Support Cells and the extracellular matrix

(connective tissues)
Connective Tissue: loosely arranged cells and
abundant stroma
Matrix: stroma
Functions:

Support
Protection
Transport
Insulation
Hematopoeitic
Immunologic - vital function
Tisue repair

Embryonic origin
-mesoderm (primitive mesenchymal cell or stem
cells)
-malignant tumors are termed Sarcomas
Sarcoma - tumors in connective tissue; spread
through blood vessel routes;chemotherapy and
radiation resistant
Carcinoma - tumors in epithelial origin;spread to
lymphatic
CT tissue cells make up the fiber and the matrix
Fibers - thin hair like
CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
1. Adult CT (mature tissue)
A. CT proper
a. Collagen/General (Basic;made by
fibroblast) (fiber is Collagen type I)
i. Loose (fibers are loose) widely distributed, superficial and deep
fascia,few collagen fibers, found
underneath the skin
ii. Dense (fibers are compact)

regular (neatly arranged; 1 orientation);

Seen in tough tissues: tendons,

ligaments, aponeurosis
irregular (fibers are haphazardly
arranged); Seen in
Periosteum,perichondrium

b. CT with specialized properties (diff

types of fibers)(reticular fiber is collagen type 3,
elastin fiber is collagen type 2)
i. Elastic - found in: wall of hollow
visceral organs which are stratchable,
wall of blood vessels, dermis of skin,
lung parenchyma, trachea, bronchi,
yellow (spine) and suspensory
ligaments
Seen as black fibers (elastic fibers
stained by Silver impregnation)
(pink:collagen)
ii. Reticular (function to support) - fibers
are thin and delicate
Argyrophilic/Reticulin fibers - black
Silver impregnation - staining reticulin
fibers to highlight the fibers
Seen in liver spleen lymph nodes bone
marrow (soft and mushy organs)
Delicate fibers that insinuate individual
cells (wrap them around)
Delicate cytoskeletal framework
Seen in hematopoeitic organs (liver
spleen thymus bone marrow)
Supports tissue until individual cellular
levels
iii. Adipose - cells are made up of fat
cells (adipocytes)
Fat are filled w/ lipid in form of
triglyceride and pushes the nucleus to
periphery (signet ring appearance)
Loose conective tissue mixes w fat

2. Embryonic CT (embryo/fetus)
A. Mesenchymal - most primitive; scrutinized
bec of its ability to contain a lot of stem cells

Cells are completely undifferentiated

Nothing specific at this point yet
Background : mixed soil (light violet color)
Mesenchymal cell evolving toward mucous cell
looks like spindling (umbilical cord)
Mesenchymal cell is capable of differentiation of
diff cell type (it can be any type of cell)
B. Mucous - seen in the Wharton's jelly of the
umbilical cord (slimy/gelatin substance)
distinctive cell of mucous connective tissue is
the primitive fibroblast
-spindle shaped or stellate
-WHARTONS JELLY of the umbilical cord

3. Specialized CT
A. CARTILAGE
a. Hyaline
Mixed soil appearance - bluish gray
Chondrocytes - rich in chondroitin-4sulfate
Inactivated - chondrocytes
Activated - chondroblast
Most abundant cartilage
Larynx, voicebox, tracheobronchial tree,
ribs, costochondrial
b. Fibrocartilage
Contain more collagen (abundant
collagen)
Like dense regular
Linear formation
Found in a very important organ that
carries our weight (spine) each stack of
spine contain fibrocartilage in between;
intervertebral disk ; shock absorber
c. Elastic
With chondrocytes but More elastin
fibers; no blue gray color but more of
pink; cells are bigger and closer
Lacuna - spaces
Chondrocytes are inside lacuna

External ears, ext auditory canal,

eustachian tube (connects middle ear to
orasl cavity) , epiglottis, nose
B. BONE
a. Spongy
b. Compact
C. BLOOD AND LYMPH
Cellular components of CT:
1. Fibroblast
Principal cells of the of the CR
Synthesis of fibrous and amorphous ground
substance GAG
Fibrocyte - inactive
GAG - ground substance
2. Macrophage (Histiocyte)
- tissue phagocytes

Lungs- alveolar macrophages

Skin - langerhans cells
Bone - osteoclasts
Liver - kuffner cells
Brain - microglia
Lymph nodes - satellite cells

