use of guttural nasal () that sounds "ng" as in the English word
Gang, is more prevalent in Kongu Tamil, leading to situations where the grammar of Kongu
Tamil would not fit into the grammar of standard Tamil (as laid down in authoritative treatises
like Tolkappiyam and Nannool). One of the examples is the use of to end a word like
"vaang", means 'come' expressed in a respectful tone, which in standard Tamil would be
"vaanga". English is increasingly spoken by the educated class and other languages spoken in the
city include Malayalam, Telugu and Urdu.
Cuisine
See also: Tamil cuisine
Coimbatore cuisine is predominantly south Indian with rice as its base. However, the population
of Coimbatore is multi-cultural due to the influx of migrant population from various regions of
the country. Most locals still retain their rural flavour, with many restaurants serving food over a
banana leaf. North Indian, Chinese and continental cuisines are also available. Mysore pak (a
sweet made from lentil flour and ghee), idly, dosa, Halwa (a sweet made of different ingredients
like milk, wheat, rice).The Annapoorna Gowrishankar Hotels is a gem of this region known for
its high quality vegetarian food and their Sambar ( The sambar for all its branches around
Coimbatore are prepared in a single large batch and then delivered to the branches, thus the taste
remains consistent). Biryani is also popular among the locals. Apart from this Coimbatore has a
very active street food culture, thanks to the migratory North Indian population that settled down
here a few generation ago, in fact a streetfood that is popular all over Tamil Nadu The Kaazhaan
has its origins here in Coimbatore, it is usually prepared by simmering deep fried
mushrooms( usually chopped mushroom) in a spicy broth, until it reaches a porridge like
consistency and served sprinkled with chopped oinions and coriander leaves.
Transport
Main article: Transport in Coimbatore
Mettupalayam Road Bus Station, all north bound buses towards Nilgiris district start from here
Air
The city is served by the Coimbatore International Airport at Peelamedu 15 km (9.3 mi) from the
city and an air-force base at Sulur 23 km (14 mi). The Coimbatore International Airport caters to
domestic flights to major Indian cities like Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad,
Kolkata, Mumbai, Vijayawada etc., and international flights to Sharjah and Singapore. According
to statistics available with the AAI, 12,95,977 passengers were flown from and to Coimbatore in
2013-14, including 11,76,428 domestic and 1,19,549 international passengers.[115] Its runway is
9,760 feet (2,970 m) in length and is capable of handling wide-bodied and "fat-bellied" aircraft
used for international flights.[116] Sulur Air Force Station, located at Kangayampalayam near the
periphery of the city, is an air base of the Indian Air Force. Air Carnival, a proposed airline
promoted by the CMC group is expected to commence operations in April 2015 with the
Coimbatore International Airport as the hub.[117]
Rail
Train service in Coimbatore started in 1863, upon construction of the Podanur Madras line
connecting Kerala and the west coast with the rest of India.[33] Broad gauge trains connect
Coimbatore to all parts of India and Tamil Nadu. Meter gauge line existed between Podanur and
Dindigul got closed on May 2009 and is under gauge conversion. The Coimbatore Junction is
well connected to all the major Indian cities. The Coimbatore Junction comes under the
Jurisdiction of the Salem Division and contributes 43.5% of its divisional income. This is the
second largest income generating station in the Southern Railway zone of Indian Railways after
Chennai Central. Coimbatore North Junction is another important railway junction in the city
apart from Coimbatore Junction and Podanur Junction. The other stations include Peelamedu,
Singanallur, Irugur, Perianaikanpalayam, Madukkarai, Somanur and Sulur Road. There is also a
byepass line between Irugur and Podanur which is used by some Kerala-bound trains which do
not enter Coimbatore city.
Monorail
Main article: Coimbatore Monorail
Three monorail routes have been proposed. Two circular routes, in the northern and southern
parts of the city and a dual linear line connecting the Eastern and Western parts. The Northern
Route starts from Gandhipuram via Ganapathy, Sivanandha colony, Saibaba colony, RS Puram,
Townhall, City Railway Station and ends in Gandhipuram. The second circular Route starts from
Podanur via Trichy Road, Sungam, Redfields, Race Course, City Railway Station, Ukkadam and
ends at Podanur. A linear line was also proposed from Chinniampalayam, Coimbatore
International Airport, CODISSIA, PSG Tech, Lakshmi Mills, Gandhipuram, Coimbatore North
Junction, Cowley Brown Road and TNAU. Recently Vadavalli and Thondamuthur are the two
new areas that has been included in the linear line as part of the phase extension.[118][119]
Road
There are six major arterial roads in the city: Avinashi Road, Trichy Road, Sathyamangalam
Road, Mettupalayam Road, Palakkad Road and Pollachi Road. There are three National
Highways passing through the city:
Apart from state and National Highways, the city corporation maintains a 635.32 kilometres
(394.77 miles) long road network.[33] Coimbatore has several major bus stations. The town buses
(intra-city) operate from the town bus stand in Gandhipuram to other bus stations across the city.
