September 11 Attacks Book

September 11 attacks
Contents
1
Overview
1.1
September 11 attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.2
Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.3
Aftermath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.4
Eects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
1.1.5
Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
1.1.6
Rebuilding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
1.1.7
Memorials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
1.1.8
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
1.1.9
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
1.1.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
1.1.11 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
Timeline
31
2.1
Timeline of the attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
2.1.1
Background history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
2.1.2
Planning
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
2.1.3
September 11, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
2.1.4
Rest of September . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
2.1.5
October . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
2.1.6
Beyond October
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
2.1.7
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
2.2.1
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
2.2.2
Origins of the 9/11 attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
2.2.3
Hamburg cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
2.2.4
Hani Hanjour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
2.2.5
Arrival in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
2.2.6
Muscle hijackers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
2.2.7
Final preparations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
2.2.8
Financial support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
2.2.9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
2.2
ii
CONTENTS
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.2.10 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
September 11, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
2.3.1
Signicant events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
2.3.2
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
2.3.3
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
Rest of September 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
2.4.1
September 2001
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
2.4.2
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
October 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
2.5.1
Monday, October 1, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
2.5.2
Tuesday, October 2, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
2.5.3
Wednesday, October 3, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
2.5.4
Thursday, October 4, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
2.5.5
Friday, October 5, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
2.5.6
Saturday, October 6, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
2.5.7
Sunday, October 7, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
2.5.8
Monday, October 8, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
2.5.9
Friday, October 12, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
2.5.10 Monday, October 15, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
2.5.11 Saturday, October 20, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
2.5.12 Sunday, October 21, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
2.5.13 Monday, October 29, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
2.5.14 Wednesday, October 31, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
2.5.15 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
Beyond October 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
2.6.1
2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
2.6.2
2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
2.6.3
2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
2.6.4
2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
2.6.5
2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
2.6.6
2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
2.6.7
2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
2.6.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
Victims
65
3.1
Casualties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
3.1.1
Evacuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
3.1.2
Survivors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
3.1.3
Fatalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
3.1.4
Forensic identication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
3.1.5
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
3.1.6
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
CONTENTS
3.1.7
Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
3.1.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
Hijacked airliners
72
4.1
American Airlines Flight 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
4.1.1
Flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
4.1.2
Aftermath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
4.1.3
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
4.1.4
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
4.1.5
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
United Airlines Flight 175 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
4.2.1
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
4.2.2
Flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
4.2.3
Collapse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
4.2.4
Aftermath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
4.2.5
Nationalities of people on the plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
4.2.6
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
4.2.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
4.2.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
American Airlines Flight 77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
4.3.1
Hijackers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
4.3.2
Flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
4.3.3
Rescue and recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
4.3.4
Aftermath
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
4.3.5
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
4.3.6
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91
4.3.7
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
United Airlines Flight 93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
4.4.1
Hijackers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
4.4.2
Flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
96
4.4.3
Aftermath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
4.4.4
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.4.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.4.6
Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.4.7
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.2
4.3
4.4
iii
Sites of destruction
5.1
107
World Trade Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

5.1.1
Original buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.1.2
New buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
5.1.3
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.1.4
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
iv
CONTENTS
5.2
5.3
5.1.5
Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.1.6
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
The Pentagon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

5.2.1
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.2.2
Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
5.2.3
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.2.4
Hall of Heroes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.2.5
Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.2.6
Other uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.2.7
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.2.8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.2.9
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Stonycreek, Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

5.3.1
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.3.2
Flight 93 Memorials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.3.3
Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.3.4
Demographics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.3.5
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
5.3.6
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
5.3.7
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Eects
6.1
6.2
138
Airport security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

6.1.1
Changes in airport security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
6.1.2
Criticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.1.3
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.1.4
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Conspiracy theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

6.2.1
Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.2.2
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.2.3
Types of conspiracy
6.2.4
Theories
6.2.5
Cover-up allegations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
6.2.6
Motives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.2.7
Suggested historical precedents
6.2.8
Proponents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
6.2.9
Media reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
6.2.10 Criticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

6.2.11 In politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
6.2.12 Legal cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
6.2.13 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
6.2.14 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
CONTENTS
6.2.15 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

6.2.16 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
Advance-knowledge conspiracy theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

6.3.1
Using planes as missiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
6.3.2
Insider trading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
6.3.3
Intelligence warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
6.3.4
al-Qaeda investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
6.3.5
Foreign government foreknowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
6.3.6
Possible warnings given to individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
6.3.7
Other related events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
6.3.8
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
6.3.9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
WTC controlled demolition conspiracy theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

6.4.1
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
6.4.2
Propositions and hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
6.4.3
Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
6.4.4
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
6.4.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
6.4.6
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Economic eects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

6.5.1
Financial markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
6.5.2
Economic sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
6.5.3
New York City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
6.5.4
Indirect eects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
6.5.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
6.5.6
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Local health eects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

6.6.1
Materials in the 9/11 cloud, and potential for creating Ground Zero illnesses . . . . . . . . 187
6.6.2
Ground Zero illnesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
6.6.3
Ongoing monitoring of rst responders and residents health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
6.6.4
Early ndings and muted warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
6.6.5
Political controversies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
6.6.6
Vulnerable individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
6.6.7
Government Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
6.6.8
Lawsuit by area residents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
6.6.9
Settlement proposed in March 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
6.6.10 Documentaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

6.6.11 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
6.6.12 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
6.6.13 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
7
Aftermath
201
vi
CONTENTS
7.1
Immediate aftermath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

7.1.1
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
7.1.2
International reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
7.1.3
US public reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
7.1.4
9/11-related plots and attacks within the US . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
7.1.5
Economic aftermath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
7.1.6
Health eects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
7.1.7
Claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
7.1.8
Market activity investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
7.1.9
Rescue and recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
7.1.10 Eects on children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

7.1.11 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
7.1.12 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
7.1.13 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
7.1.14 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
Entertainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
7.2.1
Films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
7.2.2
Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
7.2.3
Television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
7.2.4
Music & Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
7.2.5
Theme parks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
7.2.6
Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
7.2.7
Video games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
7.2.8
Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
7.2.9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Closings and cancellations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

7.3.1
Lower Manhattan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
7.3.2
North American airspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
7.3.3
Precautionary building closings and evacuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
7.3.4
Government and cultural cancellations and postponements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
7.3.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Cultural references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

7.4.1
Art and design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
7.4.2
Classical music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
7.4.3
Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
7.4.4
Literature and poetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
7.4.5
Television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
7.4.6
Theater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
7.4.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
7.4.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Detentions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
CONTENTS
7.6
7.7
7.5.1
Detainees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
7.5.2
Alleged abuses as a result of detentions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
7.5.3
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
7.5.4
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Post-9/11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
7.6.1
Political consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
7.6.2
Societal consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
7.6.3
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
7.6.4
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
7.7.1
United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
7.7.2
Western world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
7.7.3
United Nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
7.7.4
Islamic world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
7.7.5
Rest of the world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
7.7.6
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
7.7.7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Response
8.1
vii
243
U.S. military response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

8.1.1
Radar tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
8.1.2
Flight 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
8.1.3
Flight 175 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
8.1.4
Phantom Flight 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
8.1.5
Flight 77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
8.1.6
Flight 93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
8.1.7
NORAD timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
8.1.8
Air Sovereignty Alert (ASA) preparedness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
8.1.9
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
8.1.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

8.2
U.S. government response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

8.2.1
Rescue, recovery, and compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
8.2.2
War on Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
8.2.3
Arrests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
8.2.4
Domestic response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
8.2.5
Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
8.2.6
Civilian aircraft grounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
8.2.7
Invocation of the continuity of government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
8.2.8
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
8.2.9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
8.2.10 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

8.3
Rescue and recovery eort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
viii
CONTENTS
8.3.1
Building evacuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
8.3.2
Emergency response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
8.3.3
Search and rescue eorts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
8.3.4
Recovery eorts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
8.3.5
Military support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
8.3.6
Handling of cleanup procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
8.3.7
Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
8.3.8
Estimated costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
8.3.9
Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
8.3.10 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

8.3.11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
8.3.12 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
Financial assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

8.4.1
Government assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
8.4.2
American Red Cross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
8.4.3
Other charitable drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
8.4.4
Emergency supplies
8.4.5
Memorial funds
8.4.6
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Operation Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

8.5.1
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
8.5.2
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
8.5.3
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Operation Yellow Ribbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

8.6.1
Deployment of emergency measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
8.6.2
The operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
8.6.3
Aftermath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
8.6.4
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
8.6.5
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Memorials and services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

8.7.1
List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
8.7.2
Performances and benets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
8.7.3
10th anniversary memorial services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
8.7.4
Annual commemorations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
8.7.5
Memorial ags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
8.7.6
Virtual memorials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
8.7.7
Picture gallery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
8.7.8
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
8.7.9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
8.7.10 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

9
Perpetrators
283
CONTENTS
9.1
ix
Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
9.1.1
Identifying the hijackers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
9.1.2
Assigning responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
9.1.3
Al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
9.1.4
Taliban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
9.1.5
Financing the attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
9.1.6
Allegations of supporting Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
9.1.7
United States advance knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
9.1.8
See Also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
9.1.9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
9.1.10 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

9.1.11 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
9.2
9.3
9.4
Motives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
9.2.1
Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
9.2.2
Stated motives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
9.2.3
Inferred motives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
9.2.4
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
9.2.5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Hijackers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
9.3.1
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
9.3.2
Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
9.3.3
Hijacked aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
9.3.4
Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
9.3.5
Cases of mistaken identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
9.3.6
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
9.3.7
Notes and references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
9.3.8
External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
20th hijacker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

9.4.1
Hijackers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
9.4.2
In popular culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
9.4.3
See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
9.4.4
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
10 Inquiries
305
10.1 U.S. Congressional Inquiry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

10.1.1 Calls for inquiry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
10.1.2 Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
10.1.3 The report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
10.1.4 Aftermath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
10.1.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
10.1.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
10.2 9/11 Commission Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
CONTENTS
10.2.1 Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
10.2.2 Criticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
10.2.3 Literary praise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
10.2.4 Adaptations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
10.2.5 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
10.2.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
10.2.7 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
10.3 PENTTBOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
10.3.1 Identifying the hijackers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
10.3.2 Linking the hijackers to al Qaeda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
10.3.3 Press Releases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
10.3.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
10.3.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
10.3.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
11 Permanent memorials
315
11.1 9/11 Memorial (Arizona) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

11.1.1 Controversy over design intent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
11.1.2 Gallery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
11.1.3 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
11.1.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
11.1.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
11.2 9/11 Memorial (Florida) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
11.2.1 Physical features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
11.2.2 Dedication ceremony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
11.2.3 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
11.2.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
11.3 9/11 Memorial Project (California) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
11.3.1 Memorial Archive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
11.3.2 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
11.4 Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
11.4.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
11.4.2 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
11.5 Empty Sky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
11.5.1 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
11.5.2 Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
11.5.3 Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
11.5.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
11.5.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
11.5.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
11.6 Flight 93 National Memorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
11.6.1 United Airlines Flight 93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
CONTENTS
xi
11.6.2 Temporary memorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

11.6.3 Permanent memorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
11.6.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
11.6.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
11.6.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
11.7 Pentagon Memorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
11.7.1 Early memorials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
11.7.2 Design and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
11.7.3 Dedication ceremony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
11.7.4 Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
11.7.5 Gallery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
11.7.6 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
11.7.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
11.7.8 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
11.8 Project 9/11 Indianapolis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
11.8.1 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
11.8.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
11.8.3 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
11.9 ''Postcards' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
11.9.1 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
11.9.2 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
11.9.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
11.10The Cycle of Terror and Tragedy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
11.10.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
11.10.2 Reception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
11.10.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
11.10.4 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
11.11The Rising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
11.11.1 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
11.11.2 The victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
11.11.3 Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
11.11.4 Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
11.11.5 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
11.11.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
11.11.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
11.12The Sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
11.12.1 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
11.12.2 Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
11.12.3 Location history
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
11.12.4 Gallery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

11.12.5 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
xii
CONTENTS
11.12.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
11.12.7 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
11.13To the Struggle Against World Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
11.13.1 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
11.13.2 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
11.13.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
11.13.4 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
11.14Victims of Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon Memorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
11.14.1 Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
11.14.2 Identication of the dead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
11.14.3 Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
11.14.4 Critical reception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
11.14.5 Incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
11.14.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
11.14.7 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
12 Miscellaneous
339
12.1 Radio communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

12.1.1 Attackers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
12.1.2 Federal government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
12.1.3 First responders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
12.1.4 Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
12.1.5 General public . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
12.1.6 Radio communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
12.1.7 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
12.1.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
12.1.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
12.2 Radio communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
12.2.1 Attackers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
12.2.2 Federal government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
12.2.3 First responders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
12.2.4 Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
12.2.5 General public . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
12.2.6 Radio communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
12.2.7 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
12.2.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
12.2.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
12.3 Patriot Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
12.3.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
12.3.2 Observance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
12.3.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
12.3.4 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
CONTENTS
xiii
12.4 Collapse of the World Trade Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362

12.4.1 Structural design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
12.4.2 September 11, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
12.4.3 Initial opinions and analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
12.4.4 Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
12.4.5 Aftermath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
12.4.6 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
12.4.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
12.4.8 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
12.4.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
12.5 Slogans and terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
12.5.1 Various terms and catchphrases
12.5.2 Media slogans
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
12.5.3 U.S. government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

12.5.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
12.6 Survivors Staircase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
12.6.1 Preservation eorts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
12.6.2 Gallery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
12.6.3 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
12.6.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
12.6.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
12.7 Tribute in Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
12.7.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
12.7.2 Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
12.7.3 Media appearances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
12.7.4 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
12.7.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
12.7.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
13 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
383
13.1 Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383

13.2 Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
13.3 Content license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Chapter 1
Overview
1.1 September 11 attacks
panded law enforcement powers. Although al-Qaedas

leader, Osama bin Laden, initially denied any involve[1]
9/11 redirects here. For the date, see September 11 or ment, in 2004, he claimed responsibility for the attacks.
Al-Qaeda and bin Laden cited U.S. support of Israel, the
9 November.
For other uses, see September 11 attacks (disambigua- presence of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia, and sanctions
against Iraq as motives. Having evaded capture for almost
tion).
a decade, bin Laden was located and killed by members
of the U.S. military in May 2011.
The September 11 attacks (also referred to as September 11, September 11th, or 9/11)[nb 1] were a series of The destruction of the Twin Towers and other properties
four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist caused serious damage to the economy of Lower Manhatgroup al-Qaeda on the United States in New York City, tan and had a signicant eect on global markets, closing
New York, and Arlington County, Virginia, on the morn- Wall Street until September 17 and the civilian airspace in
the U.S. and Canada until September 13. Many closings,
ing of Tuesday, September 11, 2001.
evacuations, and cancellations followed, out of respect or
Four passenger airliners which all departed from the U.S. fear of further attacks. Cleanup of the World Trade CenEast Coast to California were hijacked by 19 al-Qaeda ter site was completed in May 2002, and the Pentagon
terrorists to be own into buildings in suicide attacks. was repaired within a year. Numerous memorials have
Two of the planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and been constructed, including the National September 11
United Airlines Flight 175, were crashed into the North Memorial & Museum in New York City, the Pentagon
and South towers, respectively, of the World Trade Cen- Memorial in Arlington County, and the Flight 93 Nater complex in New York City. Within two hours, both tional Memorial in a eld near Shanksville.
110-story towers collapsed with debris and the resultWorld
ing res causing partial or complete collapse of all other On November 18, 2006, construction of One [7]
Trade
Center
began
at
the
World
Trade
Center
site.
The
buildings in the WTC complex, including the 47-story 7
[8]
building
was
ocially
opened
on
November
3,
2014.
World Trade Center tower, as well as signicant damage
to ten other large surrounding structures. A third plane,
American Airlines Flight 77, was crashed into the Pen- 1.1.1 Background
tagon (the headquarters of the United States Department
of Defense) in Arlington County, leading to a partial col- Attackers
lapse in its western side. The fourth plane, United Airlines Flight 93, was targeted at Washington D.C.,[2] but Further information: Responsibility for the September
crashed into a eld near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, af- 11 attacks, Hijackers in the September 11 attacks, Trials
ter its passengers tried to overcome the hijackers. In to- related to the September 11 attacks and 20th hijacker
tal, 2,996 people died in the attacks, including the 245
civilians, a law enforcement ocer, and the 19 terrorists
aboard the four planes.[3] It was the deadliest incident
for reghters and law enforcement ocers[4][5] in the al-Qaeda Further information: Al-Qaeda and Jihad
history of the United States, with 343 and 72 killed respectively. The attacks also caused at least $10 billion in The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to 1979 when
property and infrastructure damage.[6]
the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. Osama bin
Suspicion for the attack quickly fell on al-Qaeda. The
United States responded to 9/11 by launching the War on
Terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban,
which had harbored al-Qaeda. Many other countries
also strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and ex-
Laden traveled to Afghanistan and helped organize Arab

mujahideen to resist the Soviets.[9] Under the guidance of
Ayman al-Zawahiri, bin Laden became more radical.[10]
In 1996, bin Laden issued his rst fatw, calling for
American soldiers to leave Saudi Arabia.[11]
1
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
In a second fatw in 1998, bin Laden outlined his objec- times to the United States specically targeting Muslims.
tions to American foreign policy with respect to Israel,
as well as the continued presence of American troops in
Saudi Arabia after the Gulf War.[12] Bin Laden used Islamic texts to exhort Muslims to attack Americans until the stated grievances are reversed. According to bin
Laden, Muslim legal scholars, have throughout Islamic
history unanimously agreed that the jihad is an individual
duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries.[12]
Osama bin Laden Further information: Osama bin

Laden, Death of Osama bin Laden and Videos of Osama
bin Laden
Bin Laden, who orchestrated the attacks, initially deBin Laden in 2004 responsibility video
1997 picture of Osama bin Laden
Shortly before the U.S. presidential election in 2004, in

a taped statement, bin Laden publicly acknowledged alQaedas involvement in the attacks on the U.S. and admitted his direct link to the attacks. He said that the
attacks were carried out because, we are free ... and
want to regain freedom for our nation. As you undermine our security we undermine yours.[18] Bin Laden
said he had personally directed his followers to attack
the World Trade Center.[14][19] Another video obtained
by Al Jazeera in September 2006 shows bin Laden with
Ramzi bin al-Shibh, as well as two hijackers, Hamza alGhamdi and Wail al-Shehri, as they make preparations
for the attacks.[20] The U.S. never formally indicted bin
Laden for the 9/11 attacks but he was on the FBIs Most
Wanted List for the bombings of the U.S. Embassies in
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Nairobi, Kenya.[21][22] After a nearly 10-year manhunt, bin Laden was killed by
American special forces in a compound in Abbottabad,
Pakistan on May 2, 2011.[23][24]
nied but later admitted involvement.[1][13][14] Al Jazeera

Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Main article: Khalid
broadcast a statement by bin Laden on September 16,
Sheikh Mohammed
2001, stating, I stress that I have not carried out this
The journalist Yosri Fouda of the Arabic television chanact, which appears to have been carried out by individuals with their own motivation.[15] In November 2001,
U.S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house
in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. In the tape, bin Laden is seen
talking to Khaled al-Harbi and admits foreknowledge of
the attacks.[16] On December 27, 2001, a second bin
Laden video was released. In the video, he said, It has
become clear that the West in general and America in particular have an unspeakable hatred for Islam....It is the hatred of crusaders. Terrorism against America deserves to
be praised because it was a response to injustice, aimed at
forcing America to stop its support for Israel, which kills
our people...We say that the end of the United States is
imminent, whether Bin Laden or his followers are alive
or dead, for the awakening of the Muslim umma (nation)
has occurred, but he stopped short of admitting responsibility for the attacks.[17] The transcript references several Khalid Sheikh Mohammed after his capture in 2003
1.1. SEPTEMBER 11 ATTACKS

nel Al Jazeera reported that, in April 2002, Khalid Sheikh
Mohammed admitted his involvement, along with Ramzi
bin al-Shibh.[25][26][27] The 9/11 Commission Report determined that the animosity towards the United States felt
by Mohammed, the principal architect of the 9/11 attacks, stemmed from his violent disagreement with U.S.
foreign policy favoring Israel.[28]
Mohammed was also an adviser and nancier of the 1993
World Trade Center bombing and the uncle of Ramzi
Yousef, the lead bomber in that attack.[29][30]
Mohammed was arrested on March 1, 2003, in
Rawalpindi, Pakistan, by Pakistani security ocials working with the CIA, then transported to
Guantanamo Bay and interrogated using methods including waterboarding.[31][32] During U.S. hearings at
Guantanamo Bay in March 2007, Mohammed again
confessed his responsibility for the attacks, stating he
was responsible for the 9/11 operation from A to Z
and that his statement was not made under duress.[27][33]
Other al-Qaeda members In Substitution for Testimony of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed from the trial of
Zacarias Moussaoui, ve people are identied as having
been completely aware of the operations details. They
are bin Laden, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Ramzi bin alShibh, Abu Turab al-Urduni, and Mohammed Atef.[34]
To date, only peripheral gures have been tried or convicted for the attacks.
3
Osama bin Ladens declaration of a holy war against the
United States, and a 1998 fatw signed by bin Laden and
others, calling for the killing of Americans,[12] are seen
by investigators as evidence of his motivation.[42] In bin
Ladens November 2002 Letter to America, he explicitly stated that al-Qaedas motives for their attacks include
U.S. support of Israel[43][44]
Support for the attacks against Muslims in Somalia
Support of Russian atrocities against Muslims in
Chechnya
Pro-American governments in the Middle East (who
act as your agents) being against Muslim interests
Support of Indian oppression against Muslims in
Kashmir
The presence of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia[45][46]
The sanctions against Iraq[47]
After the attacks, bin Laden and al-Zawahiri released additional video tapes and audio tapes, some of which repeated those reasons for the attacks. Two particularly
important publications were bin Ladens 2002 Letter to
America,[48] and a 2004 video tape by bin Laden.[49]
Bin Laden interpreted Muhammad as having banned the
permanent presence of indels in Arabia.[50] In 1996,
bin Laden issued a fatw calling for American troops
to leave Saudi Arabia. In 1998, al-Qaeda wrote, for
over seven years the United States has been occupying
the lands of Islam in the holiest of places, the Arabian
Peninsula, plundering its riches, dictating to its rulers, humiliating its people, terrorizing its neighbors, and turning
its bases in the Peninsula into a spearhead through which
to ght the neighboring Muslim peoples.[51]
On September 26, 2005, the Spanish high court sentenced Abu Dahdah to 27 years in prison for conspiracy
on the 9/11 attacks and being a member of the terrorist
organization al-Qaeda. At the same time, another 17 alQaeda members were sentenced to penalties of between
six and eleven years.[35] On February 16, 2006, the Spanish Supreme Court reduced the Abu Dahdah penalty to
12 years because it considered that his participation in
In a December 1999 interview, bin Laden said he felt that
the conspiracy was not proven.[36]
Americans were too near to Mecca", and considered this
Also, in 2006, Moussaoui, who some originally suspected a provocation to the entire Muslim world.[52] One analysis
might have been the assigned 20th hijacker, was conof suicide terrorism suggested that without U.S. troops in
victed for the lesser role of conspiracy to commit acts Saudi Arabia, al-Qaeda likely would not have been able
of terrorism and air piracy. He is serving a life sen- to get people to commit to suicide missions.[53]
tence without parole in the United States.[37][38] Mounir
el-Motassadeq, an associate of the Hamburg-based hi- In the 1998 fatw, al-Qaeda identied the Iraq sancjackers, is serving 15 years in Germany for his role in tions as a reason to kill Americans, condemning the protracted blockade[51] among other actions that constitute
helping the hijackers prepare for the attacks.[39]
a declaration of war against Allah, his messenger, and
The Hamburg cell in Germany included radical Islamists Muslims.[51] The fatw declared that the ruling to kill
who eventually came to be key operatives in the 9/11 the Americans and their allies civilians and military is
attacks.[40] Mohamed Atta, Marwan al-Shehhi, Ziad Jar- an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any
rah, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, and Said Bahaji were all mem- country in which it is possible to do it, in order to liberate
bers of al-Qaedas Hamburg cell.[41]
the al-Aqsa Mosque and the holy mosque of Mecca from
their grip, and in order for their [the Americans] armies
to move out of all the lands of Islam, defeated and unable
Motives
to threaten any Muslim.[12][54]
Main article: Motives for the September 11 attacks
Bin Laden claimed, in 2004, that the idea of destroying

the towers had rst occurred to him in 1982, when he
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
witnessed Israels bombardment of high-rise apartment

buildings during the 1982 Lebanon War.[55][56] Some
analysts, including Mearsheimer and Walt, also claim
that one motivation for the attacks was U.S. support of
Israel.[44][52] In 2004 and 2010, bin Laden again connected the September 11 attacks with U.S. support of Israel, although most of the letter expressed bin Ladens
disdain with President Bush and bin Ladens hope to destroy and bankrupt the U.S.[57][58]
WTC 1
W
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TS
94-98th Floors
78-84th
Floors
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Garden
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WTC 6
WTC 7
WTC 4
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Others have argued that 9/11 was a strategic move with

the objective of provoking America into a war that would
incite a pan-Islamic revolution.[62][63]
WTC 2
Landing Gear
AY
W
AD
O
BR
In addition to those cited by bin Laden and al-Qaeda, analysts have suggested other motives, including western support of Islamist and non-Islamist authoritarian regimes in
Saudi Arabia, Iran, Egypt, Iraq, Pakistan and northern
Africa, and the presence of western troops in some of
these countries.[59] Other authors suggest the humiliation resulting from the Islamic world falling behind the
Western world this discrepancy rendered especially visible by the globalization trend[60][61] and a desire to provoke the U.S. into a broader war against the Islamic world
in the hope of motivating more allies to support al-Qaeda.
ing target selections and helping arrange travel for the

hijackers.[65] Bin Laden overruled Mohammed, rejecting
some potential targets such as the U.S. Bank Tower in Los
Angeles because, there was not enough time to prepare
for such an operation.[66][67]
N
RE
.
ST
AR
W
Diagram showing the attacks on the World Trade Center
Main article: Planning of the September 11 attacks

The idea for the attacks came from Khalid Sheikh Mo- Bin Laden provided leadership and nancial support for
the plot, and was involved in selecting participants.[68]
Bin Laden initially selected Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid
al-Mihdhar, both experienced jihadists who had fought
in Bosnia. Hazmi and Mihdhar arrived in the United
States in mid-January 2000. In spring 2000, Hazmi
and Mihdhar took ying lessons in San Diego, California, but both spoke little English, did poorly with ying
lessons, and eventually served as secondary or muscle
hijackers.[69][70]
DWAY
U.S. Post Oce
VESEY ST.
VESEY ST.
VESEY ST.
WTC 6
WFC 3
WTC 1
North
Bridge
FULTONST.
WTC
Plaza
DEY ST.
WES
Winter
Garden
Millenium
Hotel
WTC 5
.
T ST
WFC 4
BARCLAY ST.
WEST
HI
WAS
WTC 7
BROA
.
N ST
NGTO
ST.
T
WES
Verizon
CHURCH ST.
30 West
Broadway
BARCLAY ST.
22
Cortland
St.
WFC 2
WTC 4
St Nicholas Greek
Orthodox Church
CHURCH ST.
CORTLAND ST.
WTC 2
WTC
3
1 Liberty
Plaza
In late 1999, a group of men from Hamburg, Germany arrived in Afghanistan, including Mohamed Atta, Marwan
al-Shehhi, Ziad Jarrah, and Ramzi bin al-Shibh.[71] Bin
Laden selected these men because they were educated,
Map showing the attacks on the World Trade Center (the planes could speak English, and had experience living in the
are not drawn to scale)
West.[72] New recruits were routinely screened for special skills and al-Qaeda leaders consequently discovhammed, who rst presented it to Osama bin Laden in ered that Hani Hanjour already had a commercial pilots
1996.[64] At that time, bin Laden and al-Qaeda were license.[73]
in a period of transition, having just relocated back to Hanjour arrived in San Diego on December 8, 2000, joinAfghanistan from Sudan.[65] The 1998 African Embassy ing Hazmi.[74] They soon left for Arizona, where Hanbombings and bin Ladens 1998 fatw marked a turning jour took refresher training. Marwan al-Shehhi arrived
point, as bin Laden became intent on attacking the United at the end of May 2000, while Atta arrived on June 3,
States.[65]
2000, and Jarrah arrived on June 27, 2000. Bin al-Shibh
Bankers
Trust
ST.
EST
WFC 1
130 Cedar St.
LIBERTY ST.
TRINITY PL.
CEDAR ST.
90 West St.
GREE
NICH
ST.
LIBERTY ST.
CEDAR ST.
ALBANY ST.
In late 1998 or early 1999, bin Laden gave approval for

Mohammed to go forward with organizing the plot. A
series of meetings occurred in early 1999, involving Mohammed, bin Laden, and his deputy Mohammed Atef.[65]
Atef provided operational support for the plot, includ-
applied several times for a visa to the United States, but

as a Yemeni, he was rejected out of concerns he would
overstay his visa and remain as an illegal immigrant. Bin
al-Shibh stayed in Hamburg, providing coordination between Atta and Mohammed. The three Hamburg cell

members all took pilot training in South Florida.
5
route to San Francisco, with a crew of seven and 33
passengers, not including four hijackers. As passengers attempted to subdue the hijackers, the aircraft
crashed into the ground near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, at 10:03 a.m.
In spring 2001, the secondary hijackers began arriving in

the United States.[75] In July 2001, Atta met with bin alShibh in Spain, where they coordinated details of the plot,
including nal target selection. Bin al-Shibh also passed
along bin Ladens wish for the attacks to be carried out as
Media coverage was intense during the attacks and afsoon as possible.[76]
termath, beginning moments after the rst crash into the
World Trade Center.[79]
1.1.2
Attacks
Further information: Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks

Early on the morning of September 11, 2001, 19 hijack-
AA11 crash
Flight paths of the four planes used on September 11
Events
ers took control of four commercial airliners (two Boeing

757 and two Boeing 767) en route to California (three
headed to LAX in Los Angeles, and one to San Francisco)
after takeos from Boston, Massachusetts; Newark, New
Jersey; and Washington, D.C.[77] Large planes with long
ights were selected for hijacking because they would be
heavily fueled.[78]
The four ights were:
American Airlines Flight 11: a Boeing 767 aircraft,
departed Bostons Logan Airport at 7:59 a.m. en
route to Los Angeles with a crew of 11 and 76 passengers, not including ve hijackers. The hijackers
ew the plane into the North Tower of the World
Trade Center at 8:46 a.m.
United Airlines Flight 175: a Boeing 767 aircraft,
departed Logan Airport at 8:14 a.m. en route to Los
Angeles with a crew of nine and 51 passengers, not
including ve hijackers. The hijackers ew the plane
[80]
into the South Tower of the World Trade Center at Plume of September 11 attack seen from space by NASA.
9:03 a.m.
At 8:46 a.m., ve hijackers crashed American Airlines
American Airlines Flight 77: a Boeing 757 aircraft, Flight 11 into the northern facade of the World Trade
departed Washington Dulles International Airport in Center's North Tower (1 WTC), and at 9:03 a.m., another
Virginia at 8:20 a.m. en route to Los Angeles with ve hijackers crashed United Airlines Flight 175 into the
a crew of six and 53 passengers, not including ve southern facade of the South Tower (2 WTC).[81][82] Five
hijackers. The hijackers ew the plane into the Pen- hijackers ew American Airlines Flight 77 into the Pentagon at 9:37 a.m.
tagon at 9:37 a.m.[83]
United Airlines Flight 93: a Boeing 757 aircraft, de- A fourth ight, United Airlines Flight 93, under the conparted Newark International Airport at 8:42 a.m. en trol of four hijackers, crashed near Shanksville, Pennsyl-
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
The north face of Two World Trade Center (south tower) immediately after being struck by United Airlines Flight 175
collapsed due to re-induced structural failure.[97] The

South Tower collapsed at 9:59 a.m. after burning for 56
minutes in a re caused by the impact of United Airlines
Collapse of the Towers
Flight 175 and the explosion of its fuel.[97] The North
Tower collapsed at 10:28 a.m. after burning for 102
minutes.[97] When the North Tower collapsed, debris fell
vania, southeast of Pittsburgh, at 10:03 a.m. after the pas- on the nearby 7 World Trade Center building (7 WTC),
sengers fought the hijackers. Flight 93s target is believed damaging it and starting res. These res burned for
to have been either the Capitol or the White House.[78] hours, compromising the buildings structural integrity,
Flight 93s cockpit voice recorder revealed crew and pas- and 7 WTC collapsed at 5:21 p.m.[98][99] The Pentagon
sengers tried to seize control of the plane from the hijack- sustained major damage.
ers after learning through phone calls that Flights 11, 77,
and 175 had been crashed into buildings that morning.[84]
Once it became evident to the hijackers that the passengers might regain control of the plane, the hijackers rolled
the plane and intentionally crashed it.[85][86]
Some passengers and crew members who called from
the aircraft using the cabin airphone service and mobile
phones provided details: several hijackers were aboard
each plane; they used mace, tear gas, or pepper spray
to overcome attendants; and some people aboard had
been stabbed.[87][88][89][90][91][92][93] Reports indicated hijackers stabbed and killed pilots, ight attendants, and
one or more passengers.[77][94] In their nal report, the
9/11 Commission found the hijackers had recently purchased multi-function hand tools and assorted knives and
blades.[95][96] A ight attendant on Flight 11, a passenger on Flight 175, and passengers on Flight 93 said the
hijackers had bombs, but one of the passengers said he
thought the bombs were fake. The FBI found no traces
of explosives at the crash sites, and the 9/11 Commission
concluded that the bombs were probably fake.[77]
Security camera footage of Flight 77 hitting the Pentagon.[100]

The plane hits the Pentagon approximately 86 seconds after the
beginning of this recording.
At 9:40 a.m., the FAA grounded all aircraft within the

continental U.S., and aircraft already in ight were told to
land immediately. All international civilian aircraft were
either turned back or redirected to airports in Canada or
Three buildings in the World Trade Center complex Mexico, and all international ights were banned from

landing on U.S. soil for three days.[101] The attacks created widespread confusion among news organizations and
air trac controllers. Among the unconrmed and often contradictory news reports aired throughout the day,
one of the most prevalent said a car bomb had been
detonated at the U.S. State Departments headquarters
in Washington, D.C.[102] Another jetDelta Air Lines
Flight 1989was suspected of having been hijacked, but
the aircraft responded to controllers and landed safely in
Cleveland, Ohio.[103]
In a September 2002 interview, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and Ramzi bin al-Shibh, who are believed to
have organized the attacks, said Flight 93s intended
target was the United States Capitol, not the White
House.[104] During the planning stage of the attacks,
Mohamed Atta, the hijacker and pilot of Flight 11,
thought the White House might be too tough a target
and sought an assessment from Hani Hanjour, who would
later hijack and pilot Flight 77.[105] Mohammed said
al-Qaeda initially planned to target nuclear installations
rather than the World Trade Center and the Pentagon,
but decided against it, fearing things could get out of
control.[106] Final decisions on targets, according to Mohammed, were left in the hands of the pilots.[105]
7
erty on American soil since the Japanese surprise attack
on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.[3]
In Arlington County, 125 Pentagon personnel lost their
lives when Flight 77 crashed into the western side of the
building. Of these, 70 were civilians and 55 were military personnel, many of them who worked for the United
States Army or the United States Navy. The Army lost
47 civilian employees, six civilian contractors, and 22 soldiers, while the Navy lost six civilian employees, three
civilian contractors, and 33 sailors. Seven Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) employees were also among the
dead in the attack, as well as an Oce of the Secretary of
Defense (OSD) contractor.[112][113] [114] Lieutenant General Timothy Maude, an Army Deputy Chief of Sta,
was the highest-ranking military ocial killed at the
Pentagon.[115]
Casualties
Main articles: Casualties of the September 11 attacks and
Emergency workers killed in the September 11 attacks
The attacks resulted in the deaths of 2,996 people, inBurning towers with view from Statue of Liberty
In New York City, more than 90% of the workers and

visitors who died in the towers had been at or above the
points of impact.[116] In the North Tower, 1,355 people
at or above the point of impact were trapped and died
of smoke inhalation, fell or jumped from the tower to escape the smoke and ames, or were killed in the buildings
eventual collapse. The destruction of all three staircases
in the tower when Flight 11 hit made it impossible for
anyone above the impact zone to escape. 107 people below the point of impact died as well.[116]
The remains of 6, 7, and 1 on September 17, 2001
In the South Tower, one stairwell, Stairwell A, was left intact after Flight 175 hit, allowing 14 people located on the
oors of impact (including one man who saw the plane
coming at him) and four more from the oors above to
escape. 911 operators who received calls from individuals inside the tower were not well informed of the situation as it rapidly unfolded and as a result, told callers
not to descend the tower on their own.[117] 630 people
died in that tower, fewer than half the number killed in
the North Tower.[116] Casualties in the South Tower were
signicantly reduced by some occupants deciding to start
evacuating as soon as the North Tower was struck.[118]
cluding the 19 hijackers.[107] The 2,977 victims included

246 on the four planes (from which there were no survivors), 2,606 in the World Trade Center and in the surrounding area, and 125 at the Pentagon.[108][109] Nearly all
of the deaths were civilians with exceptions including 72
law enforcement ocers, 343 reghters, and 55 military
personnel.[110][111] The attacks of September 11, 2001,
marked it the worst terrorist attack in world history and At least 200 people fell or jumped to their deaths from
the deadliest foreign act of destruction to life and prop- the burning towers (as exemplied in the photograph The
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
not be matched to the list of the dead.[143] Bone fragments were still being found in 2006 by workers who
were preparing to demolish the damaged Deutsche Bank
Building. In 2010, a team of anthropologists and archaeologists searched for human remains and personal items
at the Fresh Kills Landll, where seventy-two more human remains were recovered, bringing the total found to
1,845. DNA proling continues in an attempt to identify additional victims.[144][145][146] The remains are being held in storage in Memorial Park, outside the New
York City Medical Examiners facilities. It was expected
that the remains would be moved in 2013 to a repository behind a wall at the 9/11 museum. In July 2011, a
Urban Search and Rescue Task Force German Shepherd dog
works to uncover survivors at the site of the collapsed World team of scientists at the Oce of Chief Medical Examiner was still trying to identify remains, in the hope that
Trade Center after the September 11, 2001 attacks.
improved technology will allow them to identify other
victims.[146] On March 20, 2015, the 1,640th victim was
are still 1,113 victims who have not
Falling Man), landing on the streets and rooftops of ad- identied. There
[147]
[119]
been
identied.
jacent buildings hundreds of feet below.
Some occupants of each tower above the point of impact made
their way toward the roof in hope of helicopter rescue, Damage
but the roof access doors were locked. No plan existed for helicopter rescues, and the combination of roof Further information: Collapse of the World Trade Center
equipment and thick smoke and intense heat prevented Lost artworks
helicopters from approaching.[120] A total of 414 emer- Along with the 110-oor Twin Towers, numerous other
gency workers died as they tried to rescue people and
ght res. The New York City Fire Department (FDNY)
lost 340 reghters, a chaplain, and two paramedics.[121]
The New York City Police Department (NYPD) lost
23 ocers.[122] The Port Authority Police Department
(PAPD) lost 37 ocers.[123] Three New York State Court
Ocers were killed.[124] Eight emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics from private emergency
medical services units were killed.[125][126]
Cantor Fitzgerald L.P., an investment bank on the 101st
105th oors of the North Tower, lost 658 employees, considerably more than any other employer.[127] Marsh Inc.,
located immediately below Cantor Fitzgerald on oors
93100, lost 358 employees,[128][129] and 175 employees
of Aon Corporation were also killed.[130] The National World Trade Center site (Ground Zero) with an overlay showing
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) estimated the original building locations.
that about 17,400 civilians were in the World Trade Center complex at the time of the attacks. Turnstile counts
from the Port Authority suggest 14,154 people were typically in the Twin Towers by 8:45 a.m.[131][132] The vast
majority of people below the impact zone safely evacuated the buildings.[133]
After New York, New Jersey lost the most state citizens,
with the city of Hoboken having the most citizens that
died in the attacks.[134] More than 90 countries lost citizens in the September 11 attacks.[135]
Weeks after the attack, the death toll was estimated to
be over 6,000, more than twice the number of deaths
eventually conrmed.[142] The city was only able to identify remains for about 1,600 of the World Trade Center The Pentagon was damaged by re and partly collapsed.
victims. The medical examiners oce collected about
10,000 unidentied bone and tissue fragments that can- buildings at the World Trade Center site were destroyed
or badly damaged, including WTC buildings 3 through

7 and St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church.[148] The
North Tower, South Tower, the Marriott Hotel (3 WTC),
and 7 WTC were completely destroyed. The U.S. Customs House (6 World Trade Center), 4 World Trade
Center, 5 World Trade Center, and both pedestrian
bridges connecting buildings were severely damaged. The
Deutsche Bank Building on 130 Liberty Street was partially damaged and demolished some years later, starting
in 2007.[149][150] The two buildings of the World Financial Center also suered damage.[149]
The Deutsche Bank Building across Liberty Street from
the World Trade Center complex was later condemned
as being uninhabitable because of toxic conditions inside the oce tower, and was deconstructed.[151][152] The
Borough of Manhattan Community College's Fiterman
Hall at 30 West Broadway was condemned due to extensive damage in the attacks, and is being rebuilt.[153] Other
neighboring buildings including 90 West Street and the
Verizon Building suered major damage but have been
restored.[154] World Financial Center buildings, One Liberty Plaza, the Millenium Hilton, and 90 Church Street
had moderate damage and have since been restored.[155]
Communications equipment on top of the North Tower
was also destroyed, but media stations were quickly able
to reroute signals and resume broadcasts.[148][156]
An injured victim of the Pentagon attack is evacuated.
the buildings collapsed.[165][166] With separate command

posts set up and incompatible radio communications between the agencies, warnings were not passed along to
FDNY commanders.
After the rst tower collapsed, FDNY commanders issued evacuation warnings; however, due to technical
diculties with malfunctioning radio repeater systems,
many reghters never heard the evacuation orders. 9-11 dispatchers also received information from callers that
was not passed along to commanders on the scene.[163]
Within hours of the attack, a substantial search and rescue operation was launched. After months of around-theclock operations, the World Trade Center site was cleared
by the end of May 2002.[167]
The Pentagon was severely damaged by the impact of

American Airlines Flight 77 and ensuing res, causing
one section of the building to collapse.[157] As it approached the Pentagon, the airplanes wings knocked over
light poles and its right engine smashed into a power
generator before crashing into the western side of the
building.[158][159] The plane hit the Pentagon at the rst- 1.1.3
oor level. The front part of the fuselage disintegrated
on impact, while the mid and tail sections kept moving for another fraction of a second.[160] Debris from the
tail section penetrated furthest into the building, breaking through 310 feet (94 m) of the three outermost of the
buildings ve rings.[160][161]
Aftermath
Rescue eorts
Main article: Rescue and recovery eort after the
The New York City Fire Department deployed 200
units (half of the department) to the World Trade
Center.
Their eorts were supplemented by numerous o-duty reghters and emergency medical
technicians.[162][163][164] The New York City Police Department sent Emergency Service Units and other police personnel, and deployed its aviation unit. Once on
the scene, the FDNY, NYPD, and PAPD did not coordinate eorts and performed redundant searches for
civilians.[162][165] As conditions deteriorated, the NYPD
aviation unit relayed information to police commanders,
who issued orders for its personnel to evacuate the towers;
most NYPD ocers were able to safely evacuate before
George W Bush gets a brieng on the attacks.
Immediate response
Further information: Airport security repercussions due
to the September 11 attacks, Closings and cancellations
following the September 11 attacks, Aftermath of the
September 11 attacks, Reactions to the September 11
attacks, U.S. government response to the September 11
10
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
surged in the weeks after 9/11.[178][179]
The deaths of adults who were killed in the attacks or
died in rescue operations resulted in over 3,000 children
losing a parent.[180] Subsequent studies documented childrens reactions to these actual losses and to feared losses
of life, the protective environment in the aftermath of the
attacks, and eects on surviving caregivers.[181][182][183]
Domestic reactions
Eight hours after the attacks, Donald Rumsfeld, then U.S. Secretary of Defense, declares The Pentagon is functioning.
attacks and U.S. military response during the September

11 attacks
At 8:32 a.m., Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
ocials were notied Flight 11 had been hijacked and
they in turn notied the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). NORAD scrambled two F15s from Otis Air National Guard Base in Massachusetts
and they were airborne by 8:53 a.m.[168] Because of slow
and confused communication from FAA ocials, NORAD had 9 minutes notice that Flight 11 had been hijacked, and no notice about any of the other ights before they crashed.[168] After both of the Twin Towers
had already been hit, more ghters were scrambled from
Langley Air Force Base in Virginia at 9:30 a.m.[168] At
10:20 a.m. Vice President Dick Cheney issued orders to
shoot down any commercial aircraft that could be positively identied as being hijacked. However, these instructions were not relayed in time for the ghters to take
action.[168][169][170][171] Some ghters took to the air without live ammunition, knowing that to prevent the hijackers from striking their intended targets, the pilots might
have to intercept and crash their ghters into the hijacked
planes, possibly ejecting at the last moment.[172]
For the rst time in U.S. history, SCATANA was invoked, closing all airspace and immediately grounding
all non-emergency civilian aircraft in the United States,
Canada, and several other countries,[173] thus stranding
tens of thousands of passengers across the world.[174]
The Federal Aviation Administration closed American
airspace to all international ights, causing about ve
hundred ights to be turned back or redirected to other
countries. Canada received 226 of the diverted ights
and launched Operation Yellow Ribbon to deal with
the large numbers of grounded planes and stranded
passengers.[175]
The 9/11 attacks had immediate eects upon the American people.[176] Police and rescue workers from around
the country took leaves of absence, traveling to New York
City to help recover bodies from the twisted remnants
of the Twin Towers.[177] Blood donations across the U.S.
At a joint session of Congress, President Bush pledges to

defend Americas freedom against the fear of terrorism,
September 20, 2001 (audio only).
Following the attacks, President Bushs approval rating
soared to 90%.[184] On September 20, 2001, he addressed the nation and a joint session of the United States
Congress regarding the events of September 11 and the
subsequent nine days of rescue and recovery eorts, and
described his intended response to the attacks. New York
City mayor Rudy Giuliani's highly visible role won him
high praise in New York and nationally.[185]
Many relief funds were immediately set up to assist victims of the attacks, with the task of providing nancial
assistance to the survivors of the attacks and to the families of victims. By the deadline for victims compensation
on September 11, 2003, 2,833 applications had been received from the families of those who were killed.[186]
Contingency plans for the continuity of government and
the evacuation of leaders were implemented soon after
the attacks.[174] However, Congress was not told that the
United States had been under a continuity of government
status until February 2002.[187]
In the largest restructuring of the U.S. government in
contemporary history, the United States enacted the
Homeland Security Act of 2002, creating the Department
of Homeland Security. Congress also passed the USA
PATRIOT Act, saying it would help detect and prosecute terrorism and other crimes.[188] Civil liberties groups
have criticized the PATRIOT Act, saying it allows law
enforcement to invade the privacy of citizens and that
it eliminates judicial oversight of law enforcement and
domestic intelligence.[189][190][191] In an eort to eectively combat future acts of terrorism, the National Security Agency (NSA) was given broad powers. NSA commenced warrantless surveillance of telecommunications,
11
which was sometimes criticized since it permitted the

agency to eavesdrop on telephone and e-mail communications between the United States and people overseas
without a warrant.[192] In response to requests by various intelligence agencies, the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court permitted an expansion of
powers by the U.S. government in seeking, obtaining, and
sharing information on U.S. citizens as well as non-U.S.
people from around the world.[193]
A reman stands behind rubble
be Middle Eastern were as likely to be victims of hate

crimes as followers of Islam during this time. The study
also found a similar increase in hate crimes against people who may have been perceived as Muslims, Arabs,
and others thought to be of Middle Eastern origin.[198]
A report by the South Asian American advocacy group
known as South Asian Americans Leading Together, documented media coverage of 645 bias incidents against
Americans of South Asian or Middle Eastern descent beA reman looks up at the remains of the South Tower
tween September 11 and 17. Various crimes such as vanHate crimes Shortly after the attacks, President Bush dalism, arson, assault, shootings, harassment, and threats
[199][200]
made a public appearance at Washingtons largest Is- in numerous places were documented.
lamic Center and acknowledged the incredibly valuable contribution that millions of American Muslims
made to their country and called for them to be Muslim American response Muslim organizations in
treated with respect.[194] However, numerous incidents the United States were swift to condemn the attacks and
of harassment and hate crimes against Muslims and called upon Muslim Americans to come forward with
South Asians were reported in the days following the their skills and resources to help alleviate the suerings of
attacks.[195][196][197] Sikhs were also targeted because the aected people and their families.[201] These orgaSikh males usually wear turbans, which are stereotypi- nizations included the Islamic Society of North America,
cally associated with Muslims. There were reports of at- American Muslim Alliance, American Muslim Countacks on mosques and other religious buildings (includ- cil, Council on American-Islamic Relations, Islamic Ciring the rebombing of a Hindu temple), and assaults on cle of North America, and the Shari'a Scholars Assopeople, including one murder: Balbir Singh Sodhi, a Sikh ciation of North America. Along with monetary donamistaken for a Muslim, was fatally shot on September 15, tions, many Islamic organizations launched blood drives
2001, in Mesa, Arizona.[197]
and provided medical assistance, food, and shelter for
According to an academic study, people perceived to victims.[202][203][204]
12
International reactions
Main article: Reactions to the September 11 attacks
The attacks were denounced by mass media and governments worldwide. Across the globe, nations oered
pro-American support and solidarity.[205] Leaders in most
Middle Eastern countries, and Afghanistan, condemned
the attacks. Iraq was a notable exception, with an immediate ocial statement that, the American cowboys are
reaping the fruit of their crimes against humanity.[206]
While the government of Saudi Arabia ocially condemned the attacks, privately many Saudis favored bin
Ladens cause.[207][208] As in the United States, the aftermath of the attacks saw tensions increase in other countries between Muslims and non-Muslims.[209]
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1368 condemned the attacks, and expressed readiness to take all
necessary steps to respond and combat all forms of terrorism in accordance with their Charter.[210] Numerous
countries introduced anti-terrorism legislation and froze
bank accounts they suspected of al-Qaeda ties.[211][212]
Law enforcement and intelligence agencies in a number
of countries arrested alleged terrorists.[213][214]
British Prime Minister Tony Blair said Britain stood
shoulder to shoulder with the United States.[215] A few
days later, Blair ew to Washington to arm British solidarity with the United States. In a speech to Congress,
nine days after the attacks, which Blair attended as a
guest, President Bush declared America has no truer
friend than Great Britain.[216] Subsequently, Prime Minister Blair embarked on two months of diplomacy to rally
international support for military action; he held 54 meetings with world leaders and travelled more than 40,000
miles (60,000 km).[217]
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
States led a broad coalition of international forces to
overthrow the Taliban regime from Afghanistan for their
harboring of al-Qaeda.[218] Though Pakistani authorities
were initially reluctant to align themselves with the
United States against the Taliban, they permitted the
coalition access to their military bases, and arrested and
handed over to the U.S. over 600 suspected al-Qaeda
members.[219][220]
The U.S. set up the Guantanamo Bay detention camp
to hold inmates they dened as "illegal enemy combatants". The legitimacy of these detentions has been
questioned by the European Union and human rights
organizations.[221][222][223]
Military operations
See also: War on Terror
At 2:40 p.m. in the afternoon of September 11, Secretary
of Defense Donald Rumsfeld was issuing rapid orders to
his aides to look for evidence of Iraqi involvement. According to notes taken by senior policy ocial Stephen
Cambone, Rumsfeld asked for, Best info fast. Judge
whether good enough hit S.H. (Saddam Hussein) at
same time. Not only UBL (Osama bin Laden).[224]
Cambones notes quoted Rumsfeld as saying, Need to
move swiftly Near term target needs go massive
sweep it all up. Things related and not.[225][226] In a
meeting at Camp David on September 15 the Bush administration rejected the idea of attacking Iraq in response to 9/11.[227]
U.S. soldiers in Afghanistan

