ADVERBS

Lecture 5
Adverbs:

-parts of speech; -usually modify a verb or a verb phrase; -provide information about the manner, place,
time, frequency, certainty, or other circumstances of the activity denoted by the verb or verb phrase; -have wide
variety of the functions hard to treat them as a single uniform category;
-can be found in various places within the sentence: a) front position - before the subject Finally he couldnt stand
the noise no longer. b) mid position He usually plays better than this. c) end position after the verb Ive been
waiting for hours.
- modify or add the meaning of verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, noun or noun equivalents phrases, whole sencentes
Forms: adjectiv + -ly; quick + -ly =quickly; slow + -ly = slowly; sudden + -ly = suddenly; gradual + -ly =
gradually
-simple adverbs = single indivisible word (yet, down, then, too)
- compound adverbs = fused from two or more words (anymore, sometimes, heretofore)
Features
1 many are gradable: modified by very or extremely: softly - very softly; suddenly very suddenly; slowly extremely
slowly
2 some adverbs can take comparative and superlative forms, with -er and -est:
John works hard. Mary works harder. I work hardest.
3 majority form the comparative using more and the superlative using most:
Adverb Comparative
recently
more recently
effectively
more effectively
frequently
more frequently

Superlative
most recently
most effectively
most frequently

Adverb:
a) modify a verb: He ran quckly. I went to the dentist yesterday. Come here.
b) modify an adjective: His work is very good. This work isnt good enough. The boldly spoken words. You are quite
right.
c) adverb modifying another adverb: He plays extremely well. We urged him to dial the number more expeditiously.
She spoke quite loudly.
d) adverb modifying a noun or noun equivalent: The very thing I wanted... The above sentence In after years the up
train... The under secretary of the then prime Minister
e) adverb modifying a pronoun: Is that car really yours?
f) adverb modifying a prepositional phrase: I am almost through my work. They live nearly on the top of the hill. His
remarks were not quite to the point.
g) adverb modifing a whole sentence: Fortunately, I remembered in time who we was. Indeed, I wont do it. Unfortunately,
the bank closed at three.
Classification according to meaning:
1 Adverbs of manner - describe how something happens (HOW?) The little boy behaved badly. He did the job perfectly.
She quickly made the mourning meal. Automatically she backed away.
Commonly used adverbs of manner: carefully, correctly, eagerly, easily, fast, loudly, patiently, quickly, quietly, well
2 Adverbs of time - describe when something happens (WHEN?) I will do the work tomorrow. Whats going to happen next?
Recently deserted by her husband she found it hard to make ends meet.
Commonly used: after, already, during, finally, just, last, later, next, now, recently, soon, then, tomorrow, while, yesterday
2a Adverbs of frequency - describe how often something happens (HOW OFTEN?) He always does his work well.
He has never done that before. He is sometimes right. He has never been to England.
Commonly used in this way: always, every, never, often, rarely, seldom, sometimes, usually
3 Adverbs of place - where something happens (WHERE?) I will stand here. The bird flew out. He loves is there.
It hopped backward.
Commonly used examples: abroad, anywhere, downstairs, here, home, in, nowhere, out, outside,
somewhere, there, underground, upstairs
4 Adverbs of degree (TO WHAT EXTENT /DEGREE?)
- specify the degree to which an adjective or another adverb applies

- adverbs of degree are not gradable (*extremely very).

