XII Congresso Ecuatoriano de la Cincia del Suelo

EVALUACIN Y CONTROL DE LA FERTILIDAD

DEL SUELO CON NFASIS EN LA RESINA DE
INTERCAMBIO
Dr. Lus Igncio Prochnow
Diretor Geral IPNI Programa Brasil

P SOLO x P RESINA
RESINA TROCADORA DE ONS

RESPOSTA DA SOJA A P

ROTEIRO DA APRESENTAO
1. Introduo
2. Dinmica do fsforo no sistema solo
3. Ajustes necessrios para a avaliao da fertilidade do solo
atravs de mtodos analticos
4.
4 Resina de troca de ons
5. Resultados agronmicos
6. Consideraes Finais

1 INTRODUO
1.

Cultivo de uma rea agrcola implica

uma dvida:

CARACTERSTICAS QUMICAS DO SOLO

EXIGNCIAS DA PLANTA

pH, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, micro, CTC, V%

N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, B, Mo, Cl, ..

SO AS CARACTERISTCAS QUMICAS DO SOLO ADEQUADAS

PARA A MANUTENO
DAS EXIGNCIAS

DA PLANTA DE FORMA
A SE OBTEREM PRODUTIVIDADES ECONOMICAMENTE VIVEIS
DIANTE DOS INVESTIMENTOS REALIZADOS ?

DA MONTAGEM DE EXPERIMENTOS EM CASA-DEVEGETAO AT INFORMAES PRTICAS

12.5

CORN

4th
CROP

25.0

50.0

SOIL C

ME S15
BFC

39% CLAY

FIGURE 3c. DMY OF THE FIRST CORN CROP IN SOIL C (39% CLAY) AS
RELATED TO THE RATE AND SOURCE OF SULFUR

FIGURE 2. DMY OF THE FOURTH CORN CROP IN SOIL B (16% CLAY) AS

RELATED TO THE SOURCE OF SULFUR
16

30

14

S0

ME S15

AS

Reg S0

Reg ME S15

Reg AS

15
10
5

DMY = 9,40 +0.682*X

1/2

DMY = 9,40 +0.321*X

1/2

20

DMY, g pot-1

DMY, g pot-1

25

12

B
1/2

DMY = 9,40 - 0.030*X

10

C
8

0
No S

So BFC

MES15
BFC

SO4 BFC

So BTC

SULFUR SOURCE

MES15
BTC

SO4 BTC

12,5

25

37,5

RATE OF SULFUR, mg kg-1

50

DA MONTAGEM DE EXPERIMENTOS EM CONDIES DE

CAMPO AT INFORMAES PRTICAS

Table 1. Grain yield of wheat (kilograms/ha) at site A (Maracaju, MS).

Wheat = 2nd crop.
Tr. no. MA

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
AV

BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA
BA

Fertilizer
1st Crop
2nd Crop
CO
CO
MAP
MAP
MAP - SEF
MAP
MAP + G
MAP
MAP
CO
MAP
MAP - SEF
MAP
MAP + G

A
653
874
1999
1695
933
1438
1986
1368

Replicate
B
C
638
887
1390
1871
437
1138
2083
1206

448
1187
1325
1845
654
1306
1981
1250

AV

RAE

587
948
1543
1830
836
1325
1908
1283

62
100
163
193
88
140
201

D
607
843
1459
1911
1321
1418
1583
1306

DA ANLISE A RECOMENDAES
S il F
Soil
Fertility
tilit Evaluation
E l ti
Sample

pH

O.M

g dm-3

mg
dm-3

Ca

Mg

Al

H+Al

BS

CEC

V%

-------------------------------- mmol c dm-3 ----------------------------

A(0-20)
A (20-40)

5,4
4,4

20
14

7
4

1,0
0,7

36
23

14
6

0
12

25
42

2
3

51
29,7

76,0
71,7

67
41

B (0-20)

5,3

28

42

4,4

48

16

35

12

68,4

103,4

66

Several methods to evaluate soil nutrient

bioavailability

ADVANTAGES OF SOIL CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

Anticipates Chemical Management

Reliable when properly adjusted
Easily used on Routine Basis
Generally Not Expensive

Rate of P2O5 application considering regular farmer practice versus

when utilizing soil chemical analysis.