Vladimir Putin and his wife attending a commemoration service
for the victims of the September 11 attacks on November 16, 2001
Tens of thousands of people attempted to ee

Afghanistan following the attacks, fearing a response
by the United States. Pakistan, already home to many
Afghan refugees from previous conicts, closed its
border with Afghanistan on September 17, 2001. Approximately one month after the attacks, the United
The NATO council declared the attacks on the United

States were an attack on all NATO nations which satised Article 5 of the NATO charter. This marked the
rst invocation of Article 5, which had been written during the Cold War with an attack by the Soviet Union in
mind.[228] Australian Prime Minister John Howard who
was in Washington D.C. during the attacks invoked Article IV of the ANZUS treaty.[229] The Bush administration announced a War on Terror, with the stated goals
13
Bin Laden in a video from Afghanistan after the airstrikes were

launched
of bringing bin Laden and al-Qaeda to justice and preventing the emergence of other terrorist networks. These
goals would be accomplished by imposing economic and Survivors were covered in dust after the collapse of the towers.
military sanctions against states harboring terrorists, and
increasing global surveillance and intelligence sharing.
math of the attacks, citing national security, but the EPA
On September 14, 2001, the U.S. Congress passed the
did not determine that air quality had returned to preAuthorization for Use of Military Force Against TerrorSeptember 11 levels until June 2002.[236]
ists. Still in eect, it grants the President the authority
to use all necessary and appropriate force against those Health eects extended to residents, students, and oce
whom he determined planned, authorized, committed or workers of Lower Manhattan and nearby Chinatown.[237]
aided the September 11th attacks, or who harbored said Several deaths have been linked to the toxic dust, and the
victims names were included in the World Trade Center
persons or groups.
memorial.[238] Approximately 18,000 people have been
On October 7, 2001, the War in Afghanistan began when
estimated to have developed illnesses as a result of the
U.S. and British forces initiated aerial bombing camtoxic dust.[239] There is also scientic speculation that
paigns targeting Taliban and al-Qaeda camps, then later
exposure to various toxic products in the air may have
invaded Afghanistan with ground troops of the Special
negative eects on fetal development. A notable chilForces. The overthrow of the Taliban rule of Afghanistan
drens environmental health center is currently analyzby a U.S.-led coalition was the second-biggest operation
ing the children whose mothers were pregnant during the
of the U.S. Global War on Terrorism outside the United
WTC collapse, and were living or working nearby.[240]
States, and the largest directly connected to terrorism.
A study of rescue workers released in April 2010 found
Conict in Afghanistan between the Taliban insurgency
that all those studied had impaired lung functions, and
and the International Security Assistance Force is ongothat 3040% were reporting little or no improvement in
ing. The Philippines and Indonesia, among other nations
persistent symptoms that started within the rst year of
with their own internal conicts with Islamic terrorism,
the attack.[241]
[230][231]
also increased their military readiness.
Years after the attacks, legal disputes over the costs of illnesses related to the attacks were still in the court system.
On October 17, 2006, a federal judge rejected New York
1.1.4 Eects
Citys refusal to pay for health costs for rescue workers,
allowing for the possibility of numerous suits against the
Health issues
city.[242] Government ocials have been faulted for urgMain article: Health eects arising from the September ing the public to return to lower Manhattan in the weeks
11 attacks
shortly after the attacks. Christine Todd Whitman, administrator of the EPA in the aftermath of the attacks,
Hundreds of thousands of tons of toxic debris contain- was heavily criticized by a U.S. District Judge for incor[243]
ing more than 2,500 contaminants, including known car- rectly saying that the area was environmentally safe.
cinogens, were spread across Lower Manhattan due to Mayor Giuliani was criticized for urging nancial industo return quickly to the greater Wall Street
the collapse of the Twin Towers.[232][233] Exposure to try personnel
[244]
area.
the toxins in the debris is alleged to have contributed
to fatal or debilitating illnesses among people who were
at ground zero.[234][235] The Bush administration ordered
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to issue reassuring statements regarding air quality in the after-
The United States Congress passed the James L. Zadroga

9/11 Health and Compensation Act on December 22,
2010, and President Barack Obama signed the act into
law on January 2, 2011. It allocated $4.2 billion to create
14
the World Trade Center Health Program, which provides
testing and treatment for people suering from long-term
health problems related to the 9/11 attacks.[245][246] The
WTC Health Program replaced preexisting 9/11-related
health programs such as the Medical Monitoring and
Treatment Program and the WTC Environmental Health
Center program.[246]
According to a new study, pregnant women living near the
World Trade Center during the 9/11 terror attacks experienced higher-than-normal negative birth outcomes. The
study by Princeton Universitys Woodrow Wilson School
of Public and International Aairs found that these mothers were more likely to give birth prematurely and deliver babies with low birth weights. Their babies were
also more likely to be admitted to neonatal intensive care
units after birth (especially baby boys), according to the
study led by the Wilson Schools Janet Currie and Hannes
Schwandt.[247]
Economic
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
its largest one-week point drop in history.[250] In 2001
dollars, U.S. stocks lost $1.4 trillion in valuation for the
week.[250]
In New York City, about 430,000 job-months and $2.8
billion dollars in wages were lost in the three months after the attacks. The economic eects were mainly on
the economys export sectors.[251] The citys GDP was
estimated to have declined by $27.3 billion for the last
three months of 2001 and all of 2002. The U.S. government provided $11.2 billion in immediate assistance to
the Government of New York City in September 2001,
and $10.5 billion in early 2002 for economic development
and infrastructure needs.[252] Also hurt were small businesses in Lower Manhattan near the World Trade Center,
18,000 of which were destroyed or displaced, resulting
in lost jobs and their consequent wages. Assistance was
provided by Small Business Administration loans, federal
government Community Development Block Grants, and
Economic Injury Disaster Loans.[252] Some 31,900,000
square feet (2,960,000 m2 ) of Lower Manhattan oce
space was damaged or destroyed.[253] Many wondered
whether these jobs would return, and if the damaged tax
base would recover.[254] Studies of the economic eects
of 9/11 show the Manhattan oce real-estate market and
oce employment were less aected than rst feared, because of the nancial services industrys need for face-toface interaction.[255][256]
North American air space was closed for several days after the attacks and air travel decreased upon its reopening,
leading to a nearly 20% cutback in air travel capacity, and
exacerbating nancial problems in the struggling U.S. airline industry.[257]
The September 11 attacks also led to the U.S. wars in
Afghanistan and Iraq,[258] as well as additional homeland
security spending, totaling at least $5 trillion.[259]
Cultural
Further information: List of cultural references to the
September 11 attacks and List of entertainment aected
by the September 11 attacks
As shown in this table, the 9/11 attacks had a major eect on

the economy of New York City (in red), compared to the United
States economy overall (in blue).
Main article: Economic eects arising from the September 11 attacks

The attacks had a signicant economic impact on United
States and world markets.[248] The stock exchanges did
not open on September 11 and remained closed until
September 17. Reopening, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) fell 684 points, or 7.1%, to 8921, a recordsetting one-day point decline.[249] By the end of the week,
the DJIA had fallen 1,369.7 points (14.3%), at the time
The impact of 9/11 extends beyond geopolitics into society and culture in general. Immediate responses to 9/11
included greater focus on home life and time spent with
family, higher church attendance, and increased expressions of patriotism such as the ying of ags.[260] The radio industry responded by removing certain songs from
playlists, and the attacks have subsequently been used as
background, narrative or thematic elements in lm, television, music and literature. Already-running television
shows as well as programs developed after 9/11 have reected post-9/11 cultural concerns.[261] 9/11 conspiracy
theories have become social phenomena, despite negligible support for such views from expert scientists, engineers, and historians.[262] 9/11 has also had a major im-
15
pact on the religious faith of many individuals; for some

it strengthened, to nd consolation to cope with the loss
of loved ones and overcome their grief; others started
to question their faith or lost it entirely, because they
couldn't reconcile it with their view of religion.[263][264]
The culture of America succeeding the attacks is noted
for heightened security and an increased demand thereof,
as well as paranoia and anxiety regarding future terrorist attacks that includes most of the nation. Psychologists have also conrmed that there has been an increased
amount of national anxiety in commercial air travel.[265]
Government policies toward terrorism
As a result of the attacks, many governments across the
world passed legislation to combat terrorism.[266] In Germany, where several of the 9/11 terrorists had resided and
taken advantage of that countrys liberal asylum policies,
two major anti-terrorism packages were enacted. The
rst removed legal loopholes that permitted terrorists to
live and raise money in Germany. The second addressed
the eectiveness and communication of intelligence and
law enforcement.[267] Canada passed the Canadian AntiTerrorism Act, that nations rst anti-terrorism law.[268] Mohamed Atta, an Egyptian national, was the ringleader of the
The United Kingdom passed the Anti-terrorism, Crime hijackers.
and Security Act 2001 and the Prevention of Terrorism
Act 2005.[269][270] New Zealand enacted the Terrorism
Suppression Act 2002.[271]
linking al-Qaeda and bin Laden to the attacks.[274]
In the United States, the Department of Homeland SeThe FBI was quickly able to identify the hijackers, incurity was created by the Homeland Security Act to cocluding leader Mohamed Atta, when his luggage was disordinate domestic anti-terrorism eorts. The USA Pacovered at Bostons Logan Airport. Atta had been forced
triot Act gave the federal government greater powers,
to check two of his three bags due to space limitations
including the authority to detain foreign terror suspects
on the 19-seat commuter ight he took to Boston.[275]
for a week without charge, to monitor telephone comDue to a new policy instituted to prevent ight delays,
munications, e-mail, and Internet use by terror suspects,
the luggage failed to make it aboard American Airlines
and to prosecute suspected terrorists without time reFlight 11 as planned. The luggage contained the hijackstrictions. The Federal Aviation Administration ordered
ers names, assignments and al-Qaeda connections. It
that airplane cockpits be reinforced to prevent terrorists
had all these Arab-language (sic) papers that amounted
gaining control of planes, and assigned sky marshals to
to the Rosetta stone of the investigation, said one FBI
ights. Further, the Aviation and Transportation Security
agent.[276] Within hours of the attacks, the FBI released
Act made the federal government, rather than airports,
the names and in many cases the personal details of the
responsible for airport security. The law created the
suspected pilots and hijackers.[277][278] On September 27,
Transportation Security Administration to inspect pas2001, they released photos of all 19 hijackers, along with
sengers and luggage, causing long delays and concern over
information about possible nationalities and aliases.[279]
[272]
passenger privacy.
Fifteen of the men were from Saudi Arabia, two from
the United Arab Emirates, one (Atta) from Egypt, and
one from Lebanon.[280]
1.1.5 Investigations
FBI
Immediately after the attacks, the Federal Bureau of Investigation started PENTTBOM, the largest criminal inquiry in the history of the United States. At its height,
more than half of the FBIs agents worked on the investigation and followed a half-million leads.[273] The FBI
concluded that there was clear and irrefutable evidence
By midday, the U.S. National Security Agency and German intelligence agencies had intercepted communications pointing to Osama bin Laden.[281] Two of the hijackers were known to have travelled with a bin Laden associate to Malaysia in 2000[282] and hijacker Mohammed
Atta had previously gone to Afghanistan.[283] He and others were part of a terrorist cell in Hamburg.[284] One of
the members of the Hamburg cell was discovered to have
been in communication with Khalid Sheik Mohammed
16
who was identied as a member of al-Qaeda.[285]
Authorities in the United States and Britain also obtained electronic intercepts, including telephone conversations and electronic bank transfers, which indicate that
Mohammed Atef, a bin Laden deputy, was a key gure in the planning of the 9/11 attacks. Intercepts were
also obtained that revealed conversations that took place
days before September 11 between bin Laden and an associate in Pakistan. In those conversations, the two referred to an incident that would take place in America
on, or around, September 11 and they discussed potential repercussions. In another conversation with an associate in Afghanistan, bin Laden discussed the scale and
eects of a forthcoming operation. These conversations
did not specically mention the World Trade Center or
Pentagon, or other specics.[286]
CIA
The Inspector General of the Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA) conducted an internal review of the agencys pre9/11 performance and was harshly critical of senior CIA
ocials for not doing everything possible to confront terrorism. He criticized their failure to stop two of the 9/11
hijackers, Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar, as
they entered the United States and their failure to share information on the two men with the FBI.[287] In May 2007,
senators from both major U.S. political parties drafted
legislation to make the review public. One of the backers,
Senator Ron Wyden said, The American people have a
right to know what the Central Intelligence Agency was
doing in those critical months before 9/11.[288]
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
were frustrated by the unanswered questions and redacted
material from the Congressional inquiry and demanded
an independent commission.[291] September 11th victim families,[294] members of congress[295][296] and the
Saudi Arabian government are still seeking release of the
documents.[297][298]
9/11 Commission
Main articles: 9/11 Commission, 9/11 Commission
Report and Criticism of the 9/11 Commission
The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the
United States (9/11 Commission), chaired by Thomas
Kean and Lee H. Hamilton, was formed in late 2002
to prepare a thorough account of the circumstances surrounding the attacks, including preparedness for and the
immediate response to the attacks.[299] On July 22, 2004,
the Commission issued the 9/11 Commission Report.
The report detailed the events of 9/11, found the attacks
were carried out by members of al-Qaeda, and examined how security and intelligence agencies were inadequately coordinated to prevent the attacks. Formed from
an independent bipartisan group of mostly former Senators, Representatives, and Governors, the commissioners explained, We believe the 9/11 attacks revealed four
kinds of failures: in imagination, policy, capabilities, and
management.[300] The Commission made numerous recommendations on how to prevent future attacks, and in
2011 was dismayed that several of its recommendations
had yet to be implemented.[301]
Collapse of the World Trade Center
Congressional inquiry
Main article: Collapse of the World Trade Center

Main article: Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community See also: 7 World Trade Center 9/11 and collapse
Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology
September 11, 2001
In February 2002 the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the House Permanent Select Committee on
Intelligence formed a joint inquiry into the performance
of the U.S. Intelligence Community.[289] Their 832 page
report released in December 2002[290] detailed failings
of the FBI and CIA to use available information, including about terrorists the CIA knew were in the United
States, in order to disrupt the plots.[291] The joint inquiry developed its information about possible involvement of Saudi Arabian government ocials from nonclassied sources.[292] Nevertheless, the Bush administration demanded 28 related pages remain classied.[291]
In December 2002 the inquirys chair Bob Graham (DFL) revealed in an interview that there was evidence
that there were foreign governments involved in facilitating the activities of at least some of the terrorists in
the United States.[293] September 11th victim families
The exterior support columns from the lower level of the south
tower remained standing after the building collapsed.
(NIST) investigated the collapses of the Twin Towers and

7 WTC. The investigations examined why the buildings
collapsed and what re protection measures were in place,
17
and evaluated how re protection systems might be improved in future construction.[302] The investigation into
the collapse of 1 WTC and 2 WTC was concluded in October 2005 and that of 7 WTC was completed in August
2008.[303]
NIST found that the reproong on the Twin Towers
steel infrastructures was blown o by the initial impact
of the planes and that, had this not occurred, the towers
likely would have remained standing.[304] A 2007 study
of the north towers collapse published by researchers of
Purdue University determined that, since the planes impact had stripped o much of the structures thermal insulation, the heat from a typical oce re would have
softened and weakened the exposed girders and columns
enough to initiate the collapse regardless of the number
of columns cut or damaged by the impact.[305][306]
The director of the original investigation stated that, the
towers really did amazingly well. The terrorist aircraft
didnt bring the buildings down; it was the re which followed. It was proven that you could take out two thirds
of the columns in a tower and the building would still
stand.[307] The res weakened the trusses supporting the
oors, making the oors sag. The sagging oors pulled on
the exterior steel columns causing the exterior columns
to bow inward. With the damage to the core columns,
the buckling exterior columns could no longer support the
buildings, causing them to collapse. Additionally, the report found the towers stairwells were not adequately reinforced to provide adequate emergency escape for people
above the impact zones.[308] NIST concluded that uncontrolled res in 7 WTC caused oor beams and girders to
heat and subsequently caused a critical support column
to fail, initiating a re-induced progressive collapse that
brought the building down.[303]
Rebuilt One World Trade Center nearing completion in July 2013
2013. The spire was installed atop the building at that

date, putting 1 WTCs height at 1,776 feet (541 m) and
thus claiming the title of the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere.[312] 1 WTC nished construction and
opened on November 3, 2014.[313]
On the World Trade Center site, three more oce towers

are expected to be built one block east of where the original towers stood. Construction has begun on all three
Further information: World Trade Center site, World of these towers; they are expected to be completed after
Trade Center Rebuilding and Construction of One One World Trade Center.[314]
World Trade Center
1.1.6
Rebuilding
On the day of the attacks, New York City mayor Rudy 1.1.7 Memorials
Giuliani stated: We will rebuild. We're going to come
out of this stronger than before, politically stronger, eco- Main article: Memorials and services for the September
nomically stronger. The skyline will be made whole 11 attacks
again.[309]
The damaged section of the Pentagon was rebuilt and
occupied within a year of the attacks.[310] The temporary World Trade Center PATH station opened in late
2003 and construction of the new 7 World Trade Center was completed in 2006. Work on rebuilding the
main World Trade Center site was delayed until late 2006
when leaseholder Larry Silverstein and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey agreed on nancing.[311]
The construction of One World Trade Center began on
April 27, 2006, and reached its full height on May 20,
In the days immediately following the attacks, many

memorials and vigils were held around the world, and
photographs of the dead and missing were posted around
Ground Zero. A witness described being unable to get
away from faces of innocent victims who were killed.
Their pictures are everywhere, on phone booths, street
lights, walls of subway stations. Everything reminded me
of a huge funeral, people quiet and sad, but also very nice.
Before, New York gave me a cold feeling; now people
were reaching out to help each other.[315]
18
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
1.1.8 See also

Federal Express Flight 705 1994 cockpit attack
Southwest Airlines Flight 1763 August 2000 cockpit attack
Bojinka plot plot by Ramzi Yousef and Khalid
Shaikh Mohammed, foiled in 1995, to attack multiple airliners and crash a plane into the CIA headquarters
The Tribute in Light on September 11, 2014, on the thirteenth

anniversary of the attacks, seen from Bayonne, New Jersey. The
building to the extreme left is the new One World Trade Center.
1.1.9 Notes
[1] 9/11 is pronounced nine eleven. The slash is not part
of the pronunciation. The name is frequently used in
British English as well as in American English, although
the dating conventions dier.
One of the rst memorials was the Tribute in Light, an in- 1.1.10 References
stallation of 88 searchlights at the footprints of the World
Trade Center towers.[316] In New York, the World Trade Citations
Center Site Memorial Competition was held to design an
appropriate memorial on the site.[317] The winning de- [1] Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11. CBC News.
October 29, 2004. Retrieved 2011-09-01. Al-Qaeda
sign, Reecting Absence, was selected in August 2006,
leader Osama bin Laden appeared in a new message aired
and consists of a pair of reecting pools in the footprints
on an Arabic TV station Friday night, for the rst time
of the towers, surrounded by a list of the victims names
claiming direct responsibility for the 2001 attacks against
in an underground memorial space.[318]
the United States.
The Pentagon Memorial was completed and opened to
the public on the seventh anniversary of the attacks in
2008.[319][320] It consists of a landscaped park with 184
benches facing the Pentagon.[321] When the Pentagon
was repaired in 20012002, a private chapel and indoor
memorial were included, located at the spot where Flight
77 crashed into the building.[322]
In Shanksville, a permanent Flight 93 National Memorial
is planned to include a sculpted grove of trees forming a
circle around the crash site, bisected by the planes path,
while wind chimes will bear the names of the victims.[323]
A temporary memorial is located 500 yards (457 m)
from the crash site.[324] New York City reghters donated a cross made of steel from the World Trade Center and mounted on top of a platform shaped like the
Pentagon.[325] It was installed outside the rehouse on
August 25, 2008.[326] Many other permanent memorials
are elsewhere. Scholarships and charities have been established by the victims families, and by many other organizations and private gures.[327]
[2] Inside 9/11: Zero Hour, National Geographic Channel

documentary, 2005.
[3] Matthew J. Morgan (August 4, 2009). The Impact of 9/11
on Politics and War: The Day that Changed Everything?.
Palgrave Macmillan. p. 222. ISBN 0-2306-07632.
[4] Deadliest Days in Law Enforcement History. National
Law Enforcement Ocers Memorial Fund. Retrieved
2014-04-09.
[5] Congress. Congressional Record, Vol. 148, Pt. 7, May 23,
2002 to June 12, 2002. Government Printing Oce. p.
9909. Retrieved 2014-04-09.
[6] How much did the September 11 terrorist attack cost
America?". 2004. Institute for the Analysis of Global
Security. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
[7] 1 World Trade Center (Freedom Tower)". Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. Retrieved 2013-09-11.
[8] Smith, Aaron. One World Trade Center opens today.
On every anniversary, in New York City, the names of

CNN Money. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
the victims who died there are read out against a background of somber music. The President of the United [9] Al-Qaedas origins and links. BBC News. July 20,
2004. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
States attends a memorial service at the Pentagon,[328] and
asks Americans to observe Patriot Day with a moment of [10] Gunaratna (2002), pp. 2333.
silence. Smaller services are held in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, which are usually attended by the Presidents [11] Bin Ladens fatw (1996)". PBS. Archived from the original on 2001-10-31. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
spouse.
19
[12] Al Qaedas Second Fatwa. PBS NewsHour. Public

Broadcasting Service. Archived from the original on
2013-11-28. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
[26] Leonard, Tom; Spillius, Alex (October 10, 2008).

Alleged 9/11 mastermind wants to confess to plot. London: Telegraph. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
[13] Pakistan inquiry orders Bin Laden family to remain.

BBC. July 6, 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
[27] September 11 suspect 'confesses". Al Jazeera. March

15, 2007. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
[14] Full transcript of bin Ladins speech. Al Jazeera.

November 2, 2004. Archived from the original on 200704-10. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
[28] 9/11 Commission Report (2004), p. 147.
[15] Pakistan to Demand Taliban Give Up Bin Laden as Iran

Seals Afghan Border. Fox News Channel. September
16, 2001. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
[16] Bin Laden on tape: Attacks 'beneted Islam greatly'".
CNN. December 14, 2001. Archived from the original
on 2007-12-27. Retrieved 2013-11-24. Reveling in the
details of the fatal attacks, bin Laden brags in Arabic that
he knew about them beforehand and says the destruction
went beyond his hopes. He says the attacks beneted Islam greatly.
[29] White House power grabs. The Washington Times. August 26, 2009. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
[30] Van Voris, Bob; Hurtado, Patricia (April 4, 2011).
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Terror Indictment Unsealed,
Dismissed. BusinessWeek. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
[31] Shannon, Elaine; Weisskopf, Michael (March 24, 2003).
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Names Names. TIME. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
[32] Nichols, Michelle (May 8, 2008). US judge orders CIA
to turn over 'torture' memo-ACLU. Reuters. Retrieved
2011-09-03.
[17] Transcript: Bin Laden video excerpts. BBC News. December 27, 2001. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
[33] Key 9/11 suspect 'admits guilt'". BBC News. March 15,
2007. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
[18] Michael, Maggie (October 29, 2004). Bin Laden, in

statement to U.S. people, says he ordered Sept. 11 attacks. SignOnSanDiego.com. Associated Press. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
[34] Substitution for Testimony of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed (PDF). United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. United States Department of Justice. 2006. p. 24. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
[19] Al-Jazeera: Bin Laden tape obtained in Pakistan.

MSNBC. October 30, 2004. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
[35] Spain jails 18 al-Qaeda operatives. The Age (Melbourne). September 27, 2005. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
[20] Bin Laden 9/11 planning video aired. CBC News.

September 7, 2006. Archived from the original on 200710-13. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
[36] Naughton, Philippe (June 1, 2006). Spanish court

quashes 9/11 conviction. The Times. Retrieved 201109-03.
[21] Clewley, Robin (September 27, 2001). How Osama

Cracked FBIs Top 10. Wired. Archived from the original on 2008-05-26. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
[37] Summers and Swan (2011), p. 489n.
[22] USAMA BIN LADEN. FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitive.

Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 2011-09-10.
[23] Baker, Peter; Cooper, Helene (May 1, 2011). Bin Laden
Is Dead, President Obama Says. New York Times. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
[24] Cooper, Helene (May 1, 2011). Obama Announces
Killing of Osama bin Laden. New York Times. Retrieved
2011-09-03.
[25] "'We left out nuclear targets, for now'". The Guardian
(London). March 4, 2003. Archived from the original
on 2008-03-02. Retrieved 2011-09-03. Yosri Fouda of
the Arabic television channel al-Jazeera is the only journalist to have interviewed Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the
al-Qaeda military commander arrested at the weekend.
Here he describes the two-day encounter with him and his
fellow organiser of September 11, Ramzi bin al- Shibh:
[...] Summoning every thread of experience and courage,
I looked Khalid in the eye and asked: 'Did you do it?'
The reference to September 11 was implicit. Khalid responded with little fanfare: 'I am the head of the al-Qaeda
military committee,' he began, 'and Ramzi is the coordinator of the Holy Tuesday operation. And yes, we did it.'
[38] Youssef, Maamoun (May 24, 2006). Bin Laden: Moussaoui Not Linked to 9/11. Washington Post. Associated
Press.
[39] Summers and Swan (2011), p. 542n.
[40] The Hamburg connection. BBC News. August 19,
2005.
[41] "Chapter of the 9/11 Commission Report detailing the
history of the Hamburg Cell". 9/11 Commission.
[42] Gunarathna, pp. 6162.
[43] bin Laden, Osama (November 24, 2002). Full text: bin
Ladens 'letter to America'". The Observer. Retrieved
2011-09-03.
[44]
Mearsheimer (2007), p. 67.

Kushner (2003), p. 389.
Murdico (2003), p. 64.
Kelley (2006), p. 207.
Ibrahim (2007), p. 276.
Berner (2007), p. 80.
[45] Plotz, David (2001) What Does Osama Bin Laden Want?,
Slate
20
[46]
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
Plotz, David (2001) What Does Osama Bin Laden
Want?, Slate
Bergen (2001), p. 3.
Yusufzai, Rahimullah (September 26, 2001). Face
to face with Osama. The Guardian (London).
Archived from the original on 2008-01-19. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
US pulls out of Saudi Arabia. BBC News. April
29, 2003. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
Saga of Dr. Zawahri Sheds Light On the Roots of
al Qaeda Terror. Wall Street Journal. July 2, 2002.
Retrieved 2011-09-03.
Tenth Public Hearing, Testimony of Louis Freeh.
9/11 Commission. April 13, 2004. Retrieved
2011-09-03.
Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders: World Islamic
Front Statement. Federation of American Scientists. February 23, 1998. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
[47]
Full transcript of bin Ladins speech. aljazeera.

bin Laden, Osama (November 24, 2002). Full
text: bin Ladens 'letter to America'". The Observer.
[48] Full transcript of bin Ladens Letter to America"". The

Guardian. November 24, 2002. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
[49] bin Laden, Osama. Full transcript of bin Ladins
speech. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2012-04-10. So I shall
talk to you about the story behind those events and shall
tell you truthfully about the moments in which the decision was taken, for you to consider
[50] Bergen (2001), p. 3.
[51] 1998 Al Qaeda fatw". Fas.org. February 23, 1998. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
[52] Yusufzai, Rahimullah (September 26, 2001). Face to
face with Osama. The Guardian (London). Retrieved
2011-09-03.
[53] Pape, Robert A. (2005). Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic
of Suicide Terrorism. New York: Random House. ISBN
0-8129-7338-0.
[58] In his taped broadcast from January 2010, Bin Laden said
Our attacks against you [the United States] will continue
as long as U.S. support for Israel continues. ... The message sent to you with the attempt by the hero Nigerian
Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab is a conrmation of our previous message conveyed by the heroes of September 11.
Quoted from Bin Laden: Attacks on U.S. to go on as long
as it supports Israel, in Haaretz.com
[59] Rockmore, Tom (April 21, 2011). Before and After
9/11: A Philosophical Examination of Globalization, Terror. ISBN 978-1-4411-1892-9. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
[60] Bernard Lewis, 2004. In Bernard Lewis's 2004 book
The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror, he argues that animosity toward the West is best understood
with the decline of the once powerful Ottoman empire,
compounded by the import of western ideas Arab socialism, Arab liberalism and Arab secularism. During
the past three centuries, according to this interpretation,
the Islamic world has lost its dominance and its leadership, and has fallen behind both the modern West and
the rapidly modernizing Orient. The resulting, widening
gap poses increasingly acute problems, both practical and
emotional, for which the rulers, thinkers, and rebels of Islam have not yet found eective answers.
[61] In an essay titled The spirit of terrorism, Jean Baudrillard described 9/11 as the rst global event that questions the very process of globalization. Baudrillard. The
spirit of terrorism. Retrieved 2011-06-26.
[62] In an essay entitled Somebody Elses Civil War, Michael
Scott Doran argues the attacks are best understood as part
of a religious conict within the Muslim world and that
Bin Ladens followers consider themselves an island of
true believers surrounded by a sea of iniquity. Hoping
that U.S. retaliation would unite the faithful against the
West, bin Laden sought to spark revolutions in Arab nations and elsewhere. Doran argues the Osama bin Laden
videos attempt to provoke a visceral reaction in the Middle East and ensure that Muslim citizens would react as
violently as possible to an increase in U.S. involvement in
their region. (Somebody Elses Civil War. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2009-12-05. Reprinted in Hoge, James
F.; Rose, Gideon (2005). Understanding the War on Terror. New York: Norton. pp. 7275. ISBN 978-0-87609347-4.)
[54] See also the 1998 Al-Qaeda fatw: The ruling to kill
the Americans and their allies civilians and military is
an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any
country in which it is possible to do it, in order to liberate
the al-Aqsa Mosque and the holy mosque [Mecca] from
their grip, and in order for their armies to move out of
all the lands of Islam, defeated and unable to threaten any
Muslim. Quoted from Al Qaedas Second Fatwa. PBS
NewsHour. Public Broadcasting Service. Archived from
the original on 2013-11-28. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
[63] In The Osama bin Laden I Know, Peter Bergen argues

the attacks were part of a plan to cause the United States
to increase its military and cultural presence in the Middle East, thereby forcing Muslims to confront the idea
of a non-Muslim government and to eventually establish
conservative Islamic governments in the region.(Bergen
(2006), p. 229.)
[55] Summers and Swan (2011), pp. 211, 506n.
[65] 9/11 Commission Report, Chapter 5, pp ??
[56] Lawrence (2005), p. 239.
[66] Lichtblau, Eric (March 20, 2003). Bin Laden Chose 9/11
Targets, Al Qaeda Leader Says. New York Times. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
[57] online here)
[64] Suspect 'reveals 9/11 planning'". BBC News. September

22, 2003. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
21
[67] Wright (2006), p. 308.
[89] Summers and Swan (2011), pp. 58, 463n, 476n.
[68] Bergen (2006), p. 283.
[90] Wilgoren, Jodi and Edward Wong (September 13, 2001).

On Doomed Flight, Passengers Vowed To Perish Fighting. The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
[69] Wright (2006), pp. 30915.

[70] McDermott (2005), pp. 19192.
[71] Bernstein, Richard (September 10, 2002). On Path to
the U.S. Skies, Plot Leader Met bin Laden. New York
Times. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
[72] Wright (2006), pp. 30407.
[73] Wright (2006), p. 302.
[74] 9/11 commission sta statement No. 16 (PDF). 9/11
Commission. June 16, 2004. Retrieved 2012-09-11.
[75] Sta Monograph on 9/11 and Terrorist Travel (PDF).
9/11 Commission. 2004. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
[76] Irujo, Jose Mara (March 21, 2004). Atta recibi en Tarragona joyas para que los miembros del 'comando' del 11S se hiciesen pasar por ricos saudes (in Spanish). elpais.com. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
[91] Serrano, Richard A. (April 11, 2006). Moussaoui Jury

Hears the Panic From 9/11. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
[92] Goo, Sara Kehaulani; Eggen, Dan (January 28, 2004).
Hijackers used Mace, knives to take over airplanes. San
Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2013-11-12.
[93] Ahlers, Mike M. (January 27, 2004). 9/11 panel: Hijackers may have had utility knives. CBS News. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
[94] Encore Presentation: Barbara Olson Remembered.
Larry King Live (CNN). January 6, 2002. Retrieved
2011-09-01.
[95] National Commission Upon Terrorist Attacks in the
United States. National Commission Upon Terrorist Attacks in the United States. January 27, 2004. Retrieved
2008-01-24.
[77] 9/11 Commission Report, pp. 414.

[96] Summers and Swan (2011), p. 343.
[78] The Attack Looms. 9/11 Commission Report. National
Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States.
2004. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
[79] See, for example, news coverage by CNN: Breaking
News Videos from CNN.com. CNN.
[80] Jones, Jonathan. The 9/11 attack seen from space an
image of impotence. The Guardian. Archived from the
original on 12 March 2014.
[97] Miller, Bill (May 1, 2002). Skyscraper Protection Might

Not Be Feasible, Federal Engineers Say. Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
[98] World Trade Center Building Performance Study, Ch. 5
WTC 7 section 5.5.4
[99] Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center Building 7, p. xxxvii.
[81] Flight Path Study American Airlines Flight 11 (PDF). [100] Flight 77, Video 2. Judicial Watch. Retrieved 2012-04National Transportation Safety Board. February 19,
04.
2002.
[101] Proles of 9/11 About 9/11. The Biography Channel.
[82] Flight Path Study United Airlines Flight 175 (PDF).
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United States. 2004.
Alavosius, Mark P.; Rodriquez, Nischal J. (2005).
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doi:10.1108/09653560510634098.
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National Transportation Safety Board. January 31,
2002. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
Goldberg, Alfred (2007). Pentagon 9/11. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Oce. ISBN 9780-16-078328-9.
Gunaratna, Ronan (2002). Inside Al Qaeda: global
network of terror. Columbia University Press. ISBN
978-0-231-12692-2.
Holmes, Stephen (2006). Al Qaeda, September 11,
2001. In Diego Gambetta. Making sense of suicide
missions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19929797-9.
Ibrahim, Raymond; Osama Bin Laden (2007). The
Al Qaeda reader. Random House Digital, Inc. ISBN
978-0-385-51655-6.
Kelley, Christopher (2006). Executing the Constitution: putting the president back into the Constitution.
SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-6727-5.
Keppel, Gilles; Milelli, Jean-Pierre and Ghazaleh,
Pascale (2008). Al Qaeda in its own words. Harvard
University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02804-3.
Martin, Gus (2011). The SAGE Encyclopedia of
Terrorism, Second Edition. SAGE. ISBN 978-1412-98017-3.
29
Lawrence, Bruce; Bruce Lawrence (2005).

Messages to the world: the statements of Osama
Bin Laden. Verso. ISBN 978-1-84467-045-1.
Bolton, M. Kent (2006). U.S. National Security and

Foreign Policymaking After 9/11: Present at the Recreation. Rowman & Littleeld. ISBN 978-0-74255900-4.
McDermott, Terry (2005). Perfect Soldiers: The

9/11 Hijackers. HarperCollins. pp. 191192. ISBN
978-0-06-058470-2.
Caraley, Demetrios (2002). September 11, terrorist

attacks, and U.S. foreign policy. Academy of Political Science. ISBN 978-1-884853-01-2.
McKinsey Report. FDNY / McKinsey & Company. August 9, 2002. Retrieved 2011-09-25.
Chernick, Howard (2005). Resilient city: the economic impact of 9/11. Russell Sage Foundation.
ISBN 978-0-87154-170-3.
Mearsheimer, John J. (2007). The Israel Lobby and

U.S. Foreign Policy. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-37417772-0.
Murdico, Suzanne (2003). Osama Bin Laden.
Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-44675.
The Pentagon Building Performance Report
(PDF). American Society of Civil Engineers
(ASCE). January 2003. Archived from the original
(PDF) on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
Summers, Anthony; Swan, Robbyn (2011). The
Eleventh Day: The Full Story of 9/11 and Osama
Bin Laden. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 14000-6659-X.
Sunder, Shyam S. (2005). Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers. National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Retrieved 2011-09-02.
World Trade Center Building Performance Study
Bankers Trust Building (PDF). FEMA. May 2002.
Damico, Amy M; Quay, Sara E. (2010). September

11 in Popular Culture: A Guide. Greenwood. ISBN
978-0-313-35505-9.
Hampton, Wilborn (2003). September 11, 2001: attack on New York City. Candlewick Press. ISBN
978-0-7636-1949-7.
Langley, Andrew (2006). September 11: Attack
on America. Compass Point Books. ISBN 978-07565-1620-8.
Neria, Yuval; Gross, Raz; Marshall, Randall D.;
Susser, Ezra S. (2006). 9/11: mental health in
the wake of terrorist attacks. Cambridge University
Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83191-8.
Strasser, Steven; Whitney, Craig R; United States.
Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Intelligence, National Commission on Terrorist Attacks
upon the United States (2004). The 9/11 investigations: sta reports of the 9/11 Commission: excerpts from the House-Senate joint inquiry report on
9/11: testimony from fourteen key witnesses, including Richard Clarke, George Tenet, and Condoleezza
Rice. PublicAairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-279-4.
World Trade Center Building Performance Study

Peripheral Buildings (PDF). FEMA. May 2002.
1.1.11
External links
World Trade Center Building Performance Study General

(PDF). Ch. 5 WTC 7 section 5.5.4. Federal Emergency Management Agency. 2002. Retrieved 2011 National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the
09-02.
United States ocial commission website
Wright, Lawrence (2006). The Looming Tower|The
Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11.
Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-41486-2.
Further reading
The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the
National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the
United States. National Commission O Terrorist Attacks (Cosimo, Inc). July 30, 2010. ISBN 978-161640-219-8.
Atkins, Stephen E (2011). The 9/11 Encyclopedia.
ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-921-9.
National September 11th Memorial and Museum

List of victims
September 11, 2001, Documentary Project from the
U.S. Library of Congress, Memory.loc.gov
September 11, 2001, Web Archive from the U.S.
Library of Congress, Minerva
The September 11th Sourcebooks from The National Security Archive
September 11 Digital Archive: Saving the Histories of September 11, 2001 from the Center for History and New Media and the American Social History
Project/Center for Media and Learning
30
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW
DoD: Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Verbatim Transcript of Combatant Status Review Tribunal Hearing for ISN 10024, From WikiSource
Multimedia
Understanding 9/11 A Television News Archive at
Internet Archive
CNN.com Video archive, including the rst and
second planes.
Remembering 9/11 National Geographic Society
Time.com 'Shattered: a remarkable collection of
photographs, James Nachtwey
September 11, 2001 Screenshot Archive Database
of 230 screenshots from news sites around the world.
Archive of newspaper front page images for 200109-11 at the Newseum
Coordinates:
404246.8N
40.713000N 74.013500W
74048.6W
Chapter 2
Timeline
2.1 Timeline of the attacks
1997 - Zakariyah Essabar arrives in Germany.

1998 - Recruitment of terrorists in Germany starts.
The September 11 attacks timeline is a chronological

list of the major events leading up to, during, and immediately following the terrorist attacks on New York and
Washington that day. All times are given in EDT, or UTC
4.
2.1.1
1999 - Hamburg cell is fully formed.

2000 - 2000 al-Qaeda Summit in Malaysia, pilots
head to the United States and train in ying schools.
2001 - Remaining hijackers go to the United States,
Zacarias Moussaoui goes to the United States and is
arrested, other cell members ee Germany.
Background history
1970: One World Trade Center completed.
2001 - Financial support.
1973: Two World Trade Center completed.

c. 1988: Osama bin Laden founds al-Qaeda.
2.1.3 September 11, 2001
1993: World Trade Center bombing.
Main article: Timeline for the day of the September 11

1995: Operation Bojinka is discovered by Manila attacks
police on a laptop computer in an apartment after a
re.
All times are in local time (EDT or UTC 4).
1996: The Taliban, a radical Islamic movement,
takes control of Afghanistan.
7:59 AM: Mohamed Atta boards AA Flight 11

which under his control will crash into the World
Trade Center.
1998: The 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in Kenya

and Tanzania occur.
8:18 AM: AA Flight 11 is taken over by Mohamed

Atta and other hijackers.
1999: Indian Airlines Flight 814 hijacked. One passenger dies while the others are released.
8:46 AM: American Airlines Flight 11 crashes into

the World Trade Center north tower between the
93rd and 99th oors.
2000: The USS Cole is bombed in Yemen.
2.1.2
Planning
Main article: Planning of the September 11, 2001 attacks
9:03 AM: United Airlines Flight 175 crashes into

the World Trade Center south tower between the
77th and 85th oors.
1992 - Mohamed Atta arrives in Germany.
9:37 AM: American Airlines Flight 77 crashes into

The Pentagon.
1994 - Planning on Operation Bojinka begins in the

Philippines.
9:59 AM: South Tower of World Trade Center collapses.
1995 - Operation Bojinka foiled, Said Bahaji and

Ramzi bin al-Shibh arrive in Germany.
10:03 AM: United Airlines Flight 93 crashes into a

eld in Shanksville, Pennsylvania.
1996 - Marwan al-Shehhi and Ziad Jarrah arrive in

Germany.
10:28 AM: North Tower of World Trade Center

collapses.
31
32
2.1.4
CHAPTER 2. TIMELINE
Rest of September
Main article: September 11, 2001 attacks timeline for

September
September 13: The 'Star-Spangled Banner' is

played during the Changing of the Guard at
Buckingham Palace. Russia observes a minutes
silence.
Further information: September 11, 2001 attack
memorials and services
"White House whitewashers" (written 27 September

2001)
"Attacks prompt widespread closings" (written 11
September 2001)
Barter, Sheila, "How the World Trade Center fell".
BBC
2.2 Planning
On September 11, 2001, 19 Arab hijackers took control of four commercial aircraft and used them as suicide
weapons in a series of four coordinated acts of terrorism
to strike the World Trade Center in New York City, New
York, The Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, and
an additional target in Washington DC, Maryland. Two
aircraft hit the World Trade Center; one hit the Pen September 15: CIA director George Tenet presents tagon. However, one plane never arrived at its target, bethe Worldwide Attack Matrix.
lieved to be either the U.S. Capitol Building or the White
House. As a result, 2,977 victims were killed, making it
September 20: George W. Bush announces that the most deadly terrorist attack to ever take place on U.S.
the US is at war.
soil; also the deadliest foreign attack located on U.S. soil
Further information: U.S. government response to since Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in Honolulu,
the September 11, 2001 attacks
Hawaii, on December 7, 1941. It was carefully planned
by al-Qaeda, who sent 19 terrorists to take over Boeing
757 and Boeing 767 aircraft, operated by American Airlines and United Airlines.
September 14 to September 21: Worldwide stock
markets plummet.
Further information: World economic eects
arising from the September 11, 2001 attacks
2.1.5
October
Main article: September 11, 2001 attacks timeline for

2.2.1
October
Background
Al-Qaeda's origins date back to 1979 when the Soviet

Union invaded Afghanistan.[1] Soon after the invasion,
October 1: Rudy Giuliani speaks to the United NaOsama bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan and helped ortions General Assembly.
ganize Arab mujahadeen. Together with Abdullah Az October 7: U.S. Attack on Afghanistan com- zam, a Palestinian-Jordanian who inuenced bin Laden,
they formed Maktab al-Khidamat (MAK) in 1984, to
mences.
provide support for Arab mujahadeen who came to join
the jihad in Afghanistan.[1]
2.1.6
Beyond October
Towards the end of the 1980s, the Soviets were retreating in defeat. Bin Laden and Azzam had discussions
Main article: September 11, 2001 attacks timeline about the future of MAK and what to do with the mubeyond October
jahadeen force that had built up. Bin Laden and Azzam
both wanted to use the force as a rapid reaction force to
defend oppressed Muslims around the world. Bin Laden
March 2002: The Tribute in Light project begins. wanted to train the mujahadeen in terrorist tactics, while
Azzam strongly disagreed with this approach, issuing a
September 2002: First anniversary of the Septem- fatwa saying that it would violate Islamic law. Azzam
ber 11, 2001 attacks commemorations are held reiterated the hadith that orders Muslims not to kill any
throughout the world, particularly the US.
women or children.[2]
In November 1989, soon after bin Laden and Azzam
split, Azzam was killed in Peshawar, Pakistan. Azzam and his two sons were travelling to Jummah (Fri Complete 911 Timeline - Provided by the Center day prayer) when a remote-control activated bomb detofor Cooperative Research.
nated and killed them. It is not known for certain if bin
2.1.7
External links
2.2. PLANNING
Laden was behind this, but thought unlikely. Nonetheless, bin Laden was free to take full control of MAK, laying groundwork for Al-Qaeda.[3] Under guidance of Dr.
Ayman al-Zawahiri, bin Laden became more radical.[4]
In 1991, bin Laden moved to the Sudan, where he led
operations in East Africa, including the 1993 assault on
American troops at Mogadishu in Somalia. Under international pressure, the Sudanese forced bin Laden out of
Sudan in 1996, and he returned to Afghanistan.
33
fering of Iraqi people due to sanctions imposed after the
Gulf War, and U.S. support of Israel. In the December
1999 interview with Rahimullah Yusufzai, bin Laden reiterated his ideology and objected to Americas military
presence in Saudi Arabia. He proclaimed that Americans were too near to Mecca, which he considered a
provocation to the entire Muslim world.[9] He also believed Israel was killing and punishing Palestinians with
American money and American arms.[9]
Ideology
2.2.2 Origins of the 9/11 attacks
Main article: Motivations of the September 11 attacks
According to the intelligence authorities in the United

States and the Philippines, the September 11 attacks originated with Operation Bojinka (a plan that was not executed), which was conceived by Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and his nephew, Ramzi Yousef. The rst stage
would be the assassination of Pope John Paul II. The second involved the bombing of eleven airliners bound for
the United States. The third stages called for small airplanes loaded with explosives to be crashed into the CIA
headquarters and possibly other buildings in major cities
across the U.S. The plot was discovered by Manila police on January 6, 1995 and Abdul Hakim Murad was arrested. Ramzi Yousef was arrested in Pakistan in February 1995. Wali Khan Amin Shah escaped after his arrest, but was re-arrested in Malaysia in December 1995.
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed escaped, and Riduan Isamuddin, also known as Hambali, was overlooked.
The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990 marked a point

where bin Laden turned his attention toward the United
States. He strongly urged the Saudi regime not to host the
500,000 American troops, instead advocating the use of
a mujahidin force to oust the Iraqis. Bin Laden strongly
opposed the continued presence of American troops in
Saudi Arabia. He interpreted the Prophet Muhammad as
banning the permanent presence of indels in Arabia.[5]
This is why bin Laden attacked American military targets in Saudi Arabia. Also, the date chosen for the
1998 Kenyan embassy bombings (August 7), was eight
years to the day that American troops were sent to Saudi
Arabia.[6]
Bin Laden also stated that he viewed the House of Saud
(the Saudi royal family) as apostates.[5] In Islam, the
charge of apostasy is made against Muslims that have
become non-believers and reject Islam. Bin Laden also
objects to American alliances with the governments of
Kuwait, Jordan, and Egypt.
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed rst presented the idea

for the September 11 plot to bin Laden in 1996 in
Afghanistan.[10] However, nothing came of the idea at
the time. At that point, bin Laden and Al-Qaeda were
in a period of transition, having just relocated back to
He viewed Israelis as indels, who are not welcome in Afghanistan from Sudan.
Muslim land. He objected to U.S. foreign policy in reMohammed moved to Qatar. Before the government
lation to Israel. He noted that key gures Madeline Althere could arrest him (after a request by the United
bright, Sandy Berger, and William Cohen, who were all
States), he ed to Afghanistan. The leaders of Al-Qaeda
Jewish, drove Washingtons undoubtedly pro-Israel polliked the idea of the modied Phases II and III Mo[7]
icy during the Clinton administration.
hammed presented to them. Instead of using small airplanes loaded with explosives, as Murad planned to do,
Mohammed planned to use commercial airliners. MoFatwas
hammed and Abu Zubaydah became the managers of the
In 1996, bin Laden issued a fatwa, calling for American plot. During late 1996 and 1997, Khalid Sheikh Motroops to get out of Saudi Arabia. In Islam, a fatwa can hammed stayed in the Czech Republic, as the Taliban
only be given by an Islamic scholar; however, Osama bin allegedly did not approve of his womanising. German
Laden was a political ghter who used Islam to motivate ocials believe that the leaders of Al-Qaeda planned alhis ghters. The 1998 United States Embassy bombings most the entire September 11 plot in Afghanistan. Six of
marked a turning point, with bin Laden intent on attack- the hijackers that were chosen later down the line would
ing the United States.[8] Bin Laden issued another fatwa in have some say in the plot.
February 1998, together with Ayman al Zawahiri, declaring war against Americans. Bin Laden stated We do
not have to dierentiate between military or civilian. As
far as we are concerned, they [Americans] are all targets. Bin Laden cited grievances including the presence
of American indels (troops) in the Saudi holy land, suf-
According to the September 11 Commission, Khalid

