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 Crop
Circles
tl l*;tli&EE Y-{4t.3
ti *fl-*-,a-ffi ew mysteries have gained
such a high pubtic profite
so rapidly as the occurrenceof crop
circles.Prior to 1980, these baffling
but beautiful geometricalanomalies
that mysteriously appear, usually at
night, in fields of corn or other crops
were known onty to a few farmers.
Today they are one of the most
famous and visually recognizable
enigmasof all time. Their study even
has its own name- cereology.
Thevariety of crop circlesis almost
endless,but the simplestform consists
of a single circle within which all the
corn stemsare flattenedto the ground
but not broken, merely bent over at
their base.0ften the circlehasan outer
ring whose stems are alSo bent, but
almost invariably in the opposite
directionto thosewithin the remainder
of the circle. Sometimesthe circle is
surroundedby an equidistantseriesof
much smallercircles(satettites),which
may or may not be linked to the
principal circte by channels. 0ther
circles may contain narrow rings of
unbent stems.sandwiched betweenthe
main body of the circle and an
outermostring of bent stems.
At first, crop circlesseemedto be
timitedto England's southerncounties,
but once the phenomenon beganto
receivemedia attention, many more
examples werereported.Soon,muchof
Britain was representedby sightings,
with reports also coming in from
overseas. Explanations offeredfor their
occurrence ranged from rutting
hedgehogsor badgers,landing marks
left behind by visiting UFOs, and
bickering flocks of birds, to fungal
infections. over-fertilization and
covert military involvement featuring
secretweaponrytrials.
Not only has the number of
sightings increased,so too has the
complexityof the circlesreported.In
their bestseller, Circular Evidence,
engineers-turned-cereologistsPat
Delgadoand Colin Andrewssuggest
that the circlesare cryptic pictograms
created by some higher cosmic
intelligence,and were recognizedby
the Hopi Indians of Arizona as
hieroglyphics disclosingthat the world
wasin graveperil.
A rather more prosaicexplanation,
but increasingly conceded nowadays by
investigators,is that the more intricate
the circlesbecome,the lesstikety it is
that they are untouchedby human
hands, not to mention feet, lawn
rollers,and ropesanchoredto a central
stake. How else can we explain, for
instance,the startlingoccurrence near
 Royston, Cambridgeshire, in August
1,99'J.of a crop circle exhibiting the
perfect configuration of a highty
complex computer-generated model
from chaos mathematics known as the
Mandelbrot set? There is no question
that the hoax factor plays a very
prominent part in the occurrence of
crop circles, as confirmed by various
media expos6s and statements from
self-confessedfraudsters.
Nevertheless,many of the simpler
circles are undoubt€dly authentic.
After all, some have occurred in
remote, inaccessible areas, or in
localities rarely visited by anyone, and
why waste time producing fake
exampleshere?. The most popular, and
to my mind the most plausible,
solutionto theseis the plasmavortex
theory, proposed by Dr Terence
Meaden, formerlyassociate professor of
physics at DalhousieUniversity in
Canada,more recently editor of the
Journal of Meteorology and a
symposium votume entitled Circles
Fromthe Slg1.
Accordingto Dr Meaden,if a hitt
obstructsa gust of wind, a vortex is
formed,which meetsstationaryair on
the hitt's lee side to createa spiralling
column that sucks in more air and
atmosphericelectricity. When this
makescontactwith the crop fietd, it
spirals,flattening the corn into the
familiarconfigurationof a crop circle.
The cotumn's electrical charge also
producesthe high-pitchednoise that
has been reported by peoptejust
before encounteringa newly formed
circle. Meaden's theory succinctly
elucidates not only the physical
construction of crop circles but also
those rare yet fascinatingoccasions
when eyewitnesses have been
fortunate enough to witness the
creationof a circle.
Onesacheventoccurredin August
1,99L, when Gary and Vivienne
Tomtinsonwere taking an evening
walk in Hambledon,Surrey, at the
edge of a cornfield. Suddenly,the
corn on their right-handside began
to move.A mist hoveredabovethem
and they could hear a strangehigh-
pitchedsound.Thena very powerful
whirling wind began pushing them
from aboveand all sides,until they
could hardly stand upright - except
for Gary'shair, respondingto the
localized buitd-up of static
electricity.Abruptty, the vortex split
in two, then racedaway,shimmering
mistity, and leaving behind two
shocked eyewitnessesstanding in
the middte of a classiccrop circle,
whosecorn stemswere flattenedall
aroundthem.
Further support for Meaden's
theory has come from a team of
Japanesephysiciststed by Professor
Yoshihiko 0htsuki, who announced
in June 1991. that they had
successfullygenerated tiny balls of
plasma(ionized air) in the laboratory
formedby electromagnetic interference
in the air. When these balls made
contact with plates covered in
aluminiumpowder,they createdcircles
and rings corresponding in appearance
to cropcircles.
Continuing research has also
unearthed some very intriguing but
hitherto-unrecognized pre-1980
accountsof crop circles.0f particular
interest is an illustrated pamphlet
from August 7678, in which it is
suggestedthat a "mowing devil" was
responsible for an extraordinary
configurationin a Hertfordshireoat
fietd that greatly resemblesa crop
circle. Its present-daysignificanceis
indicated by the fact that an 1810
reproduction of this pamphlet was
sold to a farmer at a Wiltshire auction
in March1,994for L280.
Accordingto Dr Meaden.however,
cropcirclesmaydatebackconsiderably
further than this. In his book lhe
Goddessof the Stones, he botdly
speculatedthat the famouscup and
ring decorationsfavouredby Neotithic
artists, ancient mazes, and other
vulva-symbolizinggeometric designs
associated with primeval fertitity
goddesses may all have been inspired
by earlyman'ssightingsof cropcircles
and their energeticcreation.
It has often beensaidthat nothing
is new in the realmsof fashion.The
samemay alsobe true, it wouldseem,
in the world of cereology.
 Green ofWoolpit
Children
frffiF,
H il I'ft he remarkablehistory of
\**--.dlPthe qreen children of
Wootpit was first documentedby two
medievalEnglish chroniclers- Ratph,
Abbot of Coggeshall, and William of
Newburgh.Oneday during the reign of
King Stephen (m 1,1,35-54),two
children were found weeping and
wandering, lost and forlorn, in the
great pits used to trap wolves at the
vitlage of Woolpit, in Suffotk. They
caused great amazementamong the
villagers,but this wasdue not to their
behaviour and their unintelligible
dialect but to their appearance- for
their clothes, their eyes and, most
strikingly, their skin were all green!