Area

Soil P (1)

Rate of P2O5
Applied by farmer

mg dm-3

((1))

P2O5 balance
Required (2)

----------------- kg ha-1 ---------------

60

90

- 30

12

60

60

28

60

30

+ 30

Soil P (mg dm-3): 0 6 = very low

low, 7 15 = low
low, 16 40 = medium
medium, 41 80 = high
high, > 80 = very high
high.
(2) According to maize calibration and response curve studies by the resin method to evaluate the bioavailable pool of P
in the soil.

EXERCISE 1
The determination of P in a soil sample, using methodology
A, revealed an amount of 4 mg dm-33 (very low). the
fertilizer recomendation to soybean in this case would be
100 kg ha-11 of P2O5. An experiment under this field site
showed that the soybean crop did not respond to P (3.5 t
g
g the effectiveness of
ha-1)). Make comments regarding
methodology A.

Spatial distribution of ph cacl2 0.01 mol l-1 (a). p (b). base saturation (c). and
soil management recomendation (d) in farms so jos da barra. so joo de
cima e volta grande (sparovek & cooper
cooper, 2003)
A

Soil pH

Management
BS, %

A GOOD PROGRAM UNDER PRECISION

AGRICULTURE NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
SHOULD INITIALLY, AND ABOVE ALL, HAVE AN
EFFICIENT METHOD TO PROPERLY EVALUATE
THE BIOAVAILABILITY OF PLANT NUTRIENTS

2 DINMICA DO FSFORO NO
2.
SISTEMA SOLO

P reaction in the soil

- two fundamental facts P FIXATION
VERSUS
SOIL CLAY
CONTENT
Lindsay
Fe-Al-P Solubility
Diagram
P AVAILABILITY/LIABILITY
P ADSORPTION TO SOIL Al/Fe Oxides

PRECIPITATION
Ca/Fe/Al-P Compounds

SPECIFIC ADSORPTION
Mechanism of P adsorption to Al/Fe oxide surface. Phosphate bonding
through one Al-O bond results in labile P; however, bonding through two
Fe-O or Al-O bonds produces a stable structure that results in very little
d
desorption
ti off P.
P
Source: Havlin et al., 2005

P adsorption
influenced
by clayminerals
content.in soils.
Solubility
of Ca, Al and
Fe phosphate
Source:
(Sanchez
and
Uehara,
1980,Equilibria
The role in
of Soils,
Phosphorus
in Agriculture,
Source:
(Lindsay,
1979,
Chemical
Wiley Interscience,
p. 480,
ASA,
p
) Madison, Wis.)
p.181)

Formas gerais de p no solo em termos de

disponibilidade

NA
PLANTA

K4

K1
EM
FERTILIZANTE
SLIDO

NA
SOLUO
DO SOLO
K5

NAS
GUAS DE
DRENAGEM

Fonte: Raij, 1991.

K3

K2
LBIL

NO LBIL

Soil P reactions

NON LABILE P

fonte: Havlin, 2005.

LABILE P SOLUTION P PLANT

Exemplo
p da importncia
p
dos trs processos
p
q
que afetam a
absoro de macronutrientes pela cultura do milho

Nutriente

Quantidade
necessria para
9.200 kg/ha de gros

Quantidade aproximadas supridas por

Interceptao
radicular

Kg/ha

Fluxo de massa

difuso

Kg/ha

Nitrognio

190

188

Fsforo

40

37

Potssio

194

39

151

Clcio

235

67

168

Magnsio

129

17

112

Enxofre

22

21

Fonte: Barber & Olson (1968).

3. AJUSTES NECESSRIOS PARA A

AVALIAO DA FERTILIDADE DO
SOLO ATRAVS DE MTODOS
ANALTICOS

PROPERLY ADJUSTED TO LOCAL CONDITIONS

Correlation (What Methodology?)

Calibration (numbers
(
versus p
plant requirements)
q
)
Response Curves (What to Add?)

Correlation studies

Relative Yield
R
d (%)

120

110
100
90

R2 = 0.75

80
70
60
50

10

20

30

40

50

60

P H2SO4 0.025 mol L-1 ((mg

g dm-3)

Relative Yield
R
d (%)

120

110
100
90

R2 = 0.84

80
70
60
50
0

20

30

40

50

60

P R i ((mg d
P-Resin
dm-33)

70

Calibration studies

100

RELAT
TIVE YIELD (%)

90

50

Very
Low

Low

Medium

Very
High

High
X

NUTRIENT STATUS IN SOIL SAMPLE

2X

RE
ELATIVE
E YIELD (%)

Calibration studies

100

Model and R2
50
Cotton
B
Beans
Sugarcane
0
0

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

EXCHANGEABLE K (meq 100 cm-3)

