BA201 Engineering Mathematic UNIT2 - Measures of Central Tendency

B3001/UNIT2/1
MEASURES OF
CENTRAL
TENDENCY
General Objective
Unit
am
Understanding differences between
mean, mode and median with formula

method and graphical method.
Specific Objectives
khusus
On completion of this unit, the students
should be able to :
1.
Solve mean, mode and median

for ungrouped data and grouped
data using formula method.
2.
Solve mean, mode and median

for ungrouped data and grouped
data using graphical method.
Prepared by : NURIZATY MUHAMAD NOR
Page 1
B3001/UNIT2/2
2.0 INTRODUCTION
Measure of central tendency or measure of location is a value which is

representative of a set of data. The role of central tendency is to determine the central
value of a set of data. The various types of measures of location are mean, mode and
median.
INPUT
2.1 UNGROUPED DATA
2.1.1 Mean
Mean of a set of data is the sum of the values of all observations divided by the total
number of observation.
If the data represent a sample, the mean is defined as follows :
Mean, =
x
N
where,
x
N
= sum of values of all data

= total number of data
Example 2.1:
Find the mean of the following data :

5, 7, 7, 9, 4, 6, 5, 10, 12 and 8
Solution :
x
N
5 7 7 9 4 6 5 10 12 8
=
10
Mean, =
= 7.3
Page 2
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Example 2.2
Data in Table 2.1 shows the test marks that scored by a student in Mathematics 3.
Table 2.1
Test
Marks
80
100
60
55
75
Solution :
Mean
sum of marks
total number of tests
370
5
= 74
=
So, the student gets 74 as the mean of

his mathematics 3 tests.
2.1.1.1 Frequency Table For Ungrouped Data
You must understand what a frequency table is. Raw data can be summarized in
a frequency distribution table. Frequency distribution table for ungrouped data shows the
number of observations or frequencies for each data. This method can apply if the raw
data is large.
Page 3
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Example 2.3:
The following data shows the marks scored by 35 students in mid-term exam.
80
45
40
75
85
45
50
80
60
60
40
50
65
80
60
40
60
70
80
60
50
65
45
75
80
75
50
45
40
60
65
70
60
45
50
Calculate the mean of the marks.
Solution :
The marks can be summarized in frequency distribution table for ungrouped data as
follows:
Table 2.2 : Frequency distribution table for ungrouped data
Marks (x)
Frequency (no. of students) ( f )
Total (fx)
80
400
45
225
40
160
60
420
50
250
65
195
70
140
75
225
85
85
Total
35
2100
fx
f
2100
=
35
= 60
Min, =
Page 4
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2.1.2 Mode
Mode is the value that occurs with the highest frequency in a set data of
data.There are two or more values of mode if there are two or more data that have the
same highest frequency. A set of data also do not have a mode if a data given have the
same frequency.
Example 2.4:
Find the mode of the following data :
a)
10, 20, 50, 30, 20, 40, 60 and 20
b)
10, 20, 50, 30, 20, 40, 60 and 50
c)
10, 20, 50, 30, 20, 40, 30 and 50
d)
10, 20, 50, 30, 20, 40 and 60
e)
10, 20, 50, 30, 20, 10, 30 and 50
Solution:
a)
mode, M0 = 20
b)
M0 = 20 dan 50
c)
M0 = 20, 30 dan 50
d)
M0 = 20
e)
M0 = None
This is because all data have the same frequency
Example 2.5 :
Find the mode in table 2.2 above.
Solution :
Mode is 60 marks, because it has with the highest frequency.
Page 5
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2.1.3 Median (M)

Median is the centre value of a set of data after the data is arranged in ascending
or decending order.
Example 2.6:
For a set of data: 3, 6, 11, 4, 8, 14, 21, find the median.
Solution :
3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 14, 21
Arrange the numbers in

ascending order
3 numbers 3 numbers
So, median = 8
Example2.7:
For a set of data 61, 65, 68, 78, 79, 84, 90, 91, determine the median.
Solution :
Arrange the data in ascending order
61, 65, 68, 78, 79, 84, 90, 91
Because there are two numbers in the centre of a set of data,
median =
78 79
2
= 78.5
All sets of data have median but not

all of them have mode
Page 6
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ACTIVITY 2a
2a.1
Calculate the mean for a set of data:

a) 40, 65, 75, 70, 75, 80
b) 400, 450, 350, 300, 380
c) 250, 350, 300, 200, 700
2a.2
Find the median for these samples of data:

a) 7, 3, 4, 2, 1, 5, 6, 8
b) 30, 35, 38, 37, 40, 45, 33
c) 355, 370, 365, 340, 360
2a.3
Determine the mode for these samples of data :