Are you quite sure were on the right road? That's all right. He spoke French too quickly for me.
- used with adjectives or other adverbs (very good, too quickly, nearly there)
Commonly used examples: almost, barely,completely, entirely, highly, quite, slightly, totally, utterly
5 Interrogative adverbs: When are you going away? Where do you live? How did you come here? Why did you say that?
How long will you stay here? How often do you visit them? How soon can you begin work? How many men are in the class?
6a Adverbs of affirmation (=abbreviated sentences in conversations)
- single words: yes, certainly, surely, absolutely, decidedly, evidently, indeed, entirely, naturally, obviously, precisely, willingly
I hope my parent just for once will say yes to my latest idea. You must have heard about the haunted house surely?
Certainly we'll try to rid this place of the foul odour. It would indeed help if I had a dog. By all means eat whatever you want.
- adverbial phrases: very well, of course
6b Adverbs of probability: - to show how certain we are about something. Perhaps they won't do it. He
is certainly coming to the party. Will they definitely be there? We will possibly come to England next year.
Commonly used examples: certainly, clearly, definitely, maybe, obviously, possibly, perhaps, probably
6c Adverbs of negation: I will never do it. They will not come. Oh no, not another breakdown at the traffic lights? It is not at
all certain that the match will take place.It is by no means easy that we will finish it soon.
7 Adverbs of quantity, amount and number: Henry woks very little, not nearly as much as he. William has won the prize
twice.
8 Relative adverbs: - introduce a clause and take a place of relative pronoun I remember the day when (=on which) you told
me you were going to America. That is the room where (=in which) the Rembrands picture is hung.
9 Conjunctive adverbs: - join two clauses together You must do your homework; otherwise, you might get a bad grade. I will
not be attending the show. Therefore, I have extra tickets for anyone that can use them. Amy practiced the piano; meanwhile,
her brother practiced the violin. Marion needed to be home early. Consequently, she left work at 3 p.m.
Commonly used examples: accordingly, additionally, also, besides, consequently, comparatively, consequently, finally, further,
furthermore, hence, however, incidentally, indeed, instead, likewise, meanwhile, namely, nevertheless, next, nonetheless,
otherwise, rather, still, similarly, subsequently, otherwise, then, therefore, thereafter, thus, yet
Adverbs with two forms: 1 with the suffix - ly 2 without the suffix - ly
- no pattern in this regard to how they are written - their use in the context of the sentence that is important
Examples: We work hard during the summer.
hard = an adverb of manner expresses that the people make a lot of effort; comes after the verb
We hardly work during the summer. hardly = an adverb of degree or frequency expresses how much or how often people
work; must come before the verb
Sometimes adverbs from the same root can have similar meanings or different meanings.
They can also come at different places in the sentence.
Some more examples: high vs. highly John, the new employee is really flying high. high = an adverb of manner to
suggest how well John is doing in his job.
Since starting the new project, the staff have been highly motivated. highly = an adverb of degree saying how motivated the
staff are, modifies the adjective
fine vs. finely He is doing fine in his new job. fine = adverb of manner, indicates that he is doing well
You need to finely detail the contracts. finely = an adverb of degree to suggest the contract needs a lot of detail.
most vs. mostly What do you like most about working here? most = an adverb of degree, out of all things which is best.
He has lived in many countries, but mostly in Europe. mostly = adverb means generally, mainly", or :for the most part
sure vs. surely Can you come with me to the party? Sure I can! sure = an adverb of agreement to mean certainly
Surely you can see that this is a bad idea. surely = an adverb of comment, means something is obvious
wide vs. widely I am lucky enough to have widely travelled through out Asia. widely = an adverb of degree, expresses
how much. Could you tell me why the door to my office is wide open? wide = an adverb of degree, here it means fully"
free vs. freely Despite having been found guilty, he walked free from the court. free = an adverb of manner. He was
not restricted in any way. He moved freely about the office as if he were the owner. freely = an adverb of manner; means
without problem or limits
ADJECTIVES

Lecture 6
Adjectives: -an open class of words; -describe words; -qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the
object signified; -new adjectives formed via derivation
Examples: The truck-shaped balloon floated over the treetops. Mrs. Morrison papered her kitchen walls with hideous wall
paper. The small boat foundered on the dark sea. The coal mines are dark and dank. Many stores have already begun to
play irritating Christmas music. A battered music box sat on the mahogany sideboard.
The back room was fill with large, yellow rain boots.
Adjectives can be used in two ways: 1 attributively - modify nominal expression:
-part of the noun phrase -preceeding the head noun
Example: happy is an attributive adjective in "happy people". Examples: Henry is an honest, hardworking boy. I saw three
happy kids. It is a bad attitude. He had this really nice hat. Mr. Brown has just bought a new, powerful and expensive car.
-some adjs. follow the noun: The person responsible will be punished. We went to a meeting attended by the Attorney
General.
2 predicatively -linked via copula or other linking mechanism to the noun or pronoun they modify
Examples: Richard is tired. The dog is hungry. It would be easier, quicker and cheaper. I am afraid that is impossible.
The fans became restless.
Position in a sentence: Many adjectives can be put:
1 before the noun: The hot sun beat down on us all day. The high prices surprised him.
2 following a linking verb: The sun was hot. The price seemed high.
3 Some adjectives can be used only before a noun: main, only, indoor, former, chief, elder, eldest, principal, upper
Examples: Be careful crossing the main road. The only problem is Ive got no money. Chess is an indoor game.
The former footballer now trains young players.
4 Some adjectives used only predicatively: a adjectives afloat, afraid, alight, alike, alive, alone, ashamed, asleep, awake,
aware; also adjectives - content, exempt, free, unable
5 Used before and after a noun, but with a different meaning I was asked form my present address. (=my address now)
All the people present (=who were there) approved of the decision. The party was excellent and Id like to thank all the
people concerned. (=involved) Cars drive too fast past the school and concerned (=worried) teachers have complained to
the police.
The order of adjectives in a series:
In English: little brown house // *brown little house
/
red Italian sports car // *Italian red sports car
The order:
I Determiners articles and other limiters.
II Observation postdeterminers and limiter adjectives (e.g., a real hero, a perfect idiot) and adjectives subject to
subjective measure (e.g., beautiful, interesting)
III Size and Shape adjectives subject to objective measure (e.g., wealthy, large, round)
IV Age adjectives denoting age (e.g., young, old, new, ancient)
V Color adjectives denoting color (e.g., red, black, pale)
VI Origin denominal adjectives denoting source of noun (e.g., French, American, Canadian)
VII Material denominal adjectives denoting what something is made of (e.g., woollen, metallic, wooden)
VIII Qualifier final limiter, often regarded as part of the noun (e.g., rocking chair, hunting cabin, passenger car, book cover)
The order of adjectives in a series
Determiner
a
an
four
her
our
one

