Some useful constants and formulae

c = 2.9979 108 m / s
0 = 8.85 1012 F / m

Speed of light
Permittivity constant

G = 6.67 1011 N m 2 / kg 2
0 = 1.26 106 H / m

Gravitational constant
Permeability constant

Near point PN = 25 cm

Plancks constant
h = 6.63 x 10-34 J.s = 4.14 x 10-15 eV.s
atomic mass m(11H) =1.007825 u

e = 1.60 x 10-19 C
me = 9.11 x 10-31 kg = 0.000549 u
mp = 1.6726 x 10-27 kg = 1.00728 u
mN = 1.6749 x 10-27 kg = 1.008665 u

1 u = 1.6605 x 10-27 kg = 931.5 MeV/c2

1eV = 1.602 x 10-19 J
hc = 1240 eV nm

Transverse Waves:

y ( x, t ) = ym sin(kx t )

k=

2
= 2 f
T

v=

=f =

Electromagnetic Waves:

E ( x , t ) = E m sin( kx t )
Erms =
S=

Em
2
1

c=

EB =

0 0
I=

E2

Total internal reflection

r 1 r r
S=
EB

c0
1
Unpolarized Light: I = I 0
2
'
Law of reflection 1 = 1

I=

2
Erms

c 0

Psource
4 r 2

Fully Polarized Light:

I = I 0 cos 2

Snells Law n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2

c = sin 1

pc =

Total Absorption

Em
=c
Bm

B ( x, t ) = Bm sin( kx t )

n2
n1

Brewster angle

I
c

n2
n1
2I
pr =
c

B = tan 1

Total Reflection

Mirrors and Lenses:

Spherical Mirrors/Thin Lenses:

1 1 1
+ =
p i f

r
2
n1 n2 n2 n1
Refracting Surface:
+ =
p i
r
Spherical Mirrors:

m = PN/f

microscope

m = - [l PN]/fobfey

telescope

m = - fob/fey

n =

Constructive Interference:

i
p

f =

c
v
magnifier
n=

m=

i=

n2
p
n1

2 L

L = d sin = m ,

( n2 n1 )

m = 0,1, 2,...

2L

L = d sin = m +
2

2
Intensity in double-slit interference I = 4 I 0 cos
2
1

Interference from thin films: Maxima: 2 L = m +

2 n2

m = 0, 1, 2,...

Destructive Interference:

2 d

sin

Minima:

2L = m

n2

Single-slit Diffraction:

sin
I ( ) = I m
,

2

Minima a sin = m

Intensity

where =

a
sin

Resolvability:

= 1.22/a
RP = L

Resolving angle
Resolving power

circular aperture = 1.22/D

Resolving power for microscope (telescope) RP = 1.22 f/D

Double-slit Diffraction:

a
d
sin
I ( ) = I m (cos )
sin and =
sin
, where =

Maxima lines d sin = m

Diffraction gratings:
Half-width of line hw =

Nd cos

E = hf

Photon Energy

Wien's law p T = 2.90 x 10

Photoelectric effect hf = W + KE
-3

Photon Momentum

p=

mK

Compton scattering = + (h/mc)(1-cos)

de Broglie Wavelength

= h/ p

f =E

d ( x) 8 2 m
+ 2 [ E U ( x)] ( x) = 0
dx 2
h
2

Time-independent Schrdinger Equation

x px h / 2
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

y p y h / 2

E t

z pz h / 2
Wave function in 1-D Infinite Well

n
L

x ( x) = A sin

Energy Level In 1-d Infinite Well

h2 2
En =
n
2
8mL

hf h
=
c

Probability (x)2

Barrier tunneling T = e 2 kL

k=

2m
(E pot E )
h2

Binding Energy:

Ebe = ( mc ) Mc
2

Disintegration Energy:

Q = (MP c2 - Mdc2)

Energy Levels for H-Atom

En =

Probability of an electron in an H-atom, in the ground state, being found

inside a sphere of radius r.

13.6eV
n2

Magnetic Dipole Moment

p (r ) = 1 e 2 x (1 + 2 x + 2 x 2 ), where x = r / a
ur

orb =

e ur
L
2m

z-component of angular momentum Lz = ml

Radius of atomic nucleus r = r0 A

1/ 3

Radioactive Decay N = N 0 e

where L =

h
2

h
2

l (l + 1)

Spin Angular Momentum

S=

h
2

s ( s + 1)

, where r0 = 1.2 fm

Decay Rate

N/t = (N0/t) e-t

Half-life T1/ 2 =

ln 2

= ln 2