a) 30, 40, 50, 60, 30, 40, 30
b) 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 3, 4
c) 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17
Page 7
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FEEDBACK 2a
2a.1
a) 67.5
b) 376
c) 360
2a.2
a) 4.5
b) 37
d) 360
2a.3
a) 30
b) 3
c) None
Page 8
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INPUT
2.2
GROUPED DATA
2.2.1 Mean
Mean for grouped data can be calculated using the formula as follows :
Mean, =
fx
f
where, (sigma) = total
f = frequency
x = class midpoint = Lower lim it Upper lim it
2
Example 2.8:
Find the mean for grouped data in table 2.3below.
Table 2.3
Class
Frequency, f
- 4
30
- 9
51
10
- 14
10
15 - 19
10
Solution :
First, you must complete the frequency table as in table 2.4
Table 2.4
Class
Midpoint, x
Frequency, f
fx
- 4
30
60
- 9
51
357
10
- 14
12
10
120
15 - 19
17
10
170
Page 9
B3001/UNIT2/10
f 101
So,
fx 707
15 19 34
= 17
2
2
fx
Min, =
f
707
101
= 7
2.2.2 Median
Median is the center value of a set of data that is arranged in order. For grouped
data, the median class should be determined first before calculating the median by (N/2).
Median is given by the following formula :
F
C
m L 2
fm
L = lower boundary of the median class
Where,
N = total number of frequency
F = cumulative frequency before median class

fm = frequency of median class
C = size of median class
Example 2.9:
Table 2.5 shows the weight of 100 polytechnic students. Calculate the median using
formula.
Table 2.5 : Weight of 100 polytechnic students.
Weight (kg)
Frequency
25 - 49
15
50 - 74
25
75 - 99
30
100 - 129
20
Page 10
B3001/UNIT2/11
125 - 149
10
Solution :
Table 2.6 : Frequency distribution table of 100 polytechnic students
Weight
frequency, f
(kg)
Cumulative
frequency
25 - 49
15
15
50 - 74
25
40
75 - 99
30
70
100 - 124
20
90
125 - 149
10
100
Step 1 : Determine median class

Total number of frequency, N = 100
Median class is given by Tn/2 = T 100/2 = T50
Therefore median class is the class 75 -99 kg
Step 2 : Using formula
L = lower boundary of the median class = 74.5

N = total number of frequency = 100
F = cumulative frequency before median class = 40

fm = frequency of median class = 30
C = size of median class= 99.5 - 74.5 = 25
F
C
med L 2
fm
50 40
med 74.5
25
30
= 82.8 kg
Page 11
B3001/UNIT2/12
2.2.2.1 Estimating Median of Grouped Data From Ogive
An ogive is also known as a cumulative frequency graph.

Step 1 : Construct a table with the values of upper boundaries and cumulative
frequencies.
Step 2 : Plot an ogive graph of cumulative frequency against upper boundaries.
The median can be determined from the ogive based on the Tn/2
Example 2.10:
Table 2.7 shows the weight of a group of students.
Berat (kg)
41 - 45
46 - 50
51 - 55
56 - 60
61 - 65
66 - 70
71 - 75
Kekerapan
12
Table 2.7 : Weight of a group of student

Draw an ogive for the given data and from the ogive estimate the median of the weight
of the students.
Solution :
Table 2.8 : Frequency distribution table
Weight
Frequency
(kg)
Cumulative
Upper
Frequency
boundaries
41 - 45
45.5
46 - 50
50.5
51 - 55
14
55.5
56 - 60
12
26
60.5
61 - 65
35
65.5
66 - 70
38
70.5
71 - 75
40
75.5
Page 12
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Figure 2.1: A less than ogive of weight of a group of student.

Median,m = Tn/2 = T 40/2 = T20
= 58.5 kg ( From the graph)
2.2.3 Mode
2.2.3.1 Formula Method

Mode for grouped data can be determined by the following method :
d1
M 0 LM 0
d1 d 2
dimana,
LM 0 = Lower boundary of the mode class
d1
= frequency of the mode class frequency of the class before
d2
= frequency of the mode class frequency of the class after
= the width of the mode class
Page 13
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Example 2.10
Determine the mode in table 2.9:
Table 2.9
Mode
class
Class
Frequency
118 - 126
127 - 135
136 - 144
145 - 153
12
154 - 162
163 - 171
172 - 180
f M 0 1 9
f M 0 12
f M 0 1 5
Solution :
Mode class : 145 - 153
LM 0 = 144.5
f M 0 12 , f M 0 1 9 , f M 0 1 5
So,
d1 f M 0 f M 0 1 12 9 3
d 2 f M 0 f M 0 1 12 5 7
c9
d1
M 0 LM 0
d1 d 2
3
Mod, M 0 144.5
9
37
= 147.2
Page 14
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2.2.3.2 Estimating Mode From Histogram
A histogram is constructed based on the frequency distribution. The values of

data (lower boundaries) are plotted on the horizontal axis while the frequencies are
plotted on the vertical axis.
Example 2.11:
Construct a histogram and determine the mode from table 2.10.
Mode
class
Markah
Kekerapan
31 40
41 50
51 60
14
61 70
10
71 80
Table 2.10 : The marks of a group of students in Mathematics Test.

