AIRCRAFT DESIGN PROJECT

25-SEATER AIRCRAFT
BATCH 2
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
BY

GAUTHAM.R(2010501010)
LAVANYA .S(2010501019)
RAJKUMAR.K.S(2010501031)
RAJKUMAR.M(2010501032)
SUBBIAH VIGNESH.S.M(2010501039)
VIGNESHWARAN.R(2010501043)
VIJAYKUMAR.P(2010501045)

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this is a bonafide record of project on
25-seater aircraft done by
BY

GAUTHAM.R(2010501010)
LAVANYA.S(2010501019)
RAJKUMAR.K.S(2010501031)
RAJKUMA.R.M(2010501032)
SUBBIAH VIGNESH.S.M(2010501039)
VIGNESHWARAN.R(2010501043)
VIJAYKUMAR.P(2010501045)
in the period of JAN 2013 TO MAY 2013

Dr. V. Arumugam

Dr. C. Senthil Kumar

Assistant Professor

Assistant Professor
Department of Aerospace Engineering

Department of Aerospace Engineering

Madras Institute of Technology

Madras Institute of Technology

Anna University, Chennai

Anna University, Chennai

Dr. B. T. N. Sridhar
Professor and Head
Department of Aerospace Engineering
Madras Institute of Technology
Anna University, Chennai

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are very grateful to our course
instructors Dr. C. SenthilKumar and
Dr. V. Arumugam for giving the continuous guidance
during the various stages of our aircraft design. We
also express our heartfelt thanks to Dr. K. Jayaraman
and Prof. V. Kanagarajan for their guidance and help
in the aerodynamic and structural designs of the
project.
We are thankful to our Head of the
Department Dr. B.T.N. Sridhar for sharing a part of
his immense academic acumen and encouraging us in
the right direction. We would also like to thank all our
faculty members who have helped us during the
course of the design project

INDEX
TOPIC

PAGE NO.

AERODYNAMIC DESIGN

INTRODUCTION

01. DATA COLLECTION

02. PRELIMINARY WEIGHT ESTIMATION

23

03. AIRFOIL SELECTION & WING DESIGN

25

04. TYRE SELECTION

27

05. EMPENNAGE DIMENSION

28

06. BALANCE DIAGRAM

31

07. DRAG ESTIMATION

34

08. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

37

09. RANGE AND ENDURANCE

38

11. TAKE-OFF AND LANDING DISTANCES

43

12. STATIC LONGITUDINAL STABILITY

44

13. STATIC DIRECTIONAL STABILITY

52

14. STATIC LATERAL STABILITY

60

15. V-N DIAGRAM

64

STRUCTURAL DESIGN
SCHRENKS CURVE

68

TORQUE DIAGRAM

74

SPAR DESIGN

75

ESTIMATION OF SHEAR FLOW AT

77

ROOT SECTION DUE TO BENDING

AND TORQUE
STRINGER DIMENSION

81

INSTABILITIES CHECKING

82

FUSELAGE DESIGN

85

FUSELAGE SHEAR FORCE AND

86

BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM

BULK HEAD DESIGN

93

CONCULSION

94

REFERENCE-PHASE I

96

REFERENCE-PHASE II

97

INTRODUCTION
A beautiful aircraft is the expression of the genius of the
great engineer who is also a great artist.
Neville Shute,
British Aeronautical
engineer & novelist.
From
No Highway, 1947.

On December 17,1903 Oriville and Wilbur Wright ,

with great pride and satisfaction , reaped the fruits of their labours and
became the first to fly the successful flying machine from the sands of
Kill Devil hill, near kitty hawk.
This incident is the inception of an era called flying
machines era. This was accentuated by World War I and World War II.
During these days one who possessed flying machines was considered
to have apotheosised state. Thus airplane played a crucial role in
combat, passenger transport and cargo transport. So each type of
aircraft needs unique design depending upon the requirements.

Aircraft design is both an art & a science. It is the

intellectual engineering process of creating on paper a flying machine to
1. Meet certain specifications and requirement established by potential
users
2. Pioneer innovative, new ideas and technology

01. DATA COLLECTION

The aircraft to be designed is a 25-seater passenger aircraft. But since

our range is to be less it was decided to use a Turboprop engine and
thus the data was collected for all Turboprop planes coming under our
given specifications.