They were taken to the houseof local
landownerSir Richardde Calne,which
became their homel but despite all
attemptsto feedthem, for quite a time
after their discoverythese strange
childrenrefusedto eat anything other
than greenbeans.Sadty,the youngerof
the two, a boy, died less than a year
later, but the other child, a girl, grew
strongand spentthe rest of her life in
the area.
0ver the years,the greentinge to
her skin graduallyvanished,and when
she reached maturity she married a
man from King'sLynn in Norfolk. She
alsolearnt Engtish,and waseventually
able to inform the viilagers that she
and the boy had comefrom a country
called St Martin's Land, where there
was no sun, only a permanenthazy
twitight. Theyhad beenfollowingtheir
flocks when they had entered an
underground passageway and stumbled
out, on the other side,into the bright
sunlightof Woolpit.
Many explanations have been
offered for this curiousstory. Because
of the children'sgreenskin (the colour
of Faerie)and preferencefor green
beans(food of the dead,accordingto
Celtic lore), some researchershave
discountedtheir history as merely a
charmingfolktale. Othershave linked
it with England'straditional GreenMan
orJack-i n-the-Green-ateafy
supernatural entity personifying
fertitity and the rebirth of spring. It
has even been suggestedthat the
children had originated from a
mysterioussubterraneanworld present
beneath the surfaceof the earth and
lacking sunlight, or from someparallel
dimensionthrough which they had
accidentallysteppedinto our own.
In recenttimes,a muchmoreliteral,
soberinterpretationhas alsobeenput
forward for consideration.During the
1980s,investigatorPaui Harris visited
Woolpit and tearnt that local people
generallybelievethat the story derives
from a legendconcerninga medieval
Norfolk earl who was guardianto two
young children. The earl tried
unsuccessfully to poisonthe children
with arsenicand then abandoned them
in Wayland Wood, in the area of
ThetfordForeston the Norfolk-Suffotk
border. Here they would surely have
died, thus enablinghim to take control
of the estate that they were due to
inherit when they reachedadulthood.
Accordingto the Wootpitpeople,these
probablybecamethe green children
who were tater found, still alive but
disorientedand ill. Worthnoting here
is that arsenicpoisoningcan cause
chlorosis,in which the skin turns
green.So too can anaemia,a result of
malnutrition, from which the
abandonedyoungsterswere likely to
have been suffering. A diet-related
origin for their greenskin would also
explain why the girl's complexion
revertedto a normal colour once she
beganto thrive on properfood.
Harrisbelievesthat the story'sother
key portions have straightforward

Recent
drawing by girl in
of'GreenChildren'
Woolpitschool.
explanations too. For instance, a few
miles north-west of Woolpit is a village
called Fornham St Martin, which could
explain the identity of "St Martin's
Land".Further north is Thetford Forest.
whose dark interior would certainly
seem twilit and sunless to two young
chitdren abandonedin its depths. The
forest also contains many Neolithic
flint mines and associated passages.
Perhapsthe youngsters wandered into
one of them, which led to Woolpit.
Furthqnore, in the twelfth century
most pedple did not travel very far, so
the dialect of children from a distant
village may indeed .have sounded
strange to Woolpit'sinhabitants.
There is one final but intriguing
twist to the tale of the Woolpit green
children. An almost identical story is
on record from nineteenth-centurv
Spain, dating from August 1887 and
set in the Catalonian villageof Banjos.
Indeed, apart from the differencein
the locality and time, the only notable
discrepancy betweenthe two storiesis
that in the Spanishversion the girl
dies too, after about five years.Even
their tiking for beans is mentioned,
and to add coincidence to coincidence.
the noblemanwho caresfor them after
their discoveryis named as Seflor
Ricardo da Calno - not exactly
dissimilarfrom Sir Richardde Calnel
Thisstoryhasbeenunquestioningly
recycledin several books; in The
MonsterTrapand }ther TrueMysteries,
PeterHaining repeateda claim made
by John Macklinthat the documents
and statementsof the peoplewho saw
and looked after the two green
childrenstill exist. In 1986,however,
Frank Prestonrevealedthat he had
written to the British CouncilInstitute
in Barcelonaregardingthis story,but
atthough the institute conducted
extensive searcheson his behalf.
which included contacting Spanish
librarians, museumsand town hall
archives, as well as searching
newspapersfrom August 1887 for
relevantaccounts, no traceof the story
coutdbe found.Thisis not surprising,
becausethe vittageof Banjosdoesnot
exist.It is imaginaryjust tike its green
children,whosestory is clearlya hoax
devisedby someoneinspired by the
Wootpit version to create a more
modemcounterpart.
 Men
Lizard
ne of the most bizarre The LizardManof SouthCarolina,with hind
creatures reported in legsover 2 metreshigh, glowingred eyesand
greenskin. Similarto modern'monste/ in
recent times is undoubtedly a PuertoRico:the Chupacabras.
nightmarish entity from South
Carolina, which has been aptty
nicknamedLizard Man. Accordingto
eyewitnesses, it walkson its hind legs,
standsjust over2 metres(7 feet) tatt,
and has gtowingretl eyes and green
scaly skin. It has only three toes on
each foot and three fingers on each
hand, but every toe and every finger
has a L0-cm-(a-inch)long black claw
at its tip.
Lizard Man first madeits presence
felt at around2 a.m.on 29 June1988.
This was when 17-year-old
ChristopherDaviswas changinga flat'
tyre on his car nearScapeOreSwamP,
which is just outside the backwater
village of Bishopville in South
Carolina's Lee County.
Chris was placing the jack into his
carboot whenhe spiedsomethingvery
largerunning on its hind legstowards
him, acrossa fietd closeby. As it drew
near,Chrisjumped inside his car and
tried to slam the door shut, but the
horrifying reptile-manseizedit from
the otherside,grippingthe mirrorasit
attemptedto wrenchthe door oPenl
And when Chris tried to escaPebY
acceleratinghard, his scaly attacker

'LizardMen'haveoften beenreportedto be
seeminglyhostileto observers.
jumpedon to the car'sroof! Luckily,it
soonfell off as the vehiclespedaway.
