CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 SPRAYER HISTORY
In 1887 First non manpowered sprayer, horse-drawn traction sprayer are
used. Then by 1900 Gasoline engines are used, 1911 Pressure regulator and air
chamber for smooth and continuous spray, 1944 Attachments for water injection &
low Pressure, low volume sprayers.

1.1.1 SPRAYER TANK

The sprayer tank has the capacity of 16 liters and the pesticide which is
filled only for the 15 liters and the remaining one liter space is used for the
pressurized air which is delivered from the pedal.
1.1.2 TYPES OF SPRAYER

Backpack
Foot
Garden
Hand compression
Power
Stirrup
Self-propelled crop sprayer
Trailed crop sprayer

1.1.3 SPRAY HEAD

There are three types of spray head according to the operation namely
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Fan style spray head.

Conical spray head.
4 hole adjustable spray head.
1.1.3.1 FAN STYLE SPRAY HEAD
This sprays evenly and is suitable for spraying on low and short stalked
crops and for the spraying of weed killer. Keep the spray head stable and spray in
the same direction the wind flows.
1.1.3.2 CONICAL SPRAY HEAD
This can be used for spraying pesticide and insecticide, to prevent diseases
and kill insects. Spray in the same direction as the wind flow.
1.1.3.3 4 HOLE ADJUSTABLE SPRAY
This can be used for spraying on the high stalk crops and fruit trees. Its
shortcoming is the serious running of the medicinal liquid.

1.2 MAIN PARTS OF PEDAL SPRAYER

Nylon Plates
Helical Spring
One way valve
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 Rexine
Hose
Pu-Nipple

1.3 NYLON
Nylon is a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers known
generically as aliphatic polyamides, first produced on February 28, 1935, by
Wallace Carothers at DuPont's research facility at the DuPont Experimental
Station. Nylon is one of the most commonly used polymers Key representatives
are nylon-6,6; nylon-6; nylon-6,9; nylon-6,10; nylon-6,12; nylon-11; nylon-12 and
nylon-4.
1.3.1 CHARACTERISTICS
High elongation
Excellent abrasion resistance
High resistance to insects, fungi, animals, as well as molds, mildew, rot and
many chemicals
Melts instead of burning
Good specific strength

1.3.2 APPLICATION

Clothes fabrics
Bridal veils
Package paper
Carpets
Musical strings

1.4 SPRING
A spring is defined as an elastic body, whose function is to distort when
loaded and to recover its original shape when the load is removed.

1.4.1 HELICAL SPRING

The helical springs are made up of a wire coiled in the form of a helix and
are primarily intended for compressive or tensile loads. The cross-section of the
wire from which the spring is made may be circular, square or rectangular. Helical
compression springs have applications to resist applied compression forces or in
the push mode, store energy to provide the "push". Different forms of compression
springs are produced.The helical springs are said to be closely coiled when the
spring wire is coiled so close that the plane containing each turn is nearly at right
angles to the axis of the helix and the wire is subjected to torsion. in other words,
in a closely coiled helical spring, the helix angle is very small, it is usually less
than 10 degree. The major stresses produced in helical springs are shear stresses
due to twisting. The load applied is parallel to or along the axis of the spring. In
open coiled helical springs, the spring wire is coiled in such a way that there is a
gap between the two consecutive turns, as a result of which the helix angle is large.

Figure 1.1 Spring

1.4.2 TERMS USED IN HELICAL SPRING
The following terms used in connection with helical springs
1.4.2.1 Solid length.
When the compression spring is compressed until the coils come in contact
with each other, then the spring is said to be solid. The solid length of a spring is
the product of total number of coils and the diameter of the wire.
1.4.2.2 Free length (Lo).
The free length of a compression spring is the length of the spring in the free
or unloaded condition.

1.4.2.3 Load(P)
The force applied to a spring that causes a deflection.
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1.4.2.4 Deflection
Motion of spring ends or legs under the application or removal of an external
load (P).
1.4.2.5 Wire Diameter (d)
The diameter of the wire that is wound into a helix.
1.4.2.6 Spring Index (C)
The ratio of mean coil diameter to wire diameter. A low index indicates a
tightly wound spring (a relatively large wire size wound around a relatively small
diameter mandrel giving a high rate).

