Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TOPICS
The Beginning of life
-Pregnancy
-Child Birth
Infancy
The Toddler years
The preschool years
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
a. Pregnancy:
- Know the common mood changes and other
psychological factors associated with pregnancy
- Know the marital problems that may arise
during pregnancy, and how to prevent them.
b. Childbirth:
-Know the rate of birth, infant mortality and
cesarean birth in the U.S. as well as other
associated characteristics.
-Know the characteristics of a premature birth
and postpartum reactions as well as other
associated characteristics. Infant mortality rates.
PREGNANCY
A major event in many peoples lives.
Womans view
Mans view
A. Emotions
Mood changes are common and are
usually due to:
Biological factors
Psychological factors
CHILDBIRTH
Infant mortality
IMR in the United States is high
compared to that of socialist countries and
other developed countries.
It is related to low socioeconomic status,
which is also related to ethnicity.
Cesarean birth
Cesarean births account for about 21% of all
births
The rate of cesarean births increased between
the 1960s and 1990s partly due to the increase
in law suits against physicians when infants died
or were injured during vaginal childbirth.
The rate has been declining in recent years also
because of complaints that women undergo
unnecessary surgical procedures
Premature Infants
The average newborn weighs about 3400g
(7.5 Lb)
Premature infants are defined as those
with a gestation less than 34 weeks or a
birth weight under 2500g.
Predisposing factors:
Low income
Malnutrition
Young maternal age
Maternal illness
Maternal substance abuse
Occurrence
It occurs in 6% of births to White women and
13% of births to African-American women
Child Risk
Premature infants are at risk for:
Learning disabilities such as dyslexia
Emotional and behavioral problems
Mental Retardation
Child abuse
Post-mature Infants
Post-mature infants are defined as those
infants born 2 weeks or more beyond the
expected date of birth.
Post-mature babies typically have:
Long nails
Scanty lanugo hair
More scalp hair than usual
Increased alertness
Postpartum reactions
Baby blues or postpartum blues: last up to
1 week after childbirth
Causes: psychological factors
Physiological factors
Major depression and brief psychotic
disorder with postpartum onset
(postpartum psychosis)
Baby blues
Psychological factors include:
Fear of added responsibilities
Emotional stress of child birth
Physiological factors include:
Hormonal changes
Fatigue
INFANCY
BIRTH TO 15 MONTHS
Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter, students should;
Know the characteristics of the bonding process of
parents to the infant
Know the characteristics of the process of attachment of
the infant to the parents
Know the characteristics of the infant
Know the motor, social, verbal, and cognitive
development of the infant
DEVELOPMENTAL
MILESTONES
PHYSICAL/MOTOR
COGNITIVE
INTELLECTUAL/VERBAL
SOCIAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
INFANT
Reflexes and survival systems at birth
Reflexes are present at birth:
Rooting reflex
Startle reflex (Moro reflex)
Palmar grasp reflex
Babinskis reflex
Tracking reflex
Further differentiation of
neurophysiological functions depends
on an active process of stimulatory
reinforcement from the external
environment, such as touching and
stroking the infant.
The new born infant is awake for only a
short period of each day. REM (Rapid eye
movement) and NREM sleep are present
at birth.
Margaret Mahler
Stages of separation-individuation
Normal autism (birth 2 months)
Symbiosis (2-5 months)
Differentiation (5-10) months
Practicing (10 18) months
Rapproachment (18 24) months
Object constancy (2-5 years)
The toddler
years
15 months to 2 years
Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter, students should;
Know the changes that occur to the attachment of the
toddler to the parents
Know the motor, social, verbal, and cognitive
development of the toddler
Know the theories of development
SPEECH:
They learn to say NO before they learn
to say YES
Negativism is a sign of the development of
independence. But if it persists, the
oppositional behavior becomes a problem.
Most child experts recommend a hearing
test if child is not making a two-word
sentences like NO WANT, WANT IT by
age 2.
THE THEORIES OF
DEVELOPMENT
Erik Erickson
Described development in terms of critical
periods for the achievement of social
goals. E.g. basic trust versus mistrust
Sigmund Freud
Described development in terms of the
parts of the body from which the most
pleasure is derived at each stage of
development. E.g. oral stage, anal stage
Jean Piaget
Described development in terms of
learning capabilities of the child at each
age
Margaret Mahler
Described early development as a
sequential process of separation of the
child from the mother or primary caregiver.
The preschool
child
2 to 6 years
Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter, students should;
Know the motor, social, verbal, and cognitive
development of the toddle
Know the cognitive changes that occur at age six
Attachment:
By age 3 years The child should be able to
spend a few hours away from the mother in the
care of others (e.g. in day care)
Characteristics:
- Vocabulary increases rapidly
- Sibling rivalry may occur may lead to
regression
- Can distinguish fantasy from reality.
SIGMUND FREUD
ORAL STAGE
ANAL STAGE
PHALLIC STAGE
LATENT STAGE
GENITAL STAGE
ERIK ERIKSON
Infant (Birth to 18 months)
Trust vs Mistrust
Needs maximum comfort with minimal uncertainty
to trust himself/herself, others, and the environment
ERIK ERIKSON
Adolescent (12-18 years)
Identity vs Role Confusion
Tries integrating many roles (child, sibling, student, athlete,
worker) into a self-image under role model and peer pressure
Young Adult (19-40 years)
Intimacy vs Isolation
Learns to make personal commitment to another as
spouse, parent or partner
Middle-Age Adult (40-60 years)
Generativity vs Stagnation
Seeks satisfaction through productivity in career, family, and
civic interests
Older Adult (>60 years)
Integrity vs Despair
Reviews life accomplishments, deals with loss and preparation
for death