3 Practical Uses For The Circle of Fifths

Question by Russ
(USA)
I've been reading up on the circle of fifths and it seems more complicated than
sharps and flats. Could you clear this up for me?

How the Circle of Fifths Can Help Guitarists

Russ, thanks for your question. I've been meaning to clear up the whole circle
of fifths thing for a while now.
I hope I can help to clarify its main practical functions for guitarists.
Let's first look at the simplest presentation you're likely to see of the circle of
fifths...

So here we have all the diatonic major keys in the outer ring (C, G, D etc.).
And in the inner ring we have the minor keys (Am, Em, Bm etc.).

1. Relative Keys
The first relationship the CoF can teach us is that between the relative
major/minor keys.
As you can see, the relative minor sits directly below the major.
For example, Am is the relative minor key of Cmaj.
Cmaj is the relative major key of Am.
Practically speaking, relative keys can be seen in two ways...

Relative major/minor scales

The scale of the major key (e.g. C major) uses the same notes as its relative
minor key scale (e.g. A minor).
For example, C major pentatonic uses the same notes as A minor pentatonic.
The B natural minor scale uses the same notes as its relative D major scale.
This means you can use the relative minor scale pattern to extend your major
scale pattern when playing in major keys, or vice versa.
However, it's far more effective to learn to see this major/minor relationship on
the fretboard.
The relative minor chord and scale is always three frets below the major.
The relative major chord/scale is always three frets above the minor.

Relative key modulation

The other function served by this major/minor relationship is relative key
changes (modulation).
This means you can resolve your chord progression to the relative key for a
different sound.
For example, I could start in the key of A major, but resolve to F# minor. Or
vice versa.
Relative key changes are the most natural sounding type of modulation,
because as mentioned before, the relative keys use the same notes/scale.

2. Chords in a Key
Another relationship the CoF teaches us is that between the chords of a given
diatonic key.
Most songs you'll hear (e.g. pop and rock) are written (whether intentionally or
not) around the diatonic harmonization of a major or minor scale.
This harmonization creates a "chord scale" - one chord built on each of the
scale's notes.
The CoF shows us six of these chords (I, ii, iii, IV, V and vi) bundled together
within the same three segments. Take a look at how the chords of C major are
in immediate proximity in the circle...

Why do all these chords work so well together? Because they all contain
notes from the parent scale - C major.
This three-segment relationship can be moved around the circle for different
keys. Here's A major for example...

So learning this relationship might help you with writing chord progressions
that flow naturally. However, you should try to substitute and alter chords
occasionally. More on that another time.
It'll also tell you which chords make up a given diatonic (common) key, so you
know which scale they are part of.
For example, let's say you were jamming the blues in E major. You might
know that blues typically uses the I IV and V (1 4 and 5) chords.
Using the circle of fifths, you can learn what these chords would be for each
key.

What about minor keys? Same three-segment relationship, but this time, the
tonic moves to the minor chord and we adjust the numbering accordingly...

So again, the 1, 4 and 5 chords are grouped together with the tonic (key) in
the center. The other chords (VI, III and VII) will also work naturally in that
minor key, because as we now know, they all use the same notes as the
parent relative scales (C major / A minor).
Note that it's common to make the v chord a major V chord, as it carries more
harmonic weight (sounds better!).

3. Modulation to a New Key Signature

Here's an interesting use of the circle in terms of changing to a new key and
scale.
We do this by making the V chord (the chord to the right of the I chord) the
new tonic/I and therefore the new key center.
Let's say we started in the key of C major. We know the chords and we know
that A minor is its relative minor key (the vi or 6 chord).
But we can also move into the key of G by introducing the chord to the right of
it - D major. For example...
Cmaj / Em / Am / Dmaj / Gmaj / Am / Dmaj / Gmaj
So we used D major as a "pivot chord", known as a secondary dominant, to
move into our new key of G major. We then used chords from the G major key
to reaffirm it as the new key center.

So when playing in major keys, there's a strong link into a new key just to the
right of the V chord. The V chord of the original key becomes the new tonic (I).

Stuff You Probably Don't Need to Know

More complicated interpretations of the CoF can be found, such as this one...

This type is more useful for those learning standard notation, as it tells us the
number of sharps and flats in a given key signature.
I've always placed more emphasis and time on learning how notes relate to one
another on the fretboard and by ear than thinking in purely theoretical terms.
Even if you mastered everything the circle of fifths can possibly teach you,
you'd still have to work on visually translating those relationships to the

fretboard and internalize them aurally.

Simply memorizing notes and sharps/flats will only get you so far. You need to
be able to hear how they harmonize with other notes and see how such
harmonizations form movable patterns (e.g. scales) on the fretboard.
That way, you don't have to waste hours of your time learning the individual
notes for each of the twelve keys. Instead, you can learn in patterns (e.g.
intervals) and simply move those patterns to the appropriate fret for a different
key.
However I hope I've clarified how the circle of fifths can help you with song
writing,connecting a key and scale to a bunch of related chords and vice
versa.