Solution
Frequency
mode class

Mode = 56.8
Page 15
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marks
ACTIVITY 2b
2b.1
The monthly school expenses is shown in the following data. Find the mean,
mode and median using formula and graphical method.
Expenses (RM)
11 21
22 32
33 43
44 54
55 65
66 76
77 - 87
2b.2
Frequency
3
7
10
14
9
6
1
n = 50
The weight of 50 students in kilograms are given in the following table.

Determine the mean, mode and median using formula and graphical method.
Weight (kg)
45 49
50 54
55 59
60 64
Frequency
9
6
16
10
Page 16
B3001/UNIT2/17
65 69
70 74
75 - 79
7
2
0
ANSWERS 2b
2b.1
Mean = 47.02
Median = 47.4
Mode = 48.38
2b.2
Mean = 57.5
Median= 57.6
Mode = 57.6
Page 17
B3001/UNIT2/18
PRACTICES
2-a. The following table shows the height of 50 students in a class. Determine the mean,
mode and median.
Height
(cm)
146 150
151 155
156 160
161 - 165
166 - 170
171 - 175
10
14
11
No. of
Students
2-b. The following table shows the marks scored by 54 students in a Geography Test.
Determine the mean, mode and median for the data.
Marks
0 -19
20 - 39
40 - 59
60 -79
80 -99
No. of Students
16
10
2-c. A sample of wire produced by a factory in 1 week is shown in the table below..
Determine the mean, mode and median.
Diameter(mm)
0.95 0.97
0.98 1.00
1.01 1.03
1.04 1.06
1.07 1.09
Frequency
12
15
11
2-d. i) Find the mean of data :

4, 5, 78, 75, 70.

Page 18
B3001/UNIT2/19
ii) Find the median of data :
50, 60, 70, 90, 110, 130, 150, 80, 120.
iii) Find the mode of data :
10, 30, 50, 70, 90, 110, 130, 150, 170.
ANSWERS
2-a.
Mean=159.5cm, median=159.1cm, mode class=156 160
2-b.
Mean=54.8 marks, median=54.5 marks, mode class=40 59
2-c.
Mean=1.02mm, median=1.02mm, mode class=1.01 1.03
2-d
i)
46.8
ii)
90
iii)
None
Page 19

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B3001/UNIT2/1

mean, mode and median with formula

Solve mean, mode and median

Solve mean, mode and median

Prepared by : NURIZATY MUHAMAD NOR

Measure of central tendency or measure of location is a value which is

= sum of values of all data

Find the mean of the following data :

So, the student gets 74 as the mean of

2.1.1.1 Frequency Table For Ungrouped Data

Prepared by : NURIZATY MUHAMAD NOR

Calculate the mean of the marks.

Frequency (no. of students) ( f )

Prepared by : NURIZATY MUHAMAD NOR

10, 20, 50, 30, 20, 40, 60 and 20

10, 20, 50, 30, 20, 40, 60 and 50

10, 20, 50, 30, 20, 40, 30 and 50

10, 20, 50, 30, 20, 40 and 60

10, 20, 50, 30, 20, 10, 30 and 50

This is because all data have the same frequency

Mode is 60 marks, because it has with the highest frequency.

Prepared by : NURIZATY MUHAMAD NOR

2.1.3 Median (M)

Arrange the numbers in

Prepared by : NURIZATY MUHAMAD NOR

All sets of data have median but not

Calculate the mean for a set of data:

Find the median for these samples of data:

Determine the mode for these samples of data :

Prepared by : NURIZATY MUHAMAD NOR

Prepared by : NURIZATY MUHAMAD NOR

Prepared by : NURIZATY MUHAMAD NOR

L = lower boundary of the median class

N = total number of frequency

F = cumulative frequency before median class

Prepared by : NURIZATY MUHAMAD NOR

Step 1 : Determine median class

Step 2 : Using formula

L = lower boundary of the median class = 74.5

F = cumulative frequency before median class = 40

Prepared by : NURIZATY MUHAMAD NOR

2.2.2.1 Estimating Median of Grouped Data From Ogive

An ogive is also known as a cumulative frequency graph.

Table 2.7 : Weight of a group of student

Prepared by : NURIZATY MUHAMAD NOR

Figure 2.1: A less than ogive of weight of a group of student.

2.2.3.1 Formula Method

= frequency of the mode class frequency of the class before

= frequency of the mode class frequency of the class after

= the width of the mode class

Prepared by : NURIZATY MUHAMAD NOR

Prepared by : NURIZATY MUHAMAD NOR

2.2.3.2 Estimating Mode From Histogram

A histogram is constructed based on the frequency distribution. The values of

Table 2.10 : The marks of a group of students in Mathematics Test.

Prepared by : NURIZATY MUHAMAD NOR

The weight of 50 students in kilograms are given in the following table.

Prepared by : NURIZATY MUHAMAD NOR

Prepared by : NURIZATY MUHAMAD NOR

2-d. i) Find the mean of data :

4, 5, 78, 75, 70.

50, 60, 70, 90, 110, 130, 150, 80, 120.

iii) Find the mode of data :

10, 30, 50, 70, 90, 110, 130, 150, 170.