Sheikh Mohammed envisioned a hijacking of twelve
planes on both the East and West coasts, and for eleven of
them to be crashed into the World Trade Center and the
Empire State Building in New York City, the Pentagon
in Arlington, Virginia, the Prudential Tower in Boston,
34
Massachusetts, the White House and the United States
Capitol in Washington, D.C, the U.S. Bank Tower in Los
Angeles, California, the Willis Tower (then Sears Tower)
in Chicago, Illinois, U.S. Steel Tower in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and the Columbia Center in Seattle, Washington.
The commission stated that Mohammed also wanted to
personally hijack a twelfth airliner, kill all of the adult
males on board, land the plane in the U.S., make a political speech, and then free all of the women and children on the plane. However, Bin Laden rejected this part
of the plan, stating that it would have been too dicult
to pull o such an operation. The September 11 Commission also stated Al Qaeda had planned to attack gasoline stations in many major U.S cities, as well as hijack
even more airplanes and crash them into nuclear power
plants and major bridges on both coasts. According to
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Bin Laden rejected this plan
because there was not enough time to prepare for such
an operation. The plan to implement other hijackings on
both coasts was also rejected for the same reason.
In December 1998, the Director of Central Intelligence
Counterterrorist Center reported to the president that AlQaeda was preparing for attacks in the USA, including
the training of personnel to hijack aircraft.[11]
In late 1998 or early 1999, bin Laden summoned Khalid
Sheikh Mohammed to Kandahar and gave approval for
Mohammed to go forward with the plot.[12] The plot was
now referred to within Al-Qaeda as the planes operation. In addition to ying planes into buildings, there was
a plan to simultaneously crash additional planes in Asia,
which could be done by operatives not granted a U.S. visa
and without ight training. Bin Laden canceled the latter part of the planes operation in the spring of 2000,
because of diculties of coordination. The commission
said that Khalid Sheikh Mohammed probably would have
arranged to have six planes hijacked, even later on, if he
was able to nd more hijackers. He also considered a
Phase II, but he and his colleagues spent so much time on
the current plot that they could not plan a second phase.
CHAPTER 2. TIMELINE
to January 8, 2000, that regarded the planning of the
USS Cole bombing (which took place on October 12,
2000), and the forthcoming September 11, 2001 attacks.
Hambali, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, Nawaf al-Hazmi, Khalid
al-Mihdhar, and Tawq bin Attash attended the meeting.
The men were also photographed when they came out of
the meeting. U.S. investigators did not identify these men
until much later. The meeting was not wiretapped but it
was videotaped.
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed was the head of Al-Qaedas
'military committee'.[14] He provided operational support, such as selecting targets and helping arrange travel
for the hijackers.[12] Khalid Sheikh Mohammed explained to Fouda, We had a large surplus of brothers
willing to die as martyrs. As we studied various targets,
nuclear facilities arose as a key option... but the nuclear
targets were dropped for concerns the plan would get out
of hand.[15]
According to several captured Al-Qaeda members, the
leaders decided that the World Trade Center, The Pentagon, and the United States Capitol were the targets, and
that leaders rejected the White House as it was too dicult to see from the air. According to captured member
Abu Zubaydah, the White House was the intended target
of United Airlines Flight 93. According to his courtroom
confession (which he recanted after being sentenced to
life in prison) Zacarias Moussaoui intended to hijack a
fth plane with Richard Colvin Reid which would use
GPS to nd the White House.
2.2.3 Hamburg cell
Mohamed Atta, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, Marwan al-Shehhi

and Ziad Jarrah came into the picture in 1999, when they
arrived in Kandahar from Germany. The Hamburg cell
was formed starting in 1998 shortly after Mohammed
got approval by Al-Qaeda leadership for his plot. Mohamed Atta, Marwan al-Shehhi, Ziad Jarrah, Ramzi bin
A series of meetings occurred in spring of 1999, inal-Shibh, Said Bahaji, Zakariyah Essabar, and fteen othvolving Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Osama bin Laden, ers were all members.
and his deputy Mohammed Atef.[12] Bin Laden recom- Mohamed Atta was very religious, but not fanatically so
mended four individuals for the plot, including Nawaf when he came to Germany in Fall 1992 to study ural-Hazmi, Khalid al-Mihdhar, Walid Muhammad Salih ban planning at the Technical University of Hamburg.[16]
Bin 'Attash (Khallad), and Abu Bara al-Taizi. Al-Hazmi While in Germany, he was drawn to Al Quds Mosque
and al-Mihdhar were both Saudi citizens, thus making it in Hamburg, which adheres to a harsh, uncompromissimple for them to obtain U.S. visas. Khallad and al- ingly fundamentalist, and resoundingly militant version
Taizi were both Yemeni citizens, thus not able to eas- of Sunni Islam.[17] A friend of Attas recalled meeting
ily obtain visas to the United States. The two Yemenis him at the Al-Quds mosque in 1993, though it is not
were assigned for the Asia component of the plot. When known when he started going there. Atta had always lived
Mohamed Atta and other members of the Hamburg cell as a strict Muslim. He went to Mecca in 1995, and rearrived in Afghanistan, bin Laden was involved in se- turned to Germany as more of a Muslim fanatic. Also in
lecting them for the plot, and assigning Atta to be the late 1997, Mohamed Atta told his roommate that he was
leader.[13]
going to Mecca, but he most likely went to Afghanistan
Several Al-Qaeda members are said to have attended instead. Atta had already made his Mecca pilgrimage 18
a meeting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, from January 5 months earlier. According to Al Jazeera journalist Yosri
Fouda, Atta went to the mosque around this time not to
2.2. PLANNING
35
pray but to sign his death will. He is known to have at- the technical university. He spent weekdays at a student
tended Al-Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan in 1999 home and weekends at the home of his aunt, Barbara
and 2000.[18]
Arens. Arens, his high tech aunt, put a stop to the weekRamzi bin al-Shibh, who also went under the name end visits when she saw his religious beliefs turn more
Ramzi Omar, was a citizen of Yemen. In 1995, he radical.
came to Germany seeking asylum, claiming to be a political refugee from Sudan. The judge refused the asylum
request, and bin al-Shibh returned to the Hadramawt region of Yemen. Bin al-Shibh later got a German visa under his real name, and came to Germany in 1997. There,
he met Mohamed Atta, the leader of the Hamburg cell, at
a mosque.[19] For two years, Atta and bin al-Shibh were
roommates in Germany.[19] In late 1999, bin al-Shibh
traveled to Kandahar in Afghanistan, where he received
training at Al-Qaeda training camps, and met others involved in planning the 9/11 attacks.[19] Original plans
for the 9/11 attacks called for bin al-Shibh to be one of
the hijacker pilots, along with Mohamed Atta, Marwan
al-Shehhi, and Ziad Jarrah. From Hamburg, Germany,
bin al-Shibh applied to take ight training in the United
States. At that time, he also applied to Aviation Language Services, which provides language training for student pilots.[20] Bin al-Shibh applied for an entry visa to
the United States, four times, and was refused each time.
He made visa applications in Germany on May 17, 2000,
and again in June, on September 16, and October 25,
2000.[20][21] According to the 9/11 Commission, this refusal of a visa was out of general concern by U.S. ofcials that people from Yemen would illegally overstay
their visit and seek work in the United States. His friend,
Zakariyah Essabar, was also denied visas. After he failed
to enter the United States, bin al-Shibh took on more of
a coordinator role in the plot, and a link between Atta
in the United States and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed in
Afghanistan.[14][22]
Selection for 9/11 plot

In 1999, this group decided to go to Chechnya to ght.
While still in Germany, they met Khalid al Masri who
put the group in contact with Abu Musab in Duisburg,
Germany. Abu Musab turned out to be Mohamedou
Ould Slahi, an important Al-Qaeda operative. Slahi advised them that it would be dicult to get into Chechnya
and advised them instead to go to Afghanistan for training rst. In late 1999, the Hamburg group met with bin
Laden, and pledged loyalty to him. They agreed to undertake a highly secret mission, and were told to go enroll in ight training. Atta was selected by bin Laden to
lead the group. Bin Laden met with Atta several more
times for additional instructions. The selection of hijackers was entirely a decision made by bin Laden and
Mohammed Atef. The hijackers had not yet met with
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed. At the time, the hijacking team also included Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid alMihdhar, who were selected in early 1999 by Osama bin
Laden.[12]
Atta, al-Shehhi, and Jarrah all obtained new passports,

claiming the old ones were lost, before applying for U.S.
visas. Atta, Jarrah, and bin al-Shibh returned to Hamburg, early in 2000, while al-Shehhi went back to the
United Arab Emirates to get a new passport and U.S.
visa. Once back in Germany, they made eorts to appear
less radical: they distanced themselves from the others,
stopped attending extremist mosques, and changed their
Marwan al-Shehhi came to Bonn, Germany in 1996, appearance and behavior. Jarrah, for example, began to
on scholarship from the United Arab Emirates Army behave more the way he did when he rst met Senguen.
to study marine engineering.[23] Al-Shehhi met Atta in
1997, and in 1998, he moved to Hamburg to join Atta
and bin al-Shibh.[24] As the son of a religiously trained 2.2.4 Hani Hanjour
father, al-Shehhi was very religious, well-educated in Islam, and adhered to a strict form of the faith.[25] However, Hani Hanjour arrived in San Diego on December 8, 2000,
he had a friendlier, more humorous personality than Atta, joining Hazmi there. Hani Hanjour had previously lived
who was very serious and more reclusive.[26]
in the United States, attending some ight training in
Ziad Jarrah came from Lebanon to Germany in April
1996, where he enrolled in a junior college in Greifswald.
There, he met his girlfriend, Aysel Senguen, a medical
student. By late 1996, Jarrah started to become radical
in his religious views. In September 1997, he transferred
to the Technical University of Hamburg to study aircraft
engineering. In the summer of that year, he worked at a
paint shop factory for Volkswagen in Wolfsburg.
1996 and 1997. In 1997, after three months of training in

Arizona, he obtained his private pilots license. With further training, Hanjour earned a commercial pilots certicate, issued by the FAA, in April 1999. Hanjour aspired
to become a commercial pilot, applying to a civil aviation
school in Jeddah, in 1999, but was rejected.
In Spring 2000, Hanjour went to Afghanistan. At the Al

Farouq training camp, he was identied as a trained piOther members of the Hamburg cell included Said Ba- lot, and asked to report to Khalid Sheikh Mohammed.
haji, who came to Germany in 1995. He had been born He returned to Saudi Arabia on June 20, and obtained
there, but moved to Morocco at age 9. In 1996, Said a U.S. visa on September 25, 2000. He arrived back in
Bahaji enrolled in the electrical engineering program at San Diego on December 8, 2000. Hazmi and Hanjour
then left for Mesa, Arizona, where Hanjour enrolled in
36
CHAPTER 2. TIMELINE
refresher training at Arizona Aviation. He had diculties with multi-engine training, due to his poor English
language skills. He did some training at Pan Am International Flight Academy, on a Boeing 737 simulator, but
struggled there, as well. Though he struggled, Hanjour
completed the initial training by the end of March 2001.
At that point, they left Arizona and headed East. By April
4, they had arrived in Falls Church, Virginia.
2.2.5
no account. The friend allowed him to use his account,

and later found that the money came from a man named
Ali, and that it didn't originate from the United States.
The two men wanted to take ight lessons, which is why
they got the money. A friend took them to Montgomery
Field and arranged lessons for them. They took a single
ight lesson and did not return. Fereidoun Fred Sorbi,
the instructor, recalled, The rst day they came in here,
they said they want to y Boeings. We said you have to
start slower. You can't just jump right into Boeings.
Arrival in the United States
Al-Hazmi had season passes to the San Diego Zoo and

SeaWorld. The men frequented a mens club in San Diego
Al-Mihdhar and al-Hazmi arrived in Los Angeles on Jan- called Cheetahs, which is near the Islamic Center. Aluary 15, 2000.[27] On January 18, Marwan al-Shehhi ap- Mihdhar and al-Hazmi frequently drove to Las Vegas in
plied for a visa into the United States while he was in the the Toyota sedan they bought.
United Arab Emirates. He was the rst member to apply
for a visa in the Hamburg cell.
Flight training
By the end of June, Atta, Jarrah, and al-Shehhi left for the
United States. Bin al-Shibh and Essabar wanted to join
In March 2000, Mohamed Atta contacted the Academy
Atta, al-Shehhi, and Jarrah, but they were denied U.S.
of Lakeland in Florida, via e-mail, inquiring about ight
visas several times. Bin al-Shibhs visa was denied since
training, Dear sir, we are a small group of young men
he was a citizen of Yemen. He made several more atfrom dierent Arab countries. Now we are living in Gertempts at receiving a U.S. visa. One such attempt was a
many since a while for study purposes. We would like to
$2,200 deposit he had sent to the Florida Flight Training
start training for the career of airline professional pilots.
Center, on a down payment for a similar training course
In this eld we haven't yet any knowledge but we are ready
taken by Ziad Jarrah.[28] He used that application as a bato undergo an intensive training program (up to ATP
sis for a new attempt to get a student visa, as opposed
and eventually higher). He sent 5060 similar e-mails
to the visitor visa he had sought previously. On another
to other ight training schools in the United States.[20]
occasion, he arranged for several thousand dollars to be
deposited in his Yemen bank account, to demonstrate - On May 18, 2000, Atta applied for and received a U.S.
nancial wherewithal. After his nal attempt failed, he visa.[20] After obtaining his visa, Atta traveled to Prague
was advised by a consular ocial that they could not help before going to the United States. Atta, along with
him, and to stop trying. It was then that Bin al-Shibh Marwan al-Shehhi arrived in Venice, Florida, and visited
decided to support the cell by sending money to it. Mo- Human Aviation to check out the facility. They exhammed was making repeated trips to Indonesia and the plained that they came from a ight school in the area,
Philippines in Southeast Asia at the time. Jarrah nearly they were not happy and they were looking for another
abandoned his role in the plot and probably would have ight school.[30] By December, Atta and al-Shehhi left
Human Aviation, and on December 21, Atta received a
been replaced by Zacarias Moussaoui had he done so.
pilot license.[31]
A man named Omar al-Bayoumi was in San Diego, California since 1995.[29] He was raising a family and received
a monthly stipend from his former employer, an avia- 2.2.6 Muscle hijackers
tion company in Saudi Arabia.[29] He was seen regularly
videotaping various locations. Al-Bayoumi was quick to During the Summer and Fall of 2000, bin Laden and
house immigrants who needed housing. In 2000, he set- other senior Al-Qaeda leaders began selecting the mustled in Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar. Accord- cle hijackers. With Hazmi and al-Mihdhar already seing to al-Hazmi, al-Bayoumi met him and al-Mihdhar at lected, thirteen additional hijackers were selected. They
a restaurant in Los Angeles. Al-Bayoumi oered a ride were all from Saudi Arabia, except for Fayez Banihamto San Diego after he heard the men speak Arabic. Al- mad who was from the United Arab Emirates. They were
Bayoumi threw the men a welcome party and al-Hazmi, all between age 20 and 28, most were unemployed with
who said he was in the United States to learn English, no more than a high school education, and were unmarsigned a six-month lease. He often surfed the Internet ried. The muscle hijackers included Salem al-Hazmi,
from the San Diego State University Library.
a younger brother of Nawaf al-Hazmi. They came to
The rst two months of the lease were paid for, yet the
men complained that the lease was too expensive. In the
spring, al-Hazmi told a friend that someone was going
to wire $5000 to him, and that the money would come
from Saudi Arabia. Al-Hazmi told his friend that he had
Afghanistan for ight training in Chechnya. In the Summer and Fall of 2000, they were identied as candidates
for the 9/11 operation, and brought before bin Laden and
Atef. Bin Laden personally selected the 13 hijackers
from the candidates. They briey left Afghanistan to ac-
2.2. PLANNING
37
quire U.S. visas, then returned for further training in late men on the ight stayed with Bahaji at the Embassy Hotel
2000 or early 2001. In late April 2001, the muscle hi- in Karachi. The men had false identication papers. Zajackers began arriving in the U.S.
kariya Essabar disappeared around the same time. Investigators think that he may have been one of the passengers
on the plane.
2.2.7
Final preparations
Ramzi bin al-Shibh returned to Spain on September 5,

ying from Dsseldorf. Investigators say that he stayed
The report by the September 11 Commission stated that at his private home in the Madrid area, and he never used
Osama bin Laden aggressively pushed the September 11 his return ticket. He instead headed for Afghanistan.
plan as it formed, even when some of his closest aides Around this time, the FBI had been unable to access
were advising him to cancel the plans. Osama bin Laden Moussaouis computer. Agents were notied by the
envisioned an increase in recruiting and fundraising after Central Intelligence Agency at this time that they needed
the attacks.
to look for Khalid al-Mihdhar and Nawaf al-Hazmi.
One week after he was given the money, Moussaoui came Ziad Jarrah wrote a letter to his girlfriend and sent it to
to Minnesota from Oklahoma. He paid $6,300 in cash to her on September 10. He wrote I have done what I had
the Pan Am International Flight Academy on August 10. to do and You should be very proud, it is an honor, and
He was arrested for immigration violations on August 17. you will see the result, and everyone will be happy as
Some investigators think that this sparked the move to the well as Hold on to what you have until we meet each
attacks.
other again. The letter was returned to the U.S., as Jarrah
About three weeks prior to the attacks, the targets were made an error in writing the address.
assigned to four teams. The United States Capitol was Mohamed Atta spent September 10 with Abdulaziz
called The Faculty of Law. The Pentagon was dubbed al-Omari in South Portland, Maine and Scarborough,
The Faculty of Fine Arts. Atta codenamed the World Maine. Atta called Khalid Sheikh Mohammed that day.
Trade Center The Faculty of Town Planning.[32]
Intelligence ocials think that Mohammed gave him a
A conspirator named Abu Abdul Rahman sent a love coded signal to proceed. On September 11, 2001, 2
message on an Internet chat room to his German girl- planes went into the World Trade Center, one in the Penfriend, who was really Ramzi bin al-Shibh. The message tagon, and one crashed in a eld in Pennsylvania.
said, The rst semester commences in three weeks [how
long it would be before the attacks]. Two high schools and
two universities [two high schools refer to the two towers 2.2.8 Financial support
of the World Trade Center, and the universities refer to
the Pentagon and the United States Capitol]... This sum- The 9/11 Commission stated in their nal report that
mer will surely be hot ...19 [the eventual number of hi- the 9/11 plotters eventually spent somewhere between
jackers] certicates for private education and four exams $400,000 and $500,000 to plan and conduct their attack
[the number of planes used]. Regards to the professor. but the origin of the funds remains unknown. The Commission noted: we have seen no evidence that any forGoodbye.
eign government-or foreign government ocial-supplied
Between August 25 and August 28, the hijackers had any funding.[33] Some people have claimed that the operbought their tickets. Some September 11 hijackers ation was nanced by elements of the Pakistani governbought their reservations over the Internet on sites such ment, specically within the Inter-Services Intelligence
as Travelocity, and some bought them in person at the (ISI), as well as agents of the Saudi Arabian government
airport.
working from within the United States.
Two of the United Airlines Flight 175 hijackers paid A senior-level U.S. government source told CNN in Oc$4,500 for each of their tickets. Three of the other hi- tober 2001 that U.S. investigators believed Ahmed Omar
jackers on that ight paid $1,600 and $1,760 for their Saeed Sheikh (Ahmed Umar Syed Sheikh), a long-time
tickets. Atta booked seat 8D. Waleed al-Shehri and Wail ISI asset, using the alias Mustafa Muhammad Ahmad,
al-Shehri, who sat in seats 2B and 2A, used the same sent more than $100,000 from Pakistan to Mohamed
Hollywood post-oce-box address to buy their tickets. Atta, the suspected hijack ringleader of the September
Satam al-Suqami would pay in cash and sit in seat 10B. 11, 2001 attacks.
Abdulaziz al-Omari also planned to be on this ight.
Investigators said Atta then distributed the funds to conUS investigators say that Atta sent a package to Mustafa spirators in Florida in the weeks before the deadliest acts
Ahmed, the alleged al-Qaida paymaster on September 4. of terrorism on U.S. soil that destroyed the World Trade
Mustafa Ahmed was in the United Arab Emirates at the Center, heavily damaged the Pentagon and left thousands
time.
dead [...] Syed also is described as a key gure in the
Said Bahaji left Germany and ew to Karachi via Istan- funding operation of Al-Qaeda, the network headed by
bul on September 4. German police found that two other suspected terrorist mastermind Osama bin Laden.[34]
38
CHAPTER 2. TIMELINE
The Pittsburgh Tribune noted There are many in Musharrafs government who believe that Saeed Sheikhs power
comes not from the ISI, but from his connections with our
own CIA.[35]
livered a tearful press conference apologizing to the families who lost loved ones on September 11. He described
how his superiors intentionally obstructed his investigation into Al-Qaeda nancing.[45][46]
CNN later conrmed that it was Ahmed Umar Syed

Sheikh, whom [sic] authorities say used a pseudonym to
wire $100,000 to suspected hijacker Mohammad Atta,
who then distributed the money in the United States.[36]
Agent Wright later told ABC's Brian Ross: September

11th is a direct result of the incompetence of the FBIs
International Terrorism Unit, specically referring to
the Bureaus hindering of his investigation into Yasin alQadi, whom Ross described as a powerful Saudi Arabian
businessman with extensive nancial ties in Chicago.[47]
One month after September 11, the US government ofcially identied Yassin al-Qadi as one of Osama bin
Ladens primary nanciers and a Specially Designated
Global Terrorist.[48]
Soon after the money transfer was discovered, the head

of Pakistans Inter-Services Intelligence, Gen. Mahmood
(Mahmud) Ahmed, resigned from his position. Indian
news outlets reported the Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI) was investigating the possibility that Gen. Mahmood Ahmed ordered Saeed Sheikh to send the $100,000
to Atta, while most Western media outlets only reported In an interview with Computerworld Magazine, a forhis connections to the Taliban as the reason for his depar- mer business associate described his relationship with alture from the ISI.
Qadi: I met him a few times and talked to him a few
The Wall Street Journal was one of the few Western times on the telephone. He never talked to me about vinews organizations to follow up on the story, citing the olence. Instead, he talked very highly of his relationship
Jimmy Carter and [Vice PresiTimes of India: US authorities sought [Gen. Mah- with [former President]
[49]
dent]
Dick
Cheney.
mud Ahmeds] removal after conrming the fact that
$100,000 [was] wired to WTC hijacker Mohamed Atta
from Pakistan by Ahmad Umar Sheikh at the instance
of Gen Mahmud.[37] The best coverage came from The
Daily Excelsior, reporting The FBIs examination of the
hard disk of the cellphone company Omar Sheikh had
subscribed to led to the discovery of the link between
him and the deposed chief of the Pakistani ISI, Gen.
Mehmood Ahmed. And as the FBI investigators delved
deep, sensational information surfaced with regard to
the transfer of $100,000 to Mohamed Atta, one of the
Kamikaze pilots who ew a Boeing into the World Trade
Center. Gen. Mehmood Ahmed, the FBI investigators
found, fully knew about the transfer of money to Atta.[38]
According to the Washington Post, on the morning
of Sept. 11, [Porter] Goss and [Bob] Graham were
having breakfast with a Pakistani general named Mahmud Ahmed -- the soon-to-be-sacked head of Pakistans intelligence service[39] On September 12 and
13, Lt. Gen. Mahmood met with United States
Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage, Senator
Joseph Biden, the Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and Secretary of State Colin Powell. An agreement on Pakistans collaboration in the new
"war on terror" was negotiated between Mahmood and
Armitage.[40][41][42][43]
Lt Gen Mehmood Ahmed then led a six-member delegation to the Afghan city of Kandahar in order to hold
crisis talks with the Taliban leadership, supposedly in an
attempt to persuade them to hand over Osama bin Laden.
The Muwafaq Foundation, which U.S. authorities have

conrmed was an arm of bin Ladens terror organization,
was headed by Yassin al-Qadi,[50] who was also known
as the owner of Ptech[51] a company that has supplied
high-tech computer systems to the FBI, the Internal Revenue Service, the United States Congress, the United
States Army, the Navy, the Air Force, the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the White House. A former FBI counterterrorism agent commented: For someone like [al-Qadi]
to be involved in a capacity, in an organization, a company that has access to classied information, that has access to government open or classied computer systems,
would be of grave concern. Also sitting on Ptechs board
of directors was Yacub Mirza a senior ocial of major radical Islamic organizations that have been linked by
the US government to terrorism. In addition, Hussein
Ibrahim, the Vice President and Chief Scientist of Ptech,
was vice chairman of a now defunct investment group
called BMI, a company the FBI has named as a conduit
used by al-Qadi to launder money to Hamas militants.[52]
According to Senator Bob Graham, who was chairman
of the Senate Intelligence Committee from June 2001
through the buildup to the Iraq war, Two of the Sept.
11, 2001, hijackers had a support network in the United
States that included agents of the Saudi government, and
the Bush administration and FBI blocked a congressional
investigation into that relationship, as reported by the
Miami Herald.
And in Grahams book, Intelligence Matters, obtained by

The Herald Saturday, he makes clear that some details of
that nancial support from Saudi Arabia were in the 27
pages of the congressional inquirys nal report that were
blocked from release by the administration, despite the
In May 2002, former FBI Agent Robert Wright, Jr. de- pleas of leaders of both parties on the House and Senate
In June 2001, a high-placed member of a US intelligence agency told BBC reporter Greg Palast that after
the [2000] elections, the agencies were told to back o
investigating the bin Ladens and Saudi royals.[44]
2.2. PLANNING
39
intelligence committees.[53]
[22] The Mastermind. CBS News. March 5, 2003.
2.2.9
[23] McDermott, Terry (2005).

Collins. p. 53.
References
[1] Gunaratna, Ronan (2002). Inside Al Qaeda. Berkley

Books.
Books. pp. 2930.
Books. p. 31.
Books. p. 33.
[5] Bergen, Peter L. (2001). Holy War Inc. Simon & Schuster. p. 3.
Slate
[8] 9/11 Commission Report,Chapter 5
face with Osama. London: The Guardian. Retrieved
May 22, 2010.
Perfect Soldiers.
Harper
[24] 9/11 Commission Report, Chapter 5, p. 162

Collins. pp. 5455.
Perfect Soldiers.
Harper

Collins. p. 54.
Perfect Soldiers.
Harper
[27] A Review of the FBIs Handling of Intelligence Information Prior to the September 11 Attacks. Oce of the
Inspector General. November 2004. Retrieved May 19,
2015.
[28] Rubin, Daniel (September 22, 2001). Germany issues
warrants for 2 believed linked to hijackings. Philadelphia
Inquirer. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
[29] McDermott, Terry (September 1, 2002). The Plot. Los
Angeles Times. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
[30] Rudi Dekkers Interview. A Mission to Die For / ABC
(Australia). October 21, 2001.
[31] Cloud, John (September 30, 2001). Attas Odyssey.
Time.
[10] Suspect 'reveals 9/11 planning', BBC News
[32] CNN.com. CNN. September 12, 2002. Retrieved May

22, 2010.
[11] Bin Ladin Preparing to Hijack US Aircraft and Other

Attacks. Director of Central Intelligence. 1998-12-04.

United States. 9-11commission.gov. Retrieved 201109-11.

United States. Chapter 5. 9/11 Commission Report.
[34] Suspected hijack bankroller freed by India in '99. CNN.

October 6, 2001. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
[13] Bergen, Peter (2006). The Osama bin Laden I Know. Free
Press. p. 283.
[35] Sunday, March 3, 2002 (2002-03-03). Did Pearl die

because Pakistan deceived CIA? - Pittsburgh TribuneReview. Pittsburghlive.com. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
[14] Al-Jazeera reporter speaks on terrorist plans. Lateline /

ABC (Australia). September 30, 2002.
[15] Al-Jazeera oers accounts of 9/11 planning. CNN.
September 12, 2002.
[17] McDermott, Terry (2005). Perfect Soldiers. Harper. pp.
23.
[18] Atta 'trained in Afghanistan', BBC News, August 24,
2002.
[19] Ramzi bin al-Shibh: al-Qaeda suspect, BBC, September
14, 2002
[20] Zacarias Moussauoi v. the United States, trial testimony
on March 7, 2006.
[21] Indictment of Zacarias Moussaoui, with supporting conspirators, Ramzi bin al-Shibh and Mustafa al-Hawsawi.
Filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern
District of Virginia.
[36] India wants terror spotlight on Kashmir. CNN. October

8, 2001. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
[37] The Wall Street Journal Online - Best of the Web Today.
Opinionjournal.com. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
[38] Daily Excelsior News Page
[39] Leiby, Richard (May 18, 2002). A Cloak But No Dagger. The Washington Post. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
[40]
[41]
[42]
[43]
[44] Greg Palest report transcript - 6/11/01. BBC News.
November 8, 2001. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
[45] Jim Crogan (2002-07-31). Another FBI Agent Blows the
Whistle - Page 1 - News - Los Angeles. LA Weekly.
40
CHAPTER 2. TIMELINE
[46] History Commons. Cooperativeresearch.org. Retrieved

2012-10-23.
6:45: Atta and al-Omari arrive at Logan International

Airport.[1]
[47] Primetime Investigation FBI Terrorist Cover Up. Billstclair.com. 2002-12-19. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
6:52: Marwan al-Shehhi calls Atta from another terminal

at Logan to conrm that the plans for the attack are set.[1]
[48] Fact Sheet: Updated State Dept List of Identied Terrorists and Groups. Fas.org. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
7:00 a.m.
[49]
[50] Wahhabis in the Old Dominion. Theweeklystandard.com. 2002-04-08. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
[51] Customs searches software rm near Boston. CNN. December 6, 2002. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
[52]
[53]
2.2.10
7:35: Atta and al-Omari board American Airlines Flight

11.[2]
7:40: The rest of the Flight 11 hijackers board the airplane.
7:59: Flight 11, a Boeing 767 carrying 81 passengers
and 11 crew members, departs 14 minutes late from Logan International Airport in Boston, its destination being
Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) in Los Angeles,
California.[3]
External links
8:00 a.m.
The Final 9/11 Commission Report

Suspected hijack bankroller freed by India in '99 CNN
8:13: Flight 11 has its last routine communication with

the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAAs) Boston
Center.[4]
Sept. 11s Smoking Gun: The Many Faces of Saeed 8:14: Flight 11 is hijacked when hijackers Waleed and
Sheikh - Center for Cooperative Research
Wail al-Shehri rise from seats 2A and 2B and stab two
ight attendants. Atta rises from seat 8D and approaches
'Our Friends the Pakistanis - The Wall Street Journal the cockpit. Within minutes, he is at the controls.
India wants terror spotlight on Kashmir - CNN
A Cloak But No Dagger - The Washington Post
Chapter 5, Final Report - 9/11 Commission
2.3 September 11, 2001
8:14: United Airlines Flight 175, another fully fueled

Boeing 767, carrying 56 passengers and nine crew members, also departs from Logan International Airport in
Boston; its destination was also Los Angeles International
Airport. Five hijackers are aboard. One of them communicated with Mohammed Atta shortly before American
Airlines Flight 11s takeo.[4]
8:19: Betty Ong, a ight attendant on Flight 11 alerts
American Airlines via an airphone: The cockpit is not
answering, somebodys stabbed in business classand I
think theres Macethat we cant breatheI dont know,
I think were getting hijacked. She then tells of the stabbings of two ight attendants.[4]
The September 11 attacks of 2001, in addition to being

a unique act of aggression, constituted a media event on
a scale not seen since the advent of civilian global satellite links, round-the-clock television news organizations
and the instant worldwide reaction and debate made possible by the Internet. As a result, most of the events listed 8:20: The FAAs Boston Center ight controllers decide
below were known by a large portion of the planets pop- that Flight 11 has probably been hijacked.
ulation as they occurred.
8:20: American Airlines Flight 77, a Boeing 757 with
All times given are in Eastern Daylight Time (EDT), or 58 passengers and six crew members, departs from
Washington Dulles International Airport in Fairfax and
UTC04:00.
Loudoun Counties, Virginia, for Los Angeles International Airport. Five hijackers are aboard.
2.3.1
Signicant events
8:21: Flight 11s transponder signal is turned o, but

can still be tracked via primary radar by Boston Cen6:00 a.m.
ter. (Prior to the 9/11 Commission's report, news organi6:00: Mohammed Atta travels Colgan Air Flight 5930 zations reported this time as 8:13 or immediately therefrom Portland International Jetport in Portland, Maine, after.)
to Logan International Airport in Boston, Massachusetts, 8:24: A radio transmission comes from Flight 11: Eh.....
along with Abdulaziz al-Omari.[1]
We have some planes. Just stay quiet, and you'll be okay.
2.3. SEPTEMBER 11, 2001
41
We are returning to the airport. It is believed Atta mistakenly held a button directing his voice to radio rather
than to the planes cabin as he intended. A few seconds
later, Attas voice says, Nobody move. Everything will
be okay. If you try to make any moves, you'll endanger
yourself and the airplane. Just stay quiet. Air trac controllers hear the transmission.
ternational Airport), bound for San Francisco International Airport, following a 40-minute delay due to congested runways. Four hijackers are aboard. Its ight path
initially takes it close to the World Trade Center, which
is 3 minutes away from being struck, before moving away
westwards.
8:25: Boston Center ight controllers alert other ight

control centers regarding Flight 11. The North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) is not yet
alerted.
8:44: Flight attendant Amy Sweeney, aboard Flight 11,

reports by telephone to Michael Woodward at the American Airlines Flight Services Oce in Dallas, Something
is wrong. We are in a rapid descent... we are all over the
place. A minute later, Woodward asks her to describe
what she sees out the window. She responds, I see the
water. I see the buildings. I see buildings... After a short
pause, she reports, We are ying low. We are ying very,
very low. We are ying way too low. Seconds later she
says, Oh my God, we are way too low. The call ends
with a burst of very loud, sustained static.
8:26:30: Flight 11 makes a 100-degree turn to the south

heading toward New York City.[5]
8:34: A third transmission from Flight 11: Nobody
move please. We are going back to the airport. Don't
try to make any stupid moves.
8:34: Dan Bueno from Boston Center noties the tower
controller at Otis Air National Guard Base at Cape Cod of
the hijacking of Flight 11. The controller directs Bueno
to contact Northeast Air Defense Sector (NEADS), the
northeast sector of NORAD.[6] The controller then noties Otis Operations Center that a call from NEADS
might be coming.[7] Two F-15 pilots begin to suit up.[8]
8:428:46 (approx.): Flight 175 is hijacked.
8:46: Two F-15 ghter jets are ordered to scramble from

Otis Air National Guard Base in Massachusetts, intended
to intercept Flight 11. Because Flight 11s transponder
is o, the pilots do not know the location of their target.
NEADS spends the next several minutes watching their
radar screens in anticipation of Flight 11 returning a radar
8:37: Flight 175 conrms sighting of hijacked Flight 11 contact.
to ight controllers, 10 miles (16 km) to its south.
8:37:52: Boston Center control noties NEADS of the
hijacking of Flight 11, the rst notication received by
NORAD that Flight 11 had been hijacked. The controller
requests military help to intercept the jetliner.
Seconds after American Airlines Flight 11 impacted North Tower
Cockpit view of the World Trade Center towers from the Hudson
Riverthe ightpath of American Airlines Flight 11
8:41: The FAAs New York Center requests information about Flight 11 over the radio. Flight 175 responds:
"[...]ah we heard a suspicious transmission on our departure out of Boston ah with someone ah, ah sound like
someone sound like someone keyed the mike and said ah
'everyone ah stay in your seats".[9] New York Center acknowledges and says it will pass the information on.
8:42: United Airlines Flight 93, a Boeing 757, takes
o with 37 passengers and seven crew members from
Newark International Airport (now Newark Liberty In-
8:46:30:[10] American Airlines Flight 11 crashes at

roughly 466 mph (790 km/h or 219m/s or 425 knots)
into the north face of the North Tower (1 WTC) of the
World Trade Center, between oors 93 and 99. (Many
early accounts gave times between 8:45 and 8:50.) The
aircraft enters the tower intact. It plows to the buildings
core, severing all three gypsum-encased stairwells, dragging combustibles with it. A powerful shock wave travels
down to the ground and up again. The combustibles and
the remnants of the aircraft are ignited by the burning
fuel. As the building lacks a traditional full cage frame
and depends almost entirely on the strength of a narrow
structural core running up the center, re at the center
of the impact zone is in a position to compromise the
integrity of all internal columns. People below the sev-
42
CHAPTER 2. TIMELINE
ered stairwells start to evacuateno one above the impact smoke, the voice of reporter Dick Oliver is heard from
zone is able to do so.
the scene:
French lmmakers Jules and Gedeon Naudet and Czech Three minutes later, Jim Ryan corrected the location of
immigrant Pavel Hlava videotape the crash of Flight 11 the rst plane crash from the South Tower to the North
with their video cameras from dierent locations. A Tower.
WNYW TV camera records the sound, but not the image, of the crash.
8:46:43: Chief of the New York City Fire Department's
1st Battalion, Joseph Pfeifer, makes the rst re department radio message advising the FDNY Manhattan Fire
Dispatch Oce of the crash. Chief Pfeifer and personnel from other re companies were several blocks north,
on the corner of Church Street and Lispenard Street investigating an odor of gas in the street, and witnessed the
attack, along with the Naudet brothers, who were accompanying the reghters at the time:
Battalion 1 Chief: Battalion 1 to Manhattan.
Manhattan Dispatch: Battalion 1, k.
Battalion 1 Chief: We just had a plane
crash into the upper oor of the World Trade
Center. Transmit a 2nd Alarm and start relocated companies into the area.
Manhattan Dispatch: "10-4 [message received], Battalion 1.
8:4810:28: At least 100 people (some accounts say as
many as 250), primarily in the North Tower, trapped by
re and smoke in the upper oors, jump to their deaths.
One person at street level, reghter Daniel Suhr, is hit by
a jumper and dies.[11] No form of airborne evacuation is
attempted as smoke is too dense for a successful landing
on the roof of either tower and New York City lacked
helicopters equipped for horizontal rescue.
CNN breaking the news of a plane crash at the World Trade

Center
8:49:34: The rst network television and radio reports

of an explosion or incident at the World Trade Center.
CNN breaks into a Ditech commercial at 8:49. The CNN
screen subtitle rst reads WORLD TRADE CENTER
DISASTER. Carol Lin, the rst TV network anchor to
break the news of the attacks, says:
Just a minute later, Sean Murtagh, CNN vice-president of

nance, in an on-air phone call, says from his oce in the
CNN New York bureau that a large passenger commercial jet was seen to hit the World Trade Center. Murtagh
is the rst network employee on the air. The rst email
bulletins of breaking news from CNN and MSNBC report
re at tower of World Trade Center. Both CNN and
MSNBCs websites receive such heavy trac that many
8:48:29: The rst radio report of the incident is heard servers collapse. BBC News' website is active and shows
on WCBS-AM through trac reporter Tom Kaminski. a picture of the North Tower on re. Minutes later, email
WCBS' trac reports are delivered every ten minutes news bulletins revise the reports of re to a plane crash.
on the 8s, meaning that Kaminskis trac report was
to come within two minutes of the initial impact of Flight 8:50: NEADS is notied that a plane has struck the
11 (although there is no record of how much time actually World Trade Center as they continue to try to locate the
passed). At the time Kaminski was in Chopper 880, ight on radar.
WCBS' helicopter that he reports from for morning and 8:50: ABC News was airing Good Morning America at
evening rush hour trac reports. The following consists the time of the attack. After returning from a commercial
of WCBS anchor Pat Carroll crossing to Kaminski in the break, hosts Charles Gibson and Diane Sawyer made the
chopper before he les his report.
announcement of the rst plane that hit the North Tower.
8:48:50: The rst television report of an incident at the 8:50: CNBC interrupts an episode of Squawk Box hosted
World Trade Center is broadcast locally in New York by by Mark Haines with a report of the unfolding attack.[12]
WNYW less than three minutes after the plane crashed
into the North Tower. WNYW breaks into a Paramount 8:51: Matt Lauer, co-host of NBC News Today, says:
Pictures movie trailer for Zoolander with the rst live TV We wanna go live right now, and show you a picture
pictures of black smoke coming from the North Tower, of the World Trade Center...there is a breaking story...
relayed by a WNYW cameraman at ground level. One NBC then aired three commercials before the show reof the stations camera crews already had been out on turned with coverage of the rst plane that hit. Programthe street that morning for New Yorks mayoral primary ming is also interrupted on MSNBC.
election. As WNYW broadcasts the rst live pictures of 8:508:54 (approx.): Flight 77 is hijacked.
2.3. SEPTEMBER 11, 2001
43
8:51: A ight controller at the FAAs New York Center turns east, unnoticed by ight controllers. When primary
notices that Flight 175 had changed its transponder code radar information is restored at 9:05, controllers searchtwice four minutes earlier; he tries to contact the ight.
ing for Flight 77 to the west of its previous position are
[16]
Flight 77 travels undetected for 36
8:51:34: Another radio report, this time from WINS- unable to nd it.
minutes
on
a
course
heading due east toward WashingAM, whose anchor James Faherty said: A plane has
ton,
D.C.
crashed into the World Trade Center...
8:52: Lee Hanson receives a phone call from his son, Peter, a passenger on United 175, who says: I think they've
taken over the cockpitan attendant has been stabbed
and someone else up front may have been killed. The
plane is making strange moves. Call United Airlines
tell them its Flight 175, Boston to LA. Also on board
Flight 175, a ight attendant calls a United Airlines ofce in Chicago, reporting that the ight had been hijacked, both pilots had been killed, a ight attendant had
been stabbed, and the hijackers were probably ying the
plane.[13]
8:58: Flight 175 takes a heading toward New York City.
9:00 a.m.
9:00: Lee Hanson receives a second call from his son

Peter, aboard Flight 175: Its getting bad, Dad. A stewardess was stabbed. They seem to have knives and Mace.
They said they have a bomb. Its getting very bad on the
plane. Passengers are throwing up and getting sick. The
plane is making jerky movements. I don't think the pilot
is ying the plane. I think we are going down. I think
8:52: The F-15s at Otis Air National Guard Base are air- they intend to go to Chicago or someplace and y into a
borne. Still lacking an intercept vector to Flight 11 (and building. Don't worry, Dad. If it happens, it'll be very
not aware that it has already crashed), they are sent to mil- fast. My God, my God. The call ends abruptly, as Lee
itary controlled airspace o Long Island and ordered to Hanson hears a woman scream.[13]
remain in a holding pattern until between 9:09 and 9:13.
9:019:02: A manager from the FAAs New York Center
8:52: CBS interrupts The Early Show to report the news tells the Air Trac Control System Command Center in
of the attack. Bryant Gumbel makes the announcement Herndon, Virginia: We have several situations going on
that a plane has crashed into the World Trade Center.
here. Its escalating big, big time. We need to get the
8:54: Flight 77 deviates from its assigned course, turning military involved with us... We're, we're involved with
something else, we have other aircraft that may have a
south over Ohio.
similar situation going on here.
8:55: Fox News comes back from a commercial break to
report the attack. E. D. Hill informs viewers that a plane 9:01: FAAs New York Center contacts New York
terminal approach control and asks for help in locating
crashed into the North Tower.
Flight 175.
8:55 (approx.): An announcement is made over the
building-wide PA system by ocials in the still- 9:02: Evacuation of both World Trade Center towers is
undamaged South Tower of the World Trade Center, ordered by FDNY Battalion Chief Joseph Pfeifer, who
The building is secure, please return to your desks.[14] was stationed in the lobby of the North Tower. AlThis announcement is reacted to in numerous ways, rang- though it is uncertain whether the South Towers deputy
ing from people going back to their oces as suggested, re safety director receives this order, an announcement
ignoring it and evacuating anyway, or congregating in is made over the towers PA system to begin an orderly
evacuation if conditions warranted.[17]
common areas such as the 78th oor sky lobby.
8:55: President George W. Bush arrives at Emma E.
Booker Elementary School in Sarasota, Florida, as part
of a scheduled visit to promote education when White
House Chief of Sta Andrew Card, who is with Bush,
informs him that a small twin-engine plane has crashed
into the World Trade Center. Before entering the classroom, the President speaks to National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice, who is at the White House.
She rst tells him it was a twin-engine aircraftand
then a commercial aircraftthat had struck the World
Trade Center, adding thats all we know right now, Mr.
President.[15]
9:03:02: Flight 175 crashes at about 590 mph (950

km/h, 264 m/s or 513 knots) into the south face of the
South Tower (2 WTC) of the World Trade Center, between oors 77 and 85.[18] All 65 people on board the
aircraft die instantly on impact, and unknown hundreds in
the building as well. By this time, several media organizations, including the three major broadcast networks (who
have interrupted their morning shows), are covering the
rst plane crashmillions see the impact live. Parts of
the plane, including the starboard engine, leave the building from its east and north sides, falling to the ground six
blocks away.
8:56: Ten minutes after the North Tower of the World

Trade Center was hit by Flight 11, the transponder on
Flight 77 is turned o and even primary radar contact
with the aircraft is lost. During radar blackout Flight 77
A massive evacuation begins in the South Tower below its

impact zone. One of the stairwells in the South Tower remains unblocked from the top to the bottom of the tower
because of the plane hitting at an oset from the vertical
center line of the building, but it is lled with smoke. This
44
CHAPTER 2. TIMELINE
The Twin Towers burning from the impact of ights 11 and 175.
leads many people to mistakenly go upwards towards the

roof for a rooftop rescue that never comes. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey kept the two sets of
heavy metal doors leading to the buildings only roof exit
tightly locked.[19] The impact severs communication with
several television and radio broadcast towers at the WTC;
local station WPIX's satellite feed freezes on an image of
the second impact which is all the station broadcasts until
alternate transmitters are set up hours later.
Because of the North Towers obstruction of the South
Tower from certain camera angles, some are originally
unaware that a second plane has struck the South Tower,
and instead mistakenly believe that the second explosion
has occurred in the North Tower. As instant replays of the
second plane crash are shown, the anchors on the three
major broadcast networks speculate on whether they are
witnessing a terrorist attack or some sort of very rare accident. CNN changes its headline to read Second plane
crashes into World Trade Center. On the local station
WABC-TV (which CNN was simulcasting at that moment), anchor Steve Bartelstein rst assumes that the explosion seen was caused when the fuselage of the rst
plane exploded. As other sources and eyewitnesses correct him that it was actually a plane that had hit the South
Tower, the WABC anchor then initially suggests it was a
rare accident, saying that the two crashes might have been
caused by navigational system failure.
George W. Bush being told by his Chief of Sta Andrew Card

about the second plane hitting the WTC
it crashes.
9:04 (approximately): The FAAs Boston Air Route
Trac Control Center stops all departures from airports
in its jurisdiction (New England and eastern New York
State).
9:05: After brief introductions to the Booker elementary
students, President Bush is about to begin reading The Pet
Goat with the students when Chief of Sta Andrew Card
interrupts to whisper to the president, A second plane
has hit the second tower. America is under attack.[20]
The president stated later that he decided to continue the
lesson rather than alarm the students.
9:06: The FAA bans takeos of all ights bound to or
through the airspace of New York Center from airports
in that Center and the three adjacent CentersBoston,
Cleveland, and Washington. This is referred to as a First
Tier groundstop and covers the Northeast from North
Carolina north and as far west as eastern Michigan.
9:08: The FAA bans all takeos nationwide for ights

going to or through New York Center airspace. ABC
News reports later that the Port Authority of New York
and New Jersey, the agency that runs the New York-area
Several eyewitness accounts and camera footage reveal airports, asked the FAA for permission to close down the
that the plane was coming in at an angle, and was seen New York Center airspace.
to turn drastically to the left to be able to hit the tower, 9:11: The last PATH train leaves the World Trade Center.
unlike its predecessor, Flight 11, which had been able to The station was vacant when the towers collapsed.
hit the North Tower straight on. Thus, it is believed that 9:13: The F-15 ghters from Otis Air National Guard
had the plane continued ying straight, it would have at Base leave military airspace near Long Island, bound for
least simply clipped the side of the building with its left Manhattan.
wing, or even missed the building entirely. (Flight 175
came in from the southwest, apparently heading for the 9:14: President Bush returns to a holding room commanEmpire State Building, but turned right, then left into the deered by the Secret Service shortly before 9:15. The
holding room contains a telephone, a television showSouth Tower.)
ing the news coverage, and several senior sta mem9:03: President Bush enters a classroom as part of his bers. The president speaks to Vice President Dick Chschool visit.
eney, Condoleezza Rice, New York Governor George
9:03: FAAs New York Center noties NORAD Pataki, and FBI Director Robert Mueller, and prepares
(NEADS) of the hijacking of Flight 175, at the same time brief remarks.[21]
2.3. SEPTEMBER 11, 2001

9:15: NBC News' Today program reports unconrmed
statements from employees at United Airlines that an
American Airlines aircraft had been hijacked prior to its
destruction.
45
9:32: A radio transmission from Flight 93 is overheard
by ight controllers at Cleveland: Ladies and gentlemen
here... is the captain please sit down... Keep remaining
[sic] sitting. We have a bomb on board.
9:17: The FAA closes down all New York City-area 9:32: Controllers at the Dulles Terminal Radar Approach
airports.[22] The city had initially asked the FAA to close Control in Virginia observe a primary radar target trackdown the airports.
ing eastbound at a high rate of speed, referring to Flight
9:17:02: CBS News correspondent Jim Stewart in Wash- 77.
ington mentions that in the intelligence community, 9:339:34: Tower supervisor at Reagan National Airport
Osama bin Laden is a probable suspect.
tells Secret Service operations center at the White House
9:18: CNN makes reference to foul play for the rst time, that an aircraft [is] coming at you and not talking with
stating the FBI was investigating a report of plane hi- us, referring to Flight 77. The White House is about to
jacking. CNN headline: AP: Plane was hijacked before be evacuated when the tower reports that Flight 77 has
turned and is approaching Reagan National Airport.
crashes.
9:21: All bridges and tunnels into Manhattan closed.[22]
9:23: Flight 93 receives a computer text message from
United Airlines ight dispatcher Ed Ballinger: Beware
any cockpit intrusionTwo a/c [aircraft] hit World Trade
Center. The message is received at 9:24 by the aircraft
computer.[23]
9:34: The FAAs Command Center relays information

concerning Flight 93 to FAA headquarters.
9:35: The Presidents motorcade departs from the elementary school, bound for Sarasota-Bradenton International Airport and Air Force One.
9:35: Flight 93 reverses direction over Ohio and starts