3. Adult Fat cells (adipocytes)

-heat production
-storage of neutral fats
-signet ring appearance (nucleus pushed into
the periphery)
4. Plasma cells
Infrequent
Seen in the areas of inflammation
Produces antibodies
Cartwheel or spoke wheel appearing
Eccentrically located
D lymphocyte becomes plasma cell and
produces antiboidues

Antibodies - produces antigens

5. Mast cells
-With granules containing heparin, histamine
and serotonin
-Anaphylactic sensitivity reactions
-Chemical mediators of inflammation
-Contain Neurosecretory granules
Collagen fibers type
I - dermis, bone, tendon, fibrocartilage
II - hyaline, elastic
III - endomysium
IV
V
FAT types:
Both come from Lipoblast
1. Yellow/white/adult fat/unilocular fat (1 big
fat globule)
2. Brown fat/fetal fat/multilocular
fat/hibernoma - fat used up by mammalian
species thet hibernate in th winter
-Has higher caloric value
-foamy appearance
Hibernoma - Tumor arising from brown fat
Adults lose the brown fat

CYTOLOGY
The ultrastructure of the cell
Cells are the fundamental...
Each cell has its own specialization
Nucelus separated w cytoplasm bec of nuclear
membrane

Plasmalemma - Edge of the cell

Cytoplasm - substance outside nuclear
membrane (nucleoplasm - inside nuc memb)
Nucleus - contains genetic material
Image - (Cross section of microvilli; circular plasma membrane)
Trilaminar - 3 layers
A substance must pass this trilaminar layers
before entering a cell
2 MODELS
The dark lines / circles are protein coats
(2 protein coats) and in a middle is a lipid center
(translucent area) - POLAR STRUCTURE AND
A LIPID STRUCTURE
Polar head - dark (nitrogenous compound
bridged to gylcerol)
Non polar tail - translucent (complex of sat and
non saturated fatty acids)
The entire structure is a lipoprotein (protein
portion - polar head)
And is a phospolipid and is amphiphatic
Polar head - water soluble
Lipid tail - non water soluble
2. The fluid mosaic model
-dynamic (constantly moving)
- 3d representation
In between the two polar heads is a lipid (yellow)
portion
Phosphate - violet circles
There are structures that pierces the entire
distance of plasma membrane - Plasma
proteins

Phagocytosis -cell eating

Pinocytosis - cell drinking
Exocytosis - release of products
Endoplasm - near the nucleus; sol phase (liquid
phase; cellular components floating around)
Exoplasm - far the nucleus; gel state(more rigid)

Organelles - essential; part of microanatomy of

cell
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
2 forms
1. Rough er - has ribosomes; most typical; a
tubule; network
2. Smooth er FUNCTIONS
1.
2.
ER ends with golgi apparatus
Golgi Apparatus - stack of plates
Concavity - cave formation

2. Vesicular - rounded; in myocytes

Krebs citric acid cycle:
This cycle generates the ATP
For every 1 cycle, it generates ATP
Abnormall mitochondria (right): Muscle cells lack
mitochondria; swelling of matrix; lack of atp
production
LYSOSOMES
-darkened/blackened rounded structures
-Site where final product from golgi is stored
(acid hydrolases)
-Digests worn out products
Lypofucin granule - end product

Phases of concavity
1. Concave phase - trans (maturing) phase;
faces the nucleus
2. Cis phase - faces RER; connected to RER
GOLGI APPARATUS
Functions of Golgi:
-Meant to pack the product; concentate/modify
the product
-product to be excreted out by exocytosis
Sulfation - add a sulfate
Mucopolysaccharide -thick product; produced by
goblet cell
MITOCHONDRIA
cigar shaped
Powerhouse
Self replicating organelle (capable of multiplying;
has own DNA)
Crista - septations
Along the wall of crista are globular units
Diff shape of crista depending on type of cell
1. Closely packed crista - linear

2 sources of residual body

1. Foreign material - bacteria
(lysosome:heterophagosome)
2. From cellular organelle
itself(autophagosomes)
Autophagosome - important; protective
mechanism; involved in apotosis (programmed
cell death; destroys old cells)
Functions of lysosome
1.
2.
CENTRIOLE
or diplosome
Come in pairs during mitotic division
Source of spindle tubule; produces spindle fiber
Self duplicating
X/S:
3 filaments (microtubules)per group
9 sets of triplets arranged in circular order;
hollow cylinder
It will elongate during mitosis
Site where chromosomes attach