1.4.2.7 Coil Diameter (D)

The mean diameter of the helix, i.e., (D outer + Dinner)/2.

1.4.2.8 Active Coils (Na)

The number of coils which actually deform when the spring is loaded, as
opposed to the inactive turns at each end which are in contact with the spring seat
or base.
1.4.2.9 Total Coils (Nt)
The number of coils or turns in the spring.
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1.4.2.10 Pitch (p)

The distance from center to center of the wire in adjacent active coils.
1.4.2.11 Pitch Angle (a)
The angle between the coils and the base of the spring. The pitch angle is
calculated from the equation

1.4.2.12 Compression Spring Rate:

The change in load per unit of deflection, generally expressed in pounds
per inch. Spring rate is determined by the amount of force, in pounds, required to
constrict a spring by one inch.
1.5 CHECK VALVE
A check valve, clack valve, non-return valve or one-way valve is a valve that
normally allows fluid (liquid or gas) to flow through it in only one direction. Check
valves are two-port valves, meaning they have two openings in the body, one for
fluid to enter and the other for fluid to leave.

Figure 1.2 one way valve

1.5.1 TYPES OF CHECK VALVE

Ball check valve

Diaphragm check valve
Swing check valve or tilting disc check valve
Stop-check valve
Lift-check valve
In-line check valve.

1.5.2 APPLICATION
Power plants
Steam Boiler
Solar thermal

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Report of systems to meter, or inject, concentrated pesticides into the diluent
stream beganto appear in the research literature in the mid1970s (Hughes and frost,
1985). Vidrineetal. (1975) developed and tested a laboratory system which
demonstrated the feasibility of injecting concentrated pesticides .Problems noted
with this system included non-uniform pesticide application and transient
application errors resulting from changes in operating speed. Richard and
Ladd(1983) developed a field sprayer which included injection of pesticides at the
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proper rate for variations in travel speed. The unit was reported to work wellin
field tests. Chietal. (1988) developed an electronic flow rate control system for
metering concentrated pesticides.Ghateandphatak(1991) developed and tested a
field sprayer which used compressed air to inject concentrated chemical into the
carrier stream. Kooetal (1987) found the time delay of concentrated pesticides
through injection sprayers to be significant,and proposed injection at the individual
nozzles as possible solution to shorten delays .Tomp kinsetal (1990) injected at
racer chemical into the diluents treatment three points on a booms prayerimmediately before and after the diluent pump,and at the individual nozzles.They
found that as the injection point was moved downstream, transient time was
reduced,

but

variations

in

chemical

concentration

between

nozzles.

Millerandsmith(1992)reported on development of a direct nozzle injection

system that overcame the concentration variation problems reported by previous
researchers. Wayetal (1992)used simulation to compare chemical application
accuracies for various designs of injection sprayers.They found that reducing the
diameter of the fluid lines near the end of the spray booms improved overall
application accuracy.
Budwigetal (1988)

analyzed the ravenscs-700 commercial chemical

injection system. A helium-neon laser was used to optically measure the

concentration variations of potassium permanganate injected into the sprayer
boom. Tests revealed consistent chemical concentrations among the sprayer
nozzles, satisfactory mixing of the diluent and chemical streams, and large delay
times when chemical rates (or simulated travel speeds)
The chemical metering pumps were positive displacement piston pumps, and
operated with submerged inlets due to the position of the chemical tanks above the
pumps.a variable speed dc motor drove each injection pump at the proper speed
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based on travel speed and the desired theoretical application rate. The control
console, mounted at the operator's station, contained a microprocessor and
associated circuitry to monitor the radar ground speed sensor and to control the
speed of the injection pump motors as required. The console allowed the operator
to select sprayer boom widths, pump response parameters, and desired chemical
application rates. It also calculated and displayed application rate, groundspeed,
areas prayed, and volume of chemical used. In normal field operation, a power
take-off- (pto-) driven or engine-driven pump would be used in conjunction with a
pressure regulator to maintain a constant pressure in the spray boom, and therefore
a constant flowrate of the carrier. However, in these tests it was desirable to reduce
pressure variations that might be encountered with this type of system and to
provide easy and repeatable pressure adjustments. This was accomplished by
pressurizing the carrier (water) tank through an adjustable air regulator.