9:24: The FAA noties NORADs Northeast Air De- ying eastwards.
fense Sector about the suspected hijacking of Flight 77. 9:35: Based on a report that Flight 77 had turned again
The FAA and NORAD establish an open line to discuss and was circling back toward the District of Columbia,
Flight 77, and shortly thereafter Flight 93.
the Secret Service orders the immediate evacuation of the
Vice President from the White House.
9:25: The Otis-based F-15s establish an air patrol over
Manhattan.
9:36: Cleveland advises the FAA Command Center that
9:25: A video teleconference begins to be set up in the it is still tracking Flight 93 and inquires whether someWhite House Situation Room, led by Richard A. Clarke, a one had requested the military to launch ghter aircraft
special assistant to the president, that eventually includes to intercept the aircraft.
the CIA, the FBI, the departments of State, Justice, and 9:37: Vice President Cheney enters an underground tunnel leading to a security bunker.
Defense, and the FAA.
9:25: The Associated Press informs CNN that the two
plane crashes in the World Trade Center appeared to be
an act of terrorism.
9:26: The FAA bans takeos of all civilian aircraft regardless of destinationa national groundstop. All military bases in the United States are ordered to increase
threat conditions to Delta status.
9:26: Flight 93s pilot, Jason Dahl, replies to Ballingers
text message, Ed, conrm latest mesg plz--Jason.[24]
9:28: Hijackers storm the cockpit on Flight 93 and take
over the ight. The entry of the hijackers is overheard by
ight controllers at Cleveland.
9:29: President Bush makes his rst public statements
about the attacks, in front of an audience of about 200
teachers and students at the elementary school. He states
that he will be going back to Washington. Today, we've
had a national tragedy, he starts. Two airplanes... have
crashed... into the World Trade Center... in an apparent terrorist attack on our country, and leads a moment
of silence. No one in the Presidents traveling party has
any information during this time that other aircraft were
hijacked or missing.[25]
A Lincoln Town Car taxicab was hit by a lightpole as American Airlines Flight 77 passed over Washington Boulevard and
crashed into the Pentagon.[26]
9:37:46: Flight 77 crashes into the western side of

the Pentagon at 530 mph (853 km/h, 237 m/s, or 460
knots) and starts a violent re. The section of the Pentagon hit consists mainly of newly renovated, unoccupied
oces. All 64 people on board are killed, as are 125
Pentagon personnel.
46
9:39: Another radio transmission is heard from Ziad Jarrah aboard Flight 93: Uh, this is the captain. I would like
you all to remain seated. We have a bomb on board and
are going back to the airport, and to have our demands,
so please remain quiet.
CHAPTER 2. TIMELINE
later proven to be false.
9:49: The FAA Command Center at Herndon suggests
that someone at FAA headquarters should decide whether
to request military assistance with Flight 93. Ultimately,
the FAA makes no request before it crashes.
9:39: Fox News Channel reports, We -- we are hearing 9:50 (approximately): The Associated Press reports that
-- right now that another explosion that -- has taken place.
Flight 11 was apparently hijacked after departure from
At the Pentagon.[27]
Bostons Logan Airport. Within an hour this is conrmed
9:39: NBC and MSNBC report an explosion at the Pen- for both Flight 11 and Flight 175.
tagon.
9:51: FDNY Battalion Chief Orio Palmer reaches the
9:40: Video teleconference in White House Situation 78th Floor Sky Lobby of the South Tower along with Fire
Room begins with the physical security of the President, Marshal Ronald Bucca. Palmer reports that there are two
the White House, and federal agencies. They are not yet pockets of re and numerous dead bodies.
aware of the Pentagon crash.
9:52: The National Security Agency intercepts a phone
9:40:49: CNNs Breaking News bulletin reads Reports call between a known associate of Osama bin Laden in
of re at Pentagon.
Afghanistan and someone in the Republic of Georgia, angood news, and that another
9:42: Ben Sliney of the FAA issues the execution order nouncing that he had heard
[29]
target
was
still
to
be
hit.
for SCATANA grounding all air trac over the United
States and diverting any incoming international trac to 9:53: CNN conrms a plane crash at the Pentagon.
alternate destinations.
9:55: A CNN correspondent mentions Osama bin Laden
9:43: Abu Dhabi TV reports it received a call from the as someone determined to strike the US.
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, claim- 9:55: Air Force One leaves Sarasota-Bradenton Internaing responsibility for the World Trade Center attack, but
tional Airport.
this is soon denied by a senior ocer of the group.[28]
9:57: Passenger revolt begins on Flight 93.
9:43: The White House and the Capitol are evacuated
9:57: President Bush leaves Sarasota, Florida, on Air
and closed.
Force One. The plane reaches cruising altitude and cir9:45: United States airspace is shut down. No civil- cles for approximately 40 minutes while the destination
ian aircraft are allowed to take o, and all aircraft in of the plane is discussed.
ight are ordered to land at the nearest airport as soon
[10]
The South Tower of the World Trade
as possible. Nearly all international ights headed for 9:58:59:
Center
collapses,
56 minutes after the impact of
the U.S. are redirected to Canada, while some ights
Flight
175.
Its
destruction
is viewed and heard by a vast
from South America were diverted to Mexico. Transport
television
and
radio
audience.
As the roar of the collapse
Canada, Canadas transportation agency, also closes down
goes
silent,
tremendous
gray-white
clouds of pulverized
its airspace, but the Mexican airspace did not shut down.
concrete
and
gypsum
rush
through
the
streets. Most obThe FAA announces that civilian ights are suspended
servers
think
a
new
explosion
or
impact
has produced
until at least noon September 12, while Transport Canada
smoke
and
debris
that
now
obscures
the
South
Tower, but
gives similar orders; the FAA further ordered that dionce
the
wind
clears
the
smoke,
it
becomes
clear
that the
verted U.S.-bound international ights should be taken
building
is
no
longer
there.
On
ABC
News'
Good
Mornin, launching the agencys "Operation Yellow Ribbon".
ing
America,
correspondent
Don
Dahler,
who
was
home
The groundings would eventually last until September 14.
at
the
time
of
the
incident
and
lived
near
the
site,
reports
Military and medical ights as well as Con Air ights
continue. This is the fourth time all commercial ights to anchor Peter Jennings on air that he has witnessed the
in the U.S. have been stopped, and the rst time a sus- tower collapse; this is perhaps the rst broadcast conrpension was unplanned. All previous suspensions were mation of the collapse as Dahlers report is led seconds
military-related (Sky Shield I-III), from 1960 to 1962. after the event.
Many newspapers (including The New York Times) mis- Further information: Collapse of the World Trade Center
takenly print that this is the rst time ights have been
suspended. This was also the rst time commercial ights
in Canada have been stopped.
10:00 a.m.
Further information: Operation Yellow Ribbon
10:00: Moments after the South Tower fell, FDNY Bat9:45: CNN receives initial reports that, in addition to a talion Chief Joseph Pfeifer (inside of North Tower) said
re at the Pentagon, there is also a re at the National on the radio the order to all remen, at least twice, EvacMall. These reports on the National Mall, however, are uate the building. Due to many communication limita-
2.3. SEPTEMBER 11, 2001
47
tions, numerous reghters within the tower did not re- unaware that Flight 93 has crashed, authorizes ghter airceive this transmission.[30]
craft to engage the inbound plane, reported to be 80 miles
10:01: The FAA Command Center advises FAA head- (129 km) from Washington, based not on radar (from
quarters that an aircraft had seen Flight 93 waving his which it has disappeared) but speed and trajectory prowings, the hijackers eorts to defeat the passengers jections.
counterattack.
10:13: Thousands are involved in an evacuation of the

United Nations complex in New York.
10:02: Communicators with the Vice President in the

security bunker begin receiving reports from the Secret 10:1310:22: The 9/11 Commissions estimated arrival
Service of an inbound aircraftpresumably hijacked of Flight 93 over Washington had it not crashed in
heading toward Washington. This is Flight 93.
Pennsylvania.[33]
10:02: CNN announces that the Sears Tower in Chicago 10:1410:19: A lieutenant colonel at the White House
has been evacuated.
repeatedly relays to the NMCC that the Vice President
10:03 (approximately): The National Military Command has conrmed that ghters are cleared to engage inbound
aircraft if they can verify that the aircraft was hijacked.
Center learns from the White House of Flight 93s hijacking.
10:18: NBC reports that Yasser Arafat, Chairman of
10:03:11: United Airlines Flight 93 is crashed by its the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), has denied
hijackers and passengers at 583 mph (926 km/h, 272 complicity in the attacks and is appalled by them.
m/s, or 509 knots), due to ghting in the cockpit 80
miles (129 km) southeast of Pittsburgh in Somerset
County, Pennsylvania.[31] Later reports indicate that
passengers had learned about the World Trade Center
and Pentagon crashes on cell phones and at least three
were planning on resisting the hijackers; the resistance
was conrmed by Flight 93s cockpit voice recording, on
which the hijackers are heard making their decision to
down the plane before the passengers succeed in breaching the cockpit door. The 9/11 Commission believed
that Flight 93s target was either the United States Capitol
building or the White House in Washington, D.C.[32]
10:20: President Bush, aboard Air Force One, tells Vice

President Cheney that he has authorized a shootdown of
aircraft if necessary.[34]
10:23: The Associated Press reports a car bomb has exploded outside the State Department in Washington, D.C.
This and several other reports of terrorist acts in the capital are quickly found to be false.[35]
10:24: Two men who were being evacuated through the

underground shopping mall below the South Tower when
it collapsed on them are able to climb up through thirty
feet of debris to safety. 1010 WINS in New York City
reports an explosion at the U.S. Supreme Court building.
10:05: Andrea Mitchell, reporting on NBC from outside This is later revealed to be erroneous.[36]
the Pentagon, reports that Osama bin Laden may have
10:28:22:[10] The North Tower of the World Trade
been involved in the attacks.
Center collapses. Due to the destruction of the gypsum10:05: CNNs headlines read: SOUTH TOWER AT encased stairwells on the impact oors (most skyscraper
WTC COLLAPSES.
stairwells are encased in reinforced concrete), no one who
10:05: The IDS Center in Minneapolis is evacuated.
was above the impact zone in the North Tower escapes the
collapse. The Marriott Hotel, located at the base of the
10:07: NBC reports for the rst time that the South
two
towers, is also destroyed. The second collapse is also
Tower of the World Trade Center has collapsed. Prior to
viewed live on television and heard on radio. The North
this time they have said only that a section of the building
Tower collapses 1 hour, 42 minutes after the impact of
has fallen away.
Flight 11the building had burned during the whole du10:07: NEADS, controlling the only set of ghters over ration of the attacks. 7 World Trade Center burns after
Washington, rst learns of the hijacking of Flight 93, 4 the collapse of the North Tower. New York Citys 1010
minutes after it actually crashed. ABC News reported at WINS reports the collapse live as it happens, broadcastthe time, the anchor Peter Jennings, said at the time: The ing a live phone call with a witness.[36] On NBC News,
Southern Tower has just collapsed...
Katie Couric says: The South Tower of the World Trade
10:08: Air Trac Control System Command Center Center has just collapsed...
in Herndon reports to FAA headquarters that Flight 93 Several long-distance videos of the collapse, such as
may be down near Johnstown, Pennsylvania; at 10:17 the CNN, were able to notice that, after the cloud of dust had
Command Center concludes it is so.
partially cleared away, a portion of the building was still
standing. It appeared to be the lower half of the north10:10: Part of the west side of the Pentagon collapses.
west corner column of the North Tower, which, like a
10:10: NEADS emphatically tells ghter pilots over spire, grew larger and had more structure still standing
Washington, Negative clearance to shoot.
near the bottom. The portion rose to a fairly good height
10:1010:15 (approximately): Vice President Cheney, considering the collapse around it, as it appeared to rise
48
CHAPTER 2. TIMELINE
nearly forty stories o the ground. This piece remained 11:00 a.m.
standing for a few seconds after the initial collapse before
it also came down.
11:00: Transport Canada halts all aircraft departures un10:31: NORAD rst communicates the Vice Presidents til further notice, except for police, military, and humanitarian ights, as part of Operation Yellow Ribbon.
shootdown authority to NEADS.
The operation was well underway as international ights
10:35: Air Force One, carrying the President, turns for headed for the U.S. had already started to land at CanaBarksdale Air Force Base in Bossier City, Louisiana.
dian airports, beginning at CFB Goose Bay. Fourteen
10:37: Associated Press reports that ocials at the other airports follow, including Halifax, Lester B. PearSomerset County airport conrm that a large plane has son in Toronto, Montral-Dorval, and Vancouver.
crashed in western Pennsylvania. CNNs Aaron Brown 11:05: The FAA conrms that several planes have been
passes along reports that a 747 is down in Pennsylvania. hijacked in addition to American Airlines Flight 11.
He stresses these reports are unconrmed. He also, in
the confusion, reports another plane heading for the Pen- 11:16: American Airlines conrms the loss of its two airtagon. The Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota, craft.
is evacuated and closed. New York Citys 1010 WINS re- 11:26: United Airlines conrms the loss of Flight 93 and
lays a report that the U.S. State Department headquarters states that it is deeply concerned about Flight 175.[37]
in Washington, D.C. has been attacked by a car bomb.
11:53: United Airlines conrms the loss of its two airThis is later reported to be false.[36]
craft.
10:39: Another hijacked jumbo jet is claimed to be
11:55: The border between the U.S. and Mexico is on
headed for Washington, D.C. F-15s are scrambled and
highest alert, but is not closed.
patrol the airspace above Washington, D.C. while other
ghter jets sweep the airspace above New York City.
They have orders, rst issued by Vice President Cheney 12:00 p.m.
and later conrmed by President Bush, to shoot down any
potentially dangerous planes that do not comply with or- 12:01 (approximately): Fourteen people, including
ders given to them via radio. Eventually, the aircraft is twelve reghters, who were in a section of a stairwell
revealed to be a medevac helicopter on its way to the Pen- in the North Tower that held together during the collapse,
tagon.
climb the stairs to the top of the Ground Zero rubble eld.
10:41: NBC News conrms that a plane has gone down 12:04: Los Angeles International Airport, the intended
in Somerset County. The earlier unconrmed statements destination of Flights 11, 77 and 175, is shut down.
about an incident at the State Department in Washington,
12:15: San Francisco International Airport, the intended
D.C. are reported as false.
destination of Flight 93, is shut down.
10:43: CNN reports that a mass evacuation of Washington, D.C., and New York has been started. A few minutes 12:15 (approximately): The airspace over the 48 contigulater, New York mayor Rudy Giuliani orders an evacua- ous United States is clear of all commercial and private
ights.
tion of Lower Manhattan.
10:49: Fox News Channel is the rst of the United States 12:30 (approximately): Secretary of State Colin Powell
news networks to implement a news ticker at the bottom boards a plane in Lima, Peru, for Washington, D.C.
of its screen for supplementary information about the attacks. CNN adds one at 11:11, and MSNBC adds one at
approximately 2:00 pm. All three cable networks have
used a news ticker continuously in the years since (and
many local television stations have followed suit).
10:50:19: Five stories of part of the Pentagon collapse
due to the re.
10:53: New Yorks primary elections are canceled.
12:39: On CNN, Senator John McCain characterizes attack as an act of war.

12:41: Senator Orrin Hatch tells CNN, Both the FBI
and our intelligence community believe that this is Bin
Ladens signature.
1:00 p.m.
10:53: Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld orders the 1:00 (approximately): At the Pentagon, re crews are still
U.S. military placed at DEFCON 3, for the rst time ghting res. The early response to the attack had been
coordinated from the National Military Command Censince the Yom Kippur War in 1973.
ter, but that had to be evacuated when it began to ll with
smoke.
1:04: President Bush puts the U.S. military on high
alert worldwide (known as Force Protection Condition
Delta). Taped remarks from the President were aired
2.3. SEPTEMBER 11, 2001

from Barksdale Air Force Base, stating that freedom itself was attacked this morning by a faceless coward and
freedom will be defended. He also said that the United
States will hunt down and punish those responsible for
these cowardly acts. He then leaves for a U.S. Strategic Command bunker located at Outt Air Force Base in
Bellevue, Nebraska.[38]
49
5:00 p.m.
5:20:27: The east penthouse on top of 7 World Trade
Center crumbles apart.
5:20:33: 7 World Trade Center, a 47-story building,

collapses. The building contained New Yorks emergency operations center, operated by the NYC Oce of
1:27: Mayor Anthony A. Williams of Washington, D.C., Emergency Management, originally intended to respond
declares a state of emergency; the District of Columbia to disasters such as the September 11 terrorist attacks.
National Guard arrives on site.
Due to the emergency personnel having more than enough
time to evacuate the building since the collapse of the
North Tower, there are no injuries or deaths as a result
2:00 p.m.
of the collapse.
2:39: At a press conference New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani is asked to estimate the number of casualties at the 6:00 p.m.
World Trade Center. He replies, More than any of us
can bear.
6:00: Explosions and tracer re are reported in Kabul,
2:50: President Bush arrives at Outt Air Force Afghanistan, by CNN and the BBC. The Northern AlBase, Bellevue, Nebraska, to convene a National Secu- liance, involved in a civil war with the Taliban governrity Council teleconference via the U.S. STRATCOM ment, is later reported to have attacked Kabuls airport
with helicopter gunships.
bunker.
6:00: The last of the aircraft headed for the U.S. lands in
Canada at Vancouver International Airport, since it was
3:00 p.m.
ying over the Pacic.
3:00 (approx.): Pasquale Buzzelli, who lost conscious- 6:54: U.S. President George W. Bush arrives at the White
ness in a North Tower stairway during the collapse, awak- House in Washington, D.C.
ens to nd himself lying atop the debris with only a fractured foot.
7:00 p.m.
4:00 p.m.
Smoke plume emanating from the World Trade Center as seen

from the ISS (4:00 p.m. EST)
7:00: Eorts to locate survivors in the rubble that had

been the twin towers continue. Fleets of ambulances are
lined up to transport the injured to nearby hospitals, but
they stand empty. Ground Zero, as the site of the WTC
collapse becomes known henceforth, is the exclusive domain of New York Citys Fire Department and Police Department, despite volunteer steel and construction workers who stand ready to move large quantities of debris
quickly. Relatives and friends of victims or likely victims, many displaying enlarged photographs of the missing printed on home computer printers, have appeared
around New York. The New York Armory at Lexington
Avenue and 26th Street and Union Square Park at 14th
Street and Broadway become centers of vigil.
7:24: Members of Congress join on the steps of the
United States Capitol and sing "God Bless America".
7:30: The U.S. government denies any responsibility for

4:00: National news outlets report that high ocials in the the reported explosions in Kabul, capital of Afghanistan.
federal intelligence community are stating that Osama bin
Laden is suspect number one.
8:00 p.m.
4:25: The New York Stock Exchange, NASDAQ, and
the American Stock Exchange report that they will re- 8:00 (approx.): Port Authority Police Ocer Will Jimain closed Wednesday, September 12.
meno, who was in an underground corridor between the
4:36: President Bush departs Outt Air Force Base on two towers, is found alive in the rubble, and eventually
Air Force One.
freed at approximately 11:00 p.m.
50
CHAPTER 2. TIMELINE
8:30: U.S. President George W. Bush addresses the

country from the White House in Washington, D.C.[39]
Among his statements: Today, our fellow citizens, our
way of life, our very freedom came under attack in a series of deliberate and deadly terrorist acts, Terrorist attacks can shake the foundations of our biggest buildings,
but they cannot touch the foundation of America. These
acts shatter steel, but they cannot dent the steel of American resolve, and The search is underway for those who
are behind these evil acts...we will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those
who harbor them.
As Bush speaks, members of Congress tell CNN that during private briengs with senior administration ocials,
they were told that the administration had enough evidence that it was condent the attacks are the work of
Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaeda terrorist network.
9:00 p.m.
[2] Atkins, Stephen (2011). The 9/11 Encyclopedia. Santa

Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 57. ISBN 9781-59884-921-9.
[3] Remembering the 10th Anniversary of 9/11. WFAA
Dallas-Fort Worth. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
[4] The 9/11 Commission Report, Chapter 1: We Have
Some Planes"". National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. August 2004. Retrieved
June 23, 2012.
[5] NTSB Report, page. 3
[6] Spencer, Lynn (2008). Touching history: the untold story
of the drama that unfolded in the skies over America on
9/11. Simon and Schuster. p. 22. ISBN 9781416559252.
[7] Spencer, Lynn (2008). Touching history: the untold story
of the drama that unfolded in the skies over America on
9/11. Simon and Schuster. p. 27. ISBN 9781416559252.
[8] Viser, Matt (September 11, 2005). Two pilots revisit
their 9/11. The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
9:00: President Bush meets his full National Security [9] Flight Path Study United Airlines Flight 175 (PDF).
Washington, D.C.: National Transportation Safety Board
Council, followed roughly half an hour later by a meeting
Oce of Research and Engineering. February 19, 2002.
with a smaller group of key advisers. Bush and his advisers have evidence that Osama bin Laden is behind the [10] McAllister, T. P.; Gann, R. G.; Averill, J. D.; Gross, J.
attacks. CIA Director Tenet says that al-Qaeda and the
L.; Grosshandler, W. L.; Lawson, J. R.; McGrattan, K.
B.; Pitts, W. M.; Prasad, K. R.; Sadek, F. H.; Nelson, H.
Taliban in Afghanistan are essentially one and the same.
E. (August 2008). Structural Fire Response and Probable
Bush says, Tell the Taliban we're nished with them.
10:00 p.m.
Collapse Sequence of World Trade Center Building 7 (Volume 1). Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of
the World Trade Center Disaster (NIST NCSTAR 1-9). National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). pp.
18. Retrieved 2011-09-09.
10:00: There are reports (later proven incorrect) of many

survivors buried in rubble in New York making cell phone [11] Dwyer, Jim (August 13, 2005). Vast Archive Yields New
View of 9/11. The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05calls. Only two more survivors will be pulled from the
29.
rubble on September 12 and neither of them had made
cell phone calls.
[12] CNBC begins reporting. YouTube.
11:00 p.m.
[13] The 9/11 Commission Report, The Hijacking of United

175 section. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks
Upon the United States. July 2004. p. 8. Retrieved 201010-24.
11:00: After 13 hours, the NYPD, FDNY and PAPD

nally dig out Will Jimeno. They learn that Port Author- [14] 90th Floor Frozen, Even as Ground Zero Changes, New
ity police sergeant John McLoughlin is also trapped. The
York Times, September 12, 2007. http://www.nytimes.
com/2007/09/12/nyregion/12about.html
NYPD, FDNY and PAPD dig him out at 8:00 am the next
morning after he has been there for almost a day.
[15] 9/11 Commission Report, p. 35.
11:30: Before sleeping, President Bush enters into his

journal: The Pearl Harbor of the 21st century took place
today...We think its Osama bin Laden.[40]
2.3.2
References
Footnotes
[1] Extract: 'We have some planes". BBC News. 23 July
2004. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
[16] With its transponder o, it is possible, though more difcult, to track an aircraft by its primary radar returns.
But unlike transponder data, primary radar returns do not
show the aircrafts identity and altitude.
[17] 9/11 Commission Report, p.
289.
http://www.
9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf
[18] Time as given in the 9/11 Commission Report, July 2004,
pp. 8, 32. However, Final Report of the Collapse of the
World Trade Center Towers, published by the U.S. Commerce Departments National Institute of Standards and
2.3. SEPTEMBER 11, 2001
51
Technology in September 2005, pp. 83-84, timed this

event at 9:02:59 a.m., established from time stamps in four
September 11 telecasts.
[19] Paltrow, Scott J., Kim, Queens Sook, Wall St. Journal,
Could Helicopters Have Saved People From the Top of
the Trade Center? http://www.fpp.co.uk/online/01/10/
WTC_Helicopters.html, retrieved August 10, 2010
United States, We Have Some Planes, 1.3 National Crisis Management, The President and the Vice President.
[21] As Director of Communications Dan Bartlett points to
news footage of the World Trade Center Towers burning,
President George W. Bush gathers information about the
attack at Emma E. Booker Elementary School in Sarasota,
Fla., Sept. 11, 2001. Also photographed are Director of
White House Situation Room, National Security Council,
Deborah Loewer (directly behind the President) and Senior Advisor Karl Rove (right). White House photo by
Eric Draper. 11 September 2001.
[32] 1. We Have Some Planes. The 9-11 Commission Report.

U.S. Government Printing Oce. July 22, 2004. p. 45.
[33] The 9/11 Commission Report, p. 4445.
[34] The 9/11 Commission Report, p. 41.
[35] A stunning 48 hours of news, Associated Press. ABC
News: Post-Attack Tremors, Sept. 16, 2002.
[36] 1010 WINS (September 11, 2001). 10:00 a.m. 11:00
a.m.. 1010 WINS. CBS. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
[37] CNN, September 11: Chronology of terror.
[38] ABC News Special Report: America Under Attack. Associated Retired Aviation Professionals. Retrieved 200609-11.
[39] Statement by the President in His Address to the Nation,
Sept. 11, 2001.
[22] Timeline: Sept. 11, 2001, FoxNews.com
[40] Balz, Dan; Woodward, Bob (January 2002). Americas

Chaotic Road to War:Bush{}s Global Strategy Began to
Take Shape in First Frantic Hours After Attack. Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-04-05.

11.
http://www.
Further reading

11.
http://www.
[25] 9/11 Commission Report, Sec. 1.3, National Crisis Management.
[26] Bamford, James (June 8, 2004). A Pretext for War:
9/11, Iraq, and the Abuse of U.S. Intelligence Agencies.
Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-50672-4.
[27] Explosion at the Pentagon.
September 11, 2001.
Fox News Channel.
[28] Americas day of terror: Timeline. BBC News. September 12, 2001.
[29] Andrew Cockburn, Rumsfeld, New York Times, March
25, 2007.
[30] Executive Summary, p. 7-8
[31] The exact time is subject to some disputea report on
seismographic data readings by Won-Young Kim and
Gerald R. Baum puts the time of impact at 10:06:05.
The 9/11 Commission argued the seismic data on which
[Kim and Baum based their] estimate are far too weak
in signal-to-noise ratio and far too speculative in terms
of signal source to be used as a means of contradicting
the impact time [of 10:03] established by the very accurate combination of FDR, CVR, ATC, radar, and impact
site data sets (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks
Upon the United States, Notes, 1 We Have Some Planes,
note #168). Black box recordings, radar analysis, satellite
data (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the
United States, We Have Some Planes, 1.2 Improvising a
Homeland Defense, United Airlines Flight 93) and at least
one telephone call indicate 10:03:11.
Bernstein, Richard B. (2003). Out of the Blue: A

Narrative of September 11, 2001. Times Books.
ISBN 0-8050-7410-4.
Thompson, Paul (2004). The Terror Timeline: Year
by Year, Day by Day, Minute by Minute: A Comprehensive Chronicle of the Road to 9/11. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-078338-9.
2.3.3 External links

Interactive 911 Timeline - Provided by TimeRime.com.
Complete 911 Timeline minute by minute - Provided by the History Commons.
9/11 Television News Archive on Internet Archive
(Understanding 9/11 archive).
CNN: September 11: Chronology of terror at the
Wayback Machine (timeline published Sept. 12).
911 Case Study: Pentagon Flight 77: 3D Computer
Simulation about The Pentagon impact.
My 9/11 Flight: Airline pilots account of the
SCATANA airspace shutdown on 9/11.
Pasquale Buzzelli, the 9/11 Surfer who survived
North Tower collapse.
1010 WINS from 8:00 a.m. (September 11, 2001)
to 8:00 a.m. (September 12, 2001)
9/11 tragedy pager intercepts,
WikiLeaks.
published by
52
CHAPTER 2. TIMELINE
2.4 Rest of September 2001

This article summarizes the events in the remaining days
of September 2001 following the September 11 attacks
which relate to the attacks. All times, except where otherwise noted, are in Eastern Daylight Time (EDT), or
UTC04:00.
2.4.1
September 2001
Wednesday, September 12
2:30 a.m.: CBS reports that a car packed with explosives has been stopped on the George Washington Bridge. The New Jersey police claim there were
enough explosives to destroy the entire bridge. Apparently the FBI has denied the report. According
to a later report, three men have been arrested, but
there were no explosives involved. They were arrested because they had been seen celebrating the
attack.
person recovered alive from the buildings collapse

zones.[1]
1:10 p.m.: FBI agents storm the Westin Hotel in
Boston to investigate a room rented by a passenger
on one plane. They encounter and detain three people in the room and call in a bomb squad to investigate a suspicious package.
3:58 p.m.: FBI announces they have evidence showing the White House and Air Force One were intended targets of the attacks. Later this is recanted,
and blamed on administration staers misunderstanding the security information they received.
5:00 p.m.: Attorney General John Ashcroft announces that some of the hijackers were pilots
trained in the US.
7:00 p.m.: Candlelight vigils are held in Washington
Square, Union Square, Central Park, and various
other locations in New York City.
Late evening: The Chicago Tribune reports that an
anti-Arab rally was held by a crowd of a few hundred people near Bridgeview mosque in Bridgeview,
Illinois. Three were arrested by the over 100 policemen there, two for disorderly conduct and one for
reckless driving.
Before 3:15 a.m.: The Boston Herald reports that at

least ve Arab men have been identied as suspects.
Two of them were brothers, and one a trained pilot.
Their passports have been traced to the United Arab
Emirates. A car, rented in Portland, Maine, has
been seized from the Logan International Airport
garage, containing ight training manuals in Ara- Thursday, September 13
bic. According to CNN, FBI can neither conrm
nor deny this. The men had been in a ght with a
A few commercial airliners return to the skies.
man shortly before take-o; this man later recalled
Before 1:00 a.m.: German police raid an apartment
the incident and called the police.
in Hamburg, apparently at the behest of the FBI, be Before 3:50 a.m.: The Jerusalem Post reports that
lieved to have been used by suspect passengers on
Osama bin Laden has given a speech denying any
the airline ight list. It is believed to be the rst
connection to the attacks, which he called adpolice action outside the U.S. connected with the atmirable.
tack. Two people are taken into provisional custody,
one is an airport worker. Both were later released,
4:35 a.m.: CNN reports that search warrants have
but re-arrested in late 2002.
been issued in south Florida because of information
from the passenger lists of the hijacked planes.
After 7:00 a.m.: PAPD Ocer John McLoughlin, who was in an underground corridor between
the two towers when the South Tower collapsed, is
pulled alive from the rubble of the World Trade Center.
10:00 a.m.: Congress reconvenes.
10:53 a.m.: President George W. Bush holds a cabinet meeting, saying that the attacks were more than
acts of terror. They were acts of war. Bush later that
day tours the Pentagon to oversee the rescue and recovery eorts.
12:30 p.m. (approximately), Genelle GuzmanMcMillan is pulled from the rubble of the North
Tower of the World Trade Center, and is the last
The data recorder from United Airlines ight 93 is

recovered.
The United States National Transportation Safety
Board, which usually investigates air disasters, issued a press release stating that the NTSB would assist the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and that the
FBI would be the lead investigative agency.
Between 4:15 p.m. and 5:00 p.m.: 10 people were
detained at New York airports, reportedly including people who had boarded planes under false pretenses, people who had been trained to y aircraft
at the same schools as the previous terrorists, and
people who had attempted to bring knives and other
weapons past airport security. Some of these people had already been identied by the FBI as potential suspects. Three were removed from planes
2.4. REST OF SEPTEMBER 2001

ready for departure by police SWAT teams, one resisted arrest. It was later found that none of them
was planning a hijacking.
It is announced that Ahmed Shah Massoud, a military leader of the Northern Alliance, died on
September 9 from wounds received during a Taliban
suicide attack.
On the orders of Queen Elizabeth II, the 'StarSpangled Banner' is played during the changing of
the guard at Buckingham Palace. This unprecedented act was witnessed by a huge crowd, many
singing along.
At the orders of Vladimir Putin, Russia observes a
moments silence at noontime (Moscow time) with
ags placed at half-sta throughout Russia in memory of terrorist acts victims .
At 8:00 p.m., the World Wrestling Federation holds
a special live broadcast of SmackDown! in Houston,
Texas dedicated to the victims and heroes of the attacks. All storylines are put on hold for this tribute show, as various wrestlers and other individuals
give their best wishes to the families of the victims
and congratulate all of the workers and reghters
in New York. This is the rst major assemblage for
an American sporting event following the attacks.
Friday, September 14
The National Day of Prayer and Remembrance
Church and memorial services held throughout the
world. These include a special service held in London, which was attended by a black-clad Queen and
1,500 mourners. A three-minute silence at noon
Paris time was observed throughout Europe. The
Star-Spangled Banner is performed or sung in front
of the Brandenburg Gate and at mass gatherings in
Edinburgh, Paris, and Ottawa. National days of
mourning are observed in Ireland and South Korea.
Ireland was brought to a standstill on the day, because the government had ordered schools, oces,
and stores across the country closed because a public holiday as part of the national day of mourning
had been declared.
53
42 Navy, 9 Defense agency. The original estimate
for Defense Agencies was 10, which inadvertently
included one DoD employee on American Airlines
Flight 77, Mr. Bryan C. Jack.
AM, Resumption of package deliveries from national carriers such as UPS and Federal Express.
AM, Nine of the ten detained at New York airports
were released. One is still being questioned about
immigration status. Authorities suspected one of
them was holding a false pilot certicate, but he was
a pilot. He was carrying papers, including a visa,
which were owned by his brother in Boston, who
happened to live in the same building as three of the
people suspected of involvement in the hijackings.
There was no hijacking attempts at either airport on
the 13th, only suspicious circumstances.
AM, The Pentagon reports recovering both black
boxes from ight AA 77 which crashed into the Pentagon.
AM, The names of the 19 suspected hijackers are
released by the FBI.[3]
AM, Arrests are made in the Netherlands and
Belgium and apartments searched in the Philippines
and on a Carnival cruise ship in Florida. The connection to the Sept. 11th attack is not immediately
clear.
12:00 PM, Service led by Rev. Billy Graham
at Washington National Cathedral, with President
George W. Bush and past and present top ocials
in attendance.[4] Bush gave remarks, beginning with
We are here in the middle hour of our grief.
Canadian television covers a memorial service on
Parliament Hill in Ottawa, which Canadian Prime
Minister Jean Chrtien, Governor General Adrienne
Clarkson, and U.S. Ambassador to Canada Paul
Cellucci presided over, and more than 100,000 people attended.
2:20 PM Colin Powell press brieng
3:40 PM President George W. Bush arrives in New
York City. Later delivers 'Bullhorn Address.[5]
The New York City Oce of Emergency Management completes setup of an Emergency Operations Saturday, September 15
Center after a 32-hour construction marathon, at
The Department of Defense releases a casualty
Pier 92. This facility served to replace the Oce
update: Aerographers Mate First Class Edward
of Emergency Management oce formerly housed
Thomas Earhart, 26, Salt Lick, Kentucky, is
in the basement of 7 World Trade Center, and deconrmed dead. Herbert W. Homer, a civilian
[2]
stroyed on the afternoon of September 11.
employee of the Defense Contract Management
AM, The United States Department of Defense
Agency, was previously listed in error as unac(DoD) releases a revised estimate and the names of
counted for at the Pentagon; he was among the pasunaccounted. 125 people are missing: 74 Army,
sengers aboard United Airlines Flight 175.[6]
54
Before 8:00 AM, New York authorities end request
for donations of emergency supplies.
Before 2:30 PM, Iran announces that it has closed
its border with Afghanistan.
Before 2:30 PM, the ocial New York City missing
count has risen to 4972. Over 150 bodies have been
found, 92 positively identied.
Before 2:30 PM, the ocial death count at the Pentagon has risen to 189, including the 64 in the plane.
3:00 PM approx., a funeral mass is held for the Rev.
Mychal Judge.
3:00 PM approx., a funeral is held for re chief
Peter J. Ganci, Jr. in New Jersey. Afterwards mayor
Rudy Giuliani breaks his policy of never making
public comments after the funeral, saying All eyes
are on New York City.
Before 3:00 PM, The New York Stock Exchange is
successfully tested for its morning open at 9:30 AM
EDT.
Before 3:00 PM, Colin Powell says both Pakistan
and Iran have closed their borders with Afghanistan.
After intensive pressure from the Bush administration, Pakistan has agreed to act as a staging area for
American air strikes or forces.
CHAPTER 2. TIMELINE
NASCAR postpones the New Hampshire 300
scheduled to be held at the New Hampshire International Speedway. The race is rescheduled for the day
after Thanksgiving. Support races were cancelled,
while a Craftsman Truck Series race at Texas Motor Speedway is postponed until October.
Day of mourning in Australia for victims of September 11. This had been proclaimed by Australian
Prime Minister John Howard earlier that week. He
had been in Washington at the time of the attacks.
The Department of Defense releases a casualty
update: Cmdr. Dan Frederic Shanower, 40, of
Naperville, Ill. is conrmed dead. The number of
dead or unaccounted at the Pentagon remains 124,
not including the 64 passengers on American Airlines ight 77. 88 remains have been recovered from
the Pentagon and transported to Dover Air Force
Base, Del. for identication.[9]
Lower Manhattan east of Broadway is opened to
pedestrians.
Tens of thousands of Afghan refugees stream toward
the closed borders with Iran and Pakistan (there are
already two million refugees in each country from
the twenty years of Afghani-Soviet War then Afghan
Civil War). Food and other aid can no longer get in.
PM, A 20-year-old Saudi Arabian student is stabbed
three times in Boston by assailants yelling anti-Arab
abuse as he leaves a nightclub.
Afternoon: Four gunmen, including Francisco

Roque, 42, go on a shooting rampage, they drove up
in two pick-up trucks to a Chevron station in Mesa,
Arizona, owned by Balbir Singh Sodhi, a 52 year old Monday, September 17
Sikh from Punjab, India, and shot him dead, possi The U.S. demands that Pakistan close its borders to
bly mistaking him for an Arab because of his turAfghan refugees. Pakistan immediately complies.
ban. They don't kill anyone else, but hit another
gas station and a home. In October 2003, Roque
Major League Baseball games recommence kicked
is sentenced by an Arizona jury to death by lethal
o by Jack Buck's riveting poem For America and
[7]
injection.
speech where he said I don't know about you, but
as for me, the question has already been answered:
Afternoon: An Egyptian-born Coptic Christian,
Should we be here? Yes!".
Adel Karas, 48, was shot dead by two white males
inside his International Market grocery store in San
The Department of Defense (DoD) releases a caGabriel, California.
sualty update: 9 DoD employees and 2 passengers
accounted for, and 124 DoD employees still unac 11:05 PM, a Pakistani immigrant and businessman,
counted for. To date, 97 remains have been reWaqar Hasan, 46, was shot dead in his store, Moms
covered and transported to Dover Air Force Base,
Grocery, in downtown Dallas, Texas again, posDelaware. for identication. Eleven have been idensibly because of his turban. Congress subsequently
tied. Search and rescue operations continue.[10]
passed a private bill granting his family permanent
[8]
residence.
The Northern Alliance in Afghanistan oers fteen
Sunday, September 16
The NFL cancels games for the weekend. These
games were rescheduled to be played the week after
the regular season was supposed to end, delaying the
playos and Super Bowl XXXVI.
to thirty-thousand troops in support of attacks on the

Taliban.
6:00 AM Staten Island ferry resumes operation.
New Brooklyn ferry also commences service.
8:30 AM approx. The US Federal Reserve cuts the
prime interest rate by half a percent to three percent.

9:30 AM The NYSE, Mercantile Exchange, and
NASDAQ open for the rst time after the longest
hiatus in history after two minutes of silence. The
markets plummet.
11:08 AM The World Bank and IMF cancel the annual meeting scheduled for September 29 and 30th
at Washington D.C.
4:00 PM Dow Jones Industrial Average closes down
684.81 points (7.13%) in heavy trading. NASDAQ
was down 6.84%, S&P500 4.93%. Airline stocks
were down over 40 percent. Insurance, nancial,
and travel and leisure stocks were also down heavily. Military contractor, savings and loans, telecom,
and pharmaceutical stocks gained.
4:00 PM EDT Rudy Giuliani conference on casualties: 5,422 missing, 201 known dead, 135 identied.
For the week to date, crime in New York City has
been down 34 percent over the same week last year.
40,000 tons of debris have been removed.
Conference of many Islamic leaders to meet in
Afghanistan to determine their response to the U.S.
ultimatum.
The Lebanese Hezbollah-owned satellite channel
Al-Manar comes out with a news piece arguing that
the Israeli secret services and Zionist supporters of
them were most likely responsible, and claiming that
4,000 Israelis had stayed away from work at the
World Trade Center that day. This false claim would
soon become the most widespread of the 9/11 conspiracy claims regarding Jews or Israel.
David Letterman returns to the air on CBS with
a heartfelt monologue giving his own personal
thoughts and condolensces about the attacks. Letterman is not censored when he asks out loud if the
motivation for the attacks makes any goddamned
sense. Jay Leno and Conan O'Brien also return to
the air on NBC, and Jon Stewart would return to the
air on Comedy Central three nights later.
Unknown time: Senator John McCain honors
Mark Bingham, Todd Beamer, Tom Burnett and
Jeremy Glick, passengers on board United Airlines
Flight 93, who risked their own lives to bring the
Boeing 757 down, just to make sure the hijackers
mainly the pilot Ziad Jarrahdo not reach their target, the United States Capitol, and kill more civilians.
Tuesday, September 18
12:30 PM Rudy Giuliani press brieng: 49,553
tons removed to Fresh Kills Landll in 3,788 trucks.
218 conrmed dead, 152 identied. 37 uniformed
ocers, 32 reghters, 2 E.M.T.'s, 2 Port Authority
55
Police ocers and one New Jersey Fire Department
reghter.[11]
2:30 PM Ari Fleischer press brieng. The U.S. intends to go after terrorism whenever it threatens the
United States, not all terrorism.
2:50 PM US Attorney General John Ashcroft press
brieng: 96,000 tips. There may have been more
than four planes targeted for hijacking. INS will
have 48 hours (or unlimited time under emergencies) instead of the previous 24 in which to decide
whether to charge detained individuals. This will
allow them to detain the 75 individuals held in connection with the investigation indenitely. Permanent anti-terrorism task forces under the US Attorney General and FBI will be established to blur the
lines between local and federal law enforcement and
the federal intelligence agencies.
In Karachi, Pakistan more than 5,000 radical
Islamist students mount the largest demonstration
yet against possible US military action against
Afghanistan. By the standards of Karachi politics,
where rallies of over fty thousand people are common, this is regarded as unexpectedly small. Hundreds of police and paramilitary troops prevent the
protesters from marching on the US consulate. An
egy of George W. Bush is lit.
A mass candle vigil is held in Tehran, Iran to mourn
the loss of life in the United States.[12]
The Department of Defense orders over 100 combat aircraft, including ghters, bombers, and support aircraft to military bases in the Persian Gulf.
Three aircraft carrier groups will soon be within operational distance of west Asia.
2:20 PM approx. Rudy Giuliani and George Pataki
press brieng: two lanes of Brooklyn Bridge into
city to open Thursday. The government is opening
up 5.5 million ft2 (511,000 m2 ) of real estate for
business. Individual family grants of up to $14,000
are available from the Dept. of Labor. The State
Dept. of Health is giving $60 million to NYC hospitals. The business assistance center at 633 Third
Ave. has received 5000 calls and 700 visitors. The
city is hoping to get Battery Park North and South
open in the next two days. The prayer service Sunday 9/23 at Yankee Stadium will be by ticket for
families and the uniformed services (re, police,
etc.), and simulcast at Jumbotrons at Staten Island
and Brooklyn baseball stadiums. The city has determined it would be too early for the Central Park
memorial service originally planned.
56
4:00 PM, Dow Jones Industrial Average closes
down 144.27 (1.62%) to 8759.13. Other indexes are
down similarly. At its lowest point, the Dow Jones
was down over 420 points.
Thursday, September 20
Stock markets continue dramatic slide.
Pakistan general/president Musharraf gives speech
asking country to go along with government decision to support United Statesallowing ights over
airspace, supplying intelligence, etc.
40 Senators visit New York City to see the rescue
and recovery eort rsthand.
The ocial number of missing persons at the WTC
rises dramatically to 6333, due to reports coming in
from foreign countries.
President Bush gives speech to joint session of
Congress, with British Prime Minister Tony Blair,
Rudy Giuliani, and Governor Pataki in attendance.
He thanks the world for its support of the US, and
announces that the US is at war with terrorism and
demands countries choose to be with us or with the
terrorists. He limits the enemy to terrorist groups
with global reach. Five unconditional demands are
imposed on the Taliban, including the immediate
closedown of all terrorist training camps and the delivery of all al-Qaeda leaders to US authorities. He
creates a new cabinet-level oce, Homeland Security and names Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge
as its head. His speech is interrupted with applause
on many occasions.[13]
Conference of Afghan Islamic clerics advise Taliban
leader Mohammad Shah to invite Osama bin Laden
to leave Afghanistan by his own choice.
New York Philharmonic memorial concert of
Brahms Ein Deutsches Requiem in Avery Fisher
Hall. The concert was led o by the national anthem, and on the stage was a ag which appeared
on stage during all Philharmonic World War II concerts. All proceeds go to disaster relief. At the request of the Philharmonic director, all applause was
held, and the audience led out in silence.
CHAPTER 2. TIMELINE
Afghanistan press conference announces willingness
to turn Osama bin Laden forcibly over only with evidence. United States reiterates it will not negotiate
on demands. The US never releases the evidence
demanded.
Tens of thousands demonstrate in Pakistan against
the governments cooperation with United States.
The ocial number of missing persons at the WTC
continues to uctuate, 6300s to 6500s. They come
from over 60 countries.
Stock markets continue dramatic slide. (For the
United States, worst week since 1930s).
A two-hour live telethon entitled "America: A Tribute to Heroes", with musical performances and spoken tributes by top American performers, is simultaneously broadcast on nearly every network. Controversy over disbursement of the funds raised will
later arise.
Yemeni-American, Mr. Ali M. Al-Mansoob/Mr.
Ali Al Mansouri, 44, is fatally shot 12 times in the
back in Detroit, allegedly by a man angry about the
terrorist attacks.
In the rst major sporting event in New York City
since the attack, a baseball game at Shea Stadium, the New York Mets' Mike Piazza hits a tworun, game-winning home run in the bottom of the
eighth inning against the Atlanta Braves to defeat the
Braves, 3-2.
Saturday, September 22
United Arab Emirates one of the few countries that
had recognized the Taliban as the legitimate government of Afghanistan, rescinds the recognition.
Hundreds of millions of dollars of donations have
been raised for American relief agencies.
United States reschedules Pakistan's debt, and drops
sanctions against Pakistan in return for its help with
the war on terror.
4 AM EDT: Final version of airline assistance bill is
written.
In the morning hours, the Congress approves a bill
to prop up the airline industry and establish a federal
fund for victims. The cost of the mostly open-ended
fund may reach about $15 billion. Victims of earlier
terrorist attacks, including those linked to al-Qaida,
were not included in the fund.
The ocial count of bodies found at the site of the

World Trade Center is 261; 194 have been identied. The ocial missing count at the World Trade
Center is 6,453.
Taliban claim they cannot nd Osama bin Laden to
deliver request that he leave the country of his own
will.
NFL games recommence.
57
Interfaith memorial service, known as Prayer for

America, is held at Yankee Stadium.
Taliban shoot down an unmanned United States spy

plane.
NASCARs MBNA Cal Ripken, Jr. 400 was hosted

at Dover International Speedway, most drivers having special paint jobs with American ags for honor
of the attacks. During God Bless the USA, composed
and performed at the race by Lee Greenwood, the
aftermath of the World Trade Center was aired. For
the rst time ever, security measures prevent anyone who was not a track employee from working the
race, with a nearby military base handling logistics.
Dale Earnhardt, Jr. won the event and celebrated by
driving around the track with an American ag out
the window.
U.S. stock markets rebound somewhat.
Monday, September 24
Center remains 6,453.
After losing upwards of 1,300 points in the previous week, the Dow Jones Industrial Average posts its
eighth biggest net gain in its history. It gains 368.05
points to 8,603.86.
95% of United Airlines Flight 93 is recovered, 80%
left in the crater by the crash, and 15% outside of it.
The crater is relled.
Week of Monday, September 24
Over 100,000 tons of debris have been removed

from the World Trade Center site. It is clear that
no remains will be found for a signicant number
of people.
United States to present evidence of Osama bin
Ladens connection secretly to some coalition governments.
Saudi Arabia cuts diplomatic ties with the Taliban
regime in Afghanistan.
Hundreds of people, mostly in the United States and
European Union, have been arrested or detained in
the ongoing investigation.
Legislation (soon to become the Patriot Act) granting intelligence and law enforcement agencies more
latitude in surveillance and inter-agency communication is debated in Washington, D.C. Many are
concerned about the eects on civil liberties and the
general atmosphere of openness in the United States.
Shimon Peres and Yasser Arafat meet Wednesday,
and agree to pursue a more permanent ceasere.
United Nations warns of humanitarian disaster if 1.5
million expected Afghan refugees have nowhere to
go, or in any case in two-three weeks when food relief supplies run out. All borders have been closed,
Pakistan may accept more refugees although there
are already 2 million from the previous 23 years of
war.
United States freezes assets of a list of terrorist

Jesse Jackson reports receiving an invitation from
groups included in this war (not the same as the
the Taliban to come to Afghanistan as part of a
existing 30-country list of terrorist organizations).
peace delegation. They deny making the invitation,
The list: Al-Qaida/Islamic Army, Abu Sayyaf
but welcome him to come. The United States govGroup, Armed Islamic Group (GIA), Harakat ulernment frowns on it, but will not stand in the way.
Mujahidin (HUM), Al-Jihad (Egyptian Islamic Jihad), Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU),
Signicant ghting is going on between the Northern
Asbat al-Ansar, Salast Group for Call and ComAlliance and the Taliban. Russia pledges to increase
bat (GSPC), Libyan Islamic Fighting Group, Alaid to the Northern Alliance.
Itihaad al-Islamiya (AIAI), Islamic Army of Aden,
United States reveals that special forces are now,
Osama bin Laden, Muhammad Atif (aka, Subhi Abu
and/or have been recently, operating in Afghanistan
Sitta, Abu Hafs Al Masri) Sayf al-Adl, Shaykh Sai'id
already or in recent days.
(aka, Mustafa Muhammad Ahmad), Abu Hafs the
Mauritanian (aka, Mahfouz Ould al-Walid, Khalid
Al-Shanqiti), Ibn Al-Shaykh al-Libi, Abu Zubaydah
Tuesday, September 25
(aka, Zayn al-Abidin Muhammad Husayn, Tariq),
Abd al-Hadi al-Iraqi (aka, Abu Abdallah), Ayman
al-Zawahiri, Thirwat Salah Shihata, Tariq Anwar alWorld Trade Center is 279; 209 have been identiSayyid Ahmad (aka, Fathi, Amr al-Fatih), Muhamed. The ocial missing count at the World Trade
mad Salah (aka, Nasr Fahmi Nasr Hasanayn),
Center is 6,398.
Makhtab Al-Khidamat/Al Kifah, Wafa Humanitar FBI is investigating over 90 claims of hate violence
ian Organization, Al Rashid Trust, Mamoun Darkrelated to 9/11 attacks.
azanli Import-Export Company
58
CHAPTER 2. TIMELINE
recommendation that he leave the country voluntarily which he has turned down, and that the Taliban
would be open to negotiations with the US given evidence of bin Ladens culpability in the 9/11 attacks.
John Ashcroft expresses skepticism as well as anger
at the Talibans refusal to accept conditions.