When Chris arrived home he was
tremblingwith fear, the roof of his car
borea seriesof long scratches and the
wing mirror wasseverelytwisted.
Themassivemediapublicity generated
by this incident led to manyother Lizard
Manreportsemergingduringthe summer
of 1988,but the samecouldnot be said
for Lizard Man itself, who eventually
disappeared without ever having been
satisfactorilyexplained.
Interestingly,this bizarreepisodeis
far from being unique. Long before
Chris Davis'sfrightening experience,
manyotherpartsof NorthAmericahad
also hostedencounterswith reptilian
man-monsters, astonishinglysimilarin
appearanceto the amphibious"gitt-
man" starring in Hollywood'sclassic
Creaturefrom the BlackLagoonmovie.
0n 19 August 1972, for example,
RobinFlewellynand GordonPike were
altegedlychasedawayfrom the beach
around Thetis Lake in British
Columbia,Canada,by a 1.5-metre-(5-
foot) tall bipedat monster with six
sharp points on its head, which had
unexpectedly surfacedin the lake.
Fourdayslater,at around3.30p.m.
on 23 August, RusseltVan Nice and
Michael Gold could only watch in
amazement whenwhat waspresumably
the same creaturesuddenlystepped
out of the lake, looked around and
then walked back into the water,
disappearing from sight. Accordingto
their description,it was humanoidin
shape,but with scalysilverskin, huge
ears, the face of a monster and a
pointedprojectionon its head.
In 7977, a State Conservation
naturalist called Atfred Hulstruck
claimedthat a scale-covered man-beast
regularlyemergedat duskfrom the red
algae-choked watersof SouthernTier
in NewYork State.Fiveyearsearlier,in
March1972,two policemensawa frog-
faced humanoid creature,about the
sizeof a dog, plungeinto Littte Miami
RivernearLovetand, Ohio.In this same
area, back in 1.955,a respectable
businessman claimedthat he had seen
a quartet of L-metre- (3-foot) tatt,
frog-facedcreaturessquatting under a
bridgetike'fairytale trolls.
Another longstandingtradition of
scalyhumanoidsfeaturesthe fish-men
of Inzignanin,near Chicora- an area
sandwiched betweenNorth and South
Carolina.Thesebeingsweresaid to be
coveredwith scalesand had webbed
hands.Mostdistinctive of all, however,
weretheir tails, which wereasthick as
a man'sarm, about 45 cm (18 inches)
long and relatively inflexibte, tike
those of crocodilesor alligators.
Accordingto locatlore, they lived only
on raw fish and thereforesoon died
out when the area's fish suPPlies
becameexhausted.
Equatty strange was the 2-metre-
(6-foot)tall, fluorescent-eyedmonster
that clawedCharlesWetzel'scar on the
evening of 8 November1958 as he
drove by the Santa Ana River near
Riverside,California. Although often
placedin the bigfoot (i.e. ape-man)
category of mystery beasts, it was
much more akin to the rePtilian
monsters,as notedby the writer Loren
Coleman,becauseit was coveredin
leaf-Uke scalesand had a protrusible
beak-likemouth.
Needless to say. no real-life
creaturesof the "BlackLagoon"variety
have ever been provenby scienceto
exist on earth, either during the
presentor the past.Yet, if the course
of evolution had taken a different
turn, our planetmayindeedhavebeen
home to life forms of this type. In
1982, the scientificjournal Syllogeus
published a very unusual but highty
original paper by two well-respected
Canadian palaeontologists,
Dr Dale A. Russelland Dr R. S6guin
from the National Museum of Natural
Sciencesin 0ttawa. Its subject wasthe
fascinating possibitity that, if the
dinosaurs had never died out, they
would have eventualty given rise to a
dinosaurian counterpart of human
beings.
In their paper,Russelland S6guin
specutated aboutthe likely appearance
of sucha creatureand suggested that
it wouldhavestood upright on its hind
tegs,with three fingerson eachhand.
They even constructeda model of this
'dinosaur man' - and what is so
amazing about it is that in overall
appearanceit is remarkablysimilar to
the descriptionsof Lizard Man and
other reptilian man-beastsreported
from modern-day North America!
IheJersey
Deill
ne of the most bird, but they finally admitted that
extraordinary monsters on many of its featureswere far stranger
recordfrom the USAbecamea major than any observedin a bird, and the
newsstory in January1909,when creaturesoonbecameknownas the
Jerseydevil.
llli::";tJ:,'ilff':H,ff":l:
6 E.W. Minster. a

i:1xJl#i*T:uH'1fr'J:?H
eyewitnesses
I
tried to convince 8',
postmasterfrom Bristot
in Pennsylvania,gave
a particularly detaited
themselvesat first that it must F; ': first-handdescriptionof
have been some form of this mysterious monster.
hideous giant '} He had caughtsight of it on
;. the morning of 17 January
1909, after hearing an eerie
sound coming from the
direction of the Delaware
River. Accordingto Minster.
the Jersey devil was flying
*',,t.ifi diagonattyacrossthe river
and tookedtike a large crane
at first, but was glowing
brightty tike an immense
firefly. It had a long slender
neck that it hetd
I. outstretched in flight, two
pairs of legs (the front pair
was shorter than the hind
pair) and two long thin
wings. Strangest of att,
however, was its head. which
resembleda ram's becauseit
borea pair of curtedhorns.And asit
flew, it uttered a bloodcurdling cry,
 which Minsterdescribedas a combined
squawk and whistle, beginning very
high and piercingbut endingvery low
and hoarse.
At the sametime that sightings
of this incredible creature were
being reported, strange marks
resembling hoofprints were being
discoveredin the area too, and not
just on the ground.Somewere even
spotted on the roofs of houses!
Then, not long after these reports
had cometo an end, it seemedas if
the mysteryof the Jerseydevil had
finallv been solved. An exhibition
Ihellorerllemon
E:5.
f/ Ess{.^- x
Ej J lh.last thingthat 17-year- the picture that Biti later prepared,
-
t"
to
otdBittBartlettexpected which is reproducedhere,the creature
see when driving with two friends
through Dover, Massachusetts, at
around10.30p.m. on 21 April 1977
was a creature from another
dimension.Yet that is what he may
have done,at least in the opinion of
someinvestigators- andjudging from
Billls descriptionof what he saw,they
couldhavea point!