Aircraft
Range(km)
Cruise
Speed(km/hr)
Aspect
Ratio

BOEI
NG
747300
11675

BOEIN
747-400

13449
907

BOEING
747-8

A34
0600

11454
936

1389
0
915

910
6.96

A340200

14816
880

7.66

Fineness
Ratio

7.7

9.2

10.1

12.2

Empty
Weight(kg)

3363

3985

6200

3687

3331

Gross
Weight(kg)

5670

6600

10800

6400

5670

WingLoading
(kg/m2 )

145.38

173.46

193

193.8

136.6

Power(KW)
Service
Ceiling(m)
Wing
span(m)
Wing
area(m2 )
Length(m)

620
8140

750
7100

1130
7163

780
8534

715
6858

19.8

17.48

22.6

16.97

19.78

39

32.8

55.79

32

35.12

15.77

13.61

19.28

16.56

12.21

Height(m)

5.94

6.21

4.86

4.6

5.65

Maximum
cruising
velocity(m/s)

320

380

385

437

Max rate of
climb

488

450

420

582

Runway
length

400

496

570

580

Thrust
loading

.24

.176

.16

.22

.22

Passenger

20

19

29

19

19

Certified
altitude

3050

3000

4801

3050

Engine type

P2WC
PT6A-27

MOTORL
ET M-601
E

TURBOMECA
BASTAN VII C

HONEYWE
LL TPE
331-5A2520

GARRE
TT TPE
3312201

Maximum
landing
weight

5579

5500

10450

6100

5670

Aircraft
cruising velocity

SAUDERS
ST-27
370

FAIRCHILD
SWEARINGER
318

Wing loading

132

208

197.66

Aspect ratio

10.3

10.5

10

Service ceiling

7620

8230

7220

7925

Wing span

21.79

17.37

22.06

20.27

Wing area

46.36

28.71

Length

17.93

18.09

15.6

16.15

Height

4.75

5.05

5.05

6.6

Maximum
cruising velocity
Range

470

355

405

361

1370

661

900

481

900

587

.227

.223

7.46

7.02

Runway length
Thrust loading
Fineness ratio

.173

.178

ANTONOV
AN-38
380

325

CASA C-212-400
SERIES
302

41

Empty weight

3447

3963

5300

3780

Passenger

24

24

27

25

Certified
altitude
Engine type

4200
P&WC
PT6A-27

TPE-331

Power

715

740

HONEYWELL
TPE 331-14 GR801 E
1500

Gross weight

6124

6600

7500

Maximum
landing weight

6100

6579

9500

TPE 331525 IC

775

6300

RANGE Vs CRUSING VELOCITY

7000

6000

278

5000

365
360

RANGE

4000

408
317
3000

370
318

2000

380
302
350

1000

0
0

50

100

150

200

250

CRUISING VELOCITY

300

350

400

450

Range taken for our aircraft = 1000 km

Keeping that parameter fixed, the associated Velocity was calculated to
be 350 Km/hr
Now corresponding to this velocity all other design parameters are
approximately calculated for our aircraft.