0.50

Li it de
Limites
d interpretao
i t
t de
d teores
t
d potssio
de
t i e de
d
fsforo em solos

P resina

Produo
relativa

K+ trocvel

Mmolc/dm3

Muito
u to ba
baixo
o

0-70
0
0

0,0-0,7
0,0
0,

0-2
0

Baixo

71-90

0,8-1,5

Mdio

91-100

Alto
Muito alto

Teor

Florestais

Anuais

Hortalias

0-5
0
5

0-6
0
6

0-10
0
0

3-5

6-12

7-15

11-25

1,6-3,0

6-8

13-30

16-40

26-60

>100

3,1-6,0

9-16

31-60

41-80

61-120

>100

>6,0

>16

>60

>80

>120

Fonte: Boletim Tcnico 100 - IAC, 1996.

Perenes
mg/dm

Response curve studies

A = Yield Response, B and C = Fertilizer

Yield Increas
se (Kg ha-1)

LOW

MEDIUM

HIGH
Fa

Fm

Fb

Kg P2O5 ha-1

Yield Increase (K
Kg ha-1)

LOW

RECOMENDATION
CHART

MEDIUM

HIGH
Fa

Fm

Adubao mineral de plantio: Aplicar de acordo com a

anlise de solo e a produtividade esperada.

Fb

Kg P2O5 ha-1

P resina, mg/dm3
Yield

K+ trocvel, mmolc/dm3

Nitrognio
0-6

7-15

16-40

>40

0-0,7

0,8-1,5

1,6-3,0

>3,0

K2O,
O kg/ha (2)

t/ha

N kg/ha
N,

P2O5, kg/ha

2-4

10

60

40

30

20

50

40

30

4-6

20

80

60

40

30

50

50

40

20

6-8

30

90

70

50

30

50

50

50

30

8-10

30

(1 )

90

60

40

50

50

50

40

10-12

30

( 1)

100

70

50

50

50

50

50

(1) improvvel a obteno de alta produtividade de milhoIMPORTANTE

em solos com teores
muitoQUE:
baixos de P
P, independentemente da dose de adubo empregada.
empregada
NOTAR
(2)DOSE
Para evitar
excesso de
sais,
no sulco deDE
plantio,
a adubao
potssica para
doses
maiores
que 50 DE
kg/ha
de K2O
est parcelada,
prevendo-se a
A
DEFINIDA
POR
ESTUDOS
CURVA
DE RESPOSTA,
PARA
CADA
CLASSE
TEOR
(ESTUDOS
DE CALIBRAO)
,
aplicao
em
cobertura.
PARA DETERMINADO MTODO ANALTICO (ESTUDOS DE CORRELAO), PARA DETERMINADA FORMA DE COLETA DA

AMOSTRA DE SOLO.

Fonte: Raij et al, 1996.

PROCEDURE HAS TO BE SPECIFIC FOR

METHODOLOGY
AREA/REGION AND SOILS CONSIDERED
CULTIVATION SYSTEM
SOIL DEPTH SAMPLING.

IMPORTANT ISSUES

PROPER SOIL SAMPLING

USE OF RELIABLE LAB
PRECISION AND ACCURACY
CAREFULL INTERPRETATION
CAREFULL RECOMMENDATION
CAREFULL
CAREFULL APPLICATION

Correct result = 10
Precise: 9, 10, 8, 9
Accurate: around 10
Precise but inaccurate: 22, 23, 21
Accurate (AV), not precise: 7, 13, 6, 14

4. RESINA DE TROCA DE ONS

Soil P reactions

NON LABILE P

Fonte: Havlin, 2005.

LABILE P SOLUTION P PLANT

The ion exchange resin method

H-C
H
C ARTIFICIAL PHYSICAL PRODUCT
HIGH EXCHANGE CAPACITY
BIO CHEMICAL PHYSICAL METHOD
BIO-CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL
RESIN WITH CEC OR AEC
O TWO
O (ex.:
(
C Mg and K))
MIXTURE OF
P, Ca,

Schematic demonstration of P extracted from soils by

ion exchange resin

Fonte: Better Crops/Vol. 93 (2009, N 1).

SOIL SAMPLE AND RESIN

16 h SHAKING

SEPARATION

1 h SHAKING

P QUANTIFICATION

NON LABILE P

LABILE P SOLUTION P PLANT

SOIL CHEMICAL ANALYSIS RESULT

Resultado de anlise qumica de terra de rotina

MO
M.O.