Driving along, his car's headlights
suddenlyilluminated a peculiarentity
pickingits way alonga stonewall at the
side of the road. As can be seenfrom
in Philadetphia's Arch Street
Museum claimed that it had on
disptay a genuine Jersey devil.
which had recently been captured
alive! Sadly,however.it proved to
be nothing more remarkablethan a
kangaroothat had been decorated
with bright greenstripesand which
had a pair of fake bronze-coloured
wings strappedto its shoulders!It
was, of course. a hoax - whereas
almost a hundred years later, the
real Jerseydevil has still not been
capturedor conclusivelyidentified.
The mysterycontinues...
had a disproportionately large head,
shapedlike a water melon, with two
big, protruding eyes that glowed
orange,but it did not seemto have a
mouth, noseor ears.Its bodywassmall,
its neck and limbs werelong and thin,
and its fingers and toes were slender
andsupple.Thecreatureappeared to be
hairless, but its peach-colouredskin
wasrough in texture. It stood about L
metre(3-4 feet)high, andwasobserved
only by Bilt (his two friends were not
lookingin the right directionto seeit).
 Unknown to Bitt, however. his
strange sighting would soon be
substantiated by an entirely
independenteyewitness.Less than
two hours later,15-year-oldJohn
Baxter was walking homelittle more
than a mile from the locality of Bitt's
encounterwhen he saw a strange
figure coming towards him. After
receiving no repty when he called
out to it, John paused,and as he did
so the figure ran away down a gulty.
John chasedafter it and when he
was about 9 metres(30 feet) away,
he could see it clearly, standing
upright on its hind legs and
gripping the trunk of a tree. When
he spied its brightly glowing eyes
staring at him from an otherwise
featureless face, however. John
decided to let caution supersede
curiosityand he walkedbriskty back
to the road. Oncehe reachedhome,
he too madea visuatrecordof what
he had witnessed,"and as can be
seen here, his whotty independent
illustration corresponds very closely
indeedwith Bitt's.
At around midnight on 22 April,
what writer Loren Coleman has
subsequently called "thg Dover
demon"was seenagain, this time by
15-year-old Abby Brabham white
beingdrivenhomeby Wilt Taintor,18,
who only spiedit very briefly. Abby's
descriptionmatchedthose of Bitt and
John in every respect except one:
when she observedit, its eyes were
glowing green,not orange.And thus
endedthe curious caseof the Dover
demon - for it has never been
reported again and has never been
satisfactorilyidentified.
If the descriptionsof it areaccurate
- andthey arecertainlyvery consistent
- the Doverdemondoesnot resemble
any speciesknown to science,either
from North America or elsewhere.It
may not, however, be entirely
unknown.The Creenation of eastern
Canadaspeakof a mysteriousrace of
pygmy entities called the Mannegishi,
who detight in playing tricks upon
travetters.Accordingto the Cree,the
Mannegishihave round heads, long
thin legs,armswith six fingerson each
hand, and they Livebetweenrocks in
the rapids.Excludingthe finger count
discrepancy, this description is
reminiscentof the Doverdemon.
 Pedro
- lTyomin{'s
Unerplain
Mid{et
Mummy
ne day in 0ctober1932,
after spending several
weeksseekinggotdin a ravineat the
base of the San Pedro mountains,
about100kilometres(65 mites)south-
west of Casparin Wyoming,CecilMain
and Frank Carr spotted some
indications of gotd in one of the
ravine'sthick stone watls. The only
way to determine whether the wall
reatty did contain gold, however.was
to blastit apartwith dynamite,and so
this is what they did. Once the
resuttingcloudsof dust had begunto
disperse, the two men peeredthrough
the yawning hote'teft behind and
discoveredthat the watl had been
hiding a smallcavern.It wasa natural
cave,about 4.5 metres(15 feet) tong
but only 1.2 metres(a feet) high and
wide.Insidewasa smallledge,and to
the astonishmentof the prospectors.
they could see a tiny pixie-tike
creaturesitting cross:tegged upon it,
with its arms folded acrossits waist.
Looking closer at this extraordinary
being,however,they discovered that it
was no longer alive. In fact, it was a
mummy,but untike any seenbefore.
First and foremost, it was
exceptionallysmall, less than 18 cm
(7 inches)high asit sat thereandwith
a total height of only 35 cm (14
inches).Yet it did not seemto be a
chitd. Its face resembledthat of a
smirkingold man, with a low brow,a
broad flat nose, large eyes (one of
whichwashalf-ctosed) and a very wide
mouth with thin lips. Its skin was a
tanned, bronze colour, heavily
wrinkled,its body was barrel-shaped,
its hands were large and its long
fingersbore minute but readily visible
fingernails.The top of its head was
abnormallyflat and coveredin a dark.
gelatinoussubstance, eclipsingall but
a fringe of hair aroundits edge.
The bewilderedprospectorscarefully
lifted this enigmaticlittte effigy off its
ledgeand took it backwith them when
they eventually returned to Caspar,
whereit attractedan immenseamount
of interest. It becameknown as pedro
(after its mountain origin) and was
eventualtypurchasedby Ivan Goodman,
a car dealerin Caspar.Whenscientists
first learnt of its discoverythey were
somewhat sceptical,suspecting a hoax.
 Instead, however,the X-ray plates
confirmed that Pedro possessedan
irrefutably man-like skeleton, despite
its tiny stature.It exhibiteda complete
set of ribs, fully formed armsand legs
with att bones readily discernible,a
backbonethat had oncebeenperfectly
formed but which had subsequently
sufferedan injury, and llso a fractured
left collar-bone. Indeed.it seemed asif
this littte person had met its death
through some violent attack,
accountingnot only for thoseinjuries,
but also for its flattened headand the
dark gelatinous substance.'When
examined,it was found that the skull
had been smashedby an extremely
heavy blow and the dark substance
was exposed brain tissue and
congealed blood.