Aspect Ratio Vs cruise speed

12

10

278
365

aspect ratio

360

408
317

370
318
380

302
350

50

100

150

200

250

cruising velocity

Aspect Ratio = 10
9

300

350

400

450

Fineness Ratio Vs cruise speed

6
278
365

fineness ratio

360
408
317

370
318
380

302
350
2

0
0

50

100

150

200

250

cruising velocity

FINENESS RATIO =6.2

10

300

350

400

450

WING LOADING Vs CRUISING VELOCITY

250

200

278
365

150

360

wing loading

408
317
370
318
380

100

302
350

50

50

100

150

200

250

cruising velocity

WING LOADING=162.5 kg/m2

11

300

350

400

450

SERVICE CEILING Vs CRUISING VELOCITY

9000

8000

7000

278

6000

365

service ceiling

360
408

5000

317
370
4000

318
380
302

3000

350

2000

1000

50

100

150

200

250

cruising velocity

SERVICE CEILING=7500 m
13

300

350

400

450

CRUISE ALTITUDE Vs CRUISING VELOCITY

6000

5000

278

4000

365

cruise altitude

360
408
317

3000

370
318
380
302

2000

350

1000

50

100

150

200

250

cruising velocity

CRUISE ALTITUDE=3750 m
14

300

350

400

450

WING AREA Vs CRUISING VELOCITY

60

50

278
40

365
360

wing area

408
317

30

370
318
380
302

20

350

10

0
0

50

100

150

200

250

cruising velocity

WING AREA= 40 m2

15

300

350

400

450

WING SPAN Vs CRUISING VELOCITY

25

20

278
365

15

360

wing span

408

317
370
318
380

10

302
350

0
0

50

100

150

200

250

cruising velocity

WING SPAN= 20 m

16

300

350

400

450

LENGTH Vs CRUISING VELOCITY

25

20
278
365
360

15

408
length

317
370
318
10

380
302
350

50

100

150

200

250

cruising velocity

LENGTH= 16.25 m

17

300

350

400

450

HEIGHT Vs CRUISING VELOCITY

7

278
365
360

HEIGHT

408
317
370
318

380
302
350

50

100

150

200

250

cruising velocity

18

300

350

400

450

MAXIMUM CRUISE SPEED Vs CRUISING VELOCITY

MAXIMUM CRUISE SPEED

500
450

278

400

365

350

360

300

408

250

317

200

370

150
100

318

50

380

302
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

CRUISING VELOCITY

350

MAXIMUM CRUISE SPEED = 400 km/hr

MAXIMUM RATE OF CLIMB Vs CRUISING VELOCITY

1000

900

MAX RATE OF CLIMB

800

278

700

365

600

360
408

500

317

400

370

300

318
380

200

302

100

350

0
0

100

200

300

CRUISING VELOCITY

19

400

500

RUNWAY LENGTH Vs CRUISING VELOCITY

1000

runwaylength

900

800

700

278
365
360

600

408
317

500

370
318

400

380
302
350

300

200

100

0
0

50

100

150

200

250

cruising velocity

RUNWAY LENGTH=600

20

300

350

400

450

THRUST LOADING VS CRUISING VELOCITY

0.3

278
THRUST LOADING

0.25

365
360

0.2

408

0.15

317
370

0.1

318

0.05

380

302
0

100

200

300

400

500

CRUISING VELOCITY

THRUST LOADING=.2

MAXIMUM LANDING WEIGHT Vs CRUISING VELOCITY

12000

MAX LANDING WEIGHT

278
10000

365
360

8000

408

6000

317
370

4000

318

2000

380

302
0

100

200

300

CRUISING VELOCITY

MAXIMUM LANDING WEIGHT =7100 Kg

21

400

500

350

350

EMPTY WEIGHT Vs CRUISING VELOCITY

7000
278

6000
EMPTY WEIGHT

365

5000

360

4000

408

3000

317
370

2000

318
1000

380

302

100

200

300

400

CRUISING VELOCITY

500

350

EMPTY WEIGHT=4100 kg

From the Data Collection Charts the details obtained are as follows:

22

Cruising velocity : 350 km/hr

Wing loading : 162.5 kg/ m2
Aspect ratio : 10
Service ceiling : 7500 m
Cruise altitude : 3750 m
Wing span : 20m
Wing area : 40 m2
Length : 16.25 m
Height : 5.5 m
Maximum cruise speed:400 km/hr
Runway length : 600 m
Thrust loading :.2

Fineness ratio :6.2

Maximum landing weight : 7100
Empty weight : 4100 kg
Gross weight : 8000 kg

02. PRELIMINARY WEIGHT ESTIMATION

ITERATION I :
1. Initial Formula :
Gross Take off Weight:

Total Crew Members taken = 29

Wc = Weight of Crew Members = (29 x 100) = 2900 kg

Wpl = Weight of Maximum Payload = 25000 N

(We/Wo) =0.460 {from the graphs}
Assuming (W f/Wo) = 0.16
Substituting all the values we get
Wo = 7810 kg
2. Power Required = (P/Wo) x Wo
= 1879 kw
3. Engine Data:
Engine Name : PRATT WHITNEY PT-6A -67D
No. Of Engines : 2
Engine Dry Weight : 440 KG
Specific Fuel Consumption :3.22*10^-6 kg / (kw hr)
4. = (/o) = 0.686
5. Weight of Fuel = No. Of Engines x Power at altitude x Range x S.F.C x 1.2
Cruising Velocity
23

= 1263 kg
6. (We/ Wo ) excl . pp = 0.46
7. New Overall Gross Take Off Weight W o = Wc + Wp + Wpp + Wf
Substituing all the values we get
Wo = 7810 kg
ITERATI
ON 2
76264
15252

ITERATI
ON 3
76997
15399

ITERATI
ON 4
76591
15318

ITERATI
ON 5
77088
15417

ITERATI
ON 6
76616
15323

ITERATI
ON 7
77095
15419

Thrust
required

18303

18479

18381

18501

18387

18502

Power
required
Total
power
required
Needed
engine
weight
engine

1779

1796

1786

1798

1787

1798

2384

2407

2395

2410

2395

2410

388

392

390

392

390

392

Pratt
whitney
PT 6A67A(120
0 hp)
229

Pratt
whitney
PT 6A67D(120
0 hp)
233

Pratt
whitney
PT 6A67A(120
0 hp)
249

Pratt
whitney
PT 6A67D(120
0 hp)
233

Pratt
whitney
PT 6A67A(120
0 hp)
229

Pratt
whitney
PT 6A67D(120
0 hp)
233

.549

.53

.549

.53

.549

.53

5822
1295

5878
1262

5847
1300

5885
1263

5849
1301

5885
1263

76997

76591

77088

76616

77095

76618

Wo
Thrust

Engine
weight
Specific
fuel
consump
tion
T sigma
Fuel
weight
Final
weight of
airplane
24

Since the successive iterations give similar values, the iteration is stopped.
Thus the final values are

Gross Take Off Weight = 7810 kg

Fuel Weight = 1263 kg
Engine = Pratt Whitney PT 6A-67D(1200 hp)
Engine Power = 1220 hp

03. AIRFOIL SELECTION AND WING

DESIGN
From weight estimation
W0= 7810 kg
WF= 1263 kg

Wing loading (w0/s)=195 kg/m2

Wing area S = 40.46 m^2

Aspect ratio(b2/s)= 8.85

Wing span b= 18.92 m
Overall Aircraft length(l)= 17.03 m
Fineness Ratio l/d= 6.082
Fuselage Diameter(d)= 2.8 m
L/B= 17.03m
K=1/eAR = 0.045
25

Taper ratio is assumed to be 0.9

Root Chord Cr=2Cav/ = 2.55 m

Tip Chord Ct=0.9*cr= 1.72m
Landing weight=w0-(0.8*wf)= 6800kgf
h =( h+ h)/2 =
7304 kgf
=2 h/2*density= 0.445
Fuel used is JP-5(kg/m3)

Density of fuel at 15 deg celsius =820kg/m3

Volume of fuel= 1.53m^3
=(0.5 / /2 0.5)20.75= 1.54
The factor 2 is for two wings
100% fuel is accommodated in wings

/ =0.09496
From the given t/c the airfoil selected is GOE-182
By giving 1 degree wing setting angle the Clcruise is achieved by this airfoil
From Data Collection
Landing Speed VL=(2as)^0.5
a=0.2*g
VL= 50.89 m/s
Stalling speed Vs= VL/1.2 = 44.25 m/s
=( 2L/density*L^2) = 1.374
cl max= 0.1385
Angle of sweep =5 degree

04. TYRE SELECTION

Gross Take-Off Weight W 0= 7810 kgf
= 17218 lbs
26

Nose landing gear :

Assuming 10% of the Gross Weight acts on the Nose Landing Gear
Number of Wheels = 2
Weight to be carried per Nose Wheel= 1721.8Lb
Wheel Dimensions required are :
Wheel diameter
Wheel width
Diameter= A*W^B
Width=A*W^B
A=1.51in
B=0.349in
= 20.34in

A=0.715in
B=0.321in
= 7.31in

According to dimensions the tyre chosen is:

Tyre name = Dunlop 22 x 6.75 11
Tyre diameter = 22 in
Tyre width = 7.31in
Radius at maximum deflection = 7.4in
Tyre Pressure = 70.0 p.si
Area of contact =2.3( wd)^ 0.5( d2Rf) = 105in^2
The weight which the selected tyre can support is given by
W=Ap* P =7350 lb
Since this W>W 0 required by the wheel this tyre is chosen
By Pythagoras theorem
a= 8.139in
=/2 = 3.655in
Total contact area of nose wheel= 93.46in^2

Main landing gear

Assuming 90%weight acts on the main landing gear
Number of Wheels = 4 (Two wheels per strut)
Weight to be carried per wheel W= 15496.378Lb
Wheel Diameter
Wheel Width
Diameter = A*W ^B

Width = A * W^B

A=1.51in B=0.349in

A=0.715in B=0.321in

27

= 27 in

= 9.4 in

According to dimensions the tyre chosen is Dunlop MANUAL

Tyre name = Dunlop 28 x 8.25 14
Tyre diameter = 27 in
Tyre width = 9.4in
Radius at maximum deflection = 9.05 in
Tyre Pressure = 43.68 p.si
Area of contact =2.3 (wd)^ 0.5( d/2Rf) = 184.73 in2
The weight which the selected tyre can support is given by
W = Ap * P = 51716 Lb
Since this W>W 0 required by the wheel this tyre is chosen
By Pythagoras theorem
a= 10.371 in
b=w/2= 4.715 in
Ap=*a*b= 153.29 in2
Total contact area of main lading wheel=A p*4= 613.183in2
Load Taken=30.116 N/cm2