Center is 6,347.
Thursday, September 27
Center is 5,960.
The FBI released photos of all 19 hijackers, and
possible nationalities and aliases.[14]
World Trade Center is 306; no new identications
are made. The ocial missing count at the World
Trade Center remains 5,960.
FBI Press Conference release of an untranslated
handwritten 4-page hijackers letter written in
Arabic and found in three separate copies at Dulles,
the Pennsylvania crash site, and in Mohamed Atta's
suitcase. It includes Islamic prayers, instructions for
a last night of life, and a practical checklist of nal
reminders for the mission.[15]
Saturday, September 29
Center is 5,641.
Al Gore makes his biggest speech since he lost his
bid for the presidency, and strongly supports President Bush and the bipartisan atmosphere prevailing
since the attack.
Center is 5,657.
Senator Charles Schumer proposes holding the
Super Bowl XXXVI at Giants Stadium.
The Taliban ambassador to Pakistan, Mullah Abdul
Salam Zaeef, admits that the Taliban regime is protecting Osama bin Laden in an unknown location
in Afghanistan, that he had been given the ulema
2.4.2 References
[1] John Cloud, "A Miracles Cost, Time, Sept. 1, 2002.
[2]
[3] FBI Announces List of 19 Hijackers, FBI, national Press
Release September 14, 2001
[4]
[5] Michael E. Eidenmuller (2001-09-14). The Rhetoric
of 9/11: Bullhorn Address at Ground Zero ( 9-14-01)".
Americanrhetoric.com. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
[6]
[7] The Sikh Sentinel News: Roque Gets Death Sentence
in Balbir Singh Murder. Sikhsentinel.com. 2003-10-10.
[8] http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/T?&report=
hr531&dbname=cp108&
[9]
[10]
[11] Text - Rudolph Giulianis Speech. New York (USA):
NYTimes.com. 2001-09-18. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
[12]
[13] President Declares Freedom at War with Fear"". 21
November 2001.
[14] The FBI releases 19 photographs of individuals believed
to be the hijackers of the four airliners that crashed on
September 11, 01FBI, national Press Release September
27, 2001
[15] FBI Releases Copy of 4 Page Letter Linked to HijackersFBI, Press Conference national Press Release, September 28, 2001
Translated: Instructions for the Last Night, PBS Frontline,
Inside the Terror Network, tracking their personal stories. The British newspaper The Observer published this
translation, provided for The New York Times by Capital Communications Group, a Washington-based international consulting rm, and by Imad Musa, a translator.
Some notable excerpts: ..."Make an oath to die and renew your intentions...... Check your weapon before you
leave and long before you leave. (You must make your
knife sharp and must not discomfort your animal during
the slaughter). " ... All of their equipment and gates and
technology will not prevent, nor harm, except by Gods
will. The believers do not fear such things. ... ... When
the confrontation begins, strike like champions who do not
2.5. OCTOBER 2001
want to go back to this world. Shout, 'Allahu Akbar,' because this strikes fear in the hearts of the non-believers.
God said: 'Strike above the neck, and strike at all of their
extremities.' Know that the gardens of paradise are waiting for you in all their beauty, and the women of paradise
are waiting, calling out, 'Come hither, friend of God.'
They have dressed in their most beautiful clothing... ...
If you slaughter, do not cause the discomfort of those
you are killing, because this is one of the practices of the
prophet, peace be upon him... ... Do not seek revenge
for yourself. Strike for Gods sake... ... Then implement
the way of the prophet in taking prisoners. Take prisoners
and kill them. As Almighty God said: 'No prophet should
have prisoners until he has soaked the land with blood... "
... How beautiful it is for one to read Gods words, such
as: 'And those who prefer the afterlife over this world
should ght for the sake of God.' And His words: 'Do
not suppose that those who are killed for the sake of God
are dead; they are alive ... '. ... Either end your life
while praying, seconds before the target, or make your
last words: 'There is no God but God, Muhammad is His
messenger'.
2.5 October 2001

This article summarizes the events in October 2001 that
were related to the September 11 attacks. All times, except where otherwise noted, are in Eastern Daylight Time
(EDT), or UTC04:00.
2.5.1
Monday, October 1, 2001

Center is 5,219.
Rudy Giuliani speaks to the United Nations General
Assembly, the rst time the mayor of the City of
New York has done so in fty years.
2.5.2
Tuesday, October 2, 2001

World Trade Center is 363; 301 have been identied.
59
Kevin Spacey and featuring Dave Matthews, Moby,
Stone Temple Pilots, Nelly Furtado, Shelby Lynne,
Alanis Morissette, Cyndi Lauper, The Isley Brothers, Lou Reed, Marc Anthony, Natalie Merchant,
Yolanda Adams, Sean Lennon and Yoko Ono, is
held at Radio City Music Hall and simultaneously
broadcast live on the TNT and WB networks. It
had been scheduled before the attack to be taped
September 20 and broadcast on October 9 to promote a non-violent world.
2.5.3 Wednesday, October 3, 2001

The ocial missing count at the World Trade Center is 4,986, reduced from the earlier count of 5,219
after duplicate entries on the lists compiled by police and the city family center were removed. 369
people have been conrmed dead from the World
Trade Center. 310 have been identied.
President Bush makes a second visit to New York
City. He arrived at Kennedy International Airport,
then ew in Marine One, the presidential helicopter
to the Downtown Manhattan Heliport, where he was
met by Rudy Giuliani and George Pataki. He then
went to Federal Hall to meet with business executives. He met privately with Michael Bloomberg
for 10 minutes, then met with CEOs, including
Douglas N. Daft (Coca-Cola Company), Gerald M.
Levin (AOL Time Warner Inc.), Maurice R. Greenberg (American International Group, commercial
insurer), and Dean O'Hare (Chubb Corporation, insurer). They encouraged corporate tax cuts. He then
went in his motorcade of 22 motorcycles and 37 cars
to PS 130 in Chinatown and met with Debra Nelsons rst grade class. His nal stop was lunch at
Engine Company 55, which lost ve men, in Chinatown, where he delivered ve $11 pizzas from Sals
on Broome Street.
7:45 a.m. EDT Greyhound bus lines in the United
States halts all service, after a man slits the throat of
the driver of bus No. 1115, en route from Nashville
to Atlanta, 50 miles southeast of Nashville. The bus
crashed, killing four of the 37 passengers. Early reports stated at least 10 were killed.[1]
NATO's secretary general, Lord Robertson an- 2.5.4 Thursday, October 4, 2001
nounces that the United States provided clear and
compelling proof in oral briengs to NATO al The ocial count of bodies found at the site of the
Qaeda's responsibility who arm the invocation of
World Trade Center is 380; 321 have been identithe mutual defense clause of the organizations chared.
ter.
Reagan National Airport opens in the morning with
8 p.m. EDT: Come Together: A Night for John
limited service for the rst time since September 11.
Lennons Words and Music, a tribute to John Lennon
that became a concert of prayer and healing for New
In the morning, President Bush speaks to the Emir
York City to benet the relief eorts, hosted by
of Bahrain (which hosts the U.S. 5th Fleet). He
60
CHAPTER 2. TIMELINE
then speaks to the president of Poland, goes to the 2.5.5 Friday, October 5, 2001
State Department to announce additional food aid
The ocial missing count at the World Trade Center
to Afghanistan. He has lunch with members of
is 4,979.
Congress, then goes to the Department of Labor
to announce his intention to extend unemployment
benets in the 13 most-aected states by an addi2.5.6 Saturday, October 6, 2001
tional 13 weeks.
The New York City comptroller, Alan Hevesi, states

that the cost to New York from the crash, the attack, the calamity, the murder is already $45 billion
and will reach $105 billion over the next two years.

World Trade Center is 393; 335 have been identied.
President Bush tells Congressional leaders about the
upcoming attack.
It is reported that a Russian jetliner en route from

Tel Aviv to Siberia with 77 passengers exploded in
mid-air before plunging into the Black Sea. All 2.5.7 Sunday, October 7, 2001
ights from Ben-Gurion Airport were grounded in
response (it is later conrmed to have been accidenWorld Trade Center is still 393; 353 have been identally shot down by a Ukrainian missile).
tied.
British Prime Minister Blair tells the House of Com Osama bin Laden releases a videotaped statement
mons they will be given incontrovertible evidence
before the attacks begin.
of Osama bin Ladens involvement, which includes
direct ties with three of the hijackers over the past
U.S.-led military response begins:
War in
year, though some evidence will remain concealed.
Afghanistan
U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld meets
with President Hosni Mubarak in Egypt. He also 2.5.8 Monday, October 8, 2001
announces air drops of humanitarian food aid in
1:25 p.m. EDT (approx): Health ocials announce
Afghanistan.
that anthrax spores were found in oce where the
man killed by anthrax worked. They were found in
Pakistan says they have seen evidence against
the nose of a co-worker and on a computer keyboard
Osama bin Laden from the British House of Comin the Boca Raton, Florida oces of the tabloid The
mons strong enough to support an indictment.
Sun. In a press brieng, John Ashcroft states that
the FBI has sealed the building is working with the
A Nashville newspaper reports that the Greyhound
CDC to determine if this is a criminal or terrorist
bus attacker was a drug addict with a history of eract. See 2001 anthrax attacks.
ratic behavior.
3:30 p.m. EDT: At a White House press briefing, Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy
Thompson states that a 63-year-old Lantana, Florida
resident was admitted to a hospital on Tuesday with
non-contagious pulmonary anthrax. The Britishborn outdoorsman is the only known case, and the
FBI, HHS, and CDC state that there is no evidence
to support that this would be an act of bioterrorism
(he dies later that day). See 2001 anthrax attacks for
later developments, showing that this was an act of
terrorism.
3:00 p.m CST (approx.): On American Airlines

Flight 1238, en route from Los Angeles to Chicago,
a man with severe mental problems stormed the
cockpit 40 minutes before landing in Chicago, causing the plane to drop sharply and causing a panic.
In light of the fear ignited by 9/11, ight crew and
passengers were quick to wrestle the man to the
ground and subdue him. Additionally, a distress signal was sent by the pilots, causing two F-16s to race
at supersonic speeds to intercept and escort the aircraft to O'Hare International Airport. This caused a
sonic boom in Chicago's northwest suburbs, startling
hundreds of thousands of people.
In a White House brieng, Ari Fleischer says that

the U.S. has no intention of making all their evidence against Osama bin Laden public which would 2.5.9 Friday, October 12, 2001
jeopardize their ongoing investigation, and a few
12:30 p.m. EDT Rudy Giuliani holds a press conferminutes later, says that the Bush administration beence detailing earlier reports about a case of anthrax
lieves it is important to be forthright in sharing inin New York City. A female NBC Nightly News
formation with the American public.
2.6. BEYOND OCTOBER 2001
61
employee is reported to have been exposed to ancover remains at the World Trade Center site would
thrax. It is believed that she received it from a letter
be reduced from 64 to 25.
containing powder on September 25. The powder in
the letter was tested negative for anthrax. A skin test
of the employee by the CDC returned positive this 2.5.15 References
morning for non-contagious cutaneous anthrax. She
had been exposed on September 25. She began pre- [1] http://southjersey.com/articles/?articleID=4438
senting symptoms on the 28th. She began receiving
Cipro on October 1. A biopsy was done on the 10th
2.6 Beyond October 2001
and sent to the CDC. See 2001 anthrax attacks.
3:45 p.m. EDT Ashcroft brieng: A complaint was
led against someone for lying to federal investigators. Yesterday DoJ served against airport security
rm Argenbright Holdings, aka SecuraCorps, for security violations across the country. They hired employees with criminal backgrounds, including burglary and theft, and lied about those backgrounds.
2.5.10
Another set of remains is found. They may be the

rst remains of a police ocer to be recovered.
2.5.11
Saturday, October 20, 2001
The Concert for New York City, a benet concert

with proceeds going to the families of 9/11 victims, is held at Madison Square Garden, featuring
performances by David Bowie, Bon Jovi, Destinys
Child, The Who, The Rolling Stones, Paul McCartney, John Mellencamp, Billy Joel, Elton John, JayZ, Adam Sandler, and others.
2.5.12
Sunday, October 21, 2001
The following list contains certain dates beyond October

2001 involving the September 11 attacks.
2.6.1 2001
November
Thursday, November 1, 2001
Afternoon: Deputy Mayor Anthony P. Coles meets
with the two reghter union leaders, Fire Capt. Peter L. Gorman, president of the Uniformed Fire Ofcers Association and Kevin E. Gallagher, president
of the Uniformed Fireghters Association, at City
Hall to discuss the reghters unhappiness with the
October 31 decision.
Night: The unions fax a notice to the New York reghters to hold a demonstration on Friday morning.
Near midnight: Rudy Giuliani calls from Yankee
Stadium at the World Series to Fire Commissioner
Thomas Von Essen about talk of a protest.
Friday, November 2, 2001
Wednesday, October 31, 2001
Approximately 10:30 a.m. EST Emotions spill over

into violence at a two-hour protest by several hundred to a thousand reghters near City Hall, beginning at West and Chambers Streets, to protest Giulianis October 31st ruling to reduce the number of
reghters permitted at the World Trade Center site
from 64 to 25. After reghter Mike Heernan,
brother of John Heernan, retired re captain Bill
Butler, father of Tommy Butler, and Kevin E. Gallagher, the president of the Uniformed Fireghters
Association, speak, the assembled protesters push
aside a barricade and begin walking south down
West Street. At the next barricade the police move
in, punches are thrown, and reghters handcued.
Both sides shout for understanding, and the conict
quickly subsides. The reghters then march out
to the applause of construction workers, the protest
breaking up around 12:30 p.m.
The Giuliani administration announces that the

number of reghters assigned (and allowed) to re-
12 reghters (including four ranking re ocers

and one re marshal) are arrested and taken to the
United We Stand: What More Can I Give, another 9/11 benet concert, is held at RFK Stadium
in Washington D.C., featuring performances by
Michael Jackson, Aerosmith, Mariah Carey, James
Brown, Al Green, Carole King, America, Huey
Lewis, Backstreet Boys, Pink, 'N Sync, Goo Goo
Dolls, and others.
2.5.13
The New York Yankees face the Arizona Diamondbacks in game 3 of a drama-lled 2001 World Series, with President George W. Bush throwing the
ceremonial rst pitch for a strike at Yankee Stadium.
2.5.14
62
CHAPTER 2. TIMELINE
28th Precinct station house in central Harlem. 5 police ocers are injured, two with black eyes and facial trauma, three with neck, shoulder and back injuries.
Monday, November 12, 2001
The remains of at least 11 reghters and several

civilians are found when recovery workers reach the
site of what had been the south tower lobby.
May
Tuesday, May 28, 2002

Approximately 9:16 a.m. EST - American Airlines
Flight 587 crashes in Belle Harbor, Queens, New
The last steel beam standing at the World Trade
York. 265 people, 260 on the plane, are killed.
Center site is cut down and placed on a atbed truck
Originally thought to be terrorism and claimed as
in a quiet ceremony.
a victory by Al-Qaeda, an NTSB investigation nds
the cause of the crash to be pilot error in overuse
of the planes rudder; the Airbus A300 had taken June
o moments after a Japan Airlines Boeing 747 had
taken o from the same runway at John F. Kennedy Tuesday, June 4, 2002
International Airport, which caused massive air turbulence. As a precaution, the Empire State Building
As a sign of saying thank you for the support Britain
and UN headquarters are evacuated. Months later,
gave in the days immediately following the attacks,
Abderraouf Jdey is named by Al-Qaeda operative
New York City lit the Empire State Building in purMohammed Jabarah as the person responsible for
ple and gold to mark the Golden Jubilee celebrations
the disaster, but this cannot be conrmed by any
for Queen Elizabeth II.[1]
source investigating the crash.
December
August
Morning and television sitcoms broadcast dedications.
Monday, August 19, 2002
2.6.2
2002
February
The res of the destroyed World Trade Center are
nally put out after burning for ve months
March
The New York City medical examiner releases

an updated list of World Trade Center casualties.
There were 2,819 killed or missing, 4 less than the
Police Department list which had been the best ocial tally publicly released. One name removed was
that of a woman who had been listed under both her
maiden and married names. The other three were
of people reported missing once by people who had
since not been in contact with New York City ocials.
Monday, March 11, 2002

Tuesday, August 20, 2002
Six months after the attack, numerous ceremonies
of remembrance take place.
Human Aviation receives a letter from the Immigration and Naturalization Service saying that
Mohamed Atta and Marwan al-Shehhi had been approved for student visas to study there.
Police determine that Albert John Vaughan, 45, and

George V. Sims, 46, missing and presumed dead,
are alive. Vaughan has been a patient at the Rockland Psychiatric Center in Orangeburg, N.Y. Sims is
a patient with amnesia and schizophrenia at a Manhattan hospital.
The Tribute in Light project begins. The project

goes for a month and is re-launched on September
11, 2003, to mark the second anniversary of the at- Tuesday, August 27, 2002
tack. The Tribute in Light is now done every year
The Newark Star-Ledger reports that George V.
on September 11.
Sims is alive. By this point at least 7 people on the
August 19 list have been found; there are now 2812
Tuesday, March 12, 2002
killed or presumed dead.
2.6. BEYOND OCTOBER 2001
63
September
wanted by US authorities in relation to the September 11 attacks. His capture does not become public
knowledge for two days, but photographs featuring
him being led away blindfolded are published on the
day.
Saturday, September 7, 2002
The New York City medical examiner releases a new

list of World Trade Center deaths. The new list has
22 fewer names than the previous one. The death
Thursday, September 26, 2002
toll now stands at 2801, including the dead on the
airplanes but not the 10 hijackers.
The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation
selects six new design teams from around the globe
for the World Trade Center site.
Tuesday, September 10, 2002
USA goes on high security alert as anniversary ap- Friday, September 27, 2002
proaches. Other countries such as the UK go on similar alert status.
The City of New York renames 81 streets, 79 in
Staten Island and two in Manhattan, after victims.
Al-Jazeera releases videotapes of four of the
September 11 hijackers - Ahmed al-Nami, Hamza
Alghamdi, Ahmed Alghamdi and Wail Alshehri.
All four are seen talking to the camera.
The New York Department of Environmental Conservation announces that construction equipment at
the World Trade Center site will have to use ultralow sulfur diesel fuel.
Wednesday, September 11, 2002
2.6.3 2003
Remembrance services are held throughout the

USA.
February
The ceremony at New York, broadcast throughout
the world, falls an hour behind schedule, but is well
attended. The ceremony included the reading out
of the names of all the persons who died there (on
both the planes and the World Trade Center) and
the recitals of American historical speeches such as
the Gettysburg Address. Moments of silence are observed at 8:46 a.m. and 9:03 a.m., the moments
when the two planes struck the two towers, and
church bells ring at 9:59 a.m. and 10:29 a.m., the
moment at which the South and North towers respectively collapsed. Foreign dignitaries gather in
Battery Park for the lighting of the eternal ame at
sunset. President George W. Bush addresses the nation from Ellis Island an hour and a half after the
lighting of the eternal ame.
The private ceremony at The Pentagon is also wellattended, and included the President amongst its
participants. A prayer is said at the end that referred
to Todd Beamer's "Lets roll" remark.
Wednesday, February 26, 2003

Daniel Libeskind's design is announced as the winner and future occupant of the former World Trade
Center site.[2] The design includes an oce building
and a Wedge of Light which will honor the victims
of the terrorist attacks by shutting down its lights between 8:46AM and 10:28AM EST every September
11. It will also use the WTCs foundations.[2]
2.6.4 2004
July
Thursday, July 22, 2004
The 9/11 Commission Report is published.
2.6.5 2006
The public ceremony at Shanksville also had a large

turnout. It included two ybys and a release of September
doves. President George W. Bush attends a private
follow up service for the families of Flight 93s vic- Monday, September 11, 2006 Between the hours of
8:30 a.m. and midnight on September 11, 2006, on CNN,
tims in the afternoon.
viewers could watch CNN footage of the attacks, as it
In Karachi, wanted terrorist Ramzi bin al-Shibh happened as it was broadcast on that day. At 8:49 a.m.
(also known as Ramzi Omar) is among ve alleged ET, during American Morning, CNN rebroadcast the rst
terrorists captured by Pakistani authorities at a De- minute of its coverage, as it was the moment it broke the
fence Housing Authority estate. Bin al-Shibh is news.[3]
64
CHAPTER 2. TIMELINE
MSNBC broadcasts national NBC News coverage from

8:52 to 12:00 ET, branding it as a Living History Event.
They would do it again annually since then.
2.6.6
2008
Sunday, April 20, 2008

Pope Benedict XVI made a visit to the World Trade Center Site during his visit to the United States. He is the rst
pope to visit the site since the attacks.
Thursday, September 11, 2008
George W. Bush dedicates the Pentagon Memorial to the
public on the occasion of the seventh anniversary of the
September 11 attacks.
2.6.7
2011
Monday, May 2, 2011

Osama bin Laden, the founder of the terrorist organization al-Qaeda who was responsible for the September 11
attacks, was killed by U.S. Navy SEALs in Abbottabad,
Pakistan. The death of bin Laden was announced by the
President of the United States Barack Obama in a nationwide address.
Sunday, September 11, 2011
The tenth anniversary of the attacks was the anticipated
nal display of the Tribute in Light, though it continued
past this date. Dedication of the World Trade Center
Memorial (the new One World Trade Center building at
the World Trade Center site in New York City was originally supposed to be dedicated and opened at this time,
but that will not occur until around 2013). The dedication of the permanent Flight 93 National Memorial in
Shanksville, Pennsylvania took place on September 10,
2011.
2.6.8
References
[1] Stanley, Jane (5 June 2002). Empire State dons Jubilee

colours. BBC. Retrieved 4 November 2007.
[2] Kugler, Sara (February 27, 2003). Complex of Angular Buildings with Spire Chosen to Replace World Trade
Center. Associated Press.
[3] http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0609/11/
ltm.03.html
Chapter 3
Victims
3.1 Casualties
York City medical examiners oce began to add people

who died of illnesses caused by exposure to dust from the
site or went missing in the years after the attacks to the
ocial death toll. The rst such victim was a woman, a
civil rights lawyer, who had died from a lung condition
in February 2002.[9] In July 2008, a missing woman doctor was added.[10] In September 2009, the oce added a
man who died in October 2008,[11] and in 2011, a man, an
accountant, who died in December 2010.[12] This raises
the number of victims at the World Trade Center site to
2,753 and the overall 9/11 victim death toll to 2,977.[13]
As of August 2013, medical authorities concluded that
1,140 people who worked, lived, or studied in Lower
Manhattan at the time of the attack have been diagnosed with cancer as a result of exposure to toxins at
Ground Zero.[14] Over 1,400 9/11 rescue workers who
responded to the scene in the days and months after the
attacks have since died.[15] Eleven unborn babies also died
on 9/11.[16]
Russian President Vladimir Putin writes a message of consolation at a makeshift memorial wall to the international victims of
the September 11 attacks near the World Trade Center site in
November 2001.
During the September 11 attacks, 2,996 people were

killed: 2,977 victims and the 19 hijackers.[1] These immediate deaths included 246 victims on the four planes,
2,606 victims inside the World Trade Center and in the
surrounding area, and 125 victims at the Pentagon.[2][3]
The event on September 11, 2001, was the deadliest
terrorist attack in world history and the most devastating foreign attack on American soil since the Japanese
surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.[4]
All of those killed were civilians excepting 71 law enforcement ocers and 343 reghters who died in the
World Trade Center and on the ground in New York City,
New York,[5] one law enforcement ocer who died when
United Airlines 93 crashed into the eld in Shanksville,
Pennsylvania,[6] and 55 military personnel who died at the
Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia.[7] Overall, 2,605
U.S. citizens, including 2,190 civilians, died in the attacks
but an additional 372 non-U.S. citizens (excluding the 19
perpetrators) also perished, which represented about 12%
of the total.[2] More than 90 countries lost citizens in the
attacks,[8] including the United Kingdom (including the
British overseas territory of Bermuda) (67 deaths), the
Dominican Republic (47 deaths), and India (41 deaths).
3.1.1 Evacuation
At the time of the attacks, media reports suggested that
tens of thousands might have been killed, as on any given
day upwards of 100,000 people could be inside the towers. Estimates of the number of people in the Twin Towers when attacked on September 11, 2001 range between
14,000 and 19,000. NIST estimated that approximately
17,400 civilians were in the World Trade Center complex
at the time of the attacks.[17] Turnstile counts from the
Port Authority indicate that the number of people typically in the Twin Towers by 10:30 am was 14,154.[18]
In the moments after Flight 11 struck the North Tower,

the roughly 8,000 people on the oors below the point of
impact (the 93rd to 99th oors) were faced with a harrowing scenario. The towers of the World Trade Center
complex had not been designed to facilitate a mass evacuation of everybody in the buildings, and in each tower
there were only three narrow stairwells descending to the
ground level. Many people began to evacuate via the
stairs on their own, while others chose to wait for instructions from the Port Authority of New York and New JerOriginally, 2,973 victims were conrmed to have died sey. Another hindrance to the evacuation of the World
during the initial attacks. However, in 2007, the New Trade Center was that as the planes struck, the force of
65
66
the impact caused the buildings to shift enough to jam
doors in their frames, trapping dozens of people throughout the building, mostly on the oors closer to the impact
zone. As evacuees descended down the staircases in the
North Tower, they were directed to descend to the concourse level beneath the World Trade Center complex,
where the mall was located.
Within moments of Flight 11s impact, the Port Authority
issued a complete evacuation of the North Tower. Meanwhile, in the South Tower, many people saw what had
happened in the North Tower and chose to evacuate as a
precaution. However, the major hindrance to this process
was that for the seventeen minutes between the impacts of
Flight 11 and Flight 175, it had not yet been determined
that a terrorist attack was unfolding, and as a result the
Port Authority in the South Tower spread the word via the
buildings intercom system and security guards for workers in the South Tower to remain in their oces.
CHAPTER 3. VICTIMS
Trade Center, from where they exited the complex onto
Church Street. Evacuees from the South Tower were provided with a separate route in order to deter congestion,
with theirs leading them to 4 World Trade Center and exiting onto Liberty Street.
3.1.2 Survivors
Only 14 people escaped from the impact zone of the

South Tower (oors 77 to 85) after it was struck by United
Airlines Flight 175, and only four people from the oors
above it. Individuals escaped from the South Tower as
high up as the 84th oor using stairwell A in the northwest corner, the only stairwell left intact after the impact.
Investigators believe that stairwell A remained passable
until the South Tower collapsed at 9:59 am. Because
of communication diculties between 911 operators and
FDNY and NYPD responders, most of them were unThis was done in order to avoid overcrowding on the plaza aware that stairwell A was passable and instructed surand concourse levels, which was feared would slow the vivors above the impact zone to wait for assistance by
evacuation and rescue operations in the North Tower. Re- rescue personnel.[20]
gardless, thousands of people continued to evacuate the
After the towers collapsed, only 23 individuals in or beSouth Tower anyway. For example, in the uppermost
low the towers escaped from the debris, including 15 ressection of the South Tower between the 78th Floor Sky
cue workers. The last survivor removed from the WTC
Lobby and the Observation Deck on the 107th and 110th
collapse debris was found in the ruins of the North Tower
Floors, there were an estimated 2,000 employees on those
27 hours after its collapse.[21] A total of 6,294 people
oors, including 1,100 on the oors occupied by AON Inwere treated in area hospitals for injuries related to the
surance, those being the 92nd, and 98th-105th. One of
9/11 attacks in New York City.
AONs executives, Eric Eisenberg, initiated the evacuation of their oors within moments of the impact of Flight
11.[19]
3.1.3 Fatalities
A similar evacuation was carried out on the oors occupied by Fiduciary Trust, on the 90th, 94th-97th oors, as
well as in the oces of Fuji Bank (on oors 79-82) and
Euro Brokers on oor 84, which occupied the oors directly above the 78th Floor Sky Lobby. Executives such
as Eisenberg instructed their employees to take the stairs
down to the 78th oor Sky Lobby, where they could take
an express elevator to the ground level and exit the building. Within a window of roughly 17 minutes, between
8:46 AM and 9:03 AM, an estimated 1,400 people successfully evacuated the upper oors of the South Tower,
while roughly 600 people did not. At the moment of the
impact of Flight 175, an estimated 200 people had packed
into the Sky Lobby on the 78th Floor and were waiting
for the express elevators. Almost all of these people then
died, as the lobby was in the lower section of Flight 175s
impact zone.
World Trade Center
A total of 2,606 victims in New York City who were

in the towers and on the ground perished in the attacks on and the subsequent collapse of the World Trade
Center.[2][22] This gure includes 343 members of the
New York City Fire Department (including the FDNY
re chaplain, Franciscan Fr. Mychal Judge);[23] 71 law
enforcement ocers including 23 members of the New
York City Police Department; 37 members of the Port
Authority Police Department; ve members of the New
York State Department of Taxation and Finance; three
members of the New York State Oce of Court Administration; one law enforcement member of the New York
City Fire Department; one member of the FBI; and one
member of the U.S. Secret Service.[24] In addition, eight
EMTs and paramedics from private hospital units died
Once both towers had been struck, the order to evacuate
in the attacks, and approximately 2,000 rst responders
the North Tower quickly spread to encompass not only
were injured (see Emergency workers killed in the Septemthe entire World Trade Center complex, but most high
ber 11 attacks).[25]
rise buildings in Lower Manhattan and surrounding areas as well. The evacuation of employees from the North 1,366 people died at or above the oors of impact in
and South towers continued past the plaza and through the North Tower. According to the Commission Report,
the concourse. Evacuees from the North Tower were di- hundreds were killed instantly by the impact while the rerected across the full length of the concourse to 5 World mainder of the fatalities were trapped above the impact
zone and died after the tower collapsed. Although a few
3.1. CASUALTIES
people would subsequently be found alive in the rubble
following the collapse of the towers, none of these individuals were from above the impact zone.[26] John P.
O'Neill was a former assistant director of the FBI who assisted in the capture of 1993 World Trade Center bomber
Ramzi Yousef and was the head of security at the World
Trade Center when he was killed trying to rescue people from the North Tower.[27] An additional 24 people
ocially remain listed as missing.[28] Cantor Fitzgerald
L.P., an investment bank on the 101st105th oors of
One World Trade Center, lost 658 employees, considerably more than any other employer.[29] Marsh Inc., located immediately below Cantor Fitzgerald on oors 93
100 (the location of Flight 11's impact), lost 295 employees and 63 consultants.[30][31] Risk Waters, a business organization, was holding a conference in Windows on the
World at the time, with 81 people in attendance.[32][33]
67
rescue, only to nd the roof access doors locked. Port
Authority ocers attempted to unlock the doors but control systems would not let them; in any case, thick smoke
and intense heat would have prevented rescue helicopters
from landing.[40]
The average age of the dead in New York City was 40.[41]
In the buildings, the youngest victim was 18 and the oldest
was 79.[42][43]
Contrary to some conspiracy theories about Jews being
warned not to go to work that day, the number of Jews
who died in the attacks is variously estimated at between
270 and 400.[44][45][46][47]
The following list details the number of deaths reported

by companies in business premises at the World Trade
Center. The list includes WTC tenants (all buildings),
vendors, visitors, independent emergency responders, and
[48]
As many as 600 people were killed at or above the oors some hijacked passenger-related rms.
of impact in the South Tower. Only 18 people are known
to have managed to escape using staircase A before the
South Tower collapsed; a further 110 people killed in the Pentagon
attacks are known to have been below the impact zone
when United Airlines Flight 175 struck the South Tower. A total of 125 victims were killed in the Pentagon, most
for the United States Army or the
The 9/11 Commission notes that this fact strongly indi- of them who worked
[49]
United
States
Navy.
Of the 125 victims, 70 were civilcates that evacuation below the impact zones was a sucians,
including
47
Army
employees, six Army contraccess, allowing most to safely evacuate before the collapse
tors,
six
Navy
employees,
three Navy contractors, seven
[34]
of the World Trade Center.
Defense Intelligence Agency employees, and one Oce
A USA Today report estimated that approximately 200 of the Secretary of Defense contractor;[50] and 55 were
people perished inside the elevators, while only 21 es- members of the U.S. military, including 33 Navy sailors
caped the elevators. Many elevators did not plunge, but and 22 Army soldiers.[51] Lieutenant General Timothy
were destroyed due to the crash and subsequent res, or Maude, an Army Deputy Chief of Sta, was the highestwere stranded in the shafts. A locking mechanism pre- ranking military ocial killed at the Pentagon.[52]
vented escapees and rescuers, except on one elevator,
from opening the doors on stranded elevators.[35] This included a bomb sning dog named Sirius,[36] which was Aboard the four planes
not included in the ocial death toll.
265 fatalities aboard the four planes including the
Before the Twin Towers collapsed, an estimated 200 peofollowing:[53] 87 civilians (including 11 crew members)
ple fell to their deaths from the burning towers, landing
and the ve hijackers aboard American Airlines Flight
on the streets and rooftops of adjacent buildings hundreds
11; 60 civilians (including 9 crew members) and the ve
of feet below at a speed of almost 150 miles per hour
hijackers aboard United Airlines Flight 175;[54] 59 civilsucient to cause instantaneous death upon impact, but
ians (including 6 crew members) and the ve hijackers
insucient to cause unconsciousness throughout the acaboard American Airlines Flight 77; and 39 civilians (intual fall. Most of those who had fallen from the World
cluding 7 crew members), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
[37]
Trade Center had jumped from the North Tower. To
ocer Richard Jerry Guadagno,[55] and the four hijackwitnesses upon the ground, many of the people falling
ers aboard United Airlines Flight 93.[56][57] The dead infrom the towers seemed to have deliberately jumped to
cluded eight children: ve on American Airlines Flight
their deaths,[38] including the person whose photograph
77 ranging in age from 3 to 11[58] and three on United
became known as the Falling Man. The NIST report ofAirlines Flight 175 ages 2, 3, and 4.[59] The youngest viccially describes the deaths of 104 jumpers, but states
tim was a 2 1 2 -year-old child on Flight 175 and the oldest
that this gure likely understates the true number of those
was an 85-year-old passenger on Flight 11.[60]
who had died in this manner. The sight and sound of these
individualls falling from the towers, then smashing like
eggs on the ground horried and traumatized many wit- Foreign deaths
nesses. The jumpers death certicates state the cause of
death as homicide due to "blunt trauma".[39] Some of the Excluding the 19 perpetrators, 372 foreign nationals[61]
occupants of each tower above its point of impact made representing more than 12% of the total number of deaths
their way upward toward the roof in hope of helicopter in the attacks, the majority being British, Dominican, In-
68
CHAPTER 3. VICTIMS
dian, South Korean, Canadian and Japanese. Without accounting for some cases of dual citizenship, here is a list
of their nationalities:
3.1.4
Forensic identication
[5] September 11 Memorial

[6] Richard J. Guadagno
[7] Stone, Andrea (August 20, 2002). Militarys aid and
comfort ease 9/11 survivors burden. USA Today. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
As of September 11, 2012, 2,753 death certicates [8]

were led relating to the attacks.[97] Of these, 1,588
(58%) were forensically identied from recovered physical remains.[98][99] The Associated Press reported that
the medical examiners oce possesses about 10,000
[9]
unidentied bone and tissue fragments that cannot be
[100]
matched to the list of the dead.
Bone fragments were
still being found in 2006 as workers prepared the dam[10]
aged Deutsche Bank Building for demolition.[101]
Walker, Carolee (September 11, 2006). Five-Year

9/11 Remembrance Honors Victims from 90 Countries.
United States Department of State. Retrieved May 18,
2008.
DePalma, Anthony (May 24, 2007). For the First Time,
New York Links a Death to 9/11 Dust. The New York
Times.
Dunlap, David W. (July 10, 2008). The Toll From 9/11
Grows Again, to 2,751. New York Times. Retrieved
May 14, 2015.
On April 17, 2013, ve possible remains were recovered

after being sifted at Fresh Kills on Staten Island. The
medical examiner said evidence of a possible victim of [11] Foderaro, Lisa W. (September 2009). 9/11s Litany of
Loss, Joined by Another Name. New York Times. Rethe attacks was recovered as well two days later.[102]
On June 21, 2013, the medical examiners oce matched

its 1,637th victim, a 43-year-old woman, to its list of [12] Hartocollis, Anemona (June 18, 2011). New Death Is
victims as a result of DNA testing of debris collected
Added To the Toll From 9/11. New York Times. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
from the site. By family request, her name was not
released.[103]
[13] September 11th Fast Facts. CNN. March 27, 2015. Re-
On July 5, 2013, the medical examiners oce identitrieved May 14, 2015.
ed the remains of FDNY reghter Lt. Jerey P. Walz,
37, after they were retested. His remains were recovered [14] Evans, Heidi (September 8, 2013). 1,140 WTC 9/11 responders have cancer and doctors say that number will
just months after the attack and is now the 1,638th victim
grow. New York Daily News (New York City, New York:
[104]
recorded.
Daily News, L.P.). Retrieved September 11, 2013.
3.1.5
See also
Health eects arising from the September 11 attacks

September 11th Families for Peaceful Tomorrows
World Trade Center Health Program
Alicia Esteve Head, supposed survivor of the attacks
who was later revealed to be a fraud
3.1.6
References
[1] Lost lives remembered during 9/11 ceremony. The Online Rocket. September 12, 2008. Retrieved August 29,
2010. Retrieved from Internet Archive 15 February 2014.
[2] Accused 9/11 plotter Khalid Sheikh Mohammed faces
New York trial. Cabne News Network. November 13,
2009. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
[15] The death toll from 9/11 continues to rise. Retrieved

September 24, 2014.
[16] 9/11 memorial honors unborn babies. Newsday. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
[17] Averill, Jason D. et al. (2005). Occupant Behavior,
Egress, and Emergency Communications. Final Reports
of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World
Trade Center Disaster (PDF). National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
[18] Dwyer, Jim and Kevin Flynn (2005). 102 Minutes. Times
Books. p. 266.
[19] Dwyer, Jim and Flynn, Kevin, 102 Minutes: pg. 23
2004). The 9/11 Commission Report (PDF) (rst ed.). W.
W. Norton & Company. p. 294. ISBN 0-393-32671-3.
[21] Cloud, John (September 1, 2002). A Miracles Cost.
Time. Retrieved September 14, 2010.
[3] First video of Pentagon 9/11 attack released. Cable

News Network. May 16, 2006. Retrieved September 10,
2006.
[22] September 11 by the Numbers. NewYorkMag.com.

September 5, 2002. Retrieved September 10, 2006.
[4] Matthew J. Morgan (August 4, 2009). The Impact of 9/11

on Politics and War: The Day that Changed Everything?.
Palgrave Macmillan. p. 222. ISBN 0-2306-07632.
[23] Wakin, Daniel J. (September 27, 2002). ) Killed on

9/11, Fire Chaplain Becomes Larger Than Life"]. The
New York Times.
3.1. CASUALTIES
[24] Deadliest Days in Law Enforcement History. National

Law Enforcement Memorial Fund.
[25] NIST NCSTAR1-8
[26] Heroism and Honor. National Commission on Terrorist
Attacks upon the United States. U.S. Congress. August 21,
2004. Retrieved September 8, 2006.
[27] FBI terrorist ghters body found at WTC. Cable News
Network. September 22, 2002. Retrieved April 16, 2007.
[28] 24 Remain Missing. September 11 Victims. August 12,
[29] Cantor Fitzgerald, which lost 658 of 960 workers on
9/11, thrives ... but for the boss the nightmare remains.
Daily Mail (London: Associated Newspapers). September 9, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
[30] Marsh & McLennan Companies 9/11 Memorial. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
[31] Milestones of Marsh & McLennan Companies. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
[32] Citizens of the World, on Time for a Meeting in Harms
Way, The New York Times, September 11, 2001
[33] Field, Peter, Remembering September 11 The Day I'll
Never Forget, Risk Waters website
[34] 9/11 Commission. Chapter 9. 9/11 Commission Report.
Government Printing Oce.
69
[44] The 4,000 Jews Rumor: Rumor surrounding Sept. 11th

proved untrue. Internet Archive which appeared in the
September 12 internet edition of the Jerusalem Post. It
stated, The Foreign Ministry in Jerusalem has so far received the names of 4,000 Israelis believed to have been
in the areas of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon
at the time of the attacks."". Web.archive.org. Archived
from the original on April 8, 2005. Retrieved October 15,
2010.
[45] A survey of the 1,700 victims whose religion was listed
found approximately 10% were Jewish indicating around
270 in total. A survey based on the last names of victims
found that around 400 (15 1 2 %) were possibly Jewish. A
survey of 390 Cantor Fitzgerald employees who had public memorials (out of the 658 who died) found 49 were
Jewish (12 1 2 %). According to the 2002 American Jewish Year Book, New York States population was 9% Jewish. Sixty-four percent of the WTC victims lived in New
York State.
[46] The Mitzvah To Remember (09/05/2002) Gary Rosenblatt, August 3, 2007
[47] The Resuscitation of Anti-Semitism: An American Perspective: An Interview with Abraham Foxman. Jcpa.org.
Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved
May 30, 2011.
[48] September 11: One Year After. The Boston Globe;
September 11, 2002.
United States. U.S. Congress. August 21, 2004. Retrieved September 8, 2006.
[50] Goldberg et al., pp. 208212.
[35] Dennis Cauchon and Martha T. Moore. Elevators were

disaster within disaster. USA Today September 4, 2002.
[51] Background: The Pentagon Victims
[36] WTC Police Dog Remembered. CBS News. February

11, 2009. Retrieved December 25, 2012.
[52] Remembering the Lost. Timothy J. Maude, Lieutenant

General, United States Army. Arlington National Cemetery. September 22, 2001. Retrieved April 16, 2001.
[37] USAToday Sep. 2, 2002

[38] Cauchon, Dennis and Martha Moore (September 2,
2002). Desperation forced a horric decision. USATODAY. Retrieved September 9, 2006.
[39] Smith, David James (2011-09-10).
Twin Towers
jumpers that Americans will not talk about. Daily Nation
(Nairobi, Kenya). Archived from the original on 2011-0912. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
[40] Poor Info Hindered 9/11 Rescue. CBS News. May 18,
[41] Beveridge, Andrew. 9/11/01-02: A Demographic Portrait Of The Victims In 10048. Gotham Gazette.
[42] Victims of the World Trade Center attack, listed by age.
Lewis Mumford Center for comparative urban and regional research. Retrieved September 11, 2006.
[43] USA Today: People killed in plane attacks. September 25,
2011.
[53] September 11: Chronology of terror. Cable News Network. September 12, 2001. Retrieved January 23, 2015.
[54] A Place of Remembrance. National Geographic. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
[55] RICHARD JERRY GUADAGNO, National Law Enforcement Ocers Memorial
[56] Sta Monograph on the Four Flights and Civil Aviation
Security (PDF). National Archives and Records Administration. September 2005. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
[57] Flight 93 Memorial Eort Gains Over 900 Acres, The
New York Times, March 19, 2008
[58] American Flight 77 victims at a glance., USA Today,
September 25, 2011.
[59] USA Today: United Flight 175 victims at a glance.
September 25, 2011.
[60] Susman, Tina (September 11, 2011). At Sept. 11 sites,
a powerful day of remembrance. Los Angeles Times.
Retrieved March 27, 2012.
70
[61] Oce of International Information Programs (August 2,

2007). A list of the 77 countries whose citizens died as
a result of the attacks on September 11, 2001. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of State. Retrieved
May 28, 2011.
[62] (Spanish) 11-S: A cinco aos. Las familias de los argentinos an buscan respuestas, Clarn 9 de septiembre de 2006
[63] Sutton, Ron (September 8, 2011). September 11: The
Australian stories. SBS. Australia: Special Broadcasting
Service. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
[64] Salam, M. Tawsif (September 11, 2009). Tribute: The
Bangladeshis Killed in 9/11. The Writers Club. WordPress. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
[65] Belarusian embassy
CHAPTER 3. VICTIMS
[76] Rajendran, P. (September 14, 2006). 41 victims from India in 9/11. The Redi Special. India Limited. Retrieved
February 29, 2008.
[77] The New York Times (June 2, 2002). Eric Hartono:
Modest Go-Getter. The New York Times. New York
City, New York: The New York Times Company. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
[78] RT (Irish TV station) news.
[79] Cashman, Greer Fay (September 12, 2002). Five Israeli
victims remembered in capital. The Jerusalem Post (The
Jerusalem Post). p. 3. Archived from the original on
November 4, 2002. Retrieved October 17, 2006.
[80] (Italian) Consulate General of the United States in Milan, Italy Opening of the World Trade Center Memorial in
Padua, Italy
[66] http://www.hln.be/hln/nl/960/Buitenland/
article/detail/1313461/2011/09/02/
[81] Long, Lolita (September 20, 2001). 20 Jamaican vicOverblijfselen-enige-Belgische-slachtoffer-9-11-nog-steeds-niet-gevonden.
tims: 3 dead, 17 missing. The Jamaica Gleaner. Gleaner
dhtml
Company Ltd. Retrieved December 1, 2001.
[67] U.S. Consul Lays Wreath at 9/11 Memorial. BerNews.
[68] Lembranas de dor e perplexidade: Emoo marca cerimnia pelos mortos em 11 de setembro. Jornal do
Brasil (in Portuguese). September 11, 2003. Retrieved
September 19, 2003. Dentre eles, os de trs brasileiros:
Anne Marie Sallerin Ferreira, Sandra Fajardo Smith e
Ivan Kyrillos Barbosa
[69] Canoe - C NEWS - Canada: List of the Canadian victims
of 9/11. cnews.canoe.ca. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
[70] Canadians who died in the September 11, 2001 Disaster. members.shaw.ca.
[71] Atkins, Stephen E. (2011). International Reactions to
September 11. The 9/11 Encyclopedia: Second Edition.
Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 248.
ISBN 978-1-59884-921-9. Retrieved April 26, 2014. Although the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, targeted the United States, many other countries throughout
the world were also aected. In addition to the 2,657
Americans killed, 316 foreign nationals from 84 dierent
countries also died in the attacks, including 67 Britons,
28 South Koreans, 26 Japanese, and 25 Canadians. The
shock and horror engendered by the attacks were truly international in scope.
[72] Fenlon, Brodie (September 6, 2011). The Canadians
Who Died In 9/11: List Of Victims Of The September
11 Terrorist Attacks. The Hungton Post: Canada. The
Hungton Post, Inc. Retrieved September 26, 2011.
[73] Highest percentage of Hispanics killed in 9 /11 were Dominican. Dominican Today. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: The Dominican Republic News Source.
[74] hispanicallyspeakingnews.com
[75] Quatre Franais ont pri dans le World Trade Center ce
jour-l". Retrieved July 7, 2013.
[82] Kyodo News International, Inc. (September 14, 2004).

