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Analytical chemistry
is the science of identifying
the components in a
sample (qualitative
analysis) and the relative
amounts of each of the
components
(quantitative analysis).
Generally a separation step is
required to isolate the
components in a sample
prior to analysis.
Classical Methods
Instrumental
Methods.
Classical Methods
Commonly referred to as
wet chemistry.
Separation of Analytes
- extraction,
- distillation,
- precipitation,
- filtration,
- etc.
Qualitative Analysis
- BP,
- MP,
- color,
- odor,
- density,
- refractive index, etc.
Quantitative Analysis
-titration
-gravimetric
Instrumental Methods
exploit the physical
or chemical
properties of an
analyte
to
obtain qualitative
and quantitative
information
Electrometry
Spectroscopy
Chromatography
Radioactivity
etc
Spectroscopy ?
Spectrometry ?
Spectrometer ?
Spectrophotometry ?
Spectrophotometer ?
Spectroscopy is
The study of interaction of
electromagnetic radiation with matter
Spectrometry is
Analysis method of the measurement and
interpretation of electromagnetic radiation
absorbed, or emitted by atoms, molecules, or
other chemical species
Spectrometer is
The instrumen that use spectrometry method
Spectrophotometry is
Analog with spectrometry, but specially for photon measurement
At 90
90 to the direction of propagation and 90
90 from the electric field oscillation
(orthagonal) is the magnetic field oscillation.
y
yyy
x
z
zzz
xxx
Magnetic Field
Electric
Electric Field
Field
Electric Field
Magnetic Field
Wave Parameters
Electric Field
Wavelength ( )
Amplitude (A)
Time or Distance
Period (p) the time required for one cycle to pass a fixed point in space.
Frequency ( ) the number of cycles which pass a fixed point in space per second.
= 1/p ( s-1 = Hz )
depends on the source, but is independent of the propagating
(transmitting) material.
Amplitude (A) The maximum length of the electric vector in the wave (Maximum
height of a wave).
Wavelength ( ) The distance between two identical adjacent points in a wave
(usually maxima or minima).
E=h
c=
or
c
E=h
= c/
Matter
Interaction
effect
Name of
Technique
Gamma Ray
Atom
Substances
nuclear
transition
Gamma Spect
Qualitative &
quantitative
X - Ray
Atom
Transition of
XRF
Substances
XRD
Qualitative &
quantitative
Atom
Transition of
A.A.S
Quantitative
Valence elect
Spectrofluorometry
Quantitative
Transition of
UV-Vis Spectr.
Quantitative
Valence elect
Spectrofluorometry
Quantitative
Vibration
rotation
IR Spectr.
Energy
UV Visble
Ray
Mol. / Subst.
I.R. Ray
Mol. / Subst
FT IR Spect
Application
Identification of
functional
MW - Radio
Mol. / Subst
Elctron spin
transition
NMR Spect
Identification and
structure analysis
Electron
Mol. / Subst
fragmentation
MS Spect
Identification and
structure analysis
ENERGY
Atom
Or
Molecules
??
ENERGY
SPECIFIC ENERGY
range).
Fluorescence,
Phosphorescence,
and Scattering
Emission and
Chemiluminescence
All of these instruments contain the same five basic components (source, sample
holder, wavelength selector, detector, and signal processor) but differ in the
configuration of these components.
Definisi
Contoh-contoh soal:
1. Suatu larutan sampel dalam sel 1,0 cm setelah diukur dengan spektrofotometer
mentransmisikan 80 % cahaya pada suatu panjang gelombang tertentu. Jika
absorptivitas zat pada ini = 2,0. Hitunglah konsentrasi zat tersebut.
2. Suatu larutan yang mengandung besi 1,00 mg/100 ml (sebagai kompleks besitiosianat) teramati mentransmisikan 70 % dari sinar yang masuk. Berapakah
absorbansi larutan pada
tersebut. Berapakah fraksi cahaya yang akan
diteruskan jika konsentrasi larutan besi tersebut 4 kali lebih besar.