As for Pedro's age,despitethe severe
damageits skull wassufficiently intact
to reveal that its fontanelle (a soft
spacebetweenthe skull'sbones)was
Themummified standsat a
humanoid"creature closed.This is an adult characteristic;
mere14 inchesin height. in babiesand smalt children, it is stitt
open. Moreover,Pedroalso had a full
set of teeth, the most distinctiveof
Nevertheless, after being shovrrn the which were its large, noticeably
mummy by Goodman,anthropologistDr pointed canines. Its overall
Henry Shapiro from the American morphology,internally and externally,
Museum of Natural History was indicatedthat it was about 65 years
intrigued enough to ot'ganize an X-ray old when it died. and in Shapiro's
examination for it. If this mysterious opinion it was not from recenttimes,
midget was simply a hoax, carefullY but dated far backinto history.
constructed externally but with no In 1950,Goodmandied and Pedro
internal substance,X-ray analysis would became the property of Leonard
swiftly exposeit as such. Wadler,but later vanished from the
 headlinesand today its location is attack them with tiny bowsthat shot
unknown.In 7979,Pedro's X-rayswere poisonedarrows.Accordingto some
shown to Wyoming University traditions, these pygmies even kill
anthropotogistProfessorGeorgeGiU, their own kind when they becomeilt,
who announcedthat it had probably by beheadingthem or smashingtheir
been a grossly malformedinfant or skulls - just like Pedro'sskull had been
foetussufferingfrom anencephaly - a smashed. It wouldbe strangeindeedif
severeconditionin which most of the the true identity of Pedroprovedto be
cranium and 'brain have failed to a euthanased elf.
develop. Sometimes,moreover,the
portion of brain that ftas formed is
exposed,with no protective bony
covering. This coutd account for
Pedro'sflattened heada4d its covering
of congeated blood and brain tissues,
but anencephaty cannot explain
Pedro'sadult featuresand dentition.
In L993, French zoologist Dr
Frangoisde Sarresuggested to me that
Pedromay havebeena foetussuffering
from microcephaly(abnormalcranium
and brain formation),but on to whose
skeletonthe skin of an adult man had
been carefullymoulded- in the same
way that the Jivaros do when they
produce their famous tzantzas or
shrunkenheads.
ProfessorGitl thought that Pedro
may have belonged to a race of
unknown prehistoricnative American
people.However,many modernnative
American groups claim that this
continent was, and stitt is, home to a
very aggressiverace of pygmies or
Little People, whose descriptions
closelytalty with Pedro.In particular,
the Shoshonenation of Wyoming
speak of the Nimerigar,who would
 Flying$aucers r
andUF0s
orElusiue
tlien$pacecraft
Sky-heasts?
rffiq@
ofsupposed saucers and UF0s are alien,
flffin:).ffi "nusishtinss
\U-ffftying saucersand UF0s extraterrestrialspacecraft;but what if
are simple misidentifications of
certain earthly or astronomical
objects, including weather balloons,
the planet Venus,light-reflectingfog
or clouds, distress flares, flocks of
geese or even swarms of insects
reflecting tight, lenticular clouds,
aeroplane vapour trails, low-flying
aeroplanes and meteors.
As for the remainder,most people
assume that any "genuine" flying
UF0taking off in France.
Somethink they are spaceships,othersthink
they are somethingcomptetelydifferent.
at leastsomeof them are extraordinary
living creatures,native to our planet
yet undiscovered by science?Largely
unconsidered elsewhere, this
fascinating idea has received
appreciable attention from researchers
in North America.
Fewecologicalnicheson land or in
the waterare not occupiedby animals
modifiedfor existencehere- but what
about the sky? Atthough certain
insectsand birds spendmuch of their
time in flight, there are no animals
that live their entire lives airbornein
the sky, adapted for an exclusive
existencein the atmosphere encircling
our planet- or arethere?
It is well known that the term
"flying saucer" was coined by a
reporter documenting Idaho
businessman KennethArnold'ssighting
of nine flying disc-shaped objectsnear
Mount Rainier, Washington, while
pitotinga Callairaeroplaneon 24 June
 1947.Lesswell known is that Arnold
consideredthese objectsto be living
organisms:"sort of like sky jetlyfish".
Nor was he alone in his opinion.
A month later, John P. Bessorfrom St
Thomas, Pennsylvania,submitted a
similar theory, which he had
developedin 1,946,to the United
StatesAir Force.Farfrom dismissingit
as unrealistic,the officer who reptied
to Bessordescribed his notion as "one
of the most inteltigent theories we
havereceived".
The sky-beast concept gained
further impetus in 1955 with the
publicationin the USA of a detailed
appraisalof this idea by Countess Zoe
Wassitko-Serecki, a prominenttiberal-
minded thinker. She proposedthat
planet earth's upper atmosphereis
populated by enormousbladder-like
beastswith glowingbodiescomposed
of energyenvelopinga centralcoreof
solid matter. They exhibit the ability
to changetheir shapeat witt, from a
spherical configuration when
stationaryto a cigar-likeform when
moving,absorbingenergyto fuel their
non-corporealbeings. In the years
followingher statement,duringwhich
UFO sightings have become
increasingly common, a notable
number have indeed featured
distinctly cigar-like shapesrecalling
the appearanceof the sky-beasts
predictedby the countess.
in addition, her ideas won praise
from zootogistIvan Sanderson, one of
America's mostcelebrated investigators
of mystery beasts. And in the early
1960s, scientist and hydrophone
inventorJohn M. Cagefrom NewJersey
drew comparisonsbetween incidents
involving dolphins following ships
with sightings of UF0s trailing
aeroplanes,postulating that these
latter entities were in .reality
intelligent tife-forms that fed upon
negativeelectricity.
The most famous and extensive
explorationof the sky-beasttheoryfor
UFOs,however,is that of TrevorJames
Constable,a radio officer in the US
merchant marine. In 1918, he
pubtished his investigations and
findings in a very absorbingbook,
entitled SIryCreatures.
According to Constable, some
reported UFOsare indeed gigantic,
undiscovered native life-formshighty
modifiedfor a wholly aerialexistence
within the earth's atmosphere.He
named these exceedingtyspecialized
organisms"critters" and described
them as single-celled(like amoebae),
but encasedwithin a mica- or metal-
like outer covering,and existingin a
wide rangeof sizes- from as muchas
nearly a kitometre (hatf a mite) in
length down to a few centimetresat
most.Thereasonthat thesecrittersare
seen only infrequently, explained
Constable,is that they often reflect
infra-red tight (invisible to the human
eye). Becausethey change colour,
under certain conditionscritters will
reflectvisibtetight and it is then that 27-28), he uncoveredthe work of a
they "become"UF0s. It seemsthat hitherto-obscure scientist called
they canbe photographed usinginfra- Withelm Reich. who claimed to have
red cinefilmand an appropriatefilter, discovereda mysterioustype of energy
and Constable's book includes many termedorgone.Collinssuggested that
photosof allegedcritters,obtainedin orgonemay well hold the key to the
the MojaveDesertin California. cropcirclemystery,claiming that all the
In 7992,the conceptof tiving UFOs. phenomenadocumented in relation to
sometimestermed "bioforms", also modern-daycrop circles have also been
received pubticity outside the USA, recorded in associationwith Constable's
through British author AndrewCollins's critters. In turn, if critters are
book.Ihe Circlemakers. Collinsreported composedof orgone, their occasional
how. while seekingan explanationfor contact with the earth's surface could
the formationof crop circles(seepp. thus exolainthe circles'creation.
