Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Innovation
Real time
imaging
1970
Microprocessor
Portable
devices
Ultrafast
Imaging
2010
1980
1990
2000
DSP
Low cost
A/D
Miniaturization
Multicore
CPU
Technology
enabler
Broadband
Transducers
GPU
Acoustic
Beam
Ultrasonic speed
uniform c
Focusing in receive
Beamforming
Double focusing
xi , sin m , zn
xi sin m
xi 2 cos 2 m
2 zn c
F ( xi x )
i
c0
2
F
D
F
a 7
D
c 1
2
c 2
R2
2
x
The focal depth is varying continuously with the time of arrival of the echoes
Dynamical Apodization
How to go faster ?
Ultrafast Imaging
Parallel Processing ?
Piezoelectric
transducers
Phase 2
p(ri , t )
RAM
Electronic
memories
An acoustic
source :
an object radiating
ultrasound
p(ri , T t )
Time-reversal of
the echo in each
memory
Echo(ri , t )
Retransmitted
signals in a liquid
with a speed of :
sound 1520 m/s
Liquid with
the same
ultrasonic
speed than
tissue
Image(r , t )
Computed Time
Reversal and
backpropagation
Hypothesis:
c uniform: 1520
m/s
Echo(ri , t )
Image(r , t )
x T 2 zmax c
with
ni zn zn2 xi xn
t0
t0
Time-reversal Imaging
Image(r , t ) Echoi T t G0 r ri ; t r x, z
r1
r2
r3
ri
r4
IMAGE r Image(r , t z c)
Parallel beam forming
Image(r ,T t ) Echoi t T t r ri c
i
5 cm
5 cm
5 cm
Conventional Imaging
5 cm
5 mm
5 cm
5 cm
5 cm
5 cm
5 mm
5 cm
5 cm
0.5 mm
5 cm
5 cm
0.5 mm
5 cm
System Architecture
Analog link
Digital link
Conventional architecture
Probe
Analog / Digital
Hardware
PC
A/D C
Beamforming
GPU
- Ultrafast Data
transfer link
(PCI Express)
Ultrafast architecture
Probe
Analog / Digital
Hardware
A/D C
PC
Signal
processing
Visualization
From HW
to Full SW
architectur
e
Beamforming
(GPU based)
Signal
processing
Visualization
B. Delannoy, R. Torguet, C. Bruneel, E: Bridoux, J. M. Rouvaen, and H. Lasotaa Acoustical image reconstruction in
parallel-processing analog electronic systems, J, Appl, Phys, 50(5), May 1979, 3153
B. Delannoy, R. Torguet, C. Bruneel, and E. Bridoux, Ultrafast electronical image reconstruction device, in
Echocardiography, edited by C.T. Lancee (Nijhoff, The Hague, 1979), Vol.1, Chap. 3, pp. 447450. 12731282 (1984).
The Explososcan
Image Comparison
Conventional
4 focal depths
512 beams
25 Frames/s
Ultrafast
Imaging
1 unfocused
beam : 1
Plane Wave
18 000 F/s
Coherent plane-wave compounding for very high frame rate ultrasonography and transient Elastography.
G. Montaldo, M. Tanter, J. Bercoff, N. Benech, M. Fink IEEE Trans.UFFC, March 2009
Coherent plane-wave compounding for very high frame rate ultrasonography and transient Elastography.
G. Montaldo, M. Tanter, J. Bercoff, N. Benech, M. Fink IEEE Trans.UFFC, March 2009
Ultrafast Compound
40 angles
18 000 F/s
1cm
1 kHz
speed
quality
350 Hz
18 kHz
27
25
-20
-30
z in mm
-10
35
-60
-60
40
10
20
x in mm
40
-80
10
20
30
40
x in mm
Sidelobes
25
R=5
z in mm
-70
-40
-40
-50
Resolution:
x resolution
-20
Sidelobes _ Energy
Contrast 10Log10
Total _ Energy
35
40
10
x in mm 30
40
Contrast in dB
-15
Focused
-20
Multifocus
-25
-30
compound
-35
10
20
30
40
Focal Depth
50
60
70
80
Depth z in mm
Lateral resolution in mm
1.8
Focused
1.6
Multifocus
1.4
compound
1.2
1
10
20
30
Focal Depth
40
50
60
70
80
Depth z in mm
Compound 72 angles
-5
SNR in dB
-10
-15
-20
focused wave
-25
-30
-35
10
multifocus
20
30
Depth z in mm
40
50
60
Tissue
Motion
Blood
Motion
Gray scale
Modifications
Ultrafast Imaging of bubbles
Cavitation threshold estimation
Information on gas dissolution
Imaging of Drug release
Enhanced Contrast Imaging
Superresolution Imaging
Quantitative Elasticity
Imaging
K >> m
E3
m
Shear waves propagates at
cs
( 1-10 m.s-1)
5.000 images.s-1 !