observation
beautiful
expensive
gorgeous

nice

size shape

long-stemmed
short
big
little

age
old
antique

color

origin
Italian

qualifier
touring

silver
silk

red
black
old
old

material

English
white

brick

-usually two or three (at the most) adjectives together; - when adjectives belong to the same class (called coordinated
adjectives) - a comma between them. Example: the inexpensive, comfortable shoes.
The rule: if you could have inserted a conjunction and or but between the two adjectives, use a comma.

noun
car
mirror
roses
hair
sheep-dog
house

When you have three coordinated adjectives, separate them all with commas, but don't insert a comma between the last
adjective and the noun. Example:
a popular, respected and good looking student.
Degrees of adjectives: adjectives can be compared: This car is big. That it is bigger than another. It is the biggest car of all.
- comparable adjectives (also known as "gradable" adjectives) - the suffixes -er and -est (for shorter adjectives)
- the words more and most (for longer adjectives and adjectives from French, Latin, Greek and other languages)
Irregular adjectives: good
better best; bad worse worst; little less least; much more most; far further furthest
Formation of adjectives: New adjectives formed with derivational affixes and compounding
1 Participal adjectives both ing and ed participle form can be used as a participle adjective
Examples: -ing: promising, amazing, boring, exciting, increasing; -ed: surprised, determine, ashamed, bored, complicated 2
Derived adjectives: -derived by an adjectival suffix; -common derivational suffixes:
-al central, final, general, annual, equal, legal, professional, total
-ent ancient, apparent, current, decent, dependent,
excellent, recent, silent -ive active, attractive, conservative, effective, expensive, massive, negative, passive -ous anxious,
conscious, serious, various, dangerous, nervous, obvious, previous -ate appropriate, private, separate, accurate, adequate,
immediate, intimate, moderate -ful awful, cheerful, doubtful, grateful, helpful, painful, powerfu -less endless, helpless,
homeless, useless.
Adjectival compounds: -compact and integrated expressions of information; -have many shapes
1 adjective + adjective (greyish-blue); 2 adjective + noun (full-time); 3 noun + adjective (buterfly-blue); 4 adjective + adverb
(overly-protective). Infolve also participal forms: open-minded, psychologically-disturbed, classroom-based
Adjectival Opposites: The opposite (the negative aspect) - formed in a number of ways.
1.The opposite an antonym Example: beautiful vs. ugly;
tall vs. short
2. to form an adjective with a number of prefixes: fortunate vs. Unfortunate; prudent vs. imprudent;
considerate vs. inconsiderate; honorable vs. dishonorable; alcoholic vs. nonalcoholic; filed vs. misfiled
- the rules for the selection of a prefix are complex and too shifty to be trusted consult a dictionary
Adjectives functioning as nouns: 1 may function as nouns: - always preceded by the definite article

- if they refer to

people they are plural in meaning and take a plural verb Examples: Nurses are required to look after the sick and the
wounded, the old and the infirm.

Fortune favours the brave. 2 also for the names of some nations: the English, the

Irish, the French, the Dutch

sometimes necessary to add -s: the Germans, the Italians, the Americans, the Indians
3 ocassionally, used as a noun + definite + V (n Sg) -in these cases it names abstract quality The good in him outweighs
the bad.
He though that the aim of philosophy was to discover the good, the beatiful and the true.
Adjectives and adverbs: -have important characteristics in common: 1 gradability, 2 have comparative and superlative forms.
-in some cases both the adjective and adverb have the same form.
An important distinguishing feature - adverbs do not modify nouns, either attributively or predicatively:
Adjective a) David is a happy child. b) David is happy / Adverb a) *David is happily. b) *David is a happily child.
Examples: That is very fast train. It goes very fast. He is a hard worker. He works hard. He has gone to the Far East. We
didn't walk very far. It is a straight road. It runs straight for miles. He spoke in a low voice. He spoke low but clearly. I saw a
dead bird in the garden. The man was dead drunk. Do you have enough time? He didn't try hard enough. He went on a long
journey. I won't be long. Ill catch the early train. I awoke early this morning.
Possesive adjectives:
- used with nouns to show possession or ownership
my, your, his, her, its, our, their
-used directly in front of a noun - no article:
Example: our parents
-in a list of things belonging to the same person - use one possessive adjective
his brother and sister
father our tables, chairs, and silverware

my mother and