Father of 9/11 victim asks Japanese to reect on terrorism. Japan Policy & Politics (Kyodo News International,
Inc.). Retrieved April 30, 2014.
[83] Jumana Heresh (October 2, 2001). Doany family
schedules memorial service for son Ramzi. jordanembassyus.org. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
[84] Marsh & McLennan Companies (September 11, 2002).
Tribute Page for Ramzi Doany. Remembering Our Colleagues. Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. Retrieved
May 15, 2003.
[85] Family organizes memorial service for Elias Telhami,
WTC victim. jordanembassyus.org. October 4, 2001.
Retrieved June 2, 2011.
[86] Yoga, S.S. (September 11, 2011). Never forgotten. The
Star Online. Malaysia: Star Publications Berhad. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
[87] Stone, Andrew (September 10, 2011). Fallout from
September 11 still drifting over us. The New Zealand
Herald. New Zealand: APN New Zealand Limited. Retrieved April 27, 2014. On a clear blue morning 10 years
ago the world shifted gear. Terrorists ew aircraft into
talismanic American buildings, taking nearly 3000 lives.
The victims included two New Zealanders. One was an
American who had become a New Zealand citizen, the
other a New Zealander who had moved to the United
States.
[88] Eriksen, Alanah (September 11, 2009). NZ victim of
9/11 has place in memorial. The New Zealand Herald.
New Zealand: APN New Zealand Limited. Retrieved
April 27, 2014. A September 11 memorial will include
childhood details of the only New Zealander killed in the
attacks, thanks to a chance meeting between a Californian ight attendant and a group from Invercargill. Alan
Beaven, a 48-year-old environment lawyer, died eight
years ago today on United Airlines Flight 93.
3.1. CASUALTIES
[89] Pakistans 9/11 Dead. Newsweek magazine. September

16, 2011.
[90] KBK (September 13, 2014). US Embassy remembers
16 Pinoys killed in 9/11 attacks. GMA News. GMA Network, Inc. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
[91] FilipinoHome (September 11, 2011). Remembering the
9/11 Filipino American victims. FilipinoHome. WordPress. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
71
THE MOURNER: In a Landscape of Sadness, Offering Just Her Presence, New York Times, October
1, 2001 the story of Carol O'Neill, wife of a founder
of Sandler O'Neill, which lost 67 of 180 employees
THE TRADE CENTER: The Evacuation That Kept
a Horrible Toll From Climbing Higher, New York
Times, September 21, 2001
AP (NY Times)-190 Feared Dead at the Pentagon
[92] (Portuguese) Obituaries in Viso magazine, issue 446,

September 20, 2001
New York Times Hopes Are Raised, and Dashed,

About Rescue of Fireghters September 13, 2011
[93] (Romanian) Patru romni, victime ale atentatelor de la

11 septembrie 2001, A1.ro
Discovery Channel: Inside the Twin Towers
[94] Lee, Aruna (September 5, 2011). Ten Years After 9/11:

Korean Families Still Hurting. New America Media. San
Francisco, California: Pacic News Service. Retrieved
November 8, 2011.
[95] Mark Beaumont, BayBytes. British Memorial Garden,
New York. Britishmemorialgarden.org. Retrieved June
2, 2011. The tally 68 in the source includes two fatality
from Bermuda
[96] British and Irish nationals, The Guardian
[97] We choose not to forget. tnonline.com. Retrieved 22
June 2013.
[98] Identication of 9/11 remains comes to an end. Cable
News Network. February 23, 2005. Retrieved February
23, 2005.
[99] Moore, Martha T. (February 24, 2005). USA Today.
NYCs work to ID 9/11 victims ends - for now. Retrieved
February 23, 2005.
[100] Ground Zero Forensic Work Ends. CBS News. February 23, 2005. Retrieved September 8, 2006.
[101] Bone fragments are found. xtimeline. Retrieved 22
June 2013.
[102] More Potential Human Remains Identied In WTC Sifting. NY1. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
[103] MEs Oce: Victim Of September 11th Attacks Identied By ID Testing Of Remains. NY1. Retrieved 22 June
2013.
[104] 12 years later: Remains of reghter killed in 9/11 attacks identied. CNN. July 6, 2013. Retrieved 6 July
2013.
3.1.7
Further reading
THE INJURED: A Fireball, a Prayer to Die, Then a

Hard Battle to Live, New York Times, October 17,
2001
The Battery Is Down, All Right, and Crippled, New
York Times, October 3, 2001
Collateral Damage, The forgotten Muslim victims

of September 11, 2001, The Independent, October
11, 2001

Full list of WTC attacks victims
Memorial page dedicated to FDNY Fireghters lost
on 9/11
Chapter 4
Hijacked airliners
4.1 American Airlines Flight 11
4.1.1 Flight
American Airlines Flight 11 was a domestic passenger

ight that was hijacked by ve al-Qaeda members on
September 11, 2001, as part of the September 11 attacks.
One, Mohammed Atta, deliberately crashed it into the
North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York
City, killing all 92 people aboard and an unknown number in the buildings impact zone. The aircraft involved, a
Boeing 767-223ER, was ying American Airlines' daily
scheduled morning transcontinental service from Logan
International Airport, in Boston, Massachusetts, to Los
Angeles International Airport, in Los Angeles, CaliforN334AA, the aircraft involved, taxiing at Manchester Airport on
nia.
Fifteen minutes into the ight, the hijackers injured
at least three people (possibly killing one), forcibly
breached the cockpit, and overpowered the captain and
rst ocer. Atta, an al-Qaeda member and licensed
commercial pilot, took over the controls. Air-trac controllers noticed the ight was in distress when the crew
was no longer responding. They realized the ight had
been hijacked when Mohammed Attas announcements
for passengers were transmitted to air trac control. On
board, ight attendants Amy Sweeney and Betty Ong
contacted American Airlines, and provided information
about the hijackers and injuries to passengers and crew.
April 8, 2001, ve months before the attacks.
The American Airlines Flight 11 aircraft was a Boeing

767223ER delivered in 1987, registration number
N334AA.[1] The capacity of the aircraft was 158 passengers, but the September 11 ight carried 81 passengers and 11 crew members. This was a light load at
58.2 percent capacity, but higher than the average load
factor for Flight 11 on Tuesday mornings of 39 percent in the months preceding September 11.[2] The 11
crew members were Captain John Ogonowski, First Ofcer Thomas McGuinness, and ight attendants Barbara
The aircraft crashed into the North tower of the World Arestegui, Jerey Collman, Sara Low, Karen Martin,
Trade Center at 08:46:40 local time. Countless people Kathleen Nicosia, Betty[3]Ong, Jean Roger, Dianne Snyin the streets of New York City witnessed the strike, but der, and Amy Sweeney.
few video recordings captured the moment. Documen- All 92 people on board were killed,[4] including David
tary lm maker Jules Naudet captured the only known Angell (the creator and executive producer of the televifootage of the initial impact from start to nish. Before sion sitcom Frasier), his wife Lynn Angell, and actress
the hijacking was conrmed, news agencies began to re- Berry Berenson, the widow of Anthony Perkins.[5]
port on the incident and speculated that the crash had Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane had been scheduled
been an accident. The impact and subsequent re caused to be on the ight but arrived at the airport late.[6] Actor
the North Tower to collapse 102 minutes after the crash, Mark Wahlberg was also scheduled to be on the ight
resulting in hundreds of additional casualties. During the but canceled his ticket at the last minute.[7] Actress
recovery eort at the World Trade Center site, workers Leighanne Littrell, wife of Backstreet Boys singer Brian
recovered and identied dozens of remains from Flight Littrell, had also previously been booked on the ight,
11 victims, but many body fragments could not be iden- but like Wahlberg, changed her plans last minute.[8]
tied.
72
4.1. AMERICAN AIRLINES FLIGHT 11

Boarding
73
runway at 07:50. The aircraft began its takeo run
from Logan International Airport at 07:59 from runway
4R.[18][19]
Hijacking
The 9/11 Commission estimated that the hijacking began at 08:14, when the pilots stopped responding to requests from the Boston Air Route Trac Control Center
(Boston ARTCC).[10] It is believed that Waleed al-Shehri
made the rst move. At 08:13:29, as the aircraft was passing over central Massachusetts at 26,000 feet (7,900 m),
the pilots responded to a request from Boston ARTCC to
make a 20-degree turn to the right. At 08:13:47, Boston
ARTCC told the pilots to ascend to a cruising altitude
of 35,000 feet (11,000 m) but received no response.[19]
Atta (blue shirt) and Omari at Portland International Jetport, At 08:16, the aircraft leveled o at 29,000 feet (8,800
passing through security on the morning of 9/11
m)[19] and shortly thereafter deviated from its scheduled
path. Boston ARTCC made multiple attempts to talk to
Mohamed Atta, the ringleader of the attacks, and a fel- Flight 11 without reply,[10] and at 08:21, the ight stopped
low hijacker, Abdulaziz al-Omari, arrived at Portland In- transmitting its Mode-C transponder signal.[19]
ternational Jetport at 05:41 Eastern Daylight Time on According to ight attendants Amy Sweeney and Betty
September 11, 2001. They boarded Colgan Air Flight Ong, who contacted American Airlines during the hi5930, which was scheduled to depart at 06:00 from jacking, the hijackers had stabbed ight attendants Karen
Portland, Maine, and y to Boston. Both hijackers had Martin and Barbara Arestegui and slashed the throat of
rst class tickets with a connecting ight to Los Ange- passenger Daniel Lewin.[21][22][23] Lewin, an Americanles; Atta checked in two bags, Omari none.[2] When they Israeli Internet entrepreneur, had served as an ocer
checked in, the Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreen- in the elite Sayeret Matkal special operations unit of
ing System (CAPPS) selected Atta for extra luggage the Israel Defense Forces.[24][25] Lewin was seated in
scrutiny, but he boarded without incident.[9] The ight 9B, and Suqami was directly behind him in 10B.[26]
from Portland departed on time and arrived in Boston at The 9/11 Commission suggested that Suqami may have
06:45. Three other hijackers, Waleed al-Shehri, Wail al- stabbed and killed Lewin after he attempted to stop the
Shehri, and Satam al-Suqami, arrived at Logan Airport at hijacking.[10] Lewin is believed to be the rst fatality in
06:45, having left their rental car in the airport parking fa- the 9/11 attacks.[25][27] During a four-minute call to the
cility. At 06:52, Marwan al-Shehhi, the hijacker pilot of American Airlines operations center, Ong provided inUnited Airlines Flight 175, made a call from a pay phone
formation about lack of communication with the cockpit,
in Logan Airport to Attas cell phone.[2][10]
lack of access to the cockpit, and passenger injuries.[28]
Since they were not given boarding passes for Flight 11 in
Portland, Atta and Omari checked in and went through security in Boston.[11] In the rushed check-in after the ight
from Portland, airline ocials did not load Attas bags
on Flight 11.[12][13] Suqami, Wail al-Shehri, and Waleed
al-Shehri also checked in for the ight in Boston. Wail
al-Shehri and Suqami each checked one bag; Waleed alShehri did not check any bags.[2] CAPPS selected all
three for a detailed luggage check.[14] As the CAPPS'
screening was only for luggage, the three hijackers did
not undergo any extra scrutiny at the passenger security
checkpoint.[15]
By 07:40, all ve hijackers were aboard the ight, scheduled to depart at 07:45.[10][16] Mohamed Atta sat in
business class seat 8D with Abdulaziz al-Omari in 8G and
Suqami in 10B. Waleed al-Shehri and Wail al-Shehri sat
in rst class seats 2B and 2A.[14] At 07:46, one minute
behind schedule, the aircraft received clearance to push
back from Gate B32,[17] and was cleared to taxi to the
She provided the seat locations of the hijackers, which

later helped investigators to determine their identities.[28]
At 08:23:38, Atta tried to make an announcement to
the passengers, but pressed the wrong button and sent
the message to Boston ARTCC.[29] Air trac controllers
heard Atta announce, We have some planes. Just stay
quiet and you'll be O.K. We are returning to the airport.
At 08:24:56, he announced Nobody move. Everything
will be okay. If you try to make any moves, you'll endanger yourself and the airplane. Just stay quiet.[19]
As before, Atta thought he was speaking to only the
passengers, but his voice was picked up and recorded
by air trac controllers. After the transmissions by
Atta and the inability to contact the airliner, air trafc controllers at Boston ARTCC realized the ight had
been hijacked.[30] At 08:26, the plane turned south.[19]
At 08:32, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
Command Center in Herndon, Virginia, notied FAA
headquarters.[10]
74
At 08:33:59, Atta announced, Nobody move, please.
We are going back to the airport. Don't try to make any
stupid moves.[19] At 08:37:08, the pilots of United Airlines Flight 175 veried Flight 11s location and heading to ight control.[31] Boston ARTCC bypassed standard protocols and directly contacted the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) Northeast
Air Defense Sector (NEADS) in Rome, New York.[10]
NEADS called on two F-15 ghter jets at Otis Air Force
Base in Mashpee, Massachusetts, to intercept. Ocials
at Otis spent a few minutes getting authorization for the
ghters to take o.[10] Atta completed the nal turn towards Manhattan at 08:43.[19] The order to dispatch the
ghters at Otis was given at 08:46, and the F-15s took
o at 08:53,[10][30] roughly seven minutes after American Airlines Flight 11 had already crashed into the North
Tower of the World Trade Center. Of the four hijacked
aircraft on 9/11, the nine minutes of advance notication
about the hijacking of Flight 11 was the most time that
NORAD had to respond before the aircraft crashed into
its target.[32]
CHAPTER 4. HIJACKED AIRLINERS

for the Trade Center. So just before he got to the Trade
Center, it seemed as though he gained power. We were
just watching this airplane on target for the World Trade
Center. All of a sudden, boom! He disappears into the
Trade Center.[36]
The damage caused to the North Tower destroyed any
means of escape at the impact zone or above it. All stairwells and elevators from the 92nd oor up were rendered
impassable,[37] trapping 1,344 people.[37] According to
the Commission Report, hundreds were killed instantly
by the impact; the rest were trapped and died from the
subsequent re and smoke, the eventual collapse, or (in
some cases) after jumping or falling from the building.[38]
Elevator shafts channeled burning jet fuel through the
building.[39] At least one elevator shaft carried burning
fuel downward, exploding on the 77th oor, the 22nd
oor, and at street level on the West Side Lobby.[40]
Crash
At 08:46:30,[34] Mohamed Atta intentionally crashed
American Airlines Flight 11 into the northern facade of
the North Tower (Tower 1) of the World Trade Center.[19]
The aircraft, traveling at about 404 knots (465 mph; 748
km/h) and carrying about 10,000 U.S. gallons (38,000
L) of jet fuel, hit between the 93rd and 99th oors of the
North Tower.[35]
Landing gear from Flight 11 found at West and Rector streets[41]

Jules Naudet lmed the impact of Flight 11 as it crashed into the
North Tower of the World Trade Center.
Witnesses saw the plane ying at low altitude over Manhattan and thought the aircraft was in distress. Lieutenant
William Walsh of the FDNY (who appears in the documentary lm 9/11) witnessed the aircraft: We were under the impression he looked like he was going down,
but we didn't hear any mechanical diculty. We couldn't
gure out why an American Airlines plane would be so
low in downtown Manhattan. We sort of expected him to
veer o and go into the Hudson. But he just rose a little
bit, his altitude, leveled o, and he was headed straight
Jules Naudet, a French cameraman, and Pavel Hlava, a

Czech immigrant, videotaped the crash.[42][43] A webcam
set up by Wolfgang Staehle at an art exhibit in Brooklyn
to take images of Lower Manhattan every four seconds
also captured images of Flight 11 crashing into the North
Tower.[44] A WNYW newscamera left rolling on the
ground also captured audio of the crash and video of the
immediate aftermath.
News organizations at rst reported an explosion or incident at the World Trade Center. CNN broke into a commercial at 08:49 with the headline that read World Trade
Center Disaster. Carol Lin, who was the rst anchor to
break the news of the attacks, said:
75
Yeah. This just in. You are looking at obviously a very disturbing live shot there. That
is the World Trade Center, and we have unconrmed reports this morning that a plane has
crashed into one of the towers of the World
Trade Center. CNN Center right now is just
beginning to work on this story, obviously calling our sources and trying to gure out exactly what happened, but clearly something
relatively devastating happening this morning
there on the south end of the island of Manhattan. That is once again, a picture of one of the
towers of the World Trade Center.[45]
Rescue workers at the World Trade Center site began to

discover body fragments from Flight 11 victims within
days of the attack. Some workers found bodies strapped
to airplane seats and discovered the body of a ight attendant with her hands bound, suggesting the hijackers
might have used plastic handcus.[52][53] Within a year,
medical examiners had identied the remains of 33 victims who had been on board Flight 11.[54] They identied
two other Flight 11 victims, including the lead ight attendant Karen Martin, after body fragments were discovered near Ground Zero in 2006.[55][56] In April 2007, examiners using newer DNA technology identied another
Flight 11 victim.[57] The remains of two hijackers, potentially from Flight 11, were also identied and removed
[58]
Later, in an on-air phone call from his oce at the CNN from Memorial Park in Manhattan. The remains of the
are buried
New York bureau, CNN vice-president of nance Sean other hijackers have not been identied and
[59]
with
other
unidentied
remains
at
this
park.
Murtagh reported that a large passenger commercial jet
had hit the World Trade Center.[45] Eventually, other Suqamis passport survived the crash and landed in the
television networks interrupted regular broadcasting with street below. Soaked in jet fuel, it was picked up by a
news of the crash. President George W. Bush was arriv- passerby who gave it to a New York City Police Departing at Emma E. Booker Elementary School in Sarasota, ment (NYPD) detective shortly before the South Tower
Florida. Initial news reports speculated that the crash collapsed.[60][61] Investigators retrieved Mohamed Attas
had been an accident until United Airlines Flight 175 was luggage, which had not been loaded onto the ight. In it
own into the South Tower just 17 minutes after Flight they found Omaris passport and drivers license, a video11 made impact.
cassette for a Boeing 757 ight simulator, a folding knife,
and pepper spray.[13] In a recording, a few months later in
Afghanistan, Al Qaeda's leader, Osama bin Laden, took
4.1.2 Aftermath
responsibility for the attack. The attack on the World
Trade Center exceeded even bin Ladens expectations: he
had expected only the oors above the plane strikes to
collapse.[62] The ight recorders for Flight 11 and Flight
175 were never found.[63]
After the attacks, the ight number for ights on the same
route with the same takeo time was changed to American Airlines Flight 25. These ights now use a Boeing
737 instead of a Boeing 767. An American ag is own
on the jet bridge of gate B32 from which Flight 11 departed Logan Airport.[64]
On April 26, 2013, a piece of the wing ap mechanism
from a Boeing 767 was discovered wedged between two
buildings at Park Place, near where other landing gear
parts were found.[65][66]
The names of Flight 11s crew are located on Panel N-74 of
the National September 11 Memorial's North Pool. The passenger names are inscribed on that panel and four other adjacent
ones.[46]
At the National September 11 Memorial, the names of the

87 victims of Flight 11 are inscribed on the North Pool,
on Panels N-1 and N-2, and Panels N-74 N-76.[67]
After the crash, the North Tower burned for 102 minutes 4.1.3 See also
before collapsing at 10:28 A.M. Although the impact itself caused extensive structural damage, the long-lasting
List of tenants in One World Trade Center
re ignited by jet fuel was blamed for the structural failure
of the tower.[47][48][49] In addition to the aircraft passengers and building occupants, hundreds of rescue workers 4.1.4 References
also died when the tower collapsed.[50] Cantor Fitzgerald L.P., an investment bank on oors 101105 of the [1] Brief of Accident. National Transportation Safety
World Trade Center One, lost 658 employees, considerBoard. March 7, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF)
ably more than any other employer.[51]
on May 31, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2007.
76
[2] Sta Report We Have Some Planes": The Four Flights

a Chronology (PDF). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Archived from the
original (PDF) on October 24, 2012. Retrieved May 25,
2008.
[3] American Airlines Flight 11. CNN. 2001. Archived
from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved May 22,
2008.
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[10] "'We Have Some Planes". National Commission on
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[11] Kehaulani Goo, Sara (February 13, 2005). Papers Oer
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[17] Transcripts of Flight 11 and Flight 175 The New York

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[21] Excerpt: A travel day like any other until some passengers left their seats. The Seattle Times. July 23, 2004.
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[22] Inside the failed Air Force scramble to prevent the Sept.
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[23] Woolley, Scott (April 23, 2007). Video Prophet.
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[24] Hersh, Seymour M. (October 29, 2001). Watching the
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[25] Sisk, Richard; El-Faizy, Monique (July 24, 2004). First
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[26] Eggen, Dan (March 2, 2002). Airports Screened Nine
of Sept. 11 Hijackers, Ocials Say; Kin of Victims Call
for Inquiry into Revelation. The Washington Post.
[12] Dorman, Michael (April 17, 2006). Unraveling 911

was in the bags. Newsday. Archived from the original
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[27] Ron Jager, Danny Lewin: The First Victim Of 9/11,

5TJT, September 8, 2011 Archived April 7, 2012 at the
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[13] Excerpts From Statement by Sept. 11 Commission

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24, 2008.
[28] Sullivan, Laura (January 28, 2004). 9/11 victim calmly

describes hijack on haunting tape. The Baltimore Sun.
[14] Investigating 911 The doomed ights. San Francisco

Chronicle. July 23, 2004. Archived from the original on
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[15] The Aviation Security System and the 9/11 Attacks
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[16] 9/11 Investigation (PENTTBOM)". Federal Bureau
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[29] United States District Court for the Eastern District of

Virginia (March 7, 2006). USA v. Zacarias Moussaoui
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17, 2004. Archived from the original on October 29,
[31] Ellison, Michael (October 17, 2001). "'We have planes.
Stay quiet' Then silence. The Guardian (London).
Archived from the original on June 17, 2008. Retrieved
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[32] NEADS/NORAD (the military) was notied about Flight

11 at 8:37 a.m., nine minutes before the crash. This nine
minutes was the amount of time available to them to respond to the situation. They were notied about United
Airlines Flight 175 at 9:03 a.m., the same time it crashed
into the South Tower. They were notied about American
Airlines Flight 77 four minutes before it crashed into the
Pentagon. The military was notied about United Airlines
Flight 93 at 10:07 a.m. (four minutes after it crashed in
Pennsylvania). The nine minutes with Flight 11 was the
most time they had to do something in response. Source:
Kean, Thomas H.; Hamilton, Lee H. The Story in the
Sky. Without Precedent. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 263. ISBN
978-0-307-26377-3.
[33] Gero, David (2009). Aviation Disasters, The worlds major civil airliner crash since 1950. The History Press. p.
326. ISBN 978-0-7524-5039-1.
[34] McAllister, T. P.; Gann, R. G.; Averill, J. D.; Gross, J.
L.; Grosshandler, W. L.; Lawson, J. R.; McGrattan, K.
B.; Pitts, W. M.; Prasad, K. R.; Sadek, F. H.; Nelson, H.
E. (August 2008). Structural Fire Response and Probable
Collapse Sequence of World Trade Center Building 7 (Volume 1). Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of
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18. Archived from the original on November 2, 2013.
Retrieved September 9, 2011.
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World Trade Center Towers (PDF). National Institute
of Standards and Technology. October 2005. Archived
(PDF) from the original on May 30, 2008. Retrieved May
25, 2008.
[36] World Trade Center Task Force Interview Lieutenant
William Walsh (PDF). The New York Times. January 11,
2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 30, 2008.
[37] Dwyer, Jim; Lipton, Eric et al. (May 26, 2002). 102
Minutes: Last Words at the Trade Center; Fighting to Live
as the Towers Die. The New York Times. Archived from
the original on November 14, 2013. Retrieved May 23,
2008.
[38] Heroism and Horror. National Commission on Terrorist
Attacks upon the United States. 2004. Archived from the
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[39] Cauchon, Dennis; Moore, Martha T. (September 4,
2002). Elevators were disaster within disaster. USA Today. Retrieved May 23, 2008.
[40] Producers: Colette Beaudry and Michael Cascio (200509-23). Zero Hour. Inside 9/11. National Geographic
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[41] Hamburger, Ronald et al. (May 2002). World Trade
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77
[42] Carter, Bill (February 6, 2002). CBS to Broadcast

Videotape Shot Inside Towers During Trade Center Attack. The New York Times. Archived from the original
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[43] Glanz, James (September 7, 2003). A Rare View of
9/11, Overlooked. The New York Times. Archived from
the original on June 1, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2008.
[44] Staehle, Wolfgang. Rare Scenes from 9/11. Vanity
Fair. Archived from the original on December 15, 2013.
[45] CNN Breaking News Terrorist Attack on United States.
CNN. September 11, 2001. Archived from the original
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[46] North Pool: Panel N-74 John A. Ogonowski. National
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original on July 27, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
the World Trade Center Towers (PDF). National Institute
of Standards and Technology (United States Department
of Commerce). Archived (PDF) from the original on May
27, 2008. Retrieved May 21, 2008.
[48] Miller, Bill (May 1, 2002). Report Assesses Trade Centers Collapse. The Washington Post. Retrieved June 12,
2008.
[49] Williams, Timothy (April 5, 2005). Report on Trade
Center Collapses Emphasizes Damage to Fireproong.
The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved June 12, 2008.
[50] Police back on day-to-day beat after 9/11 nightmare.
CNN. July 21, 2002. Archived from the original on May
17, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2008.
[51] Cantor rebuilds after 9/11 losses. BBC. September 4,
2006. Archived from the original on April 6, 2008. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
[52] Sachs, Susan (September 15, 2001). After the Attacks:
The Trade Center; Heart-Rending Discoveries as Digging
Continues in Lower Manhattan. The New York Times.
Archived from the original on December 25, 2013. Retrieved May 24, 2008.
[53] Gardiner, Sean; Rayman, Graham (September 15, 2001).
Hijackers May Have Used Handcus. AM New York.
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May 24, 2008.
[54] O'Shaughnessy, Patrice (September 11, 2002). More
Than Half Of Victims Id'd. Daily News (New York).
Archived from the original on August 25, 2009. Retrieved
May 24, 2008.
[55] Brubaker, Bill (November 2, 2006). Remains of Three
9/11 Victims Identied. The Washington Post. Retrieved
May 24, 2008.
[56] Holusha, John (November 2, 2006). 3 Trade Center Victims Identied by DNA. The New York Times. Retrieved
May 24, 2008.
78
[57] Gaskell, Stephanie (April 11, 2007). 9/11 Plane Passenger Id'd. New York Post. Archived from the original on
October 24, 2012. Retrieved September 12, 2011.
4.2 United Airlines Flight 175
United Airlines Flight 175 was a scheduled domestic passenger ight from Logan International Airport,
in Boston, Massachusetts, to Los Angeles International
Airport, in Los Angeles, California. On September
11, 2001, the Boeing 767-200 operating the route was
hijacked by ve al-Qaeda terrorists and own into the
[59] Standora, Leo (March 1, 2003). ID Remains OF 2 WTC
South Tower of the World Trade Center in New York
Hijackers. Daily News (New York). Archived from the
City, killing all 65 people aboard and an unconrmed
original on August 25, 2009. Retrieved May 24, 2008.
number in the buildings impact zone.
[58] Kelley, Tina (March 1, 2003). Ocials Identify Remains
of Two Hijackers Through DNA. The New York Times.
Archived from the original on December 25, 2013. Retrieved May 24, 2008.
[60] Chronology. Monograph on 9/11 and Terrorist Travel

(PDF). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon
the United States. p. 40. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 29, 2008. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
Approximately thirty minutes into the ight, the hijackers

forcibly breached the cockpit and overpowered the pilot
and rst ocer, allowing lead hijacker and trained pilot Marwan al-Shehhi to take over the controls. Unlike
[61] Hijackers Timeline (PDF). Federal Bureau of Investiga- Flight 11, which turned its transponder o, the aircrafts
tion / 911myths.com. Archived (PDF) from the original transponder was visible on New York Centers radar, and
on May 30, 2008. Retrieved May 26, 2008.
the aircraft deviated from the assigned ight path for
four minutes before air trac controllers noticed these
[62] Transcript of Bin Laden videotape. National Public Ra- changes at 08:51 EDT. They made several unsuccessful
dio. December 13, 2001. Archived from the original on
attempts to contact the cockpit. Unknown to the hijackMay 12, 2008. Retrieved May 24, 2008.
ers, several passengers and crew aboard made phone calls
[63] 9-11 Commission Report Notes. National Commis- from the plane to loved ones and provided information
sion on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. about the hijackers and injuries to passengers and crew.
May 24, 2008.
The aircraft crashed into Tower Two (the South Tower)

of the World Trade Center at 09:03. The Flight 175 hi[64] Logan Airport bears memory of its fateful role with si- jacking was coordinated with that of American Airlines
lence. The Boston Globe. September 12, 2002. Archived Flight 11, which struck the top of Tower One (the North
from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved April 18, Tower) 17 minutes earlier. The crash of Flight 175 into
2007.
the South Tower was the only impact seen live on television around the world as it happened. The impact and
[65] Goldstein, Joseph (April 26, 2013). 11 Years Later, Desubsequent re caused the South Tower to collapse 56
bris From Plane Is Found Near Ground Zero. The New
minutes after the crash, resulting in hundreds of addiYork Times. Archived from the original on April 17, 2014.
tional casualties. During the recovery eort at the World
[66] Goodman, J. David (April 29, 2013). Jet Debris Near Trade Center site, workers recovered and identied re9/11 Site Is Identied as Wing Part. The New York Times. mains from Flight 175 victims (see the Aftermath secArchived from the original on January 4, 2014.
tion below), but many other body fragments could not be
identied.
[67] About: The Memorial Names Layout. Memorial Guide:
National 9/11 Memorial. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
Archived July 27, 2013 at the Wayback Machine
4.1.5
4.2.1 Background
External links

9-11 NTSB Report
Victims of the American Airlines Flight 11 at the
Wayback Machine (archived January 12, 2010)
American Airlines site explaining that all aircraft are
accounted for at the Wayback Machine (archived
September 11, 2001), September 11, 2001
American Airlines site with condolences for de- Gate C19 at Bostons Logan International Airport was the boardceased at the Wayback Machine (archived Septem- ing gate of United Flight 175 on September 11, 2001. The American ag was added to memorialize the site.
ber 12, 2001), September 12, 2001
4.2. UNITED AIRLINES FLIGHT 175

The team of hijackers on United Airlines Flight 175 was
led by Marwan al-Shehhi, from the United Arab Emirates. Shehhi obtained a commercial pilots license while
training in south Florida, along with Flight 11 hijacker
and plot coordinator, Mohamed Atta. The muscle hijackers on Flight 175 included Fayez Banihammad, from
the UAE, and three Saudis: brothers Hamza al-Ghamdi
and Ahmed al-Ghamdi, as well as Mohand al-Shehri.
On August 13, 2001, Marwan al-Shehhi purchased two
four-inch pocket knives from a Sports Authority store
in Boynton Beach, Florida, while Banihammad bought
a two-piece snap knife set at a Wal-Mart, and Hamza alGhamdi bought a Leatherman Wave multi-tool.[1][2]
79
ight included 35 men, 12 women, and three children
who were all under the age of 5.[7]
Boarding
Hamza al-Ghamdi and Ahmed al-Ghamdi checked out
of their hotel and called a taxi to take them to Logan
International Airport.[8] They arrived at the United Airlines counter in Terminal C at 06:20 Eastern Time and
Ahmed al-Ghamdi checked in two bags. Both hijackers
indicated they wanted to purchase tickets, though they
already had paper tickets. They had trouble answering
the standard security questions, so the counter agent repeated the questions very slowly until the men gave the
correct answers.[2][9] Hijacker pilot Marwan al-Shehhi
checked in a single bag at 06:45, and the other remaining hijackers, Fayez Banihammad and Mohand al-Shehri,
checked in at 06:53. Banihammad checked two bags.[2]
None of the hijackers were selected for extra scrutiny by
the Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System
(CAPPS).[10]
In early September 2001, the Flight 175 group of hijackers arrived in Boston from Florida. Hamza al-Ghamdi
and Ahmed al-Ghamdi arrived together on September 7
and checked into the Charles Hotel in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The next day, they relocated to the Days Inn in
Boston. Fayez Banihammad ew from Florida to Boston,
along with Mohand al-Shehri, on September 8, and they
checked into the Milner Hotel in Boston. Marwan alShehhi arrived in Boston on September 9 and stayed at
the Milner Hotel, where he shared a room with Flight 11 Shehhi and the other hijackers boarded Flight 175 between 07:23 and 07:28. Banihammad boarded rst and
hijacker Mohamed Atta.[3]
sat in rst class seat 2A, while Mohand al-Shehri was
in seat 2B. At 07:27, Shehhi and Ahmed al-Ghamdi
4.2.2 Flight
boarded, and sat in business class seats 6C and 9D respectively. A minute later, Hamza al-Ghamdi boarded,
and sat in 9C.[2][10]
N612UA, the hijacked aircraft, taxiing at San Francisco International Airport in 1999.
The ight was operated with a Boeing 767-200,

registration number N612UA, built and delivered in
1983,[4] with capacity of 168 passengers. It had 168 seats
(10 in rst class, 32 in business class, and 126 in economy
class). On the day of the attacks, the ight carried only 56
passengers and 9 crew members, which represented a 33
percent load factor well below the average load factor
of 49 percent in the three months preceding September
11.[5] The nine crew members included Captain Victor
Saracini, First Ocer Michael Horrocks, and ight attendants Robert Fangman, Amy Jarret, Amy King, Kathryn
Laborie, Alfred Marchand, Michael Tarrou, and Alicia
Titus.[6] Excluding the hijackers, the passengers on the
The ight was scheduled to depart at 08:00 for Los

Angeles. Fifty-one passengers and the ve hijackers
boarded the 767 through Terminal Cs Gate 19. The
plane pushed back at 07:58 and took o at 08:14 from
runway 9,[2][11] about the same time Flight 11 was hijacked. By 08:33, the aircraft reached cruising altitude of
31,000 feet, which is the point when cabin service would
normally begin.[2] At 08:37, air trac controllers asked
the pilots of Flight 175 whether they could see American
Airlines Flight 11. The crew responded that Flight 11 was
at 29,000 feet, and controllers ordered Flight 175 to turn
and avoid the aircraft.[12] The pilots declared that they
had heard a suspicious transmission from Flight 11 upon
takeo. Sounds like someone keyed the mic and said everyone stay in your seats, the ight crew reported. This
was the last transmission from Flight 175.[13]
Hijacking
It is estimated that Flight 175 was hijacked between
08:42 and 08:46, while Flight 11 was just minutes away
from hitting the North Tower.[2] According to Flight 175:
As the World Watched, its believed that muscle hijackers Fayez Banihammad and Mohand al-Shehri forcibly
entered the cockpit and killed the pilots while Hamza alGhamdi and Ahmed al-Ghamdi started moving passengers and crew to the back of the aircraft. The rst operational evidence that something was abnormal on Flight
80
175 came at 08:47, when the planes transponder signal

changed twice within the span of one minute, and the
aircraft began deviating from its assigned course.[11][14]
However, the air trac controller in charge of the ight
did not notice until minutes later at 08:51.[2] Unlike Flight
11, which had turned its transponder o, Flight 175s
ight data could still be properly monitored.[14] Also, at
08:51, Flight 175 changed altitude. Over the next three
minutes, the controller made ve unsuccessful attempts
to contact Flight 175 and worked to move other aircraft
in the vicinity away from Flight 175.[2]
Near-collision At around this time, the ight had a near
midair collision with Delta Air Lines Flight 2315, reportedly missing the plane by only 300 feet, as air trac controller Dave Bottiglia frantically tried to tell the Delta pilot to take evasive action. Bottiglia was the rst person in
the control center to realize that Flight 175 was hijacked
when he gave directions for a turn. Flight 175 did not respond, instead accelerating and heading toward the Delta
plane. The controller commanded the Delta pilot, Take
any evasive action necessary. We have an airplane that
we don't know what hes doing. Any action at all.[15][16]
Moments before Flight 175 crashed, it avoided another
near collision with Midwest Express Flight 7, which was
ying from Milwaukee to New York.[17]
At 08:55, a supervisor at the New York Air Trac Control Center notied the centers operations manager of the
Flight 175 hijacking, and David Bottiglia, who was handling both Flight 11 and Flight 175, noted, we might
have a hijack over here, two of them.[2] At 08:58, the
plane was over New Jersey at 28,500 feet, heading toward New York City. In the ve minutes from approximately 08:58 when Shehhi completed the nal turn toward New York City until the moment of impact, the
plane was in a sustained power dive, descending more
than 24,000 feet in 5 minutes 4 seconds, for an average
rate of over 5,000 feet per minute.[14] New York Center air trac controller Dave Bottiglia reported he and
his colleagues were counting down the altitudes, and
they were descending, right at the end, at 10,000 feet per
minute. That is absolutely unheard of for a commercial
jet.[16]
Calls
Flight attendant Robert Fangman, as well as two passengers (Peter Hanson and Brian David Sweeney), made
phone calls from GTE airphones in the rear of the aircraft.
Airphone records also indicate that Garnet Bailey made
four phone call attempts, trying to reach his wife.[18][19]
The complete 9/11 Commission Report available from the

archived version of the 9/11 Commission website.
After a minute and 15 seconds, Fangmans call was

disconnected.[18] Policastro subsequently made attempts
to contact the aircrafts cockpit using the Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS)
message system.[2]
Brian David Sweeney tried calling his wife, Julie, at
08:58, but ended up leaving a message, telling her that
the plane had been hijacked. He then called his parents
at 9:00 a.m. and spoke with his mother, Louise. Sweeney
told his mother about the hijacking and mentioned that
passengers were considering storming the cockpit and
taking control of the aircraft.[11]
At 08:52, Peter Hanson called his father, Lee Hanson, in
Easton, Connecticut, telling him of the hijacking. Hanson was traveling with his wife, Sue, and 2-year-old
daughter, Christine, who had never own on a plane before. The family was originally seated in Row 19, in seats
C, D, and E; however, Peter placed the call to his father
from seat 30E. Speaking softly, Hanson said that the hijackers had commandeered the cockpit, that a ight attendant had been stabbed, and that possibly someone else
in the front of the aircraft had been killed. He also said
that the plane was ying erratically. Hanson asked his
father to contact United Airlines, but Lee could not get
through and instead called the police.[20][21]
Fangman called a United Airlines oce in San Francisco at 08:52, and spoke with Marc Policastro. Fangman reported the hijacking and said that the hijackers
were likely ying the plane. He also said that both pilots were dead and that a ight attendant was stabbed.[11] Peter Hanson made a second phone call to his father at
81
09:00:
scraped it with its wing. Upon crashing, the plane was

As the call abruptly ended, Hansons father heard a banked left. Those who were on the left side of the plane
would, therefore, have had a clear view of the towers apwoman screaming.[16]
proaching, with one burning, until the nal moment of
the ight.[16]
Crash
By the time Flight 175 struck the South Tower, multiple media organizations were already covering the crash
of Flight 11, which had hit the North Tower 17 minutes
WTC 2
earlier. The image of Flight 175s crash was thus caught
WTC 1
on video from multiple vantage points on live television
94-98th Floors
78-84th
and amateur video, while approximately 100 cameras
Floors
captured Flight 175 in photographs before it crashed.[24]
Video footage of the crash was replayed numerous times
WTC 3
in news broadcasts on the day of the attacks and in the following days, before major news networks put restrictions
on use of the footage.[25]
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After the plane penetrated through the tower, part of the

planes landing gear and fuselage came out the north side
of the tower and crashed through the roof and two of
the oors of 4547 Park Place, between West Broadway
and Church Street, (600 feet (180 meters)) north of the
former World Trade Center. The plane parts destroyed
three-oor beams and severely compromised the buildings internal structure.[22][26][27][28]
4.2.3 Collapse
Diagram showing how debris from both aircraft fell after the
impact.
At 09:01, two minutes before impact as Flight 175 continued its descent into Lower Manhattan, the New York
Center alerted another nearby Air Trac Facility responsible for low-ying aircraft, which was able to monitor
the aircrafts path over New Jersey, and then over Staten
Island and Upper New York Bay in its nal moments.[14]
(Flight 175 came in from the southwest, apparently heading for the Empire State Building, but turned right, then
left into the South Tower.)
At exactly 9:03:02, Flight 175 slammed nose-rst into the
southern facade of South Tower of the World Trade Center, at a speed of approximately 590 mph (950 km/h, 264
m/s, or 513 knots)[22] and striking between oors 77 and
85 with approximately 10,000 U.S. gallons (38,000 L;
8,300 imp gal) of jet fuel on board.[14][23] The youngest
person on Flight 175 was 2-year-old Christine Hanson
of Groton, Massachusetts, and the oldest was 80-year-old
Dorothy DeAraujo of Long Beach, California. Hundreds
more were killed within the tower and from its ensuing
explosion, res, and eventual collapse. It is estimated that
637 people were killed instantly or trapped at and above
the oors of impact in the South Tower.
Piece of fuselage on the roof of 5 WTC.
Unlike at the North Tower, initially, one of the three

stairwells was still intact after Flight 175 crashed into
the South Tower. This was because the plane struck the
tower oset from the center and not centrally as Flight
11 in the North Tower had done. Only 18 people passed
the impact zone through the available stairway and left
the South Tower safely before it collapsed. One of them,
Stanley Praimnath, was on the 81st oor, and his oce
suered a direct hit. He witnessed Flight 175 coming
[16]
One of the wings sliced through his ofBased on the position of the aircraft from eyewitness toward him.
ce
and
wound
up wedged in a doorway approximately
statements and video footage, the aircraft was in a bank20
feet
away
from
him.
ing left turn in its nal moments, as it appeared that the
plane might have otherwise missed the building or merely Some people above the impact zone made their way up-
82
Airplane engine parts from Flight 175.
Shortly after September 11, the ight number for future ights on the same route was changed from Flight
175 to Flight 1525 out of respect for those who died
in the attack.[33] Since then, United Airlines has renumbered and rescheduled all ights from Boston to Los
Angeles, and none of its morning ights depart at 8:00
AM EDT.[34] As of August 2012, this ight was redesignated Flight 1494, now departing at 8:34 AM EDT, using a Boeing 737-800. It was reported in May 2011 that
United was reactivating ight numbers 175 and 93 as a
codeshare operated by Continental, sparking an outcry
from some in the media and the labor union representing
United pilots.[35][36][37] However, United said the reactivation was a mistake and said the numbers were inadvertently reinstated, and would not be reactivated.[36]
On April 26, 2013, a piece of the inboard wing ap mechanism from a Boeing 767[38] was discovered wedged beward toward the roof in hopes of a helicopter rescue. tween two buildings at Park Place, near where landing
However, access doors to the roof were locked. In any gear parts were found.[39]
case, thick smoke and intense heat prevented rescue heAt the National September 11 Memorial, the names of
licopters from landing.
the victims of Flight 175 are inscribed on the South
The South Tower collapsed at 9:59 a.m., after burning for Pool, on Panels S-2 S-4.[40]
56 minutes.
4.2.4
Aftermath
4.2.5 Nationalities of people on the plane

Note: This list does not include the nationalities of the
ve hijackers.
4.2.6 See also

List of tenants in Two World Trade Center
Communication during the September 11 attacks
4.2.7 References
Panel S-2 of the National September 11 Memorial's South Pool,
one of three on which the names of victims from Flight 175 are
inscribed.
Some debris from the aircraft were recovered nearby, including landing gear found on top of a building on the corner of West Broadway and Park Place, an engine found
at Church & Murray Street, and a section of the fuselage
landed on top of 5 World Trade Center.
During the recovery process, small fragments were identied from some passengers on Flight 175, including a
six-inch piece of bone belonging to Peter Hanson,[29] and
small bone fragments of Lisa Frost.[30] In 2008, the remains of Flight 175 passenger Alona Avraham was identied using DNA samples.[31] Remains of many others
aboard Flight 175 were never recovered.[32]
[1] Federal Bureau of Investigation (February 4, 2008).

Hijackers Timeline (PDF). NEFA Foundation. p. 218.
[2] Sta Monograph on the Four Flights and Civil Aviation Security"" (PDF). National Commission on Terrorist
Attacks Upon the United States. September 2005. pp.
1726. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
Hijackers Timeline (PDF). NEFA Foundation. pp.
261274. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
[4] Brief of Accident (PDF). National Transportation
Safety Board. March 7, 2006. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
a Chronology (PDF). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Retrieved 200806-17.
[6] United Airlines Flight 175. CNN. 2001. Archived from

the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
[7] Flight 175 Victim List.
Hijackers Timeline (PDF). NEFA Foundation. p. 288.
[9] Federal Bureau of Investigation (September 21, 2001).
Interview with Gail Jawahir (PDF). Intelles. Retrieved
2008-10-23.
[10] We Have Some Planes. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. July 2004. p. 2.
[11] We Have Some Planes. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. July 2004. p. 7.
[12] Ellison, Michael (October 17, 2001). "'We have planes.
Stay quiet' Then silence. The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2007-04-18.
[13] Wald, Matthew L.; Kevin Sack (October 16, 2001). A
Nation Challenged: The Tapes; 'We Have Some Planes,'
Hijacker Said on Sept. 11. The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
[14] Flight Path Study United Airlines Flight 175 (PDF).
National Transportation Safety Board. February 19, 2002.
[15] Report: hijacked plane nearly hit ight from Bradley.
SouthCoastToday.com. September 12, 2002. Retrieved
2012-08-19.
[16] "Flight 175: As the World Watched (TLC documentary)".
The Learning Channel. December 2005.
[17] Spencer, Lynn (2008). Touching History: The Untold
Story of the Drama That Unfolded in the Skies Over America on 9/11. Simon and Schuster. pp. 7476. ISBN 14165-5925-6.
83
[24] Boxer, Sarah (September 11, 2002). One Camera, Then

Thousands, Indelibly Etching a Day of Loss. The New
York Times. Retrieved 2008-11-17.
[25] Bauder, David (August 21, 2002). The violent images of
911 will return to television screens, but to what extent?".
Boston Globe / Associate Press. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
[26] Structural Engineers Association of New York, Noah
Klersfeld, Guy Nordenson and Associates, LZA Technology (2003). World Trade Center emergency damage assessment of buildings: Structural Engineers Association of
New York inspections of September and October 2001 1.
Structural Engineers Association of New York. Retrieved
August 3, 2010.
[27] York, Structural Engineers Association of New; Klersfeld, Noah; Associates, Guy Nordenson and; (Firm),
L.Z.A. Technology (January 3, 2008). World Trade Center emergency damage ... Retrieved August 8, 2010.
[28] Corley, Gene; Federal Insurance And Mitigation Administration, United States; Region Ii, United States. Federal
Emergency Management Agency; O'Mara, Greenhorne
(May 2002). World Trade Center building ... Retrieved
August 8, 2010.
[29] Gordon, Greg (April 11, 2006). Moussaoui jurors hear
9/11 victims nal calls. Star Tribune (Minneapolis).
[30] Radclie, Jim (May 20, 2005). Her parents now have
the 9/11 victims cremated remains with them in Orange
County. Orange County Register.
[31] http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3501421,
00.html
[32] Vogel, Charity (August 21, 2003). Adding to Grief;
Families of Many Victims of the World Trade Center Attack Deal With the Prospect of Never Having Their Remains Identied. Bualo News.
[33] Logan Airport bears memory of its fateful role with silence. Boston Globe. September 12, 2002. Retrieved
2007-04-18.
[18] Exhibit #P200018, United States v. Zacarias Moussaoui. United States District Court, Eastern District of
Virginia. Retrieved 2011-07-01.
[34] United Airlines Worldwide Timetable (PDF). p. 16.

[19] The Four Flights Sta Statement No. 4 (PDF). 9/11

Commission. Retrieved 2011-07-01.
[35] with Ben Mutzabaugh (May 18, 2011). Unions slam

United for mistakenly reinstating 9/11 ight numbers.
Travel.usatoday.com. Retrieved 2014-03-21.

United States (2004). Chapter 1. 9-11 Commission Report. Government Printing Oce. Retrieved 2011-0701.
[36] @Frances_Romero (2011-05-18). Flight Number Flub:

United/Continental Accidentally Reinstates Flights 93 and
175. Newsfeed.time.com. Retrieved 2014-03-21.
[21] Serrano, Richard A. (April 11, 2006). Moussaoui Jury

Hears the Panic From 9/11. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
[22] National Transportation and Safety Board (February 7,
2002). Radar Data Impact Speed Study (PDF). NTSB.
p. 2. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
[23] NIST NCSTAR 15: Reconstruction of the Fires in the
World Trade Center Towers (PDF). National Institute of
Standards and Technology. October 2005.
[37] Bad Mistake: United Revives Sept. 11 Flight Numbers.

Blogs.wsj.com. 2011-05-18. Retrieved 2014-03-21.
[38] Goodman, J. David (April 29, 2013). Jet Debris Near
9/11 Site Is Identied as Wing Part. The New York Times.
[39] Goldstein, Joseph (April 26, 2013). 11 Years Later, Debris From Plane Is Found Near Ground Zero. New York
Times.
84
4.2.8
External links
4.3.1 Hijackers
The hijackers on American Airlines Flight 77 were

led by Hani Hanjour, who piloted the aircraft into the
CNN September 11 Memorial page, with passenger Pentagon.[1] Hanjour rst came to the United States in
and crew lists
1990.[2]
Hanjour trained at the CRM Airline Training Center in
Scottsdale, Arizona, earning his FAA commercial pilots
certicate in April 1999.[3] He had wanted to be a com Picture of aircraft Pre 9/11
mercial pilot for the Saudi national airline but was re September 11, 2001 archive of United Airlines site jected when he applied to the civil aviation school in
with condolences for deceased (Archive)
Jeddah in 1999. Hanjours brother later explained that,
frustrated at not nding a job, Hanjour increasingly
Page with additional information, from turned his attention toward religious texts and cassette
September 12, 2001 (Archive)
tapes of militant Islamic preachers.[4] Hanjour returned
to Saudi Arabia after being certied as a pilot, but left
Coordinates: 404242N 740045W / 40.71167N again in late 1999, telling his family that he was going
to the United Arab Emirates to work for an airline.[5]
74.01250W
Hanjour likely went to Afghanistan, where Al Qaeda recruits were screened for special skills they may have. Already having selected the Hamburg Cell members, Al
4.3 American Airlines Flight 77
Qaeda leaders selected Hanjour to lead the fourth team
of hijackers.[6]
American Airlines Flight 77 was a scheduled domestic passenger ight that was hijacked by ve men af- Alec Station, the CIAs unit dedicated to tracking Osama
bin Laden, had discovered that two of the other hijackers,
liated with al-Qaeda on September 11, 2001, as part
of the September 11 attacks. They deliberately crashed al-Hazmi and al-Mihdhar, had multiple entry visas to the
United States well before 9/11. Two FBI agents inside
it into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia near
Washington, D.C., killing all 64 people on board in- the unit tried to[8]alert FBI headquarters, but CIA ocers
rebued them.
cluding the ve hijackers and six crew as well as 125
people in the building. The Boeing 757-223 aircraft In December 2000, Hanjour arrived in San Diego, joinwas ying American Airlines' daily scheduled morning ing muscle hijackers Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid altranscontinental service from Washington Dulles Interna- Mihdhar, who had been there since January 2000.[5][9]
tional Airport, in Dulles, Virginia to Los Angeles Inter- Soon after arriving, Hanjour and Hazmi left for Mesa,
national Airport in Los Angeles, California.
Arizona, where Hanjour began refresher training at Ari[5]
Less than 35 minutes into the ight, the hijackers stormed zona Aviation.
9-11 NTSB Report
the cockpit. They forced the passengers, crew, and pilots

to the rear of the aircraft. Hani Hanjour, one of the hijackers who was trained as a pilot, assumed control of
the ight. Unknown to the hijackers, passengers aboard
made telephone calls to loved ones and relayed information on the hijacking.
In April 2001, they relocated to Falls Church, Virginia,

where they awaited the arrival of the remaining muscle
hijackers.[5] One of these men, Majed Moqed, arrived on
May 2, 2001, with Flight 175 hijacker Ahmed al-Ghamdi
from Dubai at Dulles International Airport. They moved
into an apartment with Hazmi and Hanjour.[10] While living in Falls Church, Hazmi attended the mosque in the
The hijackers crashed the aircraft into the western side of
the Pentagon at 9:37 a.m. (EDT). Dozens of people wit- community.
nessed the crash, and news sources began reporting on On May 21, 2001, Hanjour rented a room in Paterson,
the incident within minutes. The impact severely dam- New Jersey, where he stayed with other hijackers through
aged an area of the Pentagon and caused a large re. At the end of August.[11] The last Flight 77 muscle hi10:10 a.m., a portion of the Pentagon collapsed; reght- jacker, Salem al-Hazmi, arrived on June 29, 2001, with
ers spent days trying to fully extinguish the blaze. The Abdulaziz al-Omari (a hijacker of Flight 11) at John
damaged sections of the Pentagon were rebuilt in 2002, F. Kennedy International Airport from the United Arab
with occupants moving back into the completed areas on Emirates. They stayed with Hanjour.[10]
August 15, 2002.
Hanjour received ground instruction and did practice
The 184 victims of the attack are memorialized in the
Pentagon Memorial adjacent to the Pentagon. The 1.93acre (7,800 m2 ) park contains a bench for each of the
victims, arranged according to their year of birth, ranging
from 1930 (age 71) to 1998 (age 3).
ights at Air Fleet Training Systems in Teterboro, New

Jersey, and at Caldwell Flight Academy in Faireld, New
Jersey.[5] Hanjour moved out of the room in Paterson and
arrived at the Valencia Motel in Laurel, Maryland, on
September 2, 2001.[11] While in Maryland, Hanjour and
85
fellow hijackers trained at Golds Gym in Greenbelt.[12] Boarding and departure

On September 10, he completed a certication ight, using a terrain recognition system for navigation, at Con- On the morning of September 11, 2001, the ve hijackers
gressional Air Charters in Gaithersburg, Maryland.[13][14] arrived at Washington Dulles International Airport. At
07:15, Khalid al-Mihdhar and Majed Moqed checked in
On September 10, Nawaf al-Hazmi, accompanied by
at the American Airlines ticket counter for Flight 77,[21]
other hijackers, checked into the Marriott in Herndon,
arriving at the passenger security checkpoint a few minVirginia, near Dulles Airport.[15]
utes later at 07:18.[22] Both men set o the metal detector
and were put through secondary screening. Moqed continued to set o the alarm, so he was searched with a hand
wand.[23] The Hazmi brothers checked in together at the
ticket counter at 07:29. Hani Hanjour checked in sepSuspected accomplices
arately and arrived at the passenger security checkpoint
at 07:35.[14] Hanjour was followed minutes later at the
According to a U.S. State Department cable leaked in the checkpoint by Salem and Nawaf al-Hazmi, who also set
Wikileaks dump in February 2010, the FBI has investi- o the metal detectors alarm. The screener at the checkgated another suspect, Mohammed al-Mansoori. He had point never resolved what set o the alarm. As seen in
associated with three Qatari citizens who ew from Los security footage later released, Nawaf Hazmi appeared
Angeles to London (via Washington) and Qatar on the eve to have an unidentied item in his back pocket. Utility
of the attacks, after allegedly surveying the World Trade knives up to four inches were permitted at the time by
Center and the White House. U.S. law enforcement o- the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) as carry-on
cials said that the data about the four men was just one of items.[21][23] The passenger security checkpoint at Dulles
many leads that were thoroughly investigated at the time International Airport was operated by Argenbright Secuand never led to terrorism charges.[16] An ocial added rity, under contract with United Airlines.[24]
that the three Qatari citizens have never been questioned
by the FBI. Eleanor Hill, the former sta director for the The hijackers were all selected for extra screening of their
congressional joint inquiry on the September 11 attacks, checked bags. Hanjour, al-Mihdhar, and Moqed were
said the cable reinforces questions about the thoroughness chosen by the Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreenof the FBIs investigation. She also said that the inquiry ing System criteria, while the brothers Nawaf and Salem
concluded that the hijackers had a support network that al-Hazmi were selected because they did not provide adequate identication and were deemed suspicious by the
helped them in dierent ways.[16]
airline check-in agent. Hanjour, Mihdhar, and Nawaf alThe three Qatari men were booked to y from Los Ange- Hazmi did not check any bags for the ight. Checked bags
les to Washington on September 10, 2001, on the same belonging to Moqed and Salem al-Hazmi were held until
plane that was hijacked and piloted into the Pentagon on they boarded the aircraft.[20] By 07:50, the ve hijackers,
the following day. Instead, they ew from Los Angeles to carrying knives and box cutters, had made it through the
Qatar, via Washington and London. While the cable said airport security checkpoint.
that Mansoori was currently under investigation, U.S. law
enforcement ocials said that there was no active inves- Flight 77 was scheduled to depart for Los Angeles at
tigation of him or of the Qatari citizens mentioned in the 08:10; 58 passengers boarded through Gate D26, including the ve hijackers. Excluding the hijackers, of the 59
cable.[16]
other passengers and crew on board, there were 26 men,
22 women, and ve children ranging in age from three to
eleven. On the ight, Hani Hanjour was seated up front
in 1B, while Salem and Nawaf al-Hazmi were seated in
rst class in seats 5E and 5F. Majed Moqed and Khalid
4.3.2 Flight
al-Mihdhar were seated further back in 12A and 12B, in
economy class.[25] Flight 77 left the gate on time and took
The American Airlines Flight 77 aircraft was a Boeing o from Runway 30 at Dulles at 8:20 am.[20]
757-223 (registration N644AA).[17][18] The ight crew
included pilot Charles Burlingame (a Naval Academy
graduate and former ghter pilot), First Ocer David Hijacking
Charlebois, and ight attendants Michele Heidenberger,
Jennifer Lewis, Kenneth Lewis, and Renee May.[19] The The 9/11 Commission estimated that the ight was hicapacity of the aircraft was 188 passengers, but with 58 jacked between 08:51 and 08:54, shortly after American
passengers on September 11, the load factor was 33 per- Airlines Flight 11 struck the World Trade Center and not
cent. American Airlines said that Tuesdays were the too long after United Airlines Flight 175 had been hileast-traveled day of the week, with the same load factor jacked. The last normal radio communications from the
seen on Tuesdays in the previous three months for Flight aircraft to air trac control occurred at 08:50:51.[26] Unlike the other three ights, there were no reports of any77.[20]
86
one being stabbed or a bomb threat and the pilots were

not immediately killed but shoved to the back of the plane
with the rest of the passengers. At 08:54, the plane began
to deviate from its normal, assigned ight path and turned
south.[21] The hijackers set the ights autopilot heading
for Washington, D.C.[27] By 08:56, the ight was turned
around, and the transponder had been disabled.
to identify and follow the aircraft. The pilot, Lt. Col.