 Critters,atwaysassumingthat they
do exist, may not be the only form of
atmosphericsky-beastnative to our
planet. Duringthe SecondWorldWar,
an early form of UFO was often
encounteredby fighter pilots, who
reportedseeingsmallballs of brittiant
white or reddishlight dancingaround
and pacing their aeroptanesin a
manner that seemed uncannily
intelligent, even ptayful - almost as if
they werecuriousabout the natureof
the planes.
Theseballs of light becameknown
asfoo fighters.andwerebelievedto be
a secretweaponof the enemy,untit it
wasdiscovered that American,British,
Germanand Japanesepilots were all
seeing them. Similar objects can
sometimesbe detectedby radar too,
whereuponthey are referred to as
gizmos or angels.Constablebetieves
that foo fightersmaybe very primitive
sky-beasts,less sentient than their
giant-sizedrelatives.
- Thereis no doubt that the concept
of UF0s as living sky-beastsis
exceedingly radicatandwouldprobably
be dismissedout of hand by the more
conservative membersof the scientific
community. Consequently,the last
wordshouldgo to a leadingbiologistat
the Wright-Patterson.Air ForceBaseat
Dayton, 0hio, which is the
headquarters of the USAir Force'sUFO
investigations. In view of the
controversial natureof this subject,he
prefersto remainanonymous, but his
opinionsspeakfor themselves:
IMen you tossa pebbleinto a pool,
you see the water animals - the
nymphs, crawfish, minnows, water
insects- streakingaway in fright. But
almost beforethe ripples have died in
the pool they are back, investigating
curiously.Perhapseventson this earth
- atomic explosions,rocketflights into
the stratosphere
and so on - kavebeen
Iike the pebble tossedinto the pool.
They have disturbed the stratosphere,
perhaps have sent ripples into the
fabric of space itself. And the space
animals, in curiosity,are comingdown
to investigate.
As a zoologist,I had alwaysbeen
perplexed by the absence of exclusively
sky-dwellinglife-formson our planet,
especially given the incredible
ingenuity demonstratedby evolution
in successfullypopulating everywhere
else with tiving things. If Constable,
Cageand other proponentsof the sky-
beast scenarioare correct, however,
perhaps I no longer need to be
perplexed- merely frustratedthat I
have yet to glimpseany examplesof
evolution's best-kept but most
amazinqsecretof all.
 r
fromUenus
Uisitors
orinter-
Ertra-terrestrials
dimensionals?
.ffi..
(6s*M surprisinsnumberof contact with the Venusianthrough
\n:-@Americans have reputedlY binoculars, at a distanceof about 1.5
been visited by aliens claiming to be kilometres (1 mite).
from other planets in our solar system, In his books flying SaucersHave
particularly Venus; but are these Landed and Inside the SpaceShips,
alleged extraterrestrialsall that they Adamski alleged that he met the
seemto be, or is their true origin much Venusian on several subsequent
closerto our own than we realize? occasions and was taken on to its ship,
Themostfamousreportedvisitation travelling aboard it to the far side of
from Venustook place during the early the moon, where he spied cities,
afternoonof 20 November 1952 in the forests, mountains, lakes and- a furry
Californiandesertnear Desert Center. four-legged animal. In later years, he
when 61-year-old 'UF0 enthusiast even claimed to have visited the ringed
George Adamski supposedlY planet Saturn to ' attend an
encountered a sandy-haired humanoid interplanetaryconference !
Venusian.With slanting grey-green Inevitably, Adamski's accounts drew
eyes,tanned hairlessface,and wearing short shrift from the scientific
a shimmeringone-piecegarment,this community and such scepticismhas
distinctive figure communicated via been adequately justified by
sign-language and telepathy with astronomical research since his death
Adamskifor almost in hout before in 1,965. For example, America's
making its departureaboard a scout mannedlunar landings,beginningin
ship hovering nearby. According to 1969 with Apotto 11, revealedthe
Adamski, he succeededin taking moon to be a barrenlifelessworld,far
photos of this ship, and someof his removed from his descriptions of
colleagueshad been observing his advanced lunar civilizations and
GeorgeAdamskiclaimed
contactwith Venusians.
natural grandeur. Equatty,as Saturn
has been shown to be a gas planet
composed principallyof hydrogen,how
it coutd function as a venue for a
cosmic conference attended by
Adamski,or any other humanoidform
of life, is hard to imagine.
Even his famous photos of the
Venusianscout-ship have failed to
withstand the test of time. The
commonscientificconsensus nowadays
is that these were actually fakes,
depicting models made from bottle
coolersand chickenfeeders.
As for Venusbeingthe homeplanet
of Adamski's olive-eyed, smooth-
skinned visitor, it would be truly
astounding if any humanoid
civilization coutd exist on such a
planet. Its fiery surfacetemperatureof
480"C (896'F), baleful vista of
volcanoes,omnipresentthunder and
tightning storms, and sulphuric acid
rainfall have inspired astronomersto
liken this infernal world to a
traditional imageof hell!
In an attempt to circumventthis
latter impasse. a number of
researchersinto the esoteric have
suggestedthat Venusianhumanoids
may normallyinhabit a dimensionof
higher "atomic vibration" than the
physical three-dimensionallevel in
which we live. For them this is a
totalty real and substantialdimension
but one from which they must "step
down" when wishing to manifest
themselvesto planet earth dwellers.
Yet even if att this is true, another
issueequally difficutt to resolveis the
diversity of eyewitnessdescriptions
concerningVenusians.