Inter-city and intra-city buses that connect Coimbatore operate from different bus stands:
Bus station
Services
Gandhipuram
Central
Gandhipuram
Town
Singanallur
Ukkadam
Coimbatore
North
(Mettupalayam
Road)
Mettupalayam, Ooty,
Mysore etc.[120][121][122]
SETC,
Gandhipuram
Education
See also: List of educational institutions in Coimbatore
Healthcare
The size of the Coimbatore health care industry has been estimated as 1500 Crore (150 million)
in 2010.[148] There are nearly 750 hospitals in and around Coimbatore with a capacity of 5000
beds.[149] The first health care centre in the city was started in 1909. In 1969, it was upgraded to
Coimbatore Medical College Hospital (CMCH). It is a government run hospital with a bed
strength of 1020 and provides free health care.[150] Including the CMCH, corporation maintains
16 dispensaries and 2 maternity homes.[33] The city also has many large multi-facility private
hospitals like the PSG Hospitals, Kovai Medical Center and Hospital (KMCH), KG Hospital,
Coimbatore Kidney Centre, G. Kuppuswamy Naidu Memorial Hospital(GKNM), Sri
Ramakrishna Hospital, Sheela Hospital, Kongunadu Hospital, Gem Hospital, Ganga Hospital,
Aravind Eye Hospital, Sankara Netralaya,Sankara Eye Centre, Lotus Eye Hospital, Ashwin
hospital, Vikram ENT hospital, Sheela Hospital,Coimbatore Cancer Foundation, G. P. Hospital,
Diabetes Care and Research Centre. The city is also a major centre for medical tourism.[148][151][152]
The city remains the preferred healthcare destination for people from nearby districts and also
from the neighbouring state of Kerala.[153]
Sports
Recreation
Main article: Entertainment in Coimbatore
VOC Park
There are several amusement parks in and around the city namely, Black Thunder water theme
park near Mettupalayam, Kovai Kondattam amusement park at Perur and Maharaja Theme Park
at Nillambur. [169] Since the 1980s, the city has had a few small shopping complexes.[170] Lately,
malls have come up including Brookefields Mall and Fun Republic Mall.[171] The city also has a
number of parks including VOC park, the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University park, Race Course
children's park, Bharathi park in Saibaba Colony and many more parks. Coimbatore Zoo houses
a number of animals and birds and is located near VOC park.[172] Singanallur lake is a popular
tourist place and bird watcher destination.[173] Though there are a lot of entertainment centres
mushrooming in the city, visiting the cinema still remains the city's most popular recreational
activity.[174]
Environmental issues
Air pollution, lack of proper waste management infrastructure and degradation of water bodies
are the major environmental issues in Coimbatore. Steel foundries were established in 1950s and
1960s when there were no residential areas nearby, but growth of the city led to creation of
residential areas around them.[citation needed] In 1990s the State Government and pollution control
board took major steps to re-locate the steel foundries out of the city.[citation needed] The textile mills
are all equipped with air treatment towers.[citation needed] Coimbatore has no proper underground
drainage or sewage system. There is a sewage treatment plant at Ukkadam in operation with the
capacity to process 70 mld of sewage water of which 20 mld is the current treating level.[175][176]
Garbage is collected by the Corporation[177] and sometimes by systems developed by the local
residents. Sewage is pumped into the water tanks and the Noyyal through streams. This along
with garbage dumping and encroachments has led to degradation of the water bodies and
depletion in the groundwater table.[178][179][180] During the 80s, the corporation planned on closing
the tanks due to encroachment by filling them with waste.[citation needed] But as a result of outcries
from civic associations, the plan was dropped.[citation needed] Currently the tanks are being renovated
by the city's environmental groups with their own fund-raising and the corporation.[181][182]
Siruthuli,[183] an environmental organisation founded by the city's industrial houses, undertakes
de-silting of tanks and cleaning of the Noyyal river.[184] The corporation is also taking efforts to
clear encroachment of the tanks.[185][186]
International relations
Twin towns Sister cities
Coimbatore has sister city relationships with the following cities of the world.
Country
United States
City
[187][188]
Toledo
State / Region
Ohio
Since
2010
See also
Birds of Coimbatore
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