Steven O'Brien, told them it was a Boeing 757 or 767,
and its silver fuselage meant it was probably an American
Airlines jet. He had diculty picking out the airplane in
the East Coast haze, but then saw a huge reball, and
initially assumed it had hit the ground. Approaching the
Pentagon, he saw the impact site on the buildings west
Looks like that airThe FAA was aware at this point that there was an emer- side and reported to Reagan control, [21][35]
craft crashed into the Pentagon, sir.
gency on board the airplane. By this time, American Airlines Flight 11 had already crashed into the North Tower
of the World Trade Center, and United Airlines Flight Crash
175 was known to have been hijacked and was within
minutes of striking the South Tower. After learning of
this second hijacking involving an American Airlines aircraft and the hijacking involving United Airlines, American Airlines Executive Vice President Gerard Arpey ordered a nationwide ground stop for the airline.[21] The
Indianapolis Air Trac Control Center, as well as American Airlines dispatchers, made several failed attempts
to contact the aircraft. At the time the airplane was
hijacked, it was ying over an area of limited radar
coverage.[28] With air controllers unable to contact the
ight by radio, an Indianapolis ocial declared that the
Boeing 757 had possibly crashed at 09:09.[28]
Two people on the aircraft made phone calls to contacts
on the ground. At 09:12, ight attendant Renee May
called her mother, Nancy May, in Las Vegas.[25] During
the call, which lasted nearly two minutes, May said her
ight was being hijacked by six persons, and sta and passengers had been moved to the rear of the airplane.[21][25]
May asked her mother to contact American Airlines,
which she and her husband promptly did;[21] American
Airlines was already aware of the hijacking. Between
09:16 and 09:26, passenger Barbara Olson called her
husband, United States Solicitor General Theodore Olson, and reported that the airplane had been hijacked
and that the assailants had box cutters and knives.[21][29]
She reported that the passengers, including the pilots, had
been moved to the back of the cabin and that the hijackers were unaware of her call. A minute into the conversation, the call was cut o.[30] Theodore Olson contacted the command center at the Department of Justice, and tried unsuccessfully to contact Attorney General John Ashcroft.[21] About ve minutes later, Barbara
Olson called again, told her husband that the pilot (possibly Hanjour on the cabin intercom) had announced the
ight was hijacked, and asked what do I tell the pilot to
do?"[31] Ted Olson asked her location and she reported
the plane was ying low over a residential area.[32] He
told her of the attacks on the World Trade Center. Soon
afterward, the call cut o again.[21]
Security camera footage of Flight 77 hitting the Pentagon. Impact

is at 1:27.[36]
According to the 9/11 Commission Report, as Flight 77

was 5 miles (8.0 km) west-southwest of the Pentagon, it
made a 330-degree turn. At the end of the turn, it was
descending through 2,200 feet (670 m), pointed toward
the Pentagon and downtown Washington. Hani Hanjour
advanced the throttles to maximum power and dived toward the Pentagon. While level above the ground and
seconds from the crash, the wings knocked over ve street
lampposts and the right wing struck a portable generator,
creating a smoke trail seconds before smashing into the
Pentagon.[37][38] Flight 77, ying at 530 mph (853 km/h,
237 m/s, or 460 knots) over the Navy Annex Building adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery,[39] crashed into
the western side of the Pentagon in Arlington County,
Virginia, just south of Washington, D.C., at 09:37:46,
killing all 64 people on board: 59 victims (including six
crewmembers) and the ve perpetrators.[40] The plane hit
the Pentagon at the rst-oor level,[41] and at the moment
of impact, the airplane was rolled slightly to the left, with
the right wing elevated.[42] The front part of the fuselage
disintegrated on impact, while the mid and tail sections
moved for another fraction of a second, with tail section
debris penetrating furthest into the building.[41] In all, the
airplane took eight-tenths of a second to fully penetrate
310 feet (94 m) into the three outermost of the buildings
ve rings[43] and unleashed a reball that rose 200 feet
(61 m) above the building.[41]
An airplane was detected again by Dulles controllers

on radar screens as it approached Washington, turning and descending rapidly. Controllers initially thought
this was a military ghter, due to its high speed and
maneuvering.[34] Reagan Airport controllers asked a At the time of the attacks, approximately 18,000 peopassing Air National Guard Lockheed C-130 Hercules ple worked in the Pentagon, which was 4,000 fewer than
87
The Pentagon, minutes after American Airlines Flight 77 crashed

into it.
Debris from Flight 77 scattered near the Pentagon.
Society sta members were also on board, embarking on

an educational trip west to the Channel Islands National
Marine Sanctuary near Santa Barbara, California.[48] The
fatalities at the Pentagon included 55 military personnel
and 70 civilians.[49] Of those 125 killed, 92 were on the
rst oor, 31 were on the second oor, and two were on
the third.[50] Seven Defense Intelligence Agency employees were killed while the Oce of the Secretary of Defense lost one contractor. The Army suered 75 fatalities 53 civilians (47 employees and six contractors)
and 22 soldiers while the Navy suered 42 fatalities
nine civilians (six employees and three contractors)
and 33 sailors.[51] Lieutenant General Timothy Maude, an
Army Deputy Chief of Sta, was the highest-ranking military ocer killed at the Pentagon; also killed was retired
Rear Admiral Wilson Flagg, a passenger on the plane.[52]
LT Mari-Rae Sopper, JAGC, USNR, was also on board
the ight, and was the rst Navy Judge Advocate ever to
be killed.[53] Another 106 were injured on the ground and
were treated at area hospitals.[50]
Pentagon re with police and EMS in the foreground.
On the side where the plane hit, the Pentagon is bordered

by Interstate 395 and Washington Boulevard. Motorist
Mary Lyman, who was on I-395, saw the airplane pass
over at a steep angle toward the ground and going fast
and then saw the cloud of smoke from the Pentagon.[55]
Omar Campo, another witness, was cutting the grass on
the other side of the road when the airplane ew over his
head.
before renovations began in 1998.[44] The section of the

I was cutting the grass and it came in
Pentagon, which had recently been renovated at a cost of
screaming over my head. I felt the impact. The
$250 million,[45] housed the Naval Command Center[46]
whole ground shook and the whole area was full
and other Pentagon oces, as well as some unoccupied
of re. I could never imagine I would see anyoces. The crash and subsequent re penetrated three
thing like that here.[56]
outer ring sections of the western side. The outermost
ring section was largely destroyed, and a large section col- Afework Hagos, a computer programmer, was on his way
lapsed.
to work and stuck in a trac jam near the Pentagon when
In all, there were 189 deaths at the Pentagon site, includ- the airplane ew over. There was a huge screaming noise
ing the 125 in the Pentagon building in addition to the and I got out of the car as the plane came over. Every64 on board the aircraft. Passenger Barbara Olson was body was running away in dierent directions. It was tilten route to a taping of Politically Incorrect.[47] A group ing its wings up and down like it was trying to balance. It
of children, their chaperones, and National Geographic hit some lampposts on the way in.[56] Daryl Donley wit-
88
nessed the crash and took some of the rst photographs 4.3.3 Rescue and recovery
of the site.[57]
Rescue eorts began immediately after the crash. Almost all the successful rescues of survivors occurred
within half an hour of the impact.[63] Initially, rescue
eorts were led by the military and civilian employees
within the building. Within minutes, the rst re companies arrived and found these volunteers searching near
the impact site. The remen ordered them to leave as
they were not properly equipped or trained to deal with
the hazards.[63] The Arlington County Fire Department
(ACFD) assumed command of the immediate rescue
operation within 10 minutes of the crash. ACFD Assistant Chief James Schwartz implemented an incident
command system (ICS) to coordinate response eorts
among multiple agencies.[64] It took about an hour for
The collapsed area and subsequent re damage.
the ICS structure to become fully operational.[65] Fireghters from Fort Myer and Reagan National Airport ar[66][67]
Rescue and reghting efUSA Today reporter Mike Walter was driving on Wash- rived within minutes.
ington Boulevard when he witnessed the crash, which he forts were impeded by rumors of additional incoming
planes. Chief Schwartz ordered two evacuations during
recounted,
the day in response to these rumors.[68]
I looked out my window and I saw this
plane, this jet, an American Airlines jet, coming. And I thought, 'This doesn't add up, its
really low.' And I saw it. I mean it was like a
cruise missile with wings. It went right there
and slammed right into the Pentagon.[58]
Terrance Kean, who lived in a nearby apartment building, heard the noise of loud jet engines, glanced out
his window, and saw a very, very large passenger jet.
He watched it just plow right into the side of the Pentagon. The nose penetrated into the portico. And then
it sort of disappeared, and there was re and smoke
everywhere.[59] Tim Timmerman, who is a pilot himself,
noticed American Airlines markings on the aircraft as he
saw it hit the Pentagon.[60] Other drivers on Washington
Boulevard, Interstate 395, and Columbia Pike witnessed
the crash, as did people in Pentagon City, Crystal City,
and other nearby locations.[55]
Former Georgetown University basketball coach John
Thompson had originally booked a ticket on Flight 77.
As he would tell the story many times in the following
years, including a September 12, 2011 interview on Jim
Romes radio show, he had been scheduled to appear on
that show on September 12, 2001. Thompson was planning to be in Las Vegas for a friends birthday on September 13, and initially insisted on traveling to Romes Los
Angeles studio on the 11th. However, this did not work
for the show, which wanted him to travel on the day of the
show. After a Rome staer personally assured Thompson
that he would be able to travel from Los Angeles to Las
Vegas immediately after the show, Thompson changed
his travel plans. He felt the impact from the crash at his
home near the Pentagon.[61]
Injured victim of the 9/11 attack on the Pentagon Building being

loaded into an ambulance.
As reghters attempted to extinguish the res, they

watched the building in fear of a structural collapse. One
reghter remarked that they pretty much knew the
building was going to collapse because it started making
weird sounds and creaking.[68] Ocials saw a cornice of
the building move and ordered an evacuation. Minutes
later, at 10:10, the upper oors of the damaged area of
the Pentagon collapsed.[68] The collapsed area was about
95 feet (29 m) at its widest point and 50 feet (15 m)
at its deepest.[68] The amount of time between impact
and collapse allowed everyone on the fourth and fth levels to evacuate safely before the structure collapsed.[69]
After the collapse, the interior res intensied, spreading through all ve oors.[70] After 11:00, reghters
mounted a two-pronged attack against the res. Ocials estimated temperatures of up to 2,000 F (1,090
C).[70] While progress was made against the interior res
by late afternoon, reghters realized a ammable layer
of wood under the Pentagons slate roof had caught re

and begun to spread.[71] Typical reghting tactics were
rendered useless by the reinforced structure as reghters were unable to reach the re to extinguish it.[71] Fireghters instead made rebreaks in the roof on September
12 to prevent further spreading. At 18:00 on the 12th,
Arlington County issued a press release stating the re
was controlled but not fully extinguished. Fireghters continued to put out smaller res that ignited in the
succeeding days.[71]
Various pieces of aircraft debris were found within the
wreckage at the Pentagon. While on re and escaping from the Navy Command Center, Lt. Kevin Shaeer observed a chunk of the aircrafts nose cone and
the nose landing gear in the service road between rings
B and C.[72] Early in the morning on Friday, September 14, Fairfax County Urban Search and Rescue Team
members Carlton Burkhammer and Brian Moravitz came
across an intact seat from the planes cockpit,[73] while
paramedics and reghters located the two black boxes
near the punch out hole in the A-E drive,[74] nearly
300 feet (91 m) into the building.[42] The cockpit voice
recorder was too badly damaged and charred to retrieve any information,[75] though the ight data recorder
yielded useful information.[40] Investigators also found a
part of Nawaf al-Hazmis drivers license in the North
Parking Lot rubble pile.[76] Personal eects belonging to
victims were found and taken to Fort Myer.[77]
Remains
89
Command Center after the attacks, remarked that there
were so many bodies, I'd almost step on them. So I'd
have to really take care to look backwards as I'm backing up in the dark, looking with a ashlight, making sure
I'm not stepping on somebody.[82] Debris from the Pentagon was taken to the Pentagons north parking lot for
more detailed search for remains and evidence.[83]
Remains that were recovered from the Pentagon were
photographed, and turned over to the Armed Forces
Medical Examiner oce, located at Dover Air Force
Base in Delaware. The medical examiners oce
was able to identify remains belonging to 179 of the
victims.[84] Investigators eventually identied 184 of the
189 people who died in the attack.[85] The remains of
the ve hijackers were identied through a process of
elimination, and were turned over as evidence to the
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).[86] On September
21, the ACFD relinquished control of the crime scene
to the FBI. The Washington Field Oce, National Capital Response Squad (NCRS), and the Joint Terrorism
Task Force (JTTF) led the crime scene investigation at
the Pentagon.[67]
By October 2, 2001, the search for evidence and remains was complete and the site was turned over to Pentagon ocials.[83] In 2002, the remains of 25 victims were
buried collectively at Arlington National Cemetery, with
a ve-sided granite marker inscribed with the names of all
the victims in the Pentagon.[87] The ceremony also honored the ve victims whose remains were never found.[87]
Flight Data Recorder and Cockpit Voice Recorder
Diagram of body fragments found in the Pentagon.
Army engineers determined by 5:30 p.m. on the rst

day that no one remained alive in the damaged section
of the building.[78] In the days after the crash, news reports emerged that up to 800 people had died.[79] Army
troops from Fort Belvoir were the rst teams to survey the interior of the crash site and noted the presence
of human remains.[80] Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA) Urban Search and Rescue teams, including Fairfax County Urban Search and Rescue assisted
the search for remains, working through the National Interagency Incident Management System (NIIMS).[80][81]
Kevin Rimrodt, a Navy photographer surveying the Navy
A photograph of the cockpit voice recorder from American Airlines Flight 77, as used in an exhibit at the Moussaoui trial
At around 3:40 a.m on September 14, a paramedic and

a reghter who were searching through the debris of
the impact site found two dark boxes, about 1.5 feet (46
cm) by 2 feet (61 cm) long. They called for an FBI
agent, who in turn called for someone from the National
90
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). The NTSB employee conrmed that these were the ight recorders
(black boxes) from American Airlines Flight 77.[88]
Dick Bridges, deputy manager for Arlington County, Virginia, said the cockpit voice recorder that used magnetic
tape was damaged on the outside and the ight data
recorder that used a solid-state drive was charred. Bridges
said the recorders were found right where the plane came
into the building.[89]
The cockpit voice recorder that used magnetic tape was
transported to the NTSB lab in Washington, D.C., to see
what data was salvageable. In its report on the cockpit
voice recorder, the NTSB identied the unit as an L-3
Communications, Fairchild Aviation Recorders model A100A cockpit voice recorder; a device which records on
magnetic tape. The NTSB reported that The majority of
the recording tape was fused into a solid block of charred
plastic. No usable segments of tape were found inside
the recorder.[90] All the data from the ight data recorder
that used a solid-state drive was recovered.[91]
Damaged section of the Pentagon under reconstruction.
point of impact.[98] An outdoor memorial, commissioned

by the Pentagon and designed by Julie Beckman and Keith
Kaseman, was completed on schedule for its dedication
on September 11, 2008.[99]
Security camera video
Continuity of operations
At the moment of impact, Secretary of Defense Donald
Rumsfeld was in his oce on the other side of the Pentagon, away from the crash site. He ran to the site and
assisted the injured.[92] Rumsfeld returned to his oce,
and went to a conference room in the Executive Support Center where he joined a secure videoteleconference
with Vice President Dick Cheney and other ocials.[93]
On the day of the attacks, DoD ocials considered moving their command operations to Site R, a backup facility
in Pennsylvania. Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld insisted
he remain at the Pentagon, and sent Deputy Secretary
Paul Wolfowitz to Site R. The National Military Command Center (NMCC) continued to operate at the PenSecond security camera video, impact is at 0:25
tagon, even as smoke entered the facility.[94] Engineers
and building managers manipulated the ventilation and
On May 16, 2006, the Department of Defense released
other building systems that still functioned to draw smoke
lmed footage that was recorded by a security camera of
[95]
out of the NMCC and bring in fresh air.
American Airlines Flight 77 crashing into the Pentagon,
During a press conference held inside the Pentagon at with a plane visible in one frame, as a thin white blur
18:42, Rumsfeld announced, The Pentagons function- and an explosion following.[100] The images were made
ing. It will be in business tomorrow.[96] Pentagon em- public in response to a December 2004 Freedom of Inployees returned the next day to oces in mostly unaf- formation Act request by Judicial Watch.[101] Some still
fected areas of the building. By the end of September, images from the video had previously been released and
more workers returned to the lightly damaged areas of publicly circulated, but this was the rst ocial release
the Pentagon.[83]
of the edited video of the crash.[102]
A nearby Citgo service station also had security cameras,
but a video released on September 15, 2006 did not show
4.3.4 Aftermath
the crash because the camera was pointed away from the
[103][104]
Early estimates on rebuilding the damaged section of crash site.
the Pentagon were that it would take three years to The Doubletree Hotel, located nearby in Crystal City,
complete.[83] However, the project moved forward at an Virginia, also had a security camera video. On Decemaccelerated pace and was completed by the one-year an- ber 4, 2006, the FBI released the video in response to
niversary of the attack.[97] The rebuilt section of the Pen- a FOIA lawsuit led by Scott Bingham. The footage is
tagon includes a small indoor memorial and chapel at the grainy and the focus is soft, but a rapidly growing tower
91
of smoke is visible in the distance on the upper edge of 4.3.5 See also
the frame as the plane crashes into the building.[105]
List of tenants in Two World Trade Center
Memorials
United Airlines Flight 93
4.3.6 References
[1] David W. Chen (2001-09-19). A NATION CHALLENGED: THE SUSPECT - Man Traveled Across U.S.
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[2] Yardley, Jim; Thomas, Jo (June 19, 2002). Traces of
Terror: The F.B.I.; For Agent in Phoenix, the Cause of
Many Frustrations Extended to His Own Oce. The
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[4] Sennott, Charles M (March 3, 2002). Why bin Laden
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May 29, 2008.
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Panel S-74 of the National September 11 Memorial's South
Pool, one of six on which the names of Pentagon victims are
inscribed.[106]
[6] Wright, Lawrence (2006). Chapter 18, Boom"". Looming Tower. Alfred P. Knopf.
[7] Bamford, James; Willis, Scott (February 3, 2009). The
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Rumsfeld and General Richard Myers, Chairman of the [8] The Spy Factory, PBS Frontline episode based on James
Joint Chiefs of Sta, dedicated the Victims of TerrorBamfords book, Shadow Factory Archived April 11,
ist Attack on the Pentagon Memorial at Arlington Na2014 at the Wayback Machine
tional Cemetery.[107] The memorial specically honors
the ve individuals for whom no identiable remains were [9] Goldstein, Amy (September 30, 2001). Hijackers Led
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found.[108] This included Dana Falkenberg, age three,
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[108]
land Their Base; Residents Recall Men as Standosh.
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the Pentagon victims are inscribed on the South Pool, on
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also made a concerted eort to stay in shape. All ve visited the Golds Gym on Greenbelt Road during the rst
week of September
92
[13] Olson, Bradley (September 9, 2006). MD. Was Among

Last Stops For Hijackers; Those Who Recall Encounters
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[27] O'Callaghan, John; Bower, Daniel (February 13, 2002).

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Highlights a Radar Gap; Limited System in One Area
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9, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
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to Rewrite 9/11. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived
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[39] Goldberg et al., p. 14.
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R.; Haynes, Gerald; Phan, Long T.; Sozen, Mete A. (January 2003). The Pentagon Building Performance Report
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Archived July 27, 2013 at the Wayback Machine
4.3.7
95
External links
Subsequent analysis of the ight recorders recovered

from the crash site revealed how the actions taken by the
passengers prevented the aircraft from reaching the hiPicture of Aircraft Pre 9-11
jackers intended target. Of the four aircraft hijacked
Arlington County After-Action Report Arlington on September 11 the others were American Airlines
County Fire Department, July 23, 2002
Flight 11, American Airlines Flight 77 and United Airlines Flight 175 United Airlines Flight 93 was the only
American Airlines site explaining that all aircraft one that did not reach its hijackers intended target.
are accounted for at the Wayback Machine (archived
A temporary memorial has stood on the site since the atSeptember 11, 2001) (September 11, 2001)
tacks; the rst phase of construction of the permanent
American Airlines site with condolences for de- Flight 93 National Memorial at the crash site was dediceased at the Wayback Machine (archived Septem- cated on September 10, 2011.
ber 12, 2001) (September 12, 2001)
4.4.1 Hijackers
4.4 United Airlines Flight 93

Flight 93 and United 93 redirect here. For the
theatrical lm, see United 93 (lm). For other uses, see
Flight 93 (disambiguation).
United Airlines Flight 93 was a domestic scheduled passenger ight that was hijacked by al-Qaeda on
September 11, 2001, as part of the September 11 attacks. It crashed into a eld near the Diamond T. Mine
in Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania, near Indian Lake and Shanksville, during an attempt
by some of the passengers to regain control, killing all 44
people aboard including the four hijackers. No one on the
ground was injured. The aircraft involved, a Boeing 757
222, was ying United Airlines' daily scheduled morning domestic ight from Newark International Airport
in New Jersey to San Francisco International Airport in
California.
The hijackers breached the aircrafts cockpit and overpowered the ight crew approximately 46 minutes after
takeo. Ziad Jarrah, a trained pilot, then took control of
the aircraft and diverted it back toward the east coast of
the United States in the direction of Washington, D.C.
Although the specic target is not known, it is believed
that the hijackers were intending to crash the plane into
either the White House or the Capitol Building.[1]
After the hijackers took control of the plane, several passengers and ight attendants were able to make phone
calls and learn that attacks had already been made by
other hijacked airliners on the World Trade Center in
New York City and the Pentagon in Arlington County,
Virginia. Some of the passengers then fought the hijackers in an attempt to gain control of the aircraft.
During the attempt the plane crashed into a reclaimed
strip mine in Stonycreek Township, near Indian Lake and
Shanksville in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, about 65
miles (105 km) southeast of Pittsburgh and 130 miles
(210 km) northwest of Washington, D.C. A few witnessed the impact from the ground and news agencies began reporting the event within an hour.
An American ag now ies over Gate 17 of Terminal A at

Newark Liberty International Airport, departure gate of United
93.
The hijacking of Flight 93 was led by Ziad Jarrah, a

member of al-Qaeda.[2] Jarrah was born in Lebanon to
a wealthy family and had a secular upbringing.[3] He
intended to become a pilot and moved to Germany in
1996, enrolling at the University of Greifswald to study
German.[4] A year later, he moved to Hamburg and began
studying aeronautical engineering at Hamburg University
of Applied Sciences.[5] While living in Hamburg, Jarrah
became a devout Muslim and associated with the radical
Hamburg cell.[5][6]
In November 1999, Jarrah left Hamburg for Afghanistan,
where he spent three months.[7] While there, he met with
al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden in January 2000.[8] Jarrah returned to Hamburg at the end of January and obtained a clean passport in February by reporting his passport as stolen.[9][10]
In May, Jarrah received a visa from the U.S. Embassy in
Berlin,[11] and he arrived in Florida in June 2000. There,
he began taking ying lessons as well as training in handto-hand combat.[12][13] Jarrah maintained contact with his
girlfriend in Germany and his family in the months preceding the attacks.[14] This close contact upset Mohamed
Atta, the tactical leader of the plot, and al-Qaeda planners
96
may have considered another operative, Zacarias Mous- Boarding

saoui, to replace him if he backed out.[15]
Four muscle hijackers were trained to storm the cockpit and overpower the crew, and three accompanied Jarrah on Flight 93. The rst, Ahmed al-Nami, arrived in
Miami, Florida, on May 28, 2001, on a six-month tourist
visa with United Airlines Flight 175 hijackers Hamza
al-Ghamdi and Mohand al-Shehri. The second Flight
93 hijacker, Ahmed al-Haznawi, arrived in Miami on
June 8 with Flight 11 hijacker Wail al-Shehri. The third
Flight 93 muscle hijacker, Saeed al-Ghamdi, arrived in
Orlando, Florida, on June 27 with Flight 175 hijacker
Fayez Banihammad.[12]
The four hijackers checked in for the ight between 07:03

and 07:39 Eastern Time.[24] At 07:03, Ghamdi checked in
without any luggage while Nami checked in two bags.[22]
At 07:24, Haznawi checked in one bag and at 07:39, Jarrah checked in without any luggage. Haznawi was the
only hijacker selected for extra scrutiny by the Computer
Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS).[24]
His checked bag underwent extra screening for explosives, with no extra scrutiny required by CAPPS at the
passenger-security checkpoint.[25] None of the security
checkpoint personnel reported anything unusual about
the hijackers.[22][26]
On August 3, 2001, an intended fth hijacker,

Mohammed al-Qahtani, ew into Orlando from Dubai.
He was questioned by ocials, who were dubious that
he could support himself with only $2,800 cash to his
name, and suspicious that he intended to become an
illegal immigrant as he was using a one-way ticket. He
was sent back to Dubai, and subsequently returned to Haznawi and Ghamdi boarded the aircraft at 07:39 and
sat in rst class seats 6B and 3D respectively. Nami
Saudi Arabia.[16]
boarded one minute later and sat in rst class seat 3C. JarZiad Jarrah and Saeed al-Ghamdis passports were recov- rah boarded at 07:48 and sat in seat 1B.[22][24] The aircraft
ered from the Flight 93 crash site.[17] Jarrahs family as- was scheduled to depart at 08:00 and pushed back from
serted that he had been an innocent passenger on board gate A17 at 08:01.[27] It remained delayed on the ground
the ight.[18]
and did not take o until 08:42 because of heavy airport
congestion, just four minutes before American Airlines
Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower.[28] The three
other hijacked ights all departed within fteen min4.4.2 Flight
utes of their scheduled times. By the time Flight 93 became airborne, Flight 11 was four minutes away from hitting the North Tower and Flight 175 was being hijacked;
Flight 77 was climbing normally and was nine minutes
away from being hijacked.[29] By 09:02, one minute before United Airlines Flight 175 hit the South Tower,
the aircraft reached its cruising altitude of 35,000 feet
(11,000 m).[20] With the attacks unfolding, air trac ofcials began issuing warnings through the Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS).
Ed Ballinger, the United ight dispatcher, began sending
text cockpit warnings to United Airlines ights at 09:19,
17 minutes after he became aware of the second World
Trade Center impact by Flight 175.[22] As Ballinger was
responsible for multiple ights, he did not send the message to Flight 93 until 09:23, around 20 minutes afN591UA taxiing on September 8, 2001, three days before it was
ter United 175s impact. Ballinger received a routine
hijacked.
ACARS message from Flight 93 at 09:21.[22] At 09:22,
after learning of the events at the World Trade Center,
The aircraft involved in the hijacking was a Boeing 757 LeRoy Homers wife, Melody Homer, had an ACARS
222, registration N591UA,[19] delivered to the airline in message sent to her husband in the cockpit asking if
1996.[20][21] The airplane had a capacity of 182 passen- he was okay.[30] At 09:24, Flight 93 received Ballingers
gers; the September 11 ight carried 37 passengers and ACARS warning, Beware any cockpit intrusiontwo
seven crew, a load factor of 20 percent, considerably a/c [aircraft] hit World Trade Center.[31] At 09:26, the
below the 52 percent average Tuesday load factor for pilot sent an ACARS message back, Ed, conrm latFlight 93.[22] The seven crew members were Captain Ja- est mssg plz Jason.[31] At 09:27:25, the ight crew
son Dahl, First Ocer LeRoy Homer, Jr., and ight at- responded to routine radio trac from air trac contendants Lorraine Bay, Sandra Bradshaw, Wanda Green, trollers. This was the last communication made by the
CeeCee Lyles and Deborah Welsh.[23]
ight crew before the hijacking.[32]

Hijacking
The hijacking on Flight 93 began at 09:28.[33] By this
time, Flights 11 and 175 had already crashed into the
World Trade Center and Flight 77 was within 9 minutes
of striking the Pentagon. The hijackers on those ights
had waited no more than 30 minutes to commandeer the
aircraft, most likely striking after the seat-belt sign had
been turned o and cabin service had begun.[22] It is unknown why the hijackers on Flight 93 waited approximately 46 minutes to begin their assault. The ight suddenly dropped 685 feet (209 m) in half a minute.[22] At
09:28:17, Captain Jason Dahl began shouting, "Mayday!
Mayday! Mayday!" over the radio amidst sounds of
violence.[34] A Cleveland Air Trac Controller replied,
Somebody call Cleveland?" but received no reply.[22]
Thirty-ve seconds after the rst Mayday call, the crew
made another transmission. Someone in the cockpit
shouted, Mayday! Get out of here! Get out of here!"[34]
The exact time at which Flight 93 came under the hijackers control cannot be determined. Ocials believe that
at 9:28, the hijackers assaulted the cockpit and moved
the passengers to the rear of the plane at the same time
to minimize any chance of either the crew or the passengers interfering with the attack.[22] While the other hijacked ights were taken by ve-man teams, Flight 93
had only four hijackers, leading to speculation of a possible 20th hijacker. The 9/11 Commission believes that
Mohammed al-Qahtani was the likely candidate for this
role, but was unable to participate as he had been denied entry into the United States one month earlier.[24]
With many passengers saying in phone calls that they
saw only three hijackers, the 9/11 Commission believes
Jarrah remained seated until the crew were overpowered
and then took over the ight controls out of sight of the
passengers.[24]
The ight recordings suggest that Dahl was still alive on
the oor of the cockpit after the hijackers took over the
plane, as sounds of moaning can be heard and the hijackers were rebuking someone in the cockpit. Dahls wife
believes that Dahl took actions to interfere with the hijackers, including putting the plane on autopilot just before the hijackers took over the plane, and rerouting the
planes radio frequency so that Jarrahs attempts to communicate with the passengers were instead transmitted to
air trac controllers.[35]
The cockpit voice recorder began recording the nal 30
minutes of Flight 93 at 09:31:57.[36] At this moment,
it recorded Jarrah announcing, Ladies and gentlemen:
here the captain. Please sit down, keep remaining seating. We have a bomb on board. So sit.[37] The controller understood the transmission, but chose to respond,
Calling Cleveland center, you're unreadable. Say again,
slowly.[38] A woman, presumably rst-class ight attendant Debbie Welsh, is heard struggling with the hijackers
before being killed or otherwise silenced, followed by one
of the hijackers saying in Arabic, Everything is ne. I
97
nished.[39]
Jarrah instructed the autopilot to turn the plane and head
east at 09:35:09.[40] The aircraft ascended to 40,700 feet
(12,400 m) and air trac controllers immediately moved
several aircraft out of Flight 93s ightpath.[38]
At 9:39, two minutes after Flight 77 impacted the Pentagon, air trac controllers overheard Jarrah say, Heres
the captain: I would like to tell you all to remain seated.
We have a bomb aboard, and we are going back to the
airport, and we have our demands. So please remain
quiet.[36][41] Air trac controllers did not hear from the
ight again. Passengers and crew began making phone
calls to ocials and family members starting at 09:30 using GTE airphones and mobile phones. Altogether, the
passengers and crew made 35 airphone calls and two cell
phone calls from the ight.[42] Ten passengers and two
crew members were able to successfully connect, providing information to family, friends, and others on the
ground.[24] Tom Burnett made several phone calls to his
wife beginning at 09:30:32 from rows 24 and 25, though
he was assigned a seat in row four.[34][43] Burnett explained that the plane had been hijacked by men claiming
to have a bomb. He also said that a passenger had been
stabbed with a knife and that he believed the bomb threat
was a ruse to control the passengers.[43] During one of
Tom Burnetts calls, his wife informed him of the attacks
on the World Trade Center and he replied that the hijackers were talking about crashing this plane. ... Oh
my God. Its a suicide mission. He began pumping her
for information about the attacks, interrupting her from
time to time to tell the others nearby what she was saying. Then he hung up.[44] He ended his last call by saying,
Don't worry, we're going to do something.[44][45] An
unknown ight attendant attempted to contact the United
Airlines maintenance facility at 09:32:29. The call lasted
95 seconds, but was not received as it may have been
in queue.[22] Flight attendant Sandra Bradshaw called the
maintenance facility at 09:35:40 from row 33.[34] She reported the ight had been hijacked by men with knives
who were in the cabin and ight deck and had stabbed
another ight attendant, possibly Debbie Welsh.[43]
Mark Bingham called his mother at 09:37:03 from row
25. He reported that the plane had been hijacked by three
men who claimed to have a bomb.[47] Jeremy Glick called
his wife at 09:37:41 from row 27 and told her the ight
was hijacked by three dark-skinned men that looked Iranian, wearing red bandanas and wielding knives.[24][43]
Glick remained connected until the end of the ight.[34]
He reported that the passengers voted whether to rush
the hijackers.[22] The United air trac control coordinator for West Coast ights, Alessandro Sandy Rogers,
alerted the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Herndon Command Center in Herndon, Virginia, that Flight
93 was not responding and was o course. A minute
later, the transponder was turned o, but the Cleveland
controller continued to monitor the ight on primary
radar.[38] The Herndon Center relayed information on
98
Flight 93 to FAA headquarters. Joseph DeLuca called his
father at 09:43:03 from row 26 to inform him the ight
had been hijacked.[22] Todd Beamer attempted to call his
wife from row 32 at 09:43:48, but was routed to GTE
phone operator Lisa D. Jeerson.[43] Beamer told the operator that the ight was hijacked and the pilots were on
the oor dead or dying. He said one of the hijackers had
a red belt with what looked to be a bomb strapped to
his waist.[48] A United employee in San Francisco, California, sent an ACARS message to the ight at 09:46,
Heard report of incident. Plz conrm all is normal.[22]
Linda Gronlund called her sister, Elsa Strong, at 09:46:05
and left her a message saying there were men with a
bomb.[49]
Flight attendant CeeCee Lyles called her husband at
09:47:57 and left him a message saying the plane had
been hijacked.[34] Marion Britton called her friend, Fred
Fiumano, at 09:49:12. Fiumano recalled, she said,
'We're gonna. They're gonna kill us, you know, We're
gonna die.' And I told her, 'Don't worry, they hijacked
the plane, they're gonna take you for a ride, you go to
their country, and you come back. You stay there for vacation.' You don't know what to saywhat are you gonna
say? I kept on saying the same things, 'Be calm.' And
she was crying andyou knowmore or less crying and
screaming and yelling.[27] Flight attendant Sandra Bradshaw called her husband at 09:50:04 and told him she
was preparing scalding water to throw at the hijackers.[34]
Passenger Lauren Grandcolas called her husband twice,
once before takeo and once during the hijacking. He
missed both of her calls. She then passed her phone
to Honor Elizabeth Wainio.[27] Wainio called her stepmother at 09:53:43 and concluded, four and a half minutes later, by saying, I have to go. They're breaking into
the cockpit. I love you.[50] Jarrah dialed in the VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) frequency for the VOR navigational aid at Reagan National Airport at 9:55:11 to direct the plane toward Washington, D.C.[30] Bradshaw, on
the phone with her husband, said Everyone is running
up to rst class. I've got to go. Bye.[51]
During the hijacking, Flight 93 passed within 1,000 feet
(300 m) (instead of the normal 2,000 feet (610 m)) of a
NASA KC-135 returning from a microgravity ight over
Lake Ontario. NASA pilot Dominic Del Rosso recalled
how odd the silence on the radio was that morning.[52]
Passenger revolt
The passenger revolt on Flight 93 began at 09:57, after the passengers took a vote amongst themselves about
whether to act.[24] By this time, Flight 77 had struck the
Pentagon and Flights 11 and 175 had struck the World
Trade Center towers. As the revolt began and the hijackers started maneuvering the plane around violently, the
plane went o of its Washington, D.C. course.[24] The
hijackers in the cockpit became aware of the revolt at
09:57:55, exclaiming, Is there something? A ght?"[36]

Edward Felt dialed 9-1-1 from his cell phone from the
lavatory of the aircraft seeking information.[34] His call
was answered by dispatcher John Shaw, and Felt was
able to tell him about the hijacking before the call was
disconnected.[54] Multiple news reports (originally based
on a 911 supervisors account after having overheard the
call) asserted that Edward Felt reported hearing an explosion and seeing smoke from an undetermined location on
the plane.[55][56] These reports were not corroborated by
Shaw or Felts wife, Sandra, who listened to the recording
afterwards.[57]
CeeCee Lyles called her husband once more from a cell
phone and told him the passengers were forcing their way
into the cockpit.[22] Jarrah began to roll the airplane left
and right to knock the passengers o balance. He told
another hijacker in the cockpit at 9:58:57, They want to
get in here. Hold, hold from the inside. Hold from the inside. Hold.[36] Jarrah changed tactics at 9:59:52, exactly
when the South Tower began to collapse, and pitched the
nose of the airplane up and down to disrupt the assault.[24]
The cockpit voice recorder captured the sounds of crashing, screaming, and the shattering of glass and plates.[58]
Jarrah stabilized the plane at 10:00:03.[24] Five seconds
later, he asked, Is that it? Shall we nish it o?" Another
hijacker responded, No. Not yet. When they all come,
we nish it o.[36] Jarrah once again pitched the airplane
up and down. A passenger in the background cried, In
the cockpit. If we don't, we'll die at 10:00:25. Sixteen
seconds later, another passenger yelled, Roll it!", possibly referring to using the food cart. The voice recorder
did record the sound of the passengers using the food
cart as a battering ram against the cockpit door.[24] Jarrah ceased the violent maneuvers at 10:01:00 and recited
the takbir several times. He then asked another hijacker,
Is that it? I mean, shall we put it down?" The other hijacker responded, Yes, put it in it, and pull it down.[24]
Nevertheless, the passengers continued their assault and
at 10:02:17, a male passenger said, Turn it up!" A second later, a hijacker said, Pull it down! Pull it down!"
At 10:02:33, another hijacker (or possibly the same) was
heard to plead, Hey! Hey! Give it to me. Give it to
me. Give it to me. Give it to me. Give it to me. Give
it to me. Give it to me. Give it to me.[59] The airplane
plummeted into a nosedive with the yoke turned hard to
the right. The airplane rolled upside down, and one of
the hijackers began shouting the takbir. Amidst the continued sounds of the passenger counterattack, the aircraft
picked up speed, whooshing and shrieking picked up on
the recorder, and then nally plowed into an empty eld in
Stonycreek, Pennsylvania, about 20 minutes ying time
from Washington, D.C.[24] The last entry on the voice
recorder was made at 10:03:09.[36] The last piece of ight
data was recorded at 10:03:10.[60] The 9/11 Commission
Report concluded that the hijackers remained at the controls but must have judged that the passengers were only
seconds from overcoming them.[24] However, many of
the passengers family members, having heard the au-

dio recordings, believe that the passengers breached the
cockpit[61] and killed at least one of the hijackers guarding
the cockpit door; some interpreted the audio as suggesting that both the passengers and hijackers struggled for
control of the yoke.[62][63]
Crash
99
she heard the plane. She saw it briey, then heard the impact. The crash knocked out the electricity and phones.
McClatchey grabbed her camera and took the only known
picture of the smoke cloud from the explosion.[76][77] Ten
years after 9/11, a video of the rising smoke cloud lmed
by Dave Berkebile (deceased by 2011) from his yard located eight miles away from the crash site was published
on YouTube.[78][79]
The rst responders arrived at the crash site after
10:06.[53] Cleveland Center controllers, unaware the
ight had crashed, notied the Northeast Air Defense
Sector (NEADS) at 10:07 that Flight 93 had a bomb on
board and passed the last known position. This call was
the rst time the military was notied about the ight.[22]
Ballinger sent one nal ACARS message to Flight 93
at 10:10, Don't divert to DC. Not an option. He repeated the message one minute later. The Herndon Command Center alerted FAA headquarters that Flight 93 had
crashed at 10:13.[22] NEADS called the Washington Air
Route Trac Control Center for an update on Flight 93
and received notication that the ight had crashed.[80]
Flight 93 crash site
At 10:37, CNN correspondent Aaron Brown, covering

the collapse of the World Trade Center, announced, We
are getting reports and we are getting lots of reports and
we want to be careful to tell you when we have conrmed them and not, but we have a report that a 747 is
down in Pennsylvania, and that remains unconrmed at
this point.[81] He followed that up at 10:49 by reporting
that, We have a report now that a large plane crashed this
morning, north of the Somerset County Airport, which is
in western Pennsylvania, not too terribly far from Pittsburgh, about 80 miles or so, a Boeing 767 jet. Don't know
whose airline it was, whose airplane it was, and we don't
have any details beyond that which I have just given you.
In the confusion, he also erroneously reported a second
hijacked plane heading for the Pentagon after the crash
of the rst.[82]
At 10:03:11, near Indian Lake and Shanksville, Pennsylvania, the plane crashed into a eld near a reclaimed
coal strip mine known as the Diamond T. Mine owned
by PBS Coals in Stonycreek Township in Somerset
County.[64] The National Transportation Safety Board reported that the ight impacted at 563 mph (906 km/h,
252 m/s, or 489 knots) at a 40-degree nose-down, inverted attitude.[20] The impact left a crater eight to ten feet
deep (c. 3 m), and 30 to 50 feet wide (c. 12 m).[65] All
44 people on board died.[66] Many media reports and eyewitness accounts said the time of the crash was 10:06 or
10:10;[67][68][69] an initial analysis of seismographic data
in the area concluded that the crash occurred at 10:06,[70]
but the 9/11 Commission report states that this analysis
was not denitive and was retracted.[71] Other media outlets and the 9/11 Commission reported the time of im4.4.3 Aftermath
pact as 10:03,[72][73] based on when the ight recorders
stopped, analysis of radar data, infrared satellite data, and Further information: Reactions to the September 11 atair trac control transmissions.[24]
tacks
Kelly Leverknight, a local resident, was watching news Flight 93 fragmented violently upon impact. Most of the
of the attacks when she heard the plane. I heard the aircraft wreckage was found near the impact crater.[83]
plane going over and I went out the front door and I saw Investigators found some very light debris including pathe plane going down. It was headed toward the school, per and nylon scattered up to eight miles (13 km) from the
which panicked me, because all three of my kids were impact point in New Baltimore, Pennsylvania.[84] Other
there. Then you heard the explosion and felt the blast tiny aircraft fragments were found 1.5 miles (2.4 km)
and saw the re and smoke.[74] Another witness, Eric away at Indian Lake, Pennsylvania.[85] All human remains
Peterson, looked up when he heard the plane, It was were found within a 70-acre (28 ha) area surrounding the
low enough, I thought you could probably count the riv- impact point.[85] Somerset County Coroner Wally Miller
ets. You could see more of the roof of the plane than was involved in the investigation and identication of
you could the belly. It was on its side. There was a the remains. In examining the wreckage, the only hugreat explosion and you could see the ames. It was a man body part he could see was part of a backbone.[86]
massive, massive explosion. Flames and then smoke and Miller later found and identied 1,500 pieces of human
then a massive, massive mushroom cloud.[75] Val Mc- remains totaling about 600 pounds (272 kg), or eight perClatchey had been watching footage of the attacks when cent of the total.[87] The rest of the remains were con-
100
Piece of fuselage found at crash site

DNA recovery at the crash site.
April 12, 2006.[101]
One of the engines unearthed
sumed by the impact.[88] Investigators identied four victims by September 22 and eleven by September 24.[89][90]
They identied another by September 29.[91] Thirty-four
passengers were identied by October 27.[92] All the people on board the ight were identied by December 21.
Human remains were so fragmented that investigators
could not determine whether any victims were dead before the plane crashed. Death certicates for the 40 victims listed the cause of death as homicide and listed the
cause of death for the four hijackers as suicide.[93] The remains and personal eects of the victims were returned
to the families.[94] The remains of the hijackers, identied by the process of elimination, were turned over to the
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) as evidence.[95]
First Lady Michelle Obama and Former First Lady Laura Bush
survey the site of the Flight 93 airplane crash in Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania, September 11, 2010.
Since it never reached a target, the exact place intended to be hit by Flight 93 has never been decisively
conrmed.[102] Before the attacks, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Osama bin Laden, and Mohammed Atef developed a list of potential targets.[9] Bin Laden wanted to
destroy the White House and the Pentagon. Sheikh Mohammed wanted to strike the World Trade Center and
all three wanted to hit the Capitol. No one else was involved in the initial selection of targets.[9] Bin Laden told
9/11 planner Ramzi bin al-Shibh to advise Mohamed Atta
that he preferred the White House over the Capitol as a
target.[103] Atta cautioned bin al-Shibh that this would be
dicult, but agreed to include the White House as a possible target and suggested they keep the Capitol as an alternative in case the White House proved too dicult.
Eventually, Atta told bin al-Shibh that Jarrah planned to
hit the Capitol.[103] Atta briey mentioned the possibility
of striking a nuclear facility, but balked after the other
attack pilots voiced their opposition.[103] Based on an exchange between Atta and bin al-Shibh two days before the
attacks, the White House would be the primary target for
the fourth plane and the Capitol the secondary target.[30]
Investigators also found a knife concealed in a cigarette

lighter.[96] They located the ight data recorder on
September 13 and the cockpit voice recorder the following day.[97][98] The voice recorder was found buried
25 feet (8 m) below the crater. The FBI initially refused to release the voice recording, rejecting requests
by Congresswoman Ellen Tauscher and family members
of those on board.[99] The FBI subsequently allowed the
relatives of the Flight 93 victims to listen to the recording in a closed session on April 18, 2002.[100] Jurors for
the Zacarias Moussaoui trial heard the tape as part of the Immediately after the attacks, there was speculation that
proceedings and the transcript was publicly released on Camp David was the intended target.[104] According to
101
activation was a mistake and said the numbers were inadvertently reinstated, and would not be reactivated.[114]
Fighter jet response
Debris of Flight 93 found at crash site. The United Airlines Battleship Gray livery used on the aircraft is clearly visible.
A ghter pilot based at Andrews Air Force base, Billy

Hutchinson, claims that while in the air he spotted Flight
93 on his scope and planned to rst re his training rounds
into the engine and cockpit, and then ram the airplane
with his own jet.[117][118] His account was published in
Lynn Spencers book Touching History. John Farmer,
Senior Counsel to the 9/11 commission, pointed out that
this account would have been impossible, as Hutchinsons
Air Andrews Squadron wasn't in the air until 10:38, almost 30 minutes after Flight 93 had crashed.[117] When
the 9/11 commission asked Hutchinson why he gave this
false claim he stormed out of the room and refused to give
an answer.[117]
testimony by captured al-Qaeda member Abu Zubaydah, U.S. ocials believed the White House was the
intended target.[105] A post-9/11 interview with Sheikh
Mohammed and bin al-Shibh by Al Jazeera reporter
Yosri Fouda revealed that Flight 93 was headed for the
Capitol.[106] The 9/11 Commission Report cited the actions of the crew and passengers in preventing the destruction of either the White House or the Capitol.[24] According to further testimony by Sheikh Mohammed, bin
Laden preferred the Capitol over the White House as a
target and Sheikh Mohammed revealed that the interview
to Fouda was a lie to make the 9/11 attacks seem larger
than they were.[30] Salim Hamdan, bin Ladens driver,
told interrogators that he knew the ight was headed for
the Capitol.[107]
Two F-16 ghter jets from the 121st Fighter Squadron of

the D.C. Air National Guard were scrambled and ordered
to intercept Flight 93; the pilots intended to ram it since
they did not have time to arm the jets.[119] They never
reached Flight 93 and did not learn of its crash until hours
afterwards.[120]
In keeping with standard airline practice after disasters,

the ight number 93 was discontinued by United Airlines after the hijacking. United has many nonstops from
Newark to San Francisco. As of 2013, there is still an
8:00 A.M. ight from Newark to San Francisco, but is
now Flight 497 using an Airbus A320. It was reported in
May 2011 that United was reactivating ight numbers 93
and 175 as a codeshare operated by Continental, sparking an outcry from some in the media and the labor union
representing United pilots.[114][115][116] United said the re-
Flight 93 National Memorial Advisory Commission responsible for making design recommendations for a permanent memorial.[126] A national design competition was
held to create a public memorial in the Pennsylvania eld
where Flight 93 crashed. The winning design, Crescent
of Embrace, was selected out of a pool of 1,011 submissions on September 7, 2005.[127] The site plan features a large crescent pathway with red maples and sugar
maples planted along the outer arc.[128] This design ran
into opposition over funding, size, and appearance. Re-
The North American Aerospace Defense Command

(NORAD) insisted to the 9/11 Commission that ghters would have intercepted Flight 93 before it reached
its target in Washington, D.C., but the commission disagreed, stating that NORAD did not even know the plane
was hijacked until after it had crashed and concluding
that had it not crashed it probably would have arrived in
Washington by 10:23.[9][121] The 9/11 Commission Report stated that NEADS ghters pursued Delta Air Lines
[24]
All passengers and crew on board Flight 93 were nom- Flight 1989, a ight thought to be hijacked. The cominated for the Congressional Gold Medal on Septem- mission found that NORAD and the FAA gave inaccurate
[122]
ber 19, 2001.[108] Congressman Bill Shuster introduced testimony.
a bill to this eect in 2006,[109] and they were granted on
September 11, 2014.[110]
Memorials
Beamers nal words, "lets roll", became a national
catchphrase.[50] The Port Authority of New York and Main article: Flight 93 National Memorial
New Jersey changed the name of Newarks airport from A temporary memorial formed from spontaneous tribNewark International Airport to Newark Liberty Inter- utes left by visitors in the days after the attacks at the
national Airport and a ag now ies over Terminal As crash site.[124] Foundations across the country began to
Gate A17.[111] Flight 93 has been the subject of various raise money to fund a memorial to the victims within a
lms and documentaries including The Flight That Fought month of the crash.[125]
Back, Flight 93, and the feature lm United 93.[112][113]
Two years after the attacks, federal ocials formed the
102

sign has also attracted critics who see Islamic symbolism
in the crescent design.[131] An important milestone was
announced August 31, 2009, marking an agreement between the landowners and the National Park Service to
allow the purchase of land for around 9.5 million dollars.
The memorial was dedicated on September 10, 2011, the
day before the 10th anniversary of the crash of Flight 93.
On August 9, 2007, a portion of U.S. 219 in Somerset
County, near the Flight 93 National Memorial, was cosigned as the Flight 93 Memorial Highway.[132]
At the National September 11 Memorial, the names of
the 40 victims of Flight 93 are inscribed on Panels S-67
and S-68 at the South Pool.[133]
4.4.4 See also

United 93 (lm)
Flight 93 (TV lm)
The Flight That Fought Back (TV lm)
4.4.5 References
States. 2004. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
[2] Kennedy, Helen (September 10, 2002). Hijack Plot
Bared On Al Qaeda Video. Daily News. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
One of several monuments at the temporary memorial.
[3] Yardley, Jonathan (May 1, 2005). The 9/11 Hijackers.