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
LITERATURE SURVEY

MATERIALS SELECTION

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FABRICATION
COMPARE
DEMONSTRATON
ASSEMBLY
RESULT
PROCESS

CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
4.1 OVERVIEW
In our project we are using the components like nylon plate,
helical spring, one way valve, pu-nipple, rexine, hose, sprayer
tank, nozzle. In this sprayer we used two foot pedals made of
nylon plates in the shape of a persons foot. In between two
plates two helical compression springs are fixed in front and rear
end of plates A one way valve is fixed in front as suction and in
back as delivery purpose.The whole setup is covered by rexin or
leather. Two hoses are used to connect the tank and the valve
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with the help of pu-nipple.In a pedal at the rear end, a pu-nipple is

attached with

delivery valve,

from the pu-nipple hose is

connected to tank by which the air can passes to the tank.

Similarly the other pedal performs the same operation.
4.1.1 FABRICATION WORK
The pedal is fabricated in the shape of ellipse by hand filing operation. To
fix the valve at the pedal a drill of diameter 7mm and depth of 35mm is done by
radial drilling. After drilling the valve is inserted into the pedal. The helical spring
is heated to the red hot condition and it fixed at the two ends of the pedals. The
pedal is covered by the rexin by cutting it to the shape of the pedal. The pu-nipple
is attached to the valve with the help of some glue materials in the pedal. The pu
nipple is also inserted in the tank by drilling. The hoses are inserted into the pu-

4.1.2 REASON FOR OUR PROJECT

Now a days most of the farmers are using power sprayer,
hand spayer, etc. The sprayer used now-days are hand sprayer
and the power sprayer. The main issue of the hand sprayer is to
compress the inside fluid with our hands which leads to shoulder
and hand, knee pain for the farmers. The main problem of the
power sprayer is the initial cost. The cost of the power sprayer is
high since there is engine and battery is used. Another problem of
this sprayer is weight is high and the farmer cannot be taken it for
long time and the fuel and current supply also used for the power
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sprayers.so, we planned to design a project called Design and

fabrication on pedal sprayer.
4.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE
The two pedals are weared in leg. When the farmer start to
walk on the surface, air is sucked inside the pedal and delivered
to the sprayer tank through the hose connected by pi-nipple.Now
some pressure is created inside the sprayer tank and it forces the
liquid to spray out through nozzle.Thus by walking to more than
ten steps or fifteen steps high pressure is developed inside the
tank and thus fluid is forced outside at high pressure.

Figure 4.1
4.3 ADVANTAGES

The initial cost of the project is low

Easy to handle and maintainance.
No fuel and battery usage
Reduces Body Pain.

4.4 PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED

It is hard to walk on the Mud surfaces
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 Its not compact for large scales,due to storage of pesticides in the container

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
Thus we conclude that pedal sprayer can be used for future
in agricultural field, it can be easily handled by anyone, it is a
pollution free and reduces effort and also it can be bought for less
cost. In future high pressure air can be stored in the tank and two
outlet can be brought out for spraying.

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CHAPTER 6
SCOPE OF PROJECT
The main scope of the project in the future is the usage in
the field of agriculture, painting purpose without using the fuel
and battery current. It is very useful for the farmers by simply
walking in the field and spraying the pesticide with required
velocity in the nozzle. Similarly the same operation is useful for
the painters

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CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES
1. http://www.wikipedia.com
2. Beer F.P and Jhonston R, Mechanics of Materials
3. Popov E.P, Engineering Mechanics of Solids
4. Bhandari V.B Design of Machine Elements
5. Rajput R.K Thermal Engineering

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APPENDIX
PHOTOGRAPHY

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PEDAL

18

SPRAYER TANK

19

PEDAL SPRAYER

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