Electromagnetics

Group T8
Muhammad Ramdhan bin Mohd Suhaili
Muhammad Nurhidayat bin Muhtaza
Muhammad Luqman bin Azmer
Muhammad Izzuddin bin Abdullah
Abstract-These experiment contain two
different cases. Case 1 experiment are to
investigate the electrostatic characteristic of
the stress film that has been used widely as
wrapping material. The electrostatic charge
contain on surface of stress film can be
harmful to the electronic components. The
experiment are successful and the result are
same as the theory of electrostatics. There are
movement of electron on the surface cause the
form of induce charge. While for case 2
experiment, five types of hair fiber were given
to find best hair fiber based on their magnetic
characteristics. Then a solenoid are used to test
each hair fiber by using magnetic field sensor.
However based on the formula, the result are
varied current values, number of turns and
length of wire wrapped used are manipulated.
From theory, magnetic field also effect by
permeability of magnetic material,r used.
Case 1: Electrostatic for stress film.
Introduction
Stress film are widely use to wrap the product
from factory to avoid from damage. But,
electronic components such as IC are very
sensitive to the stress film. Electronic
component can be easily damage effect of the
electrostatics charge on stress film. These task
will test two difference condition of stress film
which is rubbed and unrubbed stress film
and normal plastic. The induce charge will be
measure by using Faradays Cage, charge
sensor and LabQuest equipment. The charge
density can be measure by using specific
formula.
Procedure.
1. Setup the equipment properly.
2. Firstly, put the metal rod to clear the
charge inside the Faradays cage.

3. The unrubbed stress film was put

inside the faradays cage.
4. The average reading of the induce
charge was collected for 30 seconds.
5. The charge density was calculated by
using the formula.
6. The stress film was rubbed slowly for
3 minutes and before put it back inside
the Faradays cage.
7. Repeat the step 2 until 5.
8. Then, the stress film was rubbed as
fast as possible for 3 minutes and put
it back inside the Faradays cage.
Repeat step 2 until 5.
9. Repeat the experiment by using a
rubbed and unrubbed normal
plastics.
10. Observe and compare the changes and
the differences between all the
conditions.
Data and Result
For unrubbed stress film.
0
0

10

20

30

40

-0.5
-1
-1.5

Time (s)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30

Charge(nC)
-1.667
-1.099
-0.755
-0.595
-0.528
-0.531
-0.366

1.667 1.099 0.755 0.595 0.528 0.531 0.366

7

= -0.792 nC/s

For slowly rubbed stress film.

0
0

10

20

30

40

1.5

-0.5

-1

0.5
0

-1.5

10

20

30

40

-2

Time (s)
0
5
10
15
20
25

Charge(nC)
-1.767
-1.011
-0.7
-0.556
-0.439
-0.4

1.767 1.011 0.7 0.556 0.439 0.4

7

1.767 1.011 0.7 0.556 0.439 0.4

7

= -0.6961 nC/s

= 0.719 nC/s

For fast rubbed stress film.

For rubbed normal plastic.

0
0

10

20

30

40

0
-0.5

-2

10

20

30

40

-1
-4

-1.5

-6

Time (s)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30

-2

Charge (nC)
-5.265
-2.837
-1.894
-1.428
-1.192
-1.053
-0.922

-2.5

5.265 2.837 1.894 1.428 1.192 1.053 0.922

7

= - 2.084 nC/s
For unrubbed normal plastic

1.767 1.011 0.7 0.556 0.439 0.4

7

= -1.299 nC/s
Discussion
From table, it shows that the rub stress film
give a negative value of induced charge.
During the rubbing process the electron from
cloth are moving to the stress film.in this case,

stress film gain the electron from the cloth.