cs
E
3
100 ms
~ 20 ms
Time
~ 1 ms
Acquisition of RF signals
stored
In memories
(ultrasound pulsed
Excitation at 4 MHz)
Tir 1
Tir 2
Tir 3
Tir 4
Tir 5
I.
Soft
II.
Inclusion
III.
20 mm
dure
20
Hard inclusion
Movie of Uz component
HARD
SOFT
2 ( m ) (.u ) mu
t
Compressional
shear
2
- Assumptions:
1)
2u z
2 mu z
t
2
2
uz
uz
uz uz
z
u z
3)
2
2
2
2
2 =>
z
y
x
z
2
Inverse Problem
uz
2 m u z
t
2
2
t
m ( x, z ) 2
u z ( x, z ) 2u z ( x, z )
2
2
z
x
20
-10
10
4
20
-20
20
30
30
-30
0
X (mm)
20 dB
-15
-20
-10
0
X (mm)
20
5
-15
4.5
10 mm diameter
50
-40
-20
40
40
50
Z (mm)
Z (mm)
10
5 mm diameter
-10
4.5
4
-5
3.5
0
3
5
Largeur (mm)
Largeur (mm)
-5
3.5
0
3
5
2.5
10
2
15
20
25
30
35
40
Profondeur (mm)
45
50
1.5
2.5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Profondeur (mm)
40
45
50
1.5
Depth
Transducer Apertures
Ultrafast compound imaging for 2D motion vector estimation : Application to transient elastography
M. Tanter, J. Bercoff, M. Fink, IEEE Ultr., Ferr. And Freq. Ctrl, 49 (10), pp 1363-1374, 2002.
Transducer
Array
Shear
Wave
Vibrator
100 Hz
Transient Shear wave at 2000 fps
The extension to Ultrafast Vector Doppler was also proposed in the 2002 paper
Ultrafast compound imaging for 2D motion vector estimation : Application to transient elastography
M. Tanter, J. Bercoff, M. Fink, IEEE Ultr., Ferr. And Freq. Ctrl, 49 (10), pp 1363-1374, 2002.
Number of angles
Displ. (m)
Number of angles
Ultrafast compound imaging for 2D motion vector estimation : Application to transient elastography
M. Tanter, J. Bercoff, M. Fink, IEEE Ultr., Ferr. And Freq. Ctrl, 49 (10), pp 1363-1374, 2002.
Contrast in dB
-10
1angle
24KHz
-15
4KHz
2KH
z
-20
11 angles
-25
-30
0
11 20
40
60
Number of plane waves
Faster
10dB contrast Improvement using Ultrafast Compound for SSI sequence
14 angle
1 angle
10
10
15
15
20
20
25
25
30
0
5
Depth z in mm
10
10
20
30
5 angles
30
0
5
15
20
20
25
25
10
20
30
Distance x in mm
3 angles
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
10
20
30
40 m/s
7 angles
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
10
15
30
0
m/s
30
0
0.5
10
20
30
Distance x in mm
40
z
Ultrasound
Transducer
Focal zone
2
F (r , t ) 2 p (r , t )
c
Force
Imaged
Area
Typical ultrasonic bursts of 100 s to create low frequency pushes (10 micrometers displacement)
A . Sarvazyan, K Nigthingale, J Greenleaf, M. Fink, M Tanter
~ 100 s
Step 2
Ultrafast imaging
~ 0.3 ms
Texp=20 ms
Conventional US
1s
0s
Ultrafast US
A 30 ms Experiment !!
Transducer
Transducer
2 m/s
6 m/s
Supersonic moving source
Moving
source at
6 m/s
Mach 3
Moving
source at
20 m/s
Mach 10
Movie Duration 20 ms
Quantitative
estimation of
elasticity
kPa
Axial resolution
Elasticity contrast
1.1
1.2
1.2
10
1.3
1.1
several
hundreds
of US
Time Reversal
Prototype
1996-2002
2004-2005
2006-2007
Aixplorer
SSI
Flash Imaging
+
Limited nb of push
Real Time
Quantitative
No motion artefacts
ARFI
Qualitative
ARFI- SWS
Synthetic building
of flash sequence
+ repeated local Push
Quantitative
Not Real Time
Potential motion Artefacts
Medical applications
Breast
Tyroid
Liver
Kidney
Muscle
Vascular
Cardiac
Eye
Prostate
Monitoring HIFU
benign
Malignant
benign
Breast Chimiotherapy
coil
= 2.04
cm
June/2011
1.80 cm
July/2011
= 1.64 cm
August/2011
0.1 cm
October/2011
Gastrocnemius
Contraction
Soleus
Contraction
5000 fps
Pernot M, Matteo P., Couade M., Crozatier B., Fischmeister R., Tanter M.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology , 2011
M. Couade, M. Pernot, P. Matteo, B. Crozatier, R. Fischmeister and M. Tanter
Ultr. Med. Biol., Oct. 2010
8
6
10
4
15
2
0
20
-2
-4
25
-6
ECG
05
6
INC
0.1
0.2
0.7
0.8
0.9
002
3
REF
n engil
depth (mm)
001
5
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
time after R-wave (s)
051
052
003
053
0
0.08
041
021
001
08
n egami
06
04
0.1
0.12
0.14
time (s)
0.16
0.18
0.2
6 m/s
12
10
8
6
10
4
15
2
0
20
-2
-4
25
-6
ECG
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
time after R-wave (s)
0.7
0.8
0.9
propagation speed
=
elasticity
60
80
100
120
140
160
350
300
250
800 Hz
Velocity (mm/s)
200
150
10
100
8
50
5
6
4
10
mm
2
15
Opening
closing
6 m/s
-4
1 m/s
1.1 m/s
-6
Volonteer 1 (10x)
Opening
Closing
-2
20
25
-8
30
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
-10
Average 1
Standard Dev 1
Couade, M.; Pernot, M.; Messas, E.; Emmerich, J.; Hagege, A.; Fink, M. & Tanter, M.
(2011), 'Ultrafast imaging of the arterial pulse wave', Irbm 32(2), 106--108.
5,1 m/s
6,3 m/s
0.46 m/s
0.4 m/s
Ultrafast Imaging of
Intrinsic waves
2000 images/s
Can we use mechanical vibrations where electromagnetic waves are limited due to large wavelengths
(cardiology, epilepsy,) ?
Deffieux, T.; Gennisson, J.-L.; Tanter, M.; Fink, M. Nordez, A.
'Ultrafast imaging of in vivo muscle contraction using ultrasound', Applied Physics Letters 89(18), 2006
Deffieux T, Gennisson JL, Tanter M, et al. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, 55 (10), Pages: 2177-2190, OCT 2008
Contraction
Relaxation
80 ms
160 ms
3.5 V
4.5 V
5.5 V
threshold
First US imaging of
Electro- mechanical
Waves (ECG Gated)
Ultrafast imaging of the heart using circular wave synthetic imaging with phased arrays
Couade M., Hagege, A.-A. ; Fink, M. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, pp 515-518, 2009.
H. Kanai: "Propagation of Vibration Caused by Electrical Excitation in the Normal Human Heart"
Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology Vol. 35, No. 6, pp. 936-948 (June 2009)
Electromechanical Wave Imaging for Noninvasive Mapping of the 3D Electrical Activation Sequence
in vivo, Provost, Jean; Lee, Wei-Ning; Fujikura, Kana; et al., CIRCULATION, 122(21), 2010
Physiologic Cardiovascular Strain and Intrinsic Wave Imaging, Konofagou, Elisa; Lee, Wei-Ning;
Luo, Jianwen; et al., ANNUAL REVIEW OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, VOL 13 Book Series:
Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, 13,477-505, 2011
Ultrafast imaging of
single hearbeat
Flat transmit
50
depth (mm)
100
200
8.96
-100
100
-80
80
-60
60
-40
40
-20
20
0
0
20
-20
40
-40
60
-60
80
-80
100
-100
-60
0
-80
-30
-30
-20
-40
-10
-50
)mm( retto
neprobe
c eborp
ot ecn
atsid
(mm)
(mm)
center
center
to
distance
distance
-50
-10
-40
-20
-100
-10
-60
-40
-20
-20
0
-30
20
40
-40
60
80
-50
100
50
100
depth
(mm)
depth (mm)
150
200
0
-60
50
Ultrafast imaging of the heart using circular wave synthetic imaging with phased arrays
Couade M., Hagege, A.-A. ; Fink, M. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, pp 515-518, 2009.
Papadacci C., Pernot M., et al. IEEE IUS, Dresden, 2012
100
depth (mm)
150
200
-60
20
-5
40
-10
depth (mm)
-15
60
-20
-25
80
-30
-35
100
-60
-40
-20
0
20
lateral position (mm)
40
60
-2
Clutter level
-4
Target point
-6
-8
-10
-12
6
8
Number of transmits
Ultrafast imaging of the heart using circular wave synthetic imaging with phased arrays
Couade M., Hagege, A.-A. ; Fink, M. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, pp 515-518, 2009.
10
12
-40
Short Axis
Hiroshi Kanai: "Propagation of Vibration Caused by Electrical Excitation
in the Normal Human Heart" Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology Vol. 35,
No. 6, pp. 936-948 (June 2009)
Long Axis
Left ventricle
TDI cineloop
Mitral valve
50
100
150
Posterior
wall
200
250
50
100
150
Ultrafast imaging of the heart using circular wave synthetic imaging with phased arrays
Couade M., Hagege, A.-A. ; Fink, M. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, pp 515-518, 2009.
200
250
Wall tracking
From the
mitral
valve
Following
closure
V = 0.8
m/s
10 5
12
From the
apex
During
IVC
v=1.3 m/s
10
14
16
15
18
20
20
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
22
23
24
24
APEX
0
0.01
0.10.02
0.3
0.030.2
0.04
0.30.05
0.060.4
0.31
0.07
0.32
0.5 0.08
0.33
0.6
0.09
QRS
P
T
QRS
Ultrafast imaging of the heart using circular wave synthetic imaging with phased arrays
Couade M., Hagege, A.-A. ; Fink, M. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, pp 515-518, 2009.
0.34
APEX
0
20
10
P wave QRS
40
60
20
80
30
100
120
40
140
160
50
V~ 3 m/s
180
60
-60
-40
-20
20
40
200
60
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Couade M., Application of ultrafast imaging in cardiology, PhD Thesis, Paris 7 University, 2011
Ultrafast imaging of the heart using circular wave synthetic imaging with phased arrays
Couade M., Hagege, A.-A. ; Fink, M. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, pp 515-518, 2009.
0.3
Time
0.35
0.4
0.45
BASE
20
20
40
60
30
80
40
100
50
120
60
140
70
160
80
180
-60
-40
-20
20
40
60
200
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Couade M., Application of ultrafast imaging in cardiology, PhD Thesis, Paris 7 University, 2011
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Ultrafast Imaging of
Acoustic Cavitation
Gateau, J.; Aubry, J.-F.; Pernot, M.; Fink, M. & Tanter, M. (2011), 'Combined Passive Detection and Ultrafast Active
Imaging of Cavitation Events Induced by Short Pulses of High-Intensity Ultrasound', Ieee Transactions On Ultrasonics
Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control 58(3), 517--532.
B-scan
Passive cavitation imaging with ultrasound arrays, Vasant A. Salgaonkar, Saurabh Datta,
Christy K. Holland, and T. Douglas Mast J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 2009
B-scan
Salgaonkar, VA; Datta, S; Holland, CK; et al, JASA 126 (6): 3071-3083 DEC 2009
Gyongy, M; Coussios, CC IEEE TBME, 57 (1): 48-56 JAN 2010
> no time origin, localization submitted to diffraction limit (both in lateral and axial
dimension)
Improvement for single event detection : synchronized detection
(no integration in time: improved axial resolution)
Rebound
RF data on the element # 32
Focal point
Rebound
High frequency wave-front
Beamformed RF data
Gateau, J.; Aubry, J.-F.; Pernot, M.; Fink, M. & Tanter, M. (2011), 'Combined Passive Detection and Ultrafast Active
Imaging of Cavitation Events', Ieee UFFC 58(3), 517--532.
Focal point
Beamformed RF data
Gateau, J.; Aubry, J.-F.; Pernot, M.; Fink, M. & Tanter, M. (2011), 'Combined Passive Detection and Ultrafast Active
Imaging of Cavitation Events', Ieee UFFC 58(3), 517--532.
RAM
RAM
Active image
Active image
Bmode image
Trepanated sheep
Skull base
Gateau, J.; Aubry, J.-F.; Pernot, M.; Fink, M. & Tanter, M. (2011), 'Combined Passive Detection and Ultrafast Active
Imaging of Cavitation Events', Ieee UFFC 58(3), 517--532.
Nucleation
Gateau, J.; Aubry, J.-F.; Pernot, M.; Fink, M. & Tanter, M. (2011), 'Combined Passive Detection and Ultrafast Active
Imaging of Cavitation Events', Ieee UFFC 58(3), 517--532.
No nucleation
Coherent subtraction
Gateau, J.; Aubry, J.-F.; Pernot, M.; Fink, M. & Tanter, M. (2011), 'Combined Passive Detection and Ultrafast Active
Imaging of Cavitation Events', Ieee UFFC 58(3), 517--532.
No nucleation
Coherent subtraction
Gateau, J.; Aubry, J.-F.; Pernot, M.; Fink, M. & Tanter, M. (2011), 'Combined Passive Detection and Ultrafast Active
Imaging of Cavitation Events', Ieee UFFC 58(3), 517--532.
3mm
3mm
Gateau, J.; Aubry, J.-F.; Pernot, M.; Fink, M. & Tanter, M. (2011), 'Combined Passive Detection and Ultrafast Active
Imaging of Cavitation Events', Ieee UFFC 58(3), 517--532.
Ultrafast Imaging of
contrast agents disruption
Couture, O.; Bannouf, S.; Montaldo, G.; Aubry, J.-F.; Fink, M. & Tanter, M. (2009), 'Ultrafast Imaging of Ultrasound Contrast
Agents', Ultrasound In Medicine and Biology 35(11), 1908--1916.
Array
Couture, O.; Bannouf, S.; Montaldo, G.; Aubry, J.-F.; Fink, M. & Tanter, M. (2009), 'Ultrafast Imaging of Ultrasound Contrast
Agents', Ultrasound In Medicine and Biology 35(11), 1908--1916.
-4 ms
4 ms
100 ms
24 ms
36 ms
Couture, O.; Bannouf, S.; Montaldo, G.; Aubry, J.-F.; Fink, M. & Tanter, M. (2009), 'Ultrafast Imaging of Ultrasound Contrast
Agents', Ultrasound In Medicine and Biology 35(11), 1908--1916.
Couture, O.; Bannouf, S.; Montaldo, G.; Aubry, J.-F.; Fink, M. & Tanter, M. (2009), 'Ultrafast Imaging of Ultrasound Contrast
Agents', Ultrasound In Medicine and Biology 35(11), 1908--1916.
Tumor-targeted
Microbubbles
Control
microbubbles
Couture, O.; Bannouf, S.; Montaldo, G.; Aubry, J.-F.; Fink, M. & Tanter, M. (2009), 'Ultrafast Imaging of Ultrasound Contrast
Agents', Ultrasound In Medicine and Biology 35(11), 1908--1916.
Free Bubbles
Targeted microbubbles
Couture, O.; Bannouf, S.; Montaldo, G.; Aubry, J.-F.; Fink, M. & Tanter, M. (2009), 'Ultrafast Imaging of Ultrasound Contrast
Agents', Ultrasound In Medicine and Biology 35(11), 1908--1916.
Bound setup
Flowing setup
Couture, O.; Bannouf, S.; Montaldo, G.; Aubry, J.-F.; Fink, M. & Tanter, M. (2009), 'Ultrafast Imaging of Ultrasound Contrast
Agents', Ultrasound In Medicine and Biology 35(11), 1908--1916.
24 ms
-4 ms
36 ms
4 ms
100 ms
Couture, O.; Bannouf, S.; Montaldo, G.; Aubry, J.-F.; Fink, M. & Tanter, M. (2009), 'Ultrafast Imaging of Ultrasound Contrast
Agents', Ultrasound In Medicine and Biology 35(11), 1908--1916.
Couture, O.; Bannouf, S.; Montaldo, G.; Aubry, J.-F.; Fink, M. & Tanter, M. (2009), 'Ultrafast Imaging of Ultrasound Contrast
Agents', Ultrasound In Medicine and Biology 35(11), 1908--1916.
Couture, O.; Dransart, E.; Dehay, S.; Nemati, F.; Decaudin, D.; Johannes, L. & Tanter, M. (2011), 'Tumor Delivery of Ultrasound
Contrast Agents Using Shiga Toxin B Subunit', Molecular Imaging 10(2), 135--143.
Aixplorer,
Supersonic Imagine
Ultrafast Contrast Plane Wave Imaging spreads the acoustic intensity in time
Disruption ratio obtained after 100 images. The ratio is calculated from the intensity of the
microbubble echo before and after the full sequence. In plane-wave imaging, each pixel is insonified
121 times rather than a single time in focused imaging.
Hence, at the same peak-negative pressure, plane-wave imaging disrupts slightly more bubbles.
But Plane-wave imaging spread the energy over more pulses at lower pressure. Microbubbles
being sensitive to the peak-negative pressure, rather than the total energy, the 50% disruption point
is only observed at 0.47 mW/cm2 for plane-wave imaging as compared to 0.02 mW/cm2 for focused
pulses.
Less acoustic energy can be emitted with focused pulses before microbubbles disruption occurs.
CTRPlaneWave
CTRFocused
~ N angles
At 50 kPa PNP
Two distincts
sources
Rayleigh criterion
Two indistinguishable
sources
140
142
Time (axial)
Depth (axial)
Lateral (elements)
Beamformed Image
Raw Data
SRUI
1.5 MHz
/2
EXP.
Simulation
AXIAL
500 m
6 m
4.5 m
40 m
11 m
LATERAL
Channels
PDMS
Axial
Lateral
= 6 m
SWE
ShearWave Elastography (SWE) provides an additional information to
the user: tissue stiffness
SWE completes the information circle of ultrasound devices
B-mode
Doppler
Elastography
ANATOMY
FLOW
STIFFNESS
(1970s 1980s)
(1980s 1990s)
(2000s 2010s)
Confidential
Ultrafast
Doppler
+ Ultrafast Imaging
+ Ultrafast Imaging
SWE
Bercoff,
J.; Montaldo, G.; Loupas, T.; Savery, D.; Meziere, F.;
Fink, M. & Tanter, M. (2011),
153
Confidential
'Ultrafast Compound Doppler Imaging: Providing Full Blood Flow Characterization', Ieee Trans. Ultr. Ferr. Frq. Ctrl, 58(1)
2) Spectral Doppler
Full quantification of
flow velocity per
Fourier analysis
Available at on given
location
velocities
tim
e
154
Imaging
AND
OR
Confidential
Quantification
time
Conventional PW
time
Ultrafast Doppler
Confidential
time
3 kHz (5 angles)
18 kHz (1 angle)
1c
m
Application 2:
Small vessels
Application 1:
Carotid Artery
Standard CFI
(live)
Prospective
cineloop: 2-4
seconds of
Doppler data
UltraFastTM
Doppler
Acquisition
Flow analysis
and
Quantification
Bercoff, J.; Montaldo, G.; Loupas, T.; Savery, D.; Meziere, F.; Fink, M. & Tanter, M. (2011),
'Ultrafast Compound Doppler Imaging: Providing Full Blood Flow Characterization', Ieee Trans. Ultr. Ferr. Frq. Ctrl, 58(1)
158
Confidential
Bercoff,
J.; Montaldo, G.; Loupas, T.; Savery, D.; Meziere, F.;
Fink, M. & Tanter, M. (2011),
159
Confidential
'Ultrafast Compound Doppler Imaging: Providing Full Blood Flow Characterization', Ieee Trans. Ultr. Ferr. Frq. Ctrl, 58(1)
80
70
60
PSV,
CorrelCoef=1
50
40
30
20
0
0
14
12
10
EDV,
CorrelCoef=0.99
9
8
6
4
2
10
160
16
90
10
20
0
Confidential 0
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ConventionalPW PSV (cm/s)
6
8
10
12
14
16
Conventional PW EDV (cm/s)
Example
161
Confidential
All images are courtesy
of J.P. Henry
Improving visualisation of
hemodynamics
STANDARD CFI
Bercoff,
J.; Montaldo, G.; Loupas, T.; Savery, D.; Meziere, F.;
Fink, M. & Tanter, M. (2011),
162
Confidential
'Ultrafast Compound Doppler Imaging: Providing Full Blood Flow Characterization', Ieee Trans. Ultr. Ferr. Frq. Ctrl, 58(1)
Improving visualisation of
hemodynamics
ULTRAFAST DOPPLER
Bercoff,
J.; Montaldo, G.; Loupas, T.; Savery, D.; Meziere, F.;
Fink, M. & Tanter, M. (2011),
163
Confidential
'Ultrafast Compound Doppler Imaging: Providing Full Blood Flow Characterization', Ieee Trans. Ultr. Ferr. Frq. Ctrl, 58(1)
164
Confidential
165
Confidential
166
Confidential
167
Confidential
Udesen et al: 'High Frame-Rate Blood Vector Velocity Imaging Using Plane Waves:
Simulations and Preliminary Experiments, IEEE UFFC, vol 55, no. 8, pp. 1729-1743, 2008.
Truncus
brachiocephalic
a, a. subclavia
and
a. carotis com.
Truncus brachiocephalica
3D flow
Rotational flow
in the carotid artery
Vortices after
peak systole
in carotid
bifurcation
Center for Fast Ultrasound Imaging
Technical University of Denmark
Ultrasound imaging
Transducer array
8 MHz
Metallic Arm
X
Acoustic
probe
Z
200 m
2 cm
Arteries Vein Myocardium
s
Left Ventricle
2.5 cm
Millar Probe
Chest Cavity
VTissue ~ cm/s
Ultrafast Acquisition
Image 6
0
ms
Image 0
0.07 ms
0.14 ms
Image -6
Image -3
0.20 ms 0.27 ms
Spatial Compounding
0.33
0.66
= 1 Heart cycle with a 3000Hz Framerate
ms0.5s insonificationms
500 ms
0 ms
High Framerate
500
High sensitivityms
0
Wall
Blood
s(t ) A(t )e j (t )
-100
Arg{s(t )} (t )
-50
50
100 f
Imagina
ry
Blood
(t)
Tissue and blood signal
(t ) Tissue (t )
real
(t ) Tissue (t ) HF (t )
(t )
Low pass
Tissue (t )filter
FFT{sdem (t )}
-100 -50
50
f
100
Demodulation
Wall Filtering
Arterie Vein
s
s
down
sblood
(t )
-1500
-500
Arteries
-1500
500
1500
-500
500
1500
up
sblood
(t )
Veins
f
-1500
-500
500
1500
t T
down
blood
( ) d
up
blood
1
(t )
T
t T
up
sblood
( ) d
1cm
1
(t )
T
1cm
down
blood
Pressure (mmHg)
Systole
80
60
40
20
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Time (ms)
Coronary Arteries
P = 80 mmHg
Aorta
Coronary Veins
P = 10 mmHg
Left Ventricle
P = 80 mmHg
Arteries
Veins
Aortic Valve
opened
Pressure (mmHg)
Systole
80
60
40
20
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Time (ms)
Signed Power Doppler
Coronary Veins
P = 10 mmHg
Aorta
Coronary Arteries
P = 60 mmHg
Left Ventricle
P = 10 mmHg
Arteries
Veins
Aortic Valve
closed
Inverted Circulation
Pressure (mmHg)
80
60
40
20
50
100
150
200
250
Time (ms)
300
350
400
450
Normalized
intensity
50
500
Veins
Arteries
100
150
Systole
200
250
Time (ms)
300
350
400
450
500
Diastole
Occlusion of two main epicardial coronary arteries upstream the imaging plane
Before Ischemia
After Ischemia
Systole
(Venous Flow)
Diastole
(Arterial Flow)
Neurovascular coupling
Neuronal
activity
Blood O2
Blood flow
Blood volume
fMRI
PET
Optical
imaging
Doppler
ultrasound
Spatial
resolution
Temporal
resolution
Sensitivity
(SNR)
Penetration
Stimulus
Neurons
electrical
potential
Microvessels
blood flow
and volume
blood O2
-1
15 samples
I sD2 (t ) dt
Power Doppler
200 ms
I
(dB)
15 MHz
High pass filter
0
0.1
Doppler signal sD
-10
-20
200 ms
-0.1
-30
200 samples
Doppler
I sD2 (t ) dt Power
lower noise
-1
200 ms
15 MHz
High pass filter
Doppler
I
(dB)
0
0.1
Doppler signal sD
200 ms
compound images
-0.1
longer signal
-10
-20
-30
20 focused
15 focused
100
100
200
200
300
300
400
400
500
500
600
600
200
400
600
100
200
300
400
500
100
200
300
400
200 compound
100
200
200
300
300
400
400
500
500
600
600
200
300
400
200
400 compound
100
100
100
500
500
100
200
300
400
500
300
400
500
0.9
0.8
(mm/s)
-30
-20
vx
Ultrasonic
array
-10
.9 .5
.1
.5 .9
0.7
0.6
y
0
Full
detection
Blind
Full
detection
0.5
0.4
0.3
10
0.2
0.1
20
Rotating cylinder
-20
-10
0
10
v y (mm/s)
20
I Doppler s 2 (t )dt
IDoppler
along a line ?
Ideal case: no noise
t=1
t=2
t=N
+
+
=
I min
I noise
N Frames
1
2
Blood intensity
Detectability condition
Noise variance
reduced by the
number of frames
SNR Gain
Sensitivity Gain
Depth (mm)
Local
Cerebral
blood
volume
Coronal
Sagittal
-400
-200
Frequency in Hz
200
400
up
down
(b)-400
-200
(c) 400
0
200
Frequency in Hz
Color coding
Scan orientation
in-vivo validation
craniotomy
Stimulus pattern
ON
(16 s)
OFF
(44 s)
DI
I
CBV(t)
Correlation map
Superposition
Stim(t)
Identification
E. Mac , G. Montaldo, I. Cohen, M. Baulac, M. Fink and M. Tanter. Nature Methods, 8, 662-664 (2011)
Correlation maps
Activation maps
Rows
CDE
Rows
CD
Only 10 cycles!
Row
D
Less invasive?
Other areas?
E. Mac , G. Montaldo, I. Cohen, M. Baulac, M. Fink and M. Tanter. Nature Methods, 8, 662-664 (2011)
IMAGING MODALITY
Penetration
Large field of view
High spatiotemporal
resolution
High sensitivity
Whole brain
Complex spatiotemporal
dynamics
Not reproducible
EEG-fMRI
EEG
fMRI
PET
Optics
fUS
Spatial
resolution
only few
points
Temporal
resolution
Sensitivity
(SNR)
Penetration/fie
ld of view
Experimental procedure
Injection
EEG
2 hours
fUS
E. Mac, G. Montaldo, I. Cohen, M. Baulac, M. Fink, M. Tanter, Nature Methods, July 2011
CBV
EEG
EEG envelope
E. Mac , G. Montaldo, I. Cohen, M. Baulac, M. Fink and M. Tanter. Nature Methods, 8, 662-664 (2011)
CBV
changes
(%)
50
25
-25
E. Mac, G. Montaldo, I. Cohen, M. Baulac, M. Fink, M. Tanter, Nature Methods, July 2011
Correlation
function
CBV changes
(%)
EEG
Propagati
on time
Time (s)
Reference points
Correlation coefficient
Correlation maps
Secondary foci
zone 1
..
.
zone 2
..
.
..
.
zone 3
(a)
(b)
(c)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Piriform cortex and olfactory bulb
Olfactory bulb
Piriform cortex
Figure:
(a) to (c):
activation
map respectively
piriform
cortex (coronal view), of the piriform cortex and in the
B. Osmanski,
H. Gurden,
G.Montaldo,
F. Pain, of
M. the
Fink,
M. Tanter
olfactory bulb (sagittal view) and activation map in the olfactory bulb (coronal view).
Thinned-skull
Doppler
Thinned skull 50 m
Craniotomy
Day 0
Day 7
Minimally invasive
Quick recovery
No sign of bone
regrowth
Low attenuation
Linear probe
Coronal view
Sagittal view
R Debr Hospital
C. Demene, M. Pernot, V. Biran, M. Alison, O. Baud, M. Fink, M. Tanter
Summary
Ultrafast ultrasound imaging is linked to the concept of Holography in Optics
Ultrafast imaging using the concept of plane or circular waves paves
the way to tremendous applications for medical ultrasound
Ultrafast plane wave imaging was initially introduced for Transient Elastography
Ultrafast imaging is the key for quantitative and real time Elastography
Ultrafast imaging technology has emerged thanks to video game industry
Supersonic Shear Wave Elastography was the first clinical application of
ultrafast imaging and led to the first ultrafast imaging commercial device
Beyond Elastography, new modalities are already emerging today :
Ultrafast Doppler for complex flows or small vessels imaging
Conventional Bmode will be replaced by Coherent plane wave compounding
Ultrafast Cavitation Imaging
Ultrafast Contrast imaging
fUltrasound : functional ultrasound imaging of brain activation
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PhD and PostDocs positions available
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