05. CALCULATION OF EMPENNAGE

DIMENSIONS
HORIZONTAL TAIL:
VHT=SHT*LHT
S*C

where
HT : Horizontal tail volume ratio
SHT : Horizontal tail area in m2
lHT : Horizontal tail arm in m
28

S : Wing area in m2
c : Wing chord in m
Using the above formula

HT = 0.5
SHT = 5.6644 m2
lHT = 7.525 m
ARHT = 0.6 * ARwing
= 5.31
ARHT = (BHT)2
SHT

Using the above formula,

Horizontal tail span, bHT = 5.484 m
cr (HT) = 1.283 m
ct (HT) = 0.8324 m
where YHT : Span-wise location of mean chord
Using the above formulae,
M.A.C HT.= 1.0486 m
YHT = 1.282 m
The symmetrical airfoil NACA 0010 is selected for the horizontal tail.
Assuming HT = 0.675
VERTICAL TAIL:

VVT= LVT * SVT

S*b

Where VT : Vertical tail volume ratio

SVT : Vertical tail area in m2
lVT : Vertical tail arm in m
S : Wing area in m2
C : Wing chord in m
29

Using the above formula, and assuming

VT = 0.04
lVT = 7.15m
SVT = 4.235m2
Assuming
ARVT = 2

ARVT=HVT2
SVT

Using the above formula,

Vertical tail height hVT = 2.91 m
The symmetrical airfoil NACA 0010 is selected for the vertical tail.
Assuming VT = 0.675
cr (VT) = 1.7377 m
ct (VT) = 1.1729 m

CVT =(2/3)*CRVT*(1++2)/(1+)
ZVT=(2/6)*HVT *(1+2/1+)
Where ZVT : Height-wise location of mean chord
Using the above formulaeM.A.Cv.t = 1.4735 m
ZVT = 1.36 m

06. BALANCE DIAGRAM

The balance diagram is used to estimate the weight distribution in the
aircraft and to approximately locate the centre of gravity of the aircraft. The
weights of the individual components in the fuselage and their centres of
gravity are tabulated below.
BALANCE DIAGRAM OF FUSELAGE

For full payload:

30

S.NO
1
2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9
10
11
12

COMPONENTS
Instruments
Pilot (2 nos)
Nose landing
gear
Crew (front)
passengers
A(2 nos)
B(2 nos)
C(2 nos)
D(2 nos)
E(2 nos)
F(2 nos)
E(2 nos)
F(2 nos)
G(2 nos)
H (2 nos)
I (2 nos)
J(2 nos)
K (1 no)
Crew(rear)
Cargo
Fuselage
structure
Main landing
gear
Lavatory
Weight of
horizontal tail
Vertical tail

wiXi
31

Wi
351.45
203.81
78.1

Xi
1
1.5
1.4

WiXi
351.45
305.715
109.34

101.93

407.72

203.86
203.86
203.86
203.86
203.86
203.86
203.86
203.86
203.86
203.86
203.86
203.86
101.93
101.93
500
781

4.81
5.62
6.43
7.24
8.05
8.66
9.67
10.48
11.29
12.1
12.9
14.53
14.53
14.53
8
8.515

980.56
1145.69
1310.82
1475.94
1641.07
1806.2
1971.32
2136.45
2301.58
2466.71
2631.83
2631.83
1481.043
1481.043
4000
6650.215

312.4

10.22

3192.728

156.2
234.8

15.34
16.1785

2396.108
3790.62

156.2
wi=55275

15.37

2400.79
wixi=49231.93

Xf

Wi

=8.91m
Wing component only:
s.no
1
2
3

Component
Wing
structure
Power plant
Fuel tank

Wi
370.5

Xi
1.21

Wixi
472.505

233
631.5
wi=1205

.752
1.21

175.216
764.15
wixi=1411.83

Xw=1.125 m
Xcg=x| +0.3 c
=0.995 m
W0=5525.77 kgf
WT=8035.57 kgf

WT(X + XCG)=WF + WW( X + XW)

X = 7.97 m
Location of the leading edge of the wing form nose 7.97 m
Xcg =8.97 m
Xcg/l = 0.5267
The shift in centre of gravity under various conditions:

Conditions

Xcg

Xcg/l

No payload
Full fuel
No payload
Half fuel
No payload
Reserve fuel

8.7855

1.08

8.725

1.44

8.67

1.7

32

Half payload
Full fuel
Half payload
Half fuel
Half payload
Reserve fuel
Full payload
Half fuel
Full payload
Reserve fuel

33

8.86

0.64

8.826

0.84

8.801

0.98

8.949

0.129

8.987

0.19