Therefore the stress film give a negative value.
Supposedly, the unrubbed stress film contain a
natural charge. It means that the amount of
negative charge and positive charge are
balance. But the result from the experiment
give a negative value. From there, the early
conclusion that can be made are the stress film
are very sensitive material due to surrounding.
Therefore, the stress film are suitable to use as
wrapping film for electronic component.
The faster the rubbing of the stress film the
higher the value of induce charge are produce.
When the value of induce charge are high, the
value of charge density also high. Here is the
comparison of charge density between fast
rubbed and slow rubbed stress film.
=
=

The surface area for stress film that has been

used are:
S = ( 3 x 10-2 ) ( 6 x 10-2 ) = 1.8 x 10-3 m2
For fast rubbed stress film.
2.084 nC/s
= =
1.8 x 103 2
= - 1.158 C/m2
For slow rubbed stress film.

0.792 nC/s
= =
1.8 x 103 2
= - 440nC/m2
The cloth that used for rubbing the stress film
are positively charge based on the graph from
LabQuest as shown below. It is because of the
electron in cloth are transfer or move to stress
film.

Figure 1: charge for rubbed cloth

For second experiment, a normal plastic are
used for both situations which are rub and
unrubbed. The total surface area for these
normal plastic are same as the total surface
area for stress film. For the unrubbed situation,
we put the plastic in the Faraday Cage for
about 30 seconds and we record the data. It
shows that plastic has positive charge. Then,
we rub the plastic for about 3 minutes. Then
put it inside the Faraday Cage for about 30
seconds. The result shows that plastic has
negative charge in it. As the result, the
negative charges are transfer to the plastic
during rubbing process. The value of charge of
plastics are different from stress film. As the
hypothesis, every material has their own
properties and amount of charges. Materials
also a very sensitive when there is a
disturbance.
Calculation for normal plastic.
To find charge density:
=
=

Unrubbed plastic
s = 0.719 / 1.8 x 10-3 =399.44 nC/m2
Rubbed plastics:
s = -1.299 / 1.8 x 10-3 =-721.67 nC/m2
From data above, charge density normal
plastic are low than stress film stress film and
normal plastics are not suitable to use as
wrapping film for electronic components
because the stress film have high tendency to
gain electron. It can gain electron from the

surrounding easily because the stress film are

very sensitive material. It very sensitive to the
temperature, light and friction.
The movement of electron from one material
to another material produce electrostatic
discharge (ESD). It is result of an unbalanced
electrical charge at rest. When static charge
moves from one surface to another, it become
ESD. The movement of these charges often
occurs rapidly and randomly, leading to high
current that can damage the components.
Case 2: Hair Fiber
Introduction
Hair powder are being use to make hair to
denser. Hair powder stick to hair base on
electrostatic principle. The strength of hair
powder attract to hair base on its electric
charge density. Which is the best hair powder
brand base on its electric charge density?
A magnetic field is the magnetic effect of
electric current and magnetic material. A long
straight coil of wire can be used to generate a
nearly uniform magnetic field similar to bar
magnet. This are basically call solenoid.
Solenoid is thin loop wire wrapped around
metallic core that will produce magnetic field
in a volume space when an electric current
pass through it. There are two condition that
effect solenoid operation. First, wrapped wire
should be insulated by one and another so that
less flux loss to the environment. Second,
volume of space inside solenoid also effect the
magnetic flux flow through it.

Procedure

1. Measure capacitor cavity radius, r and

height, h with ruler and calculate its
volume.
2. Fully fill capacitor cavity with hair
powder.
3. Record the value of its voltage, V and
capacitance, C.
4. Calculate and record the hair powder
charge, C charge density, and dielectric
permittivity, by using given equation 2
and equation 7. =

5. Repeat step 1 to 4 by using four different

hair powders.(Caution: Capacitor cavity
need to be FULLY filled to gain accurate
measurement of charges.)
6. Pipe hole first wrapped with long wire and
set at number of turns of 15,(N=15). Then
measured and recorded.
7. DC power supply was set to supply 1
ampere (1A) of current through wrapped
wire.
8. Nanogen type hair fiber insert into whole
pipe hole. Then, magnetic field sensor
placed in the pipe hole to measure the
strength of magnetic field inside the
solenoid. Result recorded.
9. Then, amount of Nanogen hair fiber were
reduce half from original value. Then,
magnetic field sensor are placed again in
the pipe hole to measure magnetic field
strength. Result recorded.
10. Both result using a type of hair fibre
compared.
11. Then, step 1 to 5 are repeated. However,
hair fibre types changes by replacing
Nanogen with SMH, Toppik, XFusion and
Biothik.
12. Lastly, Nanogen hair fibre was insert into
pipe hole and turns number, length
wrapped wire and current are set as
manipulated variable.
13. The result of each experiment recorded.