In 1950, SamuelThompsonsaw a
troop of nude diminutive Venusians
with btondwaist-lengthhair and dark
skin, ptaying merrity in a glade near
Markham, Washington, while their
spaceshiphoveredcloseby. Atthough
they were benevolent like other
supposedVenusians,in Thompson's
opinion they seemedextraordinarily
chitdtike: indeed, his descriptionis
more reminiscentof elves or some
other traditional race of Little People
than of ETs.
Certainly they were in great
contrast to the highty sophisticated,
futty humanoid Venusians who
regularly contacted Howard Menger
throughout his tife, following his
initial meeting as a 10-year-oldboy
with a beautiful golden-eyedfemale
Venusiannear his New Jerseyhomein
1932. Accordingto Menger,Venusian
technotogy is 2500 years more
advancedthan our own, and the
Venusians are vegetarians, whose
speciallyprocessed foodstuffspossess
a far greaternutritional contentthan
their counterpartson planetearth.
TheAetheriusSocietyis dedicatedto
storing up spiritual energy in
mountain-contained"batteries" that
can be dischargedto trouble spots
anywhereon planetearthfor the easing
of suffering.Thesocietywasfoundedin
1,954by GeorgeKing, a formerLondon
taxi driver.King claimsto be the earth's
representative on a Saturn-based
council called the Interplanetary
Parliament, and also to be in
communication with an unseenCosmic
Master called Aetherius. living on
Venus. According to this society.
Venusians are2-2.75metres(7-9 feet)
talt, with long pale hair and cinnamon
skin, eyes that lack pupils, and tiny
feet. Theyno longerneedto eat, their
energy intake is accomplishedmerely
by breathing;Aetherius,apparently,has
not eatenfor over 3000yearsl
So who, if anyone,is correctout of
the aboveselectionof those claiming
contact with Venusians?Is there any
way of reconcilingthese and other
conflicting testimonies? In their
absorbingbook Life Beyond Planet
Earth?, Janet and Colin Bord offer
somecompellingspeculations.
Many ufological sceptics believe
that the variety of formsandlife-styles
of Venusiansdescribedby their earthly
eyewitnesses indicatesthat thesealien
encounterswere realty hallucinations
or visionsinducedby fear,stress,drugs
or even dietary stimuli. However,as
notedby the Bords,illusion may be as
important as delusion.That is, some
encounters with Venusiansmay be
genuine, not imaginary, but the
Venusians purposefully adopt
whicheverguise they considerto be
the most influential for a given
situationor evewitness.
 Perhaps the most thought-
provoking aspect of the Venusian
visitations, however, is that these
beingsmight not evenbe from Venus
at all. It is very interesting that most
encounters with atiens claiming to
havejourneyedhere from Venus- or
from other planets within our solar
system- occurredbeforespace-probes
had been sent out from the ptanet
earth, exposingthese worlds to be
incapableof sustaining the existence
of advancedforms of life. Sincethen,
as the Bordshave pointed out: "alien
entities have continued to make
contact with Earth people,but they
have stoppedclaimingto come from
our SolarSystem.As Mankindreaches
out into the Universe,so the entities
retreat- and changetheir tactics."
But why? Why do they apparently
not wish us to learntheir true origins?
Perhaps,as the Bords suggest,their
true home is far closerto us than we
currently realize - a parallel planet
earth sharingthe samespaceas our
own, yet existing in a separate
dimension. Since its inhabitants can
visit us on our planet (but not vice-
versa), however,theirs must be much
more advanced, socially and
technologicalty.Evenso, they may be
afraid that their planet's existence
would be threatenedif evera meansof
enteringit werediscovered by our more
aggressive culture.And so,by spinning
talesto us of populatedextraterrestrial
worlds, our visitors lure our minds
away from the far likelier concept of
interdimensionaltravel.
There is one other notable
explanation that also eradicatesan
extraterrestrial origin for these
supposedVenusians. Is it possible,as
some UFO researchers have
speculated,that they are actually
from our own planet's future? Are
these entities our own far-distant
descendants, a highty evolved,
advancedrace of humans that mav
actually be visiting us to preventui
from embarking upon deleterious
projects,or to study us as examplesof
their own less sophisticated,more
barbaric past? Any considerationof
time travel necessarilyconjuresup all
manner of mind-bending paradoxes
involving the future influencing the
past, but there is littte doubt that
whateverthey are,and whereverthey
have come from, our friendly
neighbourhood Venusians are
decidedtyinterestedin our activities.
It wouldbe equallyinteresting,not to
mention reassuring,to know the
reasonfor their curiositv.
 IheGohlins
ofl|opkinsrille
ffi
Fill*+'-*-"" Y*'
I t U t I*, "ny of the wortd'smost
celebratedcasesof alleged
encounterswith extraterrestrials(ETs)
have occurredin North America. Yet
even these have attracted great
scepticismfrom someinvestigators. so
that their authenticity is stitt
unresolved.Thereis, however,at least
one very notable exception to this
trend - the astonishingcase of the
Hopkinsvillegoblins.
0n the eveningof 21 August 1,955,
at their farmhousein the hamlet of
Kelly, closeto Hopkinsville,Kentucky,
the Suttons (sevenadults and three
chitdren)wereentertaininga visitor, a
local friend cattedBitty Ray Taylor.At
around8 p.m., Taylorsteppedoutside
to fetch somewater from a well in the
backyard,where he observeda silver
objectskim acrossthe farmhouseand
land about 100 metres (300 feet)
further away in a gutty hidden by
trees.Whenhe told the Suttonsabout
this, they were amused but not
convinced. Shortty afterwards,
however,their dog,which wasoutside,
began barking in such a frantic,
hystericalmannerthat Taylorand one
of the Suttons'sons,Elmer,went out to
investigate.Theyweregreatlyshocked
to see a glowing goblin-likecreature
floating towards them! They were
carryingrifles, so both men shot the
entity, but instead of falling to the
groundit simptyflippedbackwards and
scurriedaway.
It was soon back, however,and
this time it was accompanied by at
least one other of its kind. During
the next 3-4 hours,the Suttonswere
besiegedby these macabre"space
goblins",which appearedin nearby
trees, scrambled over their
farmhouseand peered in at them
through the windows. One of the
creaturesevenleaneddownfrom the
porchroof, and with a talonedhand
snatchedat the hair of Taylor,who
wasstandingunderneathl
Accordingto descriptionsgiven by
the Suttons in subsequentinterviews,
eachof the "goblins"stood75-105cm
(2'f,-3'f, feet) talt, was principally
bipedat and glowed silver. Its domed
head was disproportionatelylarge and
bore two short antenna-likestructures.
It also had a pointed chin, a conical
nosewith a roundedknobat the tip and
a pair of huge. pointed, elephantine
ears.Its big, bulbous,laterallysitedeyes
glowedyellow, and its extremelywide
mouth'supper tip was tucked beneath
the lowertip. Therewasno neck.
The goblin's body had a powerful
chest,but the restof the torsowasverv
thin, and its arms and legs were
positively spindty. The arms were
extremelylong too, so that its broad
hands almost touched the floor even
when the creature was standing
upright. Eachhand had four webbed,
clawed fingers. Its legs were much
shorter than its arms but were
exceedinglythin and terminated in
circular feet that resembledsuction
cups.Therewasno tail.
Merely to be confrontedby such
entities would be alarming enough,
but the most unnervingaspectof the
Suttons'prolongedencounterwith the
goblinswas that these extraordinary
beingsappearedto be totally immune
to bullets.The Suttonsscoredseveral
successfulhits, but on each occasion
the goblin simpty back-flippedtike a
circusacrobatand scuttledawayon all
fours,or, if hit white in a tree, merely
floated slowly down to the ground.
Eventually, the Suttons and Taylor
 becameso frightened that they ran
out of the house,jumpedinto two cars
and fled at top speedto the police
station at Hopkinsville,where they
spokeat greatlength to the localChief
of PoliceRussellGreenwell, his deputy
GeorgeBatts and someother officers
at the station.
Not surprisingty,the police were
thoroughlynonplussed by the Suttons'
incrediblestory, but they were also
struck by their genuine terror.
Something had clearly frightened
these hardy, no-nonsensecountry
people very severety.And so, afler
persuadingthe Suttons to return
home,Greenwell and the other officers
went back with them, but nothing
could be found. Yet as soon as the
police left the farmhouseand drove
back to Hopkinsville,the goblins
returned, inspecting the farmhouse
and its human contentsas before.By
sunrise,however,they had gone- and
this time they did not comeback.
Something that may be an
interesting sequel to the Suttons'
experienceoccurrednear Gastaghin
Vicenza,Italy, on 24 November1,978.
Angelo DAmbros was gathering
firewood in the woods when he
encounteredtwo small entities that
greatly resembtedthe Hopkinsville
goblinsand which, like them, floated
through the air rather than walking.
After he threatenedthem with a piece
of wood,they fled away,but when he
chasedafter them he sawthem entera
2-metre- (6-foot) high domed craft,
standingon legs,which promptlyflew
off into the sky at greatspeed.
Thecaseof the Hopkinsvillegoblins
has been exhaustivelyinvestigatedby
manydifferentUFOresearchers, but no
one has currently revealed any
evidence,or reason,to suggestthat
this wasa hoax,or evenan instanceof
masshaUucination or misidentification
of knownanimals.Alsoworth notingis
that despite being subjected to
extensive public ridicute over the
years, not one of the eleven
eyewitnesses has ever retractedtheir
storyor any portionof it. Soif the case
rs genuine, where did the Suttons'
amazingvisitorscomefrom?
If they aretruly extraterrestrial,they
arebeyondthe limits of our world - and
the subject of this book. However,as
with the visiting Venusians documented
eartier(pp.137-139), it is possible
that
the Hopkinsville entities' undisclosed
originowesmoreto inner spacethan to
outer space.Theselarge-headed, big-
eared, thin-limbed, bug-eyed,
diminutive beingsbear a very striking
resemblance to certain forms of Little
People,notably the goblins - hence
their ufological nickname. Reading
through the UFOliterature,moreover, it
becomesincreasinglyapparent that
manyhumanencounters with supposed
ETs and with Littte People share a
surprisingnumberof similarities.
Just like fairies, elves and other
Little People,a lot of reportedETsare
smaltin size, emit a glowingtight or
appearwithin a ball of light, seemto
be invulnerableto bullets or suchlike,
and can float abovethe ground.The
abitity to vanish without trace and to
hypnotize (enchant?)their human
contacts are further characteristics
sharedby ETsand Little People.
In many documentedcases of
humansattegedtyabductedby ETs,the
person believesthat he has been
abductedfor only a short time, when
longerperiod
in reality a considerably
has passedby. 0nce again,this time-
lapsescenariois mirroredin traditional
folktales, featuring fairy-abducted
humanswho believethat their visit to
Faeriehas spannedonly a few hours,
but ultimatety discoverthat years,
evencenturies,haveflitted by.
The comparisoncan be taken even
further: just as somereportsof alien
abductions feature bizarre-sounding
ctaimsthat the ETshave forcedtheir
human abducteesto mate with them
(ostensiblyto improve their alien
tineage),so too in fairy talesarethere
many accountsof fairies kidnapping
human babiesto rear as their own,
replacingthem with changelings.
Yet wheredo sharedsimilaritiesend
and sharedidentitiesbegin?As we saw
earlier (p.24), whereasmodern-day
sightingsof traditional Littte Peopleare
far fewer than in previous centuries,
reports of UFOsand ETs are ever-
increasingin number.In just over a
century, humankind's technological
knowledge and capabilities have
advancedimmeasurably. If Littte People
arereal entities,why shoutdwe assume
that their capabilities have not
advancedtoo? And bearing in mind
that their skitts have, always far
exceeded our own, shouldwe reatlybe
too surprised if, while we have
progressed only as fdr as the aeroplane
and the manned moon rocket, the
Little Peopte of the late twentieth
century have developedmuch more
sophisticatedflying machines,steek
aerialskycraftthat we refer to asUF0s?
Thesenotionsmay well seemmore
akin to science-fantasy than factual
science, but UFO researchers
recognizethat the parallelsbetween
human encounterswith Little People
and with supposedETs are too
extensiveto be dismissedentirely as
coincidence. Consequently,if, as
popularlybelievedby investigatorsof
the Little Peopte,this enigmaticrace
derivesfrom a parallel equivalentof
our own planet earth, but can travel
freely between the two, this could
explain visitations by various of
today's reputed ETs, such as the
Hopkinsville goblins, and perhaps
even the notably elfin "Venusians"
seen by SamuelThompson(p.t38),
dancing just tike latter-day Little
Peopleneartheir hoveringspaceship.

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THrUNEXPLAINxD
Text@ Dr Karl P.N. Shuker1996