Ca

Mg

Al

Amostra

pH

A(0-20)
A (20-40)

5,4
4,4

20
14

7
4

1,0
0,7

36
23

14
6

0
12

B (0-20)

5,3

28

42

4,4

48

16

dm-3

mg
dm-3

H+Al

SB

CTC

25
42

2
3

51
29,7

76,0
71,7

67
41

35

12

68,4

103,4

66

mmolc

dm-3

V%

Li it de
Limites
d interpretao
i t
t de
d teores
t
d potssio
de
t i e de
d
fsforo em solos

P resina

Produo
relativa

K+ trocvel

Mmolc/dm3

Muito
u to ba
baixo
o

0-70
0
0

0,0-0,7
0,0
0,

0-2
0

Baixo

71-90

0,8-1,5

Mdio

91-100

Alto
Muito alto

Teor

Florestais

Anuais

Hortalias

0-5
0
5

0-6
0
6

0-10
0
0

3-5

6-12

7-15

11-25

1,6-3,0

6-8

13-30

16-40

26-60

>100

3,1-6,0

9-16

31-60

41-80

61-120

>100

>6,0

>16

>60

>80

>120

Fonte: Boletim Tcnico, 100, IAC, 1996.

Perenes
mg/dm

Yield Increase (K
Kg ha-1)

LOW

RECOMENDATION
CHART

MEDIUM

HIGH
Fa

Fm

Adubao mineral de plantio: Aplicar de acordo com a

anlise de solo e a produtividade esperada.

Fb

Kg P2O5 ha-1

P resina, mg/dm3
Yield

K+ trocvel, mmolc/dm3

Nitrognio
0-6

7-15

16-40

>40

0-0,7

0,8-1,5

1,6-3,0

>3,0

K2O,
O kg/ha (2)

t/ha

N kg/ha
N,

P2O5, kg/ha

2-4

10

60

40

30

20

50

40

30

4-6

20

80

60

40

30

50

50

40

20

6-8

30

90

70

50

30

50

50

50

30

8-10

30

(1 )

90

60

40

50

50

50

40

10-12

30

( 1)

100

70

50

50

50

50

50

(1) improvvel a obteno de alta produtividade de milho em solos com teores muito baixos de P
P, independentemente da dose de adubo empregada.
empregada
(2) Para evitar excesso de sais, no sulco de plantio, a adubao potssica para doses maiores que 50 kg/ha de K2O est parcelada, prevendo-se a
aplicao em cobertura.

Fonte: Raij et al, 1996.

AJUSTADO PARA CONDIES LOCAIS

Correlao (Qual a metodologia?)
Calibrao (interpretao)
Curvas de Resposta (O que adicionar?)

Soybean P Response
Itiquira, MT

CONTROL

ARAXA

120 kg/ha
g
of P2O5

SSP

GAFSA

4 Rs (4 Cs)

ERROS BSICOS
Falta de reparos & manuteno
Aletasdistribuidorasdesgastadas
Esteirasfaltandotaliscasecomtaliscastorcidas

EQUIPAMENTO COM MANUTENO

Discocomsomente2aletas

Extrado de Pedro Henrique.

Fonte: Luz & Otto 2009

ADVANTAGES IER

ACCURACY IN EVALUATING SOIL NUTRIENT BIOAVAILABILITY

MULTI NUTRIENT EXTRACTION/EVALUATION (P, Ca, Mg, K)
NEW POSSIBLE ELEMENTS (ex.: S)
LOW COST
AMPLIFIED RANGE FOR NUTRIENT INTERPRETATION
(Sufficiency levels)
P EVALUATON IN SOILS RECEIVING PR

5. RESULTADOS AGRONMICOS

Effectiveness of p soil extractors

((70 scienfic p
papers)
p )

METHOD

COEFICIENTT OF DETERMINATION ((%))

ACID

ALCALINE/NEUTRAL pH

NOT SPECIFIED

Resin

84

83

69

Olsen

47

52

58

Mehlich 1

56

39

41

Bray 1

53

25

48

Fonte: Adaptado de Silva e Raij (1999).

Effectiveness of the pre treatment

of the resin

COTTON (Kg ha-1)

SOIL

RESIN-HCI

RESIN-NaCI

RESIN-NaHCO3

NO P

WITH P

pH
(mg dm-3)

pH
(mg dm-3)

pH
(mg dm-3)

3.678

3.673

3.37

5.58

6.78

36

2.058

2.244

3.34

5.29

6.79

12

Fonte: RAIJ et al. (1986).

Eff i
Effectiveness
off diff
different p methodoligies
h d li i

Evaluation of P
y
bioavailability
P uptake by
soybean
(mg pot-1)
P resin
(mg dm-3)
P Bray 1
(mg dm-3)
P Mehlich 1
(
(mg
dm
d -33)

TSP Before
Seeding
((STANDARD))
Valor
Index

Fertilizers Applied 75 Prior to Seeding

TSP

Low Reactive PR

Calcined Al-P

Value

Index

Value

Index

Value

Index

4.3

100

2.3

53

1.1

27

1.7

40

12.7

100

7.9

62

1.7

11

4.9

39

37.9

100

39.6

105

7.9

21

39.4

104

27.9

100

24.6

88

42.8

153

15.0

54

Fonte: Raij & Quaggio, 1999.

Effect of soil pH in the amount of p in plant leaf and soil p by

different methodologies
Crop and Location
Beans
Pariqera-Au
Organic
g
Soil

Sunflower
Mococa\
Ultisol

Soybean
Mococa
Ulti l
Ultisol
Soybean
Ribeiro Preto
Oxisol

pH
C CI2
CaCI
3.8 d *
4.2 c
4.7 b
5.1 a
5.2 a
4.3 c
4.6 c
5.3 b
5 5 ab
5.5
5.7 a
4.3 a
4.8 d
5.5 c
61b
6.1
6.4 a
4.5 d
4.9 c
6.1 b
6.6 a

Fonte: RAIJ e QUAGGIO (1990).

Leaf P
( Kg
(g
K -11)
2.44 b
3.21 a
3.25 a
3.26 a
3.25 a
2.79 c
3.27 b
3.81 a
3 87 a
3.87
3.80 a
1.85 c
2.06 bc
2.44 ab
2 26 a
2.26
2.55 a
2.35 b
2.69 ab
2.88 a
2.85 a

Mehlich
M
hli h 1
17 a
18 a
18 a
19 a
20 a
12 b
12 b
16 a
15 a
16 a
6a
7a
5a
7a
7a
9a
8a
8a
10 a

Soil P (mg dm-3)

B
Bray
1
Ol
Olsen
20 a
41 a
21 a
33 b
20 a
26 c
18 a
19 d
19 a
21 d
24 a
17 a
22 a
17 a
25 a
16 a
20 a
12 a
20 a
12 a
15 a
10 a
16 a
11 a
13 a
7a
17 a
8a
15 a
8a
20 a
18 a
22 a
15 ab
20 a
13 ab
24 a
12 b

Resina
R
i
33 b
36 ab
38 ab
43 a
43 a
22 b
26 ab
33 ab
35 a
37 a
13 c
16 c
17 bc
22 ab
b
27 a
16 c
19 bc
23 b
34 a

6. CONSIDERAES FINAIS

Mais Informaes

Better Crops/Vol. 93 (2009, N 1)

Fonte: RAIJ et al.

Inf. Agronomicas/ N 74, 2009

EXERCISE 2

The determination of P in a soil sample revealed an

amount of 4 ((low)) and 24 ((medium)) mg
g dm-3 for
methodologies B and C, respectively. An experiment
under this field site showed that the adition of 100 kg ha1 off P O increased
d maize
i yield
i ld from
f
3 8 tto 7.5
3.8
7 5 ton
t ha
h -11.
2 5 i
respectively. Which of the two methodologies was more
effective to evaluate soil P bioavailability?

A GOOD PROGRAM UNDER PRECISION

AGRICULTURE NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT SHOULD
INITIALLY, AND ABOVE ALL, HAVE AN EFFICIENT
METHOD TO PROPERLY EVALUATE THE
BIOAVAILABILITY OF PLANT NUTRIENTS

WE SHOULD NOT MAKE OURSELVES CONFORTABLE

CONFORTABLE.
NEW AND BETTER POSSIBILITIES MAY EXIST.
TEST THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CURRENT METHODS
UNDER SITE FIELD CONDITIONS

HOW ARE THE METHODS FOR SOIL ANALYSIS

EVALUATING THE BIOAVAILABILITY OF NUTRIENTS IN
YOUR REGION ?

SUCCESS TO ALL OF YOU,

YOU
SUCCESS TO AGRICULTURE,
AND THANK YOU VERY MUCH
FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION

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