Data & results

Brand

Capacitance,
C(F)

Nanogen
XFusion
Toppik
SMH
BioThik

0.57n
0.56n
0.56n
0.58n
0.70n

Hair Fibre
Types

Current (A)
Number of Turns
(N)
Length coil (L)
Amount Hair Fibre

Air
Nanogen
SMH
Toppik
XFusion
Biothik

Voltage
across cavity,
V
27.1m
24.6m
47.8m
41.8m
46.5m

Charge, q(C)

Charge
density,

21.03n
22.8n
11.7n
13.9n
15.1n

0.74m
0.81m
0.41m
0.49m
0.53m

Magnetic flux density, (Tesla)

1
2
15
15
0.034
Small
0.0059
0.3268
0.3427
0.3427
0.3713
0.3669

Volume of capacitor cavity:

= 2
V = (3)2 (1)
= 28 3 3.54
Discussion
The higher the electric charge density, the
higher the attraction power of hair powder
toward hair strand base on electrostatic
principle.
Dielectric permittivity doesnt affect the usage
of hair powder on hair because dielectric
permittivity of medium only affect or is effect
by electric field.
Dielectric permittivity is almost same for all
brands because their capacitance value it
almost same.
Magnetic field theory stated that:
= nI where n = N/L and = 0 r
The theory proved. Result shows that magnetic

Large
0.0059
0.3710
0.3408
0.3179
0.3388
0.2866

Dielectric
permittivity,

2.01n
1.98n
1.98n
2.05n
2.48n

3
15

1
25

0.034
Small

0.034
Small

0.053
Small

0.7044

1.1718

0.5066

flux density increase when current flow

increase and wire turns number increase.
However, vacuum permeability at free space
recorded some error that may occur in
measurements or instruments used.
From experiment conducted, the magnetic
permeability calculated was 0 = 13.3733
wb. This value differ from the real 0 which is
0 = 4 x 10-7 .
The result of magnetic flux density was used
to calculate magnetic permeability of each hair
fiber types. Result are shown in the table
below:
Hair Fiber
Types
Air
Nanogen
SMH
Toppik
XFusion
Biothik

Magnetic Permeability, r
(wb)
13.3733
0.1250
0.1316
0.1316
0.1426
0.1410

The magnetic flux density will be higher if the

pipe hole are inserted with high magnetic

permeability materials such as iron, nickel or

copper.
In real electricity power plant, there will be
high magnetic flux produce around the main
core because larger value of current used.
Based on the experiment results the best hair
powder brand is XFusion because it has the
highest electric charge density and highest
magnetic permeability.
Conclusion
For case 1, material have their own
electrostatic properties. Film without any kind
of rub or disturbance will not damage the
electronic chip because no electron transfer.
When there are electron transfer, there will be
increasing negative charge on the film. Then
the charge will harm electronic chip.
Electronic chip is very sensitive to the
disturbance of the charge.
For case 2, increasing electric charge density
of the powder will make it more stick to the
hair. The best hair fiber is XFussion. We use
capacitor cavity because we can get more
parameters. For magnetostatic part,
electromagnetic field strength are affected by
strength of magnetic materials used, number
turns of wire and amount of current flow
through the system.
Reference
1. Mathew N.O Sadiku, Principles of
Electromagnetics. Oxford University
Press, 2009
2. Dessier, RJ (2008), Dipole in Magnetic
Field, Physical Review
3. http://www.vernier.com/products/sensors/
crg-bta/
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetostatic
s
5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatics