Engineering Materials

Engineering M12

Moorpark College
Chapter 4 Homework

4.3
Calculate the energy for vacancy formation in silver, given that the equilibrium number of
vacancies at 800C (1073 K) is 3.6X1023m-3. The atomic weight and density (at 800C) for Silver
are respectively, 107.9 g/mol, and 9.5 g/cm3
This problem calls for the computation of the energy for vacancy formation in silver. Upon examination of
Equation (4.1), all parameters besides Q are given except N, the total number of atomic sites. However, N is
v
related to the density, (
), Avogadro's number (N ), and the atomic weight (A) according to Equation (4.2) as
A

N =

(6.023 x 10
=

NA Ag
A

Ag

)(

23

atoms / mol 9.5 g / cm3

107.9 g / mol

22
3
28
3
= 5.30 x 10 atoms/cm = 5.30 x 10 atoms/m

Now, taking natural logarithms of both sides of Equation (4.1), and, after some algebraic manipulation

NV
QV = RT ln

3.60 x 10 23 m 3
= 8.62 x 10-5 eV/atom - K (1073 K) ln
28
3
5.30 x 10 m

= 1.10 eV/atom

4.9
Calculate the composition, in weight percent, of an alloy that consists 105 kg of iron, 0.2 kg of
Carbon, and 1.0 kg of chromium
The concentration, in weight percent, of an element in an alloy may be computed using a modification of Equation
(4.3). For this alloy, the concentration of iron (C ) is just
Fe

CFe =

mFe
mFe + mC + mCr

x 100

105 kg
x 100 = 98.87 wt%
105 kg + 0.2 kg + 1.0 kg

Similarly, for carbon

Engineering Materials
Engineering M12

Moorpark College

CC =

0.2 kg
x 100 = 0.19 wt%
105 kg + 0.2 kg + 1.0 kg

CCr =

1.0 kg
x 100 = 0.94 wt%
105 kg + 0.2 kg + 1.0 kg

And for chromium

4.11
What is the composition, in atom percent, of an alloy that contains 44.5 lbm of silver, 83.7 lbm
of gold, and 5.3 lbm of Cu
In this problem we are asked to determine the concentrations, in atom percent, of the Ag-Au-Cu alloy. It is first
necessary to convert the amounts of Ag, Au, and Cu into grams.
'
mAg
= (44.5 lbm )(453.6 g/lb m ) = 20,185 g

'
mAu
= (83.7 lbm )(453.6 g/lb m ) = 37,966 g

'
mCu
= (5.3 lbm )(453.6 g/lbm ) = 2,404 g

These masses must next be converted into moles [Equation (4.4)], as

nm

'
mAg

Ag

nm

Ag

20,185 g
= 187.1 mol
107.87 g / mol

37, 966 g
= 192.8 mol
196.97 g / mol

=
Au

nm

Cu

2,404 g
= 37.8 mol
63.55 g / mol

Now, employment of a modified form of Equation (4.5)

nm
'

C Ag =

Ag

+n

Ag

+ n
Au

x 100

m
Cu

187.1 mol
x 100 = 44.8 at%
187.1 mol + 192.8 mol + 37.8 mol

Engineering Materials
Engineering M12

Moorpark College

192.8 mol
x 100 = 46.2 at%
187.1 mol + 192.8 mol + 37.8 mol

C 'Au =

'
CCu
=

37.8 mol
x 100 = 9.0 at%
187.1 mol + 192.8 mol + 37.8 mol

4.21
Niobium forms a substitutional solid solution with vanadium. Compute the number of niobium
atoms per cubic centimeter for a niobium-vanadium alloy that contains 24 wt% Nb and 76 wt%
V. The densities of pure niobium and vanadium are 8.57 and 6.10 g/cm3 respectively
This problem asks us to determine the number of niobium atoms per cubic centimeter for a 24 wt% Nb-76 wt% V
solid solution. To solve this problem, employment of Equation (4.18) is necessary, using the following values:
C =C
= 24 wt%
1
Nb
3
=
= 8.57 g/cm
1
Nb
3
= = 6.10 g/cm
2
V
A =A
= 92.91 g/mol
1
Nb
Thus

NNb =

NACNb
ANb
+
100 CNb
V

CNb ANb

Nb

(6.023

x 1023 atoms / mol (24)

(24)(92.91 g / mol)
(8.57 g / cm 3 )

92.91 g / mol
6.10 g / cm3

(100

24)

22
3
= 1.02 x 10 atoms/cm