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Contents:
Nos:
1. Carbon and its compounds
2. Periodic classification of elements
3. How do organisms Reproduction
4. Heredity and evolution
5. Light-Reflection and refraction
6. The human eye and the colourful world
7. Management of natural resources
8. Our Environment
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ethane (C2H6)
alkenes(CnH2n)
Ehene C2H4
alkynes. (CnH2n+2)
Ethyne C2H2
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Sr no
Hydro carbons
Definitions
Straight chain
Branched Chain
Ring or cycle
hydro carbon
Example
s
Butane
Isobutan
e.
Cyclohe
xane.
a
Saturated
b
Unsaturated
Benzene
.
Isomerism:The phenomenon of existence of compounds in two or more forms with same molecular
formula but different structure.
Functional group: An atom or groups of atoms which makes a carbon compounds reactive and decide
its properties.
Sr.no.
Hetro atoms
Functional
groups
1.
Cl/Br
2.
oxygen
Halochloro/bromo
1.Alochol
Formula of
functional
group
-Cl,-Br
example
-OH
Ethanol
C2H5OH
Methanal
HCHO
Propanone
CH3COCH3
Ethanoic acid
CH3COOH
2.Aldehyde
-CHO
3.Ketone
>C=O
4.Carboxylic
acid
-COOH
Chloromethane(CH3Cl)
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES:A series of compounds in which the same functional group substitude for
hydrogen in a carbon chain,such that successive compounds differ by CH2 groups e.g CH4 ,C2H6,C3H8
etc.
NOMENCLATURE OF CARBON COMPOUNDS:
Prefix word root+suffix+Functiuonal group.
CARBON COMPOUNDS:
ETHANOL C2H5OH common name ethyl alcohol
ETHANOIC ACID- CH3COOH.common name acetic acid.
ESTERIFICATION REACTION:The reaction between carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the
presence of con. Suphuric acid to form a sweet smelling substance ester. .e.g
Conc H2SO4
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CH3COOC2H5+H2O
Alkaline hydrolysis of ester produces soaps.
Heat
CH3COONa+C2H5OH
Reaction with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates: reaction of ethanoic acid with carbonates or bi
carbonate evolves carbon di oxide gas.
2CH3COOH+Na2CO3
2CH3COONa+CO2+H2O
SOAP AND DETERGENT: Soap is sodium and potassium salt of long chain of carboxylic acid .They
foam lather with soft water only.
Detergent are ammonium or sulphonate salts of long chain carboxylic acid .they even remain effective
in hard water and foam lather.
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MIND MAP
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