The Washington Post. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
[4] The Story of Ziad Jarrah. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. January 19, 2005. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
[5] Hamburg cell reveals details. CNN. September 18,
[6] Freedberg, Sydney P (October 14, 2001). He seemed
like such a nice boy. St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved
August 24, 2008.
[7] Fouda, Yosri and Nick Fielding (2003). Masterminds of
Terror: The Truth Behind the Most Devastating Terrorist
Attack. Arcane Publishing. p. 128.
Panel S-68 of the National September 11 Memorial's South Pool,

one of two panels that bear the names of United 93s crew and
passengers.[123]
publican Congressman Charles H. Taylor blocked $10

million in federal funds toward the project as he saw it as
unrealistic.[129] Republican Congressional leaders later
persuaded him to acquiesce to political pressure and began approving some federal funds.[130] The proposed de-
[8] Popkin, Jim (October 1, 2006). Video showing Atta,

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[11] George Tenets al-Qaida testimony. The Guardian

(UK). October 18, 2002. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
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[13] Candiotti, Susann (September 19, 2001). FBI returns
to suspected hijackers gym. CNN. Retrieved July 19,
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[14] Locy, Toni (April 22, 2005). Al-Qaedas Moussaoui
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[15] Savage, Charlie (June 17, 2004). 9/11 Panel Says Plot
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[17] Seventh Public Hearing Monday, January 26, 2004.
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[18] Sadler, Brent (September 17, 2001). Uncle calls hijack
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[19] FAA Registry. Federal Aviation Administration.
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[21] Hijacking description. Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
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Nation Challenged: The Tapes; 'We Have Some Planes,'
Hijacker Said on Sept. 11. The New York Times. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
[30] Notes. 9/11 Commission Report. National Commission
on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
[31] Flight 93 hijacker: 'Shall we nish it o?'". CNN. July
23, 2004. Retrieved June 23, 2008.
[32] Air Trac Control Recording (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. December 21, 2001. Retrieved
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[33] Stout, David (April 12, 2006). Recording From Flight 93
Played at Trial. The New York Times. Retrieved August
24, 2008.
[34] Summary of Flight 93. United States District Court for
the Eastern District of Virginia. Retrieved June 23, 2008.
[35] Flight 93 Pilots Wife Recalls Terror of Recording.
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[36] United Airlines Flight No.93 Cockpit Voice Recorder
Transcript (PDF). CNN. April 12, 2006. Retrieved July
4, 2009.
[37] Hirschkorn, Phil (April 12, 2006). On tape, passengers
heard trying to retake cockpit. CNN. Retrieved June 23,
2008.
[38] Timeline for United Airlines Flight 93. National Public
Radio. June 17, 2004. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
[39] Lewis, Neil A (April 13, 2006). Final Struggles on 9/11
Plane Fill Courtroom. The New York Times. Retrieved
August 24, 2008.
[40] A Nation Challenged: The Tapes; Voices From the Sky".
The New York Times. October 16, 2001. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
[41] Transcript: Paula Zahn Now. CNN. April 12, 2006.
Retrieved April 5, 2010.
States. 2004. Retrieved May 30, 2008.
[42] Transcript of Jury Trial Before the Honorable Leonie M.

Brinkema United States District Judge Volume XVII-A
(PDF). United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. April 11, 2006. p. 3477. Retrieved
August 24, 2008.
[25] The Aviation Security System and the 9/11 Attacks

Sta Statement No. 3 (PDF). National Commission on
Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Retrieved June
22, 2008.
[43] Stipulation Regarding Flights Hijacked on September 11,

2001 (PDF). United States District Court for the Eastern
District of Virginia. March 1, 2006. p. 9. Retrieved
August 24, 2008.
[26] Bennett, Ronan (August 22, 2004). Inside the mind of

a terrorist. The Guardian (London). Retrieved June 22,
2008.
[44] Sward, Susan (April 21, 2002). The voice of the survivors. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 24,
2008.
[27] Pauley, Jane (September 11, 2006). No greater love.

MSNBC. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
[45] Transcript of Toms last calls to Deena
[28] Flight 93 Pilots Wife Recalls Terror of Recording.

ABC News. April 13, 2006. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
[46] Transcripts Mornings with Paula Zahn Remembering

The Victims: Lauren Grandcolas. CNN. December 28,
104
[47] Relatives wait for news as rescuers dig. CNN. September 13, 2001. Retrieved June 23, 2008.
[48] Lane, Charles; Phillips, Don; Snyder, David (September
17, 2001). A Sky Filled With Chaos, Uncertainty and
True Heroism. The Washington Post. Retrieved August
24, 2008.
[49] Serrano, Richard A (April 12, 2006). 9/11 phone drama
replayed at Moussaoui sentencing trial. San Francisco
Chronicle. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
[50] "'Lets roll': A catchphrase that became a battlecry. The
Age. Australia. September 9, 2002. Retrieved August 24,
2008.
[51] Alderson, Andrew; Susan Bisset (October 20, 2001).
The extraordinary last calls of Flight UA93. The Daily
Telegraph (UK). Retrieved August 24, 2008.
[64] Slevin, Peter (July 24, 2004). Outside the Cockpit Door,
a Fight to Save the Plane. The Washington Post. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
[65] "'None of us will ever forget'". Seattle Post-Intelligencer.
September 12, 2001. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
[66] Sara, Rimer (September 18, 2001). A Nation Challenged: The Pennsylvania Crash; 44 Victims Are Remembered, and Lauded. The New York Times. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
[67] Silver, Jonathan D (September 13, 2001). What was the
danger to city? Doomed United Flight 93 passed just
south of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved
August 24, 2008.
[68] A Bell Tolls In Shanksville. CBS News. September 11,
[52] Davis, Melissa (September 2001). Crossing paths with

danger. Johnson Space Center Roundup.
[69] September 11: Chronology of terror. CNN. September

12, 2001.
[53] Perl, Peter (May 12, 2002). Hallowed Ground. The

Washington Post. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
[70] Kim, Won-Young; Baum, Gerald R. (2002). Seismic

Observations during September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attack (PDF). Maryland Geological Survey, Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2003. ... we positively identied
seismic signals associated with United Airlines Flight 93
that crashed near Shanksville, Somerset County, Pennsylvania. The time of the plane crash was 10:06:055 (EDT).
[54] Homan, Ernie (December 7, 2001). Dispatcher honored for Flight 93 eorts. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
[55] Spangler, Todd (September 12, 2001). "'Passenger makes
frantic call before jetliner crashes in Pa.'". Bergen County
Record. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
[56] Levin, Steve (April 21, 2002). "'It hurt to listen'". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
[57] Longman, Jere (2002). 23. Among the Heroes: United
Flight 93 and the Passengers and Crew Who Fought Back
(1 ed.). New York: HarperCollins. p. 264. ISBN 0-06009908-9. A male passenger, Edward Felt, did call from
the bathroom of the plane, but never mentioned an explosion or pu of smoke, said John Shaw, the dispatcher who
took the call. 'Didn't happen,' he said. Felts wife, Sandra,
who heard the tape of the call, corroborated Shaws story.
[58] Transcripts CNN Wolf Blitzer Reports: Senate Debates Attack on Iraq; Did Russian Mob Attempt to Fix
Olympics?". CNN. July 31, 2001. Retrieved June 28,
2008.
[59] Flight 93: The Story, the Aftermath, and the Legacy of
American Courage on 9/11, pp 104-105
[60] United Airlines Flight 93 Flight Data Recorder (PDF).
National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved June 29,
2008.
[61] Families of Passengers Question Theory That Hijackers
Crashed Flight 93. Foxnews.com. Associated Press. August 8, 2003. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
[62] Emanuel, Mike; Liza Porteus; The Associated Press
(April 13, 2006). Flight 93 Hijacker: 'We Have a Bomb
on Board'". Fox News. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
[63] Wives of Passengers on Flight 93. ABC News. September 18, 2001. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
[71] in footnote 168 to chapter 1 of the Report, Kean, Thomas

H.; National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the
United States. The 9/11 Commission Report. National
Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved September 27, 2008. ... one of the studys principal authors now
concedes that 'seismic data is not denitive for the impact
of UA 93.', it states that the author of the seismographic
study published a second study on July 5, 2004 retracting his earlier report, and conrmed it in an email to the
Commission two days later.
[72] Longman, Jere (September 11, 2002). Flight 93; Refusing To Give In Without A Fight. The New York Times.
Archived from the original on April 8, 2008. Retrieved
August 24, 2008.
[73] Lowry, Patricia (July 12, 2005). Memorial in the making: Five Flight 93 designs evolve in subtle ways. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
[74] Zapinski, Ken (September 12, 2001). A blur in the sky,
then a restorm. St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved August
24, 2008.
[75] Sweeney, James F; Diane Solov; Rich Exner (September
12, 2001). Pennsylvania crash carries horror into small
towns. The Plain Dealer. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
[76] Hamill, Sean D (September 10, 2007). Picture Made on
9/11 Takes a Toll on Photographer. The New York Times.
Retrieved August 24, 2008.
[77] Frederick, Robb (September 11, 2002). The day that
changed America. Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Retrieved
August 24, 2008.
[78] Johns, Arlene (September 3, 2011). Flight 93 Crash Site

Video Surfaces. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
[79] Memmott, Mark (September 6, 2011). Newly Revealed
Video Shows Smoke Rising From Flight 93. Retrieved
September 6, 2011.
Channel.
[81] Transcripts America Under Attack. CNN. September
11, 2001. Retrieved June 29, 2008.
105
[96] Revised 9/11 Report Reveals New Details. Fox News.

Associated Press. September 14, 2005. Retrieved August
24, 2008.
[97] Silver, Jonathan D (September 14, 2001). Will black box
reveal Flight 93s last moments?". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
[98] Smith, Matthew P (September 15, 2001). Flight 93 voice
recorder found in Somerset County crash site. Pittsburgh
Post-Gazette. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
[99] Candiotti, Susan (December 21, 2001). FBI won't release Flight 93 tape. CNN. Retrieved July 1, 2008.
[82] Transcripts America Under Attack. CNN. September

11, 2001. Retrieved June 29, 2008.
[100] Hirschkorn, Phil; David Mattingly (April 19, 2002).
Families say Flight 93 tapes prove heroism. CNN. Re[83] Transcripts America Under Attack: FBI and State Potrieved July 1, 2008.
lice Cordon O Debris Area Six to Eight Miles from
Crater Where Plane Went Down. CNN. September 13, [101] Moussaoui timeline. USA Today. Associated Press.
2001. Retrieved July 22, 2008.
May 3, 2006. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
[84] "'Black box' from Pennsylvania crash found.
September 13, 2001. Retrieved June 29, 2008.
CNN. [102] Shuster, David (September 12, 2006). 9/11 mystery:

What was Flight 93s target?". Hardball with Chris
Matthews (MSNBC). Retrieved August 24, 2008.
[85] Debunking the 9/11 Myths: Special Report. Popular
Mechanics. March 2005. Retrieved June 29, 2008.
[86] On Hallowed Ground. The Age. September 9, 2002.
[104] Feds Would Have Shot Down Pa. Jet. CBS News.
[87] Perl, Peter (May 12, 2002). Hallowed Ground; Nobody
September 16, 2001. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
asked for this, but as September 11 recedes, a small Pennsylvania town nds itself guardian of an American leg- [105] White House target of Flight 93, ocials say. CNN.
end;". The Washington Post.
May 23, 2002. Retrieved July 2, 2008.
[88] Pressley, Sue A (September 11, 2002). Site of Crash [106] Rubin, Daniel (September 9, 2002). Capitol was Flight
Is 'Hallowed Ground'; In a Pa. Field, Thousands Pay
93 Target, Arab TV Reports. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
Homage to Where America First Fought Back;". The
[107] McIntyre, Jamie; Laurie Ure (July 22, 2008).
Washington Post.
Prosecution: Bin Ladens driver knew hijackers
[89] Gibb, Tom (September 22, 2001). Four Flight 93 victims
aiming for Capitol. CNN. Retrieved July 22, 2008.
identied. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved August 24,
[108] Senate considers medals for Flight 93 victims. CNN.
2008.
September 19, 2001. Retrieved June 26, 2008.
[90] Lyman, Brian (September 24, 2001). Coroner identies
seven more victims of Flight 93 crash. Pittsburgh Post- [109] Bill Would Award Medals to Those Killed on Flight 93.
Fox News. Associated Press. April 18, 2006. Retrieved
Gazette. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
August 24, 2008.
[91] Searchers to return to Flight 93 crash site. Pittsburgh
Post-Gazette. Associated Press. September 29, 2001. Re- [110] Dorell, Oren (April 9, 2008). Medals mulled for 9/11s
Flight 93 victims. USA Today. Retrieved July 3, 2008.
trieved August 24, 2008.
[92] Hopey, Don (October 27, 2001). Another 14 victims of [111] Airport Renamed To Honor 9/11 Heroes. CBS News.
Associated Press. August 30, 2002. Retrieved August 24,
Flight 93 identied. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved
2008.
August 24, 2008.
[93] Gibb, Tom (December 20, 2001). Flight 93 remains [112] "'Greys,' '24' among top Emmy nominees. CNN. July 6,
yield no evidence. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved
August 24, 2008.
[113] Timmons, Heather (January 1, 2006). Four Years On,
a Cabins-Eye View of 9/11. The New York Times. Re[94] Flight 93 Remains Returned. CBS News. Associated
trieved August 24, 2008.
Press. February 26, 2002. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
[95] Burger, Timothy J (August 17, 2002). Hijackers remains [114] Romero, Frances (May 18, 2011). Flight Number Flub:
FBI gets fragments of Pentagon, Pa. 9/11 thugs. Daily
United/Continental Accidentally Reinstates Flights 93 and
News. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
175. TIME. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
106
[115] McCartney, Scott (May 18, 2011). Bad Mistake: United [130] Frankel, Glenn (September 10, 2006). The ArchitecRevives Sept. 11 Flight Numbers. The Wall Street Jourture of Loss. The Washington Post. Retrieved August
nal. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
24, 2008.
[116] Mutzabaugh, Ben (May 18, 2011). Unions slam United [131] Hamill, Sean D (May 5, 2008). Critics See Symbols
of Islam in Flight 93 Memorial Design. The New York
for mistakenly reinstating 9/11 ight numbers. USA ToTimes. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
day (USA Today). Archived from the original on January
4, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
[132] To Honor 9/11 Heroes, Governor Rendell Signs Bill
Designating Somerset County Road, 'Flight 93 Memorial
[117] pg 232 - Farmer, John (2009). The Ground Truth: The
Highway'". WTHR. June 12, 2007.
Untold Story of America Under Attack on 9/11. Penguin
Group. ISBN 9781101152331. - Total pages: 432
[118] Farmer, John; Azzarello, John; Kara, Miles (September 13, 2008). Real Heroes, Fake Stories. New York
Times. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
[119] NBC News (September 9, 2011). Kamikaze: F-16 pilots planned to ram Flight 93. NBC News. Retrieved
February 13, 2015.
[120] Hendrix, Steve (September 9, 2011). F-16 pilot was
ready to give her life on Sept. 11. The Washington Post.
[121] Although US military forces had been alerted about the
hijackings, and two Air Force F-16 jet ghters were airborne in the area, no ocial authorization to shoot down
Flight 93 was given until the aircraft had crashed. (The
question as to whether the 757 would have reached its
target had those aboard not taken action on their own remained disturbingly unanswered in the report issued by a
federal commission established to investigate the terrorist attack.)" p. 328 - Gero, David Gero (2006). Aviation
Disasters: The Worlds Major Civil Airliner Crashes Since
1950. Sutton. ISBN 9780750931465. - Total pages: 368
[122] Starr, Barbara; Benson, Pam (August 2, 2006). 9/11
panel distrusted Pentagon testimony. CNN News. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
[123] Todd M. Beamer. Memorial Guide: National 9/11
Memorial. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
[124] Pickels, Mary (July 2, 2008). Flight 93 memorial work
set after 4th. Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Retrieved July
10, 2008.
[125] Miami foundation backs memorial to Flight 93 victims.
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. October 11, 2001. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
[126] Secretary Norton Installs New Federal Advisory Commission for Flight 93 National Memorial (Press release).
National Park Service. September 11, 2003. Retrieved
August 24, 2008.
[127] Flight 93 memorial design selected. MSNBC. Associated Press. September 7, 2005. Retrieved August 24,
2008.
[128] Ward, Paula (September 8, 2005). Flight 93 marker design picked. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved August
24, 2008.
[129] Tapper, Jake; Michael Callahan (April 26, 2006).
Memorial for Flight 93 Faces Opposition. ABC News.

4.4.6 Further reading

Tonya Buell. The Crash of United Flight 93 on
September 11, 2001. Rosen Publishing Group,
2003. [for children]
Melodie Homer. From Where I Stand: Flight #93 Pilots Widow Sets the Record Straight. Langdon Street
Press, 2012.
Lisa D. Jeerson and Felicia Middlebrooks. Called:
Hello, This Is Mrs. Jeerson. I Understand Your
Plane Is Being Hijacked. 9:45 am, Flight 93, September 11, 2001. Northeld Publishers, 2006.
Glenn J. Kashurba. Courage After the Crash: Flight
93 Aftermath: An Oral and Pictorial Chronicle. Saj
Publishing, 2002.
Jere Longman. Among the Heroes: The Story of
Flight 93 and the Passengers Who Fought Back.
Simon and Schuster, 2002.

United Airlines Flight #93 Cockpit Voice Recorder
Transcript (Archive)
Flight 93 National Memorial Campaign (ocial
website)
Somersets Flight 93 Tribute Website
Flight 93 National Memorial (National Park Service)
Photo Essay: Flight 93 Memorial near Somerset,PA
September 11, 2001 archive of United Airlines site
with condolences for deceased. Archived from
the original on September 11, 2001. (Archive at
Archive.is)
Page with additional information,
September 12, 2001 (Archive)
from
Photo of Aircraft Pre 9/11

Coordinates: 400304N 785417W / 40.05111N
78.90472W
Chapter 5
Sites of destruction
5.1 World Trade Center
For other World Trade Centers, see List of World
Trade Centers. For other uses, see World Trade Center
(disambiguation) and WTC.
The World Trade Center is a partially completed complex of buildings, under construction, in Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States, replacing an earlier complex of seven buildings with the same name on
the same site. The original World Trade Center featured landmark twin towers, which opened on April 4,
1973, and were destroyed in the September 11 attacks
of 2001, along with 7 World Trade Center. The other
buildings in the complex were severely damaged by the
collapse of the twin towers, and their ruins were eventually demolished. The site is being rebuilt with six new
skyscrapers, a memorial to those killed in the attacks, and
a transportation hub. One World Trade Center, the tallest
building in the United States, is the lead building for the
new complex, reaching more than 100 stories[16] upon its
completion in November 2014.[17]
then the South Tower at 9:03 AM, in a coordinated act

of terrorism. After burning for 56 minutes, the South
Tower collapsed at 9:59 AM. 29 minutes later, the North
Tower collapsed. The attacks on the World Trade Center killed 2,753 victims,[25] including the 147 civilians
aboard the two planes. Falling debris from the towers,
combined with res that the debris initiated in several
surrounding buildings, led to the partial or complete collapse of all the other buildings in the complex and caused
catastrophic damage to ten other large structures in the
surrounding area (including the World Financial Center); three buildings in the World Trade Center complex
collapsed due to re-induced structural failure,[26] and
when the North Tower collapsed, debris fell on the nearby
7 WTC, damaging it and starting res so that it eventually
collapsed.[27][28] The process of cleaning up and recovery
at the World Trade Center site took eight months.[29][30]
Over the following years, plans were created for the reconstruction of the World Trade Center. The Lower
Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC), established in November 2001 to oversee the rebuilding
process,[31] organized competitions to select a site plan
and memorial design.[32] Memory Foundations, designed
[33]
At the time of their completion, the Twin Towers the by Daniel Libeskind, was selected as the master plan;[34]
original 1 World Trade Center, at 1,368 feet (417 m); and however, substantial changes were made to the design.
2 World Trade Center were the tallest buildings in the The rst new building at the site was 7 WTC, which
world. The other buildings in the complex included the opened in May 2006.[5] The memorial section of the
Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC), 4 WTC, 5 WTC, National September 11 Memorial & Museum opened on
6 WTC, and 7 WTC. All these buildings were built be- September 11, 2011[35] and the museum opened in May
tween 1975 and 1985, with a construction cost of $400 2014.[36] 1 WTC opened on November 3, 2014;[17] 4
million ($2,300,000,000 in 2014 dollars).[18] The com- WTC opened on November 13, 2013;[4] and 3 WTC is
plex was located in New York Citys Financial District under construction and expected to open in 2017.[37][38]
and contained 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m2 ) of As of November 2013, according to an agreement made
oce space.[19][20]
with Silverstein Properties Inc., the new 2 WTC will not
is estabThe World Trade Center experienced a re on Febru- be built to its full height until sucient leasing[39]
and 5
lished
to
make
the
building
nancially
viable;
[21]
[22]
ary 13, 1975,
a bombing on February 26, 1993,
WTC
will
be
developed
by
the
Port
Authority
of
New
[23]
and a robbery on January 14, 1998. In 1998, the Port
York
and
New
Jersey,
but,
as
of
February
2014,
a
schedAuthority decided to privatize the World Trade Center,
[40]
leasing the buildings to a private company to manage, ule was not conrmed.
and awarded the lease to Silverstein Properties in July
2001.[24]
On the morning of September 11, 2001, Al-Qaedaaliated hijackers ew two Boeing 767 jets into the 5.1.1
complex, beginning with the North Tower at 8:46 AM
107
Original buildings
108
CHAPTER 5. SITES OF DESTRUCTION

build a World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan.[45]
The Radio Row in 1936, with the Cortlandt Street station in the
background, as seen in a photograph by Berenice Abbott
Before the World Trade Center

The western portion of the World Trade Center site was
originally under the Hudson River, with the shoreline in
the vicinity of Greenwich Street. It was on this shoreline close to the intersection of Greenwich and the former Dey Street that Dutch explorer Adriaen Block's ship,
the Tyger, burned to the waterline in November 1613,
stranding Block and his crew and forcing them to overwinter on the island. They built the rst European settlement in Manhattan. The remains of the ship were buried
under landll when the shoreline was extended starting
in 1797, and were discovered during excavation work in
1916. The remains of a second ship from the eighteenth
century were discovered in 2010 during excavation work
at the site. The ship, believed to be a Hudson River sloop,
was found just south of where the Twin Towers used to
stand, about 20 feet below the surface.[41]
Later, the area became Radio Row. New York Citys Radio Row, which existed from 1921 to 1966, was a warehouse district on the Lower West Side in the Financial
District. Harry Schneck opened City Radio on Cortlandt Street in 1921, and eventually the area held several blocks of electronics stores, with Cortlandt Street as
its central axis. The used radios, war surplus electronics
(e.g., ARC-5 radios), junk, and parts often piled so high
they would spill out onto the street, attracting collectors
and scroungers. According to a business writer, it also
was the origin of the electronic component distribution
business.[42]
Plans for the use of eminent domain to remove the shops

in Radio Row bounded by Vesey, Church, Liberty, and
West Streets began in 1961 when the Port Authority of
New York and New Jersey was deciding to build the
worlds rst world trade center. They had two choices:
the east side of Lower Manhattan, near the South Street
Seaport; and the west side, near the H&M station, Hudson
Terminal.[46](p56) Initial plans, made public in 1961, identied a site along the East River for the World Trade
Center.[47] As a bi-state agency, the Port Authority required approval for new projects from the governors of
both New York and New Jersey. New Jersey Governor
Robert B. Meyner objected to New York getting a $335
million project.[48] Toward the end of 1961, negotiations
with outgoing New Jersey Governor Meyner reached a
stalemate.[49]
At the time, ridership on New Jerseys Hudson and Manhattan Railroad (H&M) had declined substantially from a
high of 113 million riders in 1927 to 26 million in 1958
after new automobile tunnels and bridges had opened
across the Hudson River.[50] In a December 1961 meeting between Port Authority director Austin J. Tobin and
newly elected New Jersey Governor Richard J. Hughes,
the Port Authority oered to take over the Hudson &
Manhattan Railroad to have it become the Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH). The Port Authority also decided to move the World Trade Center project to the
Hudson Terminal building site on the west side of Lower
Manhattan, a more convenient location for New Jersey
commuters arriving via PATH.[49] With the new location and Port Authority acquisition of the H&M Railroad, New Jersey agreed to support the World Trade Center project.[51] In compensation for Radio Row business
owners displacement, the PANYNJ gave each business
$3,000 each, without regard to how long the business had
been there or how prosperous the business was.[46](p68)
After the area had been purchased for the World Trade
Center in March 1964,[52] Radio Row was demolished
starting in March 1965.[53] It was completely demolished
by 1966.[54]
Approval was also needed from New York City Mayor

John Lindsay and the New York City Council. Disagreements with the city centered on tax issues. On August 3,
1966, an agreement was reached that the Port Authority
would make annual payments to the City in lieu of taxes
for the portion of the World Trade Center leased to private tenants.[55] In subsequent years, the payments would
[56]
The idea of establishing a World Trade Center in New rise as the real estate tax rate increased.
York City was rst proposed in 1943. The New York
State Legislature passed a bill authorizing New York
Governor Thomas E. Dewey to begin developing plans for
the project[43] but the plans were put on hold in 1949.[44]
Design and construction
During the late 1940s and 1950s, economic growth in
New York City was concentrated in Midtown Manhattan. To help stimulate urban renewal in Lower Manhat- Main article: Construction of the World Trade Center
tan, David Rockefeller suggested that the Port Authority
5.1. WORLD TRADE CENTER
Technical
Services
Express Elevators
Open Plan Oce
208 ft
Skylobby
Technical
Services
Local
Elevators
60 ft
Local
Elevators
Skylobby
Technical
Services
Express Elevators
35 ft
35 ft
Express
Elevators
Express
Elevators
110 stories = 1368 ft (North), 1362 ft (South)
60 ft
System Design Concept
109
Trade Center complex included four other low-rise buildings, which were built in the early 1970s. The 47-story
7 World Trade Center building was added in the 1980s,
to the north of the main complex. Altogether, the main
World Trade Center complex occupied a 16-acre (65,000
m2 ) superblock.[68]
Technical
Services
Underground Car Park
(total capacity 2000)
Plaza Level
Local
Elevators
6 stories
208 ft
A typical oor layout and elevator arrangement of the WTC towers.
Architectural design On September 20, 1962, the

Port Authority announced the selection of Minoru Yamasaki as lead architect and Emery Roth & Sons as associate architects.[57] Yamasaki devised the plan to incorporate twin towers; Yamasakis original plan called
for the towers to be 80 stories tall,[58] but to meet the
Port Authoritys requirement for 10,000,000 square feet
(930,000 m2 ) of oce space, the buildings would each
have to be 110 stories tall.[59]
A major limiting factor in building height is the issue
of elevators; the taller the building, the more elevators
are needed to service the building, requiring more spaceconsuming elevator banks.[59] Yamasaki and the engineers decided to use a new system with two "sky lobbies"oors where people could switch from a largecapacity express elevator to a local elevator that goes to
each oor in a section. This system, inspired by the localexpress train operation that the New York City Subway
system used,[60] allowed the design to stack local elevators within the same elevator shaft. Located on the
44th and 78th oors of each tower, the sky lobbies enabled the elevators to be used eciently, increasing the
amount of usable space on each oor from 62 to 75 percent by reducing the number of elevator shafts.[61][62] Altogether, the World Trade Center had 95 express and local elevators.[63]
Yamasakis design for the World Trade Center, unveiled
to the public on January 18, 1964, called for a square
plan approximately 208 feet (63 m) in dimension on each
side.[58][64] The buildings were designed with narrow ofce windows 18 inches (46 cm) wide, which reected
Yamasakis fear of heights as well as his desire to make
building occupants feel secure.[65] Yamasakis design included building facades sheathed in aluminum-alloy.[66]
The World Trade Center was one of the most-striking
American implementations of the architectural ethic of
Le Corbusier, and it was the seminal expression of Yamasakis gothic modernist tendencies.[67]
Construction underway in late 1969
Structural design The structural engineering rm

Worthington, Skilling, Helle & Jackson worked to implement Yamasakis design, developing the tube-frame
structural system used in the twin towers. The Port Authoritys Engineering Department served as foundation
engineers, Joseph R. Loring & Associates as electrical
engineers, and Jaros, Baum & Bolles as mechanical engineers. Tishman Realty & Construction Company was
the general contractor on the World Trade Center project.
Guy F. Tozzoli, director of the World Trade Department
at the Port Authority, and Rino M. Monti, the Port Authoritys Chief Engineer, oversaw the project.[69] As an
interstate agency, the Port Authority was not subject to
local laws and regulations of the City of New York, including building codes. Nonetheless, the structural engineers of the World Trade Center ended up following draft
versions of the new 1968 building codes.[70]
The tube-frame design, earlier introduced by Fazlur

Khan, was a new approach that allowed more open oor
plans than the traditional design that distributed columns
throughout the interior to support building loads. The
World Trade Center towers used high-strength, loadbearing perimeter steel columns called Vierendeel trusses
that were spaced closely together to form a strong, rigid
In addition to the twin towers, the plan for the World wall structure, supporting virtually all lateral loads such
110

and were on 6 foot 8 inch (2.03 m) centers. The top
chords of the trusses were bolted to seats welded to the
spandrels on the exterior side and a channel welded to the
core columns on the interior side. The oors were connected to the perimeter spandrel plates with viscoelastic
dampers that helped reduce the amount of sway felt by
building occupants.
Hat trusses (or outrigger truss) located from the 107th
oor to the top of the buildings were designed to support
a tall communication antenna on top of each building.[73]
Only 1 WTC (north tower) actually had an antenna tted;
it was added in 1978.[74] The truss system consisted of
six trusses along the long axis of the core and four along
the short axis. This truss system allowed some load redistribution between the perimeter and core columns and
supported the transmission tower.[73]
World Trade Center under construction in 1970
as wind loads, and sharing the gravity load with the core
columns. The perimeter structure containing 59 columns
per side was constructed with extensive use of prefabricated modular pieces, each consisting of three columns,
three stories tall, connected by spandrel plates.[70] The
spandrel plates were welded to the columns to create the
modular pieces o-site at the fabrication shop.[71] Adjacent modules were bolted together with the splices occurring at mid-span of the columns and spandrels. The
spandrel plates were located at each oor, transmitting
shear stress between columns, allowing them to work together in resisting lateral loads. The joints between modules were staggered vertically, so that the column splices
between adjacent modules were not at the same oor.[70]
The World Financial Center and Battery Park City, next to the
World Trade Center, were built on reclaimed land.
The tube frame design, using steel core and perimeter

columns protected with sprayed-on re resistant material,
created a relatively lightweight structure that would sway
more in response to the wind compared to traditional
structures, such as the Empire State Building that have
thick, heavy masonry for reproong of steel structural
elements.[46](p138) During the design process, wind tunnel tests were done to establish design wind pressures that
the World Trade Center towers could be subjected to and
structural response to those forces.[75] Experiments also
were done to evaluate how much sway occupants could
comfortably tolerate; however, many subjects experienced dizziness and other ill eects.[46](p139144) One of
the chief engineers Leslie Robertson worked with Canadian engineer Alan G. Davenport to develop viscoelastic
dampers to absorb some of the sway. These viscoelastic dampers, used throughout the structures at the joints
between oor trusses and perimeter columns along with
some other structural modications, reduced the building
sway to an acceptable level.[46](p160167)
The core of the towers housed the elevator and utility shafts, restrooms, three stairwells, and other support
spaces. The core of each tower was a rectangular area 87
by 135 feet (27 by 41 m) and contained 47 steel columns
running from the bedrock to the top of the tower. The
large, column-free space between the perimeter and core
was bridged by prefabricated oor trusses. The oors
supported their own weight as well as live loads, providing lateral stability to the exterior walls and distributing
wind loads among the exterior walls.[72] The oors consisted of 4 inches (10 cm) thick lightweight concrete slabs
laid on a uted steel deck. A grid of lightweight bridging trusses and main trusses supported the oors.[73] The Construction In March 1965, the Port Authority betrusses connected to the perimeter at alternate columns gan acquiring property at the World Trade Center site.[52]
111
was on April 4, 1973.[88]
30 West
Broadway
45 Park
Place
PARK PL.
BARCLAY ST.
FULTON ST.
World
Trade
Center
Plaza
C3
WT
.
T ST
WES
ve
th Co
Nor
WTC 2
DEV ST.
WTC 4
LIBERTY ST.
TRINITY PL.
ST.
TON
HING
WAS
CEDAR ST.
ST.
N
NGTO
ST.
RECTOR
BROADWAY
NWICH
GREE
.
T ST
er
HI
WAS
WES
Riv
.
NY ST
ALBA
WTC site plan
TRINITY PL.
on
RECTOR
ST.
ST.
Other buildings
EDGAR ST.
100 m
0
200 ft
WEST THAMES ST.
.
T ST
BATTERY PL
Streets
WES
In January 1967, the Port Authority awarded $74 million in contracts to various steel suppliers, and Karl Koch
was hired to erect the steel.[82] Tishman Realty & Construction was hired in February 1967 to oversee construction of the project.[83] Construction work began on the
North Tower in August 1968; construction on the South
Tower was underway by January 1969.[84] The original
Hudson Tubes, carrying PATH trains into Hudson Terminal, remained in service as elevated tunnels during the
construction process until 1971 when a new PATH station
opened.[85]
Bankers
Trust
130 Cedar St.
WTC Complex buildings
The site of the World Trade Center was located on landll with the bedrock located 65 feet (20 m) below.[77]
To construct the World Trade Center, it was necessary
to build a "bathtub" with a slurry wall around the West
Street side of the site, to keep water from the Hudson
River out.[78] The slurry method selected by Port Authoritys chief engineer, John M. Kyle, Jr., involved digging
a trench, and as excavation proceeded, lling the space
with a slurry mixture composed of bentonite and water,
which plugged holes and kept groundwater out. When the
trench was dug out, a steel cage was inserted and concrete
was poured in, forcing the slurry out. It took fourteen
months for the slurry wall to be completed. It was necessary before excavation of material from the interior of the
site could begin.[79] The 1,200,000 cubic yards (920,000
m3 ) of material excavated were used (along with other ll
and dredge material) to expand the Manhattan shoreline
across West Street to form Battery Park City.[80][81]
LIBERTY ST.
ALBANY ST.
AVE.
ds
Hu
D
H EN
SOUT
90 West St.
WFC 1
ST.
CORTLANDT ST.
1 Liberty
Plaza
St. Nicholas
Greek Orthodox
Church
CEDAR ST.
JOHN
22
Cortlandt
St.
BROADWAY
WTC 1
North
Bridge
Millennium
Hotel
WTC 5
CHURCH ST.
NORTH END AVE.
WTC 6
WFC 2
Demolition work began on March 21, 1966, to clear thirteen square blocks of low rise buildings in Radio Row
for construction of the World Trade Center.[53] Groundbreaking for the construction of the World Trade Center
took place on August 5, 1966.[76]
ANN ST.
VESEY ST.
WFC 3
Winter
Garden
Birds-eye view of the construction in 1971.
ST
.
SS
A
U
A
VESEY ST.
VESEY ST.
WFC 4
BARCLAY ST.
U.S. Post Oce
WTC 7
.
T ST
.
N ST
TO
ING
SH
WA
WES
Verizon
BROADWAY
PARK PL.
ST.
CHURCH ST.
AY
RR
MU
ST.
WEST BROADWAY
AY
RR
MU
The WTC site building arrangement
Criticism Plans to build the World Trade Center were

controversial. The site for the World Trade Center was
the location of Radio Row, home to hundreds of commercial and industrial tenants, property owners, small
businesses, and approximately 100 residents, many of
whom ercely resisted forced relocation.[89] A group of
small businesses aected led an injunction challenging
the Port Authoritys power of eminent domain.[90] The
case made its way through the court system to the United
States Supreme Court; the Court refused to accept the
case.[91]
Private real estate developers and members of the Real

Estate Board of New York, led by Empire State Building
owner Lawrence A. Wien, expressed concerns about this
much subsidized oce space going on the open market, competing with the private sector when there was
already a glut of vacancies.[92][93] The World Trade Center itself was not rented out completely until after 1979
and then only due to the fact that the complexs subsidy by
the Port Authority made rents charged for its oce space
relatively cheaper than that of comparable oce space in
other buildings.[94] Others questioned whether the Port
described by
The topping out ceremony of 1 WTC (North Tower) Authority should have taken on a project
[95]
some
as
a
mistaken
social
priority.
took place on December 23, 1970, while 2 WTCs ceremony (South Tower) occurred later on July 19, 1971.[84] The World Trade Center design brought criticism of its
The rst tenants moved into the North Tower in De- aesthetics from the American Institute of Architects and
cember 1970; the South Tower accepted tenants in Jan- other groups.[66][96] Lewis Mumford, author of The City
uary 1972.[86] When the World Trade Center twin towers in History and other works on urban planning, criticized
were completed, the total costs to the Port Authority had the project and described it and other new skyscrapers
reached $900 million.[87] The ribbon cutting ceremony as just glass-and-metal ling cabinets.[97] The Twin
112
Towers were described as looking similar to the boxes
that the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building came in.[98] The twin towers narrow oce windows,
only 18 inches (46 cm) wide and framed by pillars that
restricted views on each side to narrow slots, were disliked by many.[65] Activist and sociologist Jane Jacobs
also criticized plans for the WTCs construction, arguing
that the waterfront should be kept open for New Yorkers
to enjoy.[99]
The trade centers "superblock", replacing a more traditional, dense neighborhood, was regarded by some critics
as an inhospitable environment that disrupted the complicated trac network typical of Manhattan. For example,
in his book The Pentagon of Power, Lewis Mumford denounced the center as an example of the purposeless giantism and technological exhibitionism that are now eviscerating the living tissue of every great city.[100]
For many years, the immense Austin J. Tobin Plaza
was often beset by brisk winds at ground level owing to
the venturi eect between the two towers.[101] In fact,
some gusts were so high that pedestrian travel had to
be aided by ropes.[102] In 1999, the outdoor plaza reopened after undergoing $12 million renovations, which
involved replacing marble pavers with gray and pink
granite stones, adding new benches, planters, new restaurants, food kiosks and outdoor dining areas.[103]
Complex

the tallest building in the world at 1,368 feet (417 m) by
the time of its completion, began construction in 1966
with the South Tower (2 World Trade Center);[107] extensive use of prefabricated components helped to speed
up the construction process, and the rst tenants moved
into the North Tower in December 1970, while it was still
under construction.[108][109] When completed in 1973,
the South Tower, Two World Trade Center (the South
Tower) became the second tallest building in the world at
1,362 feet (415 m); the South Towers rooftop observation deck was 1,362 ft (415 m) high and its indoor observation deck was 1,310 ft (400 m) high.[110] Both towers
stood over 1,350 feet (410 m) high, and occupied about 1
acre (4,000 m2 ) of the total 16 acres (65,000 m2 ) of the
site's land. During a press conference in 1973, Yamasaki
was asked, Why two 110-story buildings? Why not one
220-story building?" His response was: I didn't want to
lose the human scale.[111]
When completed in 1972, 1 World Trade Center became
the tallest building in the world for two years, surpassing the Empire State Building after a 40-year reign. The
North Tower stood 1,368 feet (417 m) tall and featured
a telecommunications antenna or mast that was added at
the top of the roof in 1978 and stood 360 feet (110 m)
tall. With the 360-foot (110 m)-tall antenna/mast, the
highest point of the North Tower reached 1,728 ft (527
m).[112] The World Trade Center towers held the height
record only briey, as Chicagos Sears Tower, nished in
May 1973, reached 1,450 feet (440 m) at the rooftop.[113]
Throughout their existence, the WTC towers had more
oors (at 110) than any other building.[112] This number
was not surpassed until the advent of the Burj Khalifa,
which opened in 2010.[114][115]
Lobby of Tower 1, looking south along the east side of the building, August 19, 2000.
North and South Towers Main articles: One World Two World Trade Centers observation deck attracted enormous
numbers of visitors.[116] The Midtown Manhattan skyline can be
Trade Center and Two World Trade Center
seen in the distance.
One World Trade Center and Two World Trade Center, commonly the Twin Towers, the idea of which
was brought up by Minoru Yamasaki, were designed as
framed tube structures, which provided tenants with open
oor plans, uninterrupted by columns or walls.[104][105]
They were the main buildings of the World Trade
Center.[106] The North Tower (One World Trade Center),
Top of the World observation deck Although most

of the space in the World Trade Center complex was
o-limits to the public, the South Tower featured an indoor and outdoor public observation area called Top of
the World Trade Center Observatories on its 107th and
110th oors. Visitors would pass through security checks
added after the 1993 World Trade Center bombing,[117]

then were whisked to the 107th oor indoor observatory
at a height of 1,310 feet (400 m). The columns on each
face of the building were narrowed on this level to allow
28 inches of glass between them. The Port Authority renovated the observatory in 1995, then leased it to Ogden
Entertainment to operate. Attractions added to the observation deck included a simulated helicopter ride around
the city. The 107th oor food court was designed with
a subway car theme and featured Sbarro and Nathans
Famous Hot Dogs.[118][119] Weather permitting, visitors
could take two short escalator rides up from the 107th
oor viewing area to an outdoor viewing platform on the
110th oor at a height of 1,377 ft (420 m).[120] On a clear
day, visitors could see up to 50 miles (80 km).[118] An
anti-suicide fence was placed on the roof itself, with the
viewing platform set back and elevated above it, requiring only an ordinary railing and leaving the view unobstructed, unlike the observation deck of the Empire State
Building.[119]
113
The World Trade Center from the then newly completed West
Side Highway in July 2001.
built north of the block. Beneath the World Trade Center complex was an underground shopping mall, which in
turn had connections to various mass transit facilities including the New York City Subway system and the Port
Authoritys own PATH trains connecting Manhattan to
Windows on the World restaurant Main article: New Jersey.[124]
Windows on the World
One of the worlds largest gold depositories was stored
The North Tower had a famous restaurant on its 106th
and 107th oors, which opened in April 1976. Windows
on the World was developed by Joe Baum at a cost of
more than $17 million.[121] Aside from the main restaurant, two oshoots were located at the top of the North
Tower: Hors d'Oeuvrerie (oered a Danish smorgasbord during the day and sushi in the evening) and Cellar
in the Sky (a small wine bar).[122] Windows on the World
also had a wine school program run by Kevin Zraly. Windows on the World was closed following the 1993 World
Trade Center bombing.[121] Upon reopening in 1996,
Hors d'Oeuvrerie and Cellar in the Sky were replaced
with the Greatest Bar on Earth and Wild Blue.[122]
In 2000, its last full year of operation, Windows on the
World reported revenues of $37 million, making it the
highest-grossing restaurant in the United States.[123] The
Skydive Restaurant, opened in 1976 on the 44th oor of
the North Tower, was also operated by Windows on the
World restaurant, but served only lunch.
Other buildings Five smaller buildings stood around

the 16 acres (65,000 m2 ) block. One was the 22-oor
hotel, which opened in 1981 as the Vista Hotel, and in
1995 became the Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC)
at the southwest corner of the site. Three low-rise buildings (4 WTC, 5 WTC, and 6 WTC) in the same hollow
tube design as the towers also stood around the plaza. 6
World Trade Center, at the northwest corner, housed the
United States Customs Service and the U.S. Commodities Exchange. 5 World Trade Center was located at the
northeast corner above the PATH station and 4 World
Trade Center was at the southeast corner. In 1987, a
47-oor oce building called 7 World Trade Center was
underneath the World Trade Center, owned by a group of

commercial banks. The 1993 bombing detonated close
to the vault.[125] Seven weeks after the September 11 attacks, $230 million in precious metals was removed from
basement vaults of 4 WTC, which included 3,800 100Troy-ounce 24 carat gold bars and 30,000 1,000-ounce
silver bars.[126]
Existence
Twin Towers at night seen from the Empire State Building in May
2001.
On a typical weekday 50,000 people worked in the

towers[127] with another 200,000 passing through as
visitors.[128] The complex was so large that it had its own
zip code: 10048.[129] The towers oered expansive views
from the observation deck atop the South Tower and the
Windows on the World restaurant on top of the North
Tower. The Twin Towers became known worldwide, appearing in numerous movies and television shows as well
as on postcards and other merchandise, and became seen
114
as a New York icon, in the same league as the Empire ground garage of the North Tower.[22] The blast opened
State Building, Chrysler Building and the Statue of Lib- a 100 foot (30 m) hole through ve sublevels with the
erty.[130]
greatest damage occurring on levels B1 and B2 and sig[136]
Six people
French high wire acrobatic performer Philippe Petit nicant structural damage on level B3.
were
killed
and
50,000
other
workers
and
visitors
were
walked between the towers on a tightrope in 1974, as
left
gasping
for
air
within
the
110
story
towers.
Many
[46](p219)
shown in the documentary lm Man on Wire.
Petit walked between the towers eight times on a steel cable people inside the North Tower were forced to walk down
darkened stairwells that contained no emergency lighting,
that was laid out using a bow and arrow.[131]
some taking two hours or more to reach safety.[137][138]
Brooklyn toymaker George Willig scaled the exterior of
the south tower in 1977.[132] In 1983, on Memorial Day, Yousef ed to Pakistan after the bombing but was arwas extradited
high-rise reghting and rescue advocate Dan Goodwin rested in Islamabad in February 1995, and
[139]
back
to
the
United
States
to
face
trial.
Sheikh Omar
successfully climbed the outside of the WTCs North
was
convicted
in
1996
for
involvement
in
Abdel
Rahman
Tower. His stunt was meant to call attention to the in[140]
the
bombing
and
other
plots.
Yousef
and
Eyad
Ismoil
ability to rescue people potentially trapped in the upper
were convicted in November 1997 for their carrying out
oors of skyscrapers.[133][134]
the bombing.[141] Four others had been convicted in May
The 1995 PCA world chess championship was played on 1994 for their involvement in the 1993 bombing.[142] Acthe 107th oor of the South Tower.[135]
cording to a presiding judge, the conspirators chief aim
at the time of the attack was to destabilize the north tower
and send it crashing into the south tower, toppling both
February 13, 1975 re On February 13, 1975, a three- landmarks.[143]
alarm re broke out on the 11th oor of the North Tower.
Fire spread through the tower to the 9th and 14th oors Following the bombing, oors that were blown out
by igniting the insulation of telephone cables in a utility needed to be repaired to restore the structural support
[144]
The slurry wall was in
shaft that ran vertically between oors. Areas at the fur- they provided to columns.
peril
following
the
bombing
and
loss of the oor slabs
thest extent of the re were extinguished almost immedithat
provided
lateral
support
against
pressure from Hudately and the original re was put out in a few hours. Most
son
River
water
on
the
other
side.
The refrigeration
of the damage was concentrated on the 11th oor, fueled
plant
on
sublevel
B5,
which
provided
air conditioning
by cabinets lled with paper, alcohol-based uid for ofto
the
entire
World
Trade
Center
complex,
was heavily
ce machines, and other oce equipment. Fireproong
[145]
damaged.
After
the
bombing,
the
Port
Authority
inprotected the steel and there was no structural damage to
[146]
stalled
photoluminescent
markings
in
the
stairwells.
the tower. In addition to damage caused by the re on
the 9th - 14th oors, water from the extinguishing of the The re alarm system for the entire complex needed to
res damaged a few oors below. At that time, the World be replaced because critical wiring and signaling in the
original system was destroyed.[147] As a memorial to the
Trade Center had no re sprinkler systems.[21]
victims of the bombing of the tower, a reecting pool was
installed with the names of those who had been killed
February 26, 1993 bombing Main article: 1993 in the blast.[148] However, the memorial was destroyed
World Trade Center bombing
following the September 11 attacks. Names of the vicThe rst Islamist terrorist attack on the World Trade tims of the 1993 bombing are included in the National
September 11 Memorial & Museum.
January 14, 1998 robbery Main article: 1998 Bank
of America robbery
In January 1998, Maa member Ralph Guarino, who had
gained maintenance access to the World Trade Center,
arranged a three-man crew for a heist that netted over $2
million from a Brinks delivery to the eleventh oor of the
World Trade Center.[23]
Lease In 1998, the Port Authority approved plans to
privatize the World Trade Center.[149] In 2001, the Port
Authority sought to lease the World Trade Center to a
Center occurred on February 26, 1993, at 12:17 p.m. A private entity. Bids for the lease came from Vornado
Ryder truck lled with 1,500 pounds (680 kg) of explo- Realty Trust, a joint bid between Brookeld Properties
sives, planted by Ramzi Yousef, detonated in the under- Corporation and Boston Properties,[150] and a joint bid
Underground bombing aftermath
115
by Silverstein Properties and The Westeld Group.[24] By

privatizing the World Trade Center, it would be added
to the citys tax rolls[24] and provide funds for other Port
Authority projects.[151] On February 15, 2001, the Port
Authority announced that Vornado Realty Trust had won
the lease for the World Trade Center, paying $3.25 billion for the 99-year lease.[152] Vornado outbid Silverstein
by $600 million though Silverstein upped his oer to
$3.22 billion. However, Vornado insisted on last minute
changes to the deal, including a shorter 39-year lease,
which the Port Authority considered nonnegotiable.[153]
Vornado later withdrew and Silversteins bid for the lease
to the World Trade Center was accepted on April 26,
2001,[154] and closed on July 24, 2001.[155]
The World Trade Center on re with the Statue of Liberty in the
foreground
Destruction
See also: September 11 attacks, American Airlines Flight At 9:59 a.m., the South Tower collapsed after burning for
approximately 56 minutes. The re caused steel struc11 and United Airlines Flight 175
On September 11, 2001, Islamist terrorists hijacked tural elements, already weakened from the plane impact,
to fail. The North Tower collapsed at 10:28 a.m., after burning for approximately 102 minutes.[159] At 5:20
p.m.[160] on September 11, 2001, 7 World Trade Center
started to collapse with the crumble of the east penthouse,
and it collapsed completely at 5:21 p.m.[160] owing to uncontrolled res causing structural failure.[161]
The scene just after United Airlines Flight 175 hits the South
Tower; a reball rises high.
American Airlines Flight 11 and crashed it into the northern faade of the North Tower at 8:46:40 a.m., the aircraft
striking between the 93rd and 99th oors. Seventeen
minutes later, at 9:03:11 a.m., a second team of terrorists crashed the similarly hijacked United Airlines Flight
175 into the southern facade of the South Tower, striking it between the 77th and 85th oors.[156] The damage caused to the North Tower by Flight 11 destroyed
any means of escape from above the impact zone, trapping 1,344 people.[157] Flight 175 had a much more ocentered impact compared to Flight 11, and a single stairwell was left intact; however, only a few people managed
to pass through it successfully before the tower collapsed.
Although the South Tower was struck lower than the
North Tower, thus aecting more oors, a smaller number, fewer than 700, were killed instantly or trapped.[158]
The 3 World Trade Center, a Marriott hotel, was destroyed during the collapse of the two towers. The three
remaining buildings in the WTC plaza were extensively
damaged by debris and later were demolished.[162] The
Deutsche Bank Building across Liberty Street from the
World Trade Center complex was later condemned owing to the uninhabitable toxic conditions inside; it was deconstructed, with work completed in early 2011.[163][164]
The Borough of Manhattan Community College's Fiterman Hall at 30 West Broadway was also condemned owing to extensive damage in the attacks and is slated for
deconstruction.[165]
In the immediate aftermath of the attacks, media reports
suggested that tens of thousands might have been killed
in the attacks, as over 50,000 people could be inside the
towers. Ultimately, 2,753 death certicates (excluding
those for hijackers) were led relating to the 9/11 attacks
in New York, including one led for Felicia Dunn-Jones,
who was added to the ocial death toll in May 2007;
Dunn-Jones died ve months later from a lung condition linked to exposure to dust during the collapse of the
World Trade Center.[166] Three other victims were then
added to the ocial death toll by the city medical examiners oce: Dr. Sneha Anne Philip, who was last
seen the day before the attacks; Leon Heyward, a man
who developed lymphoma and subsequently died in 2008
as a result of dust ingestion during the events following
the attacks to the Twin Towers;[167][168] and Jerry Borg,
who died in December 2010 of pulmonary sarcoidosis
determined in June 2011 to be the result of dust from the
116
attacks.[25] Cantor Fitzgerald L.P., an investment bank

on the 101st105th oors of One World Trade Center,
lost 658 employees, considerably more than any other
employer,[169] while Marsh & McLennan Companies, located immediately below Cantor Fitzgerald on oors 93
101 (the location of Flight 11s impact), lost 295 employees, and 175 employees of Aon Corporation were
killed.[170] In addition, 343 of the dead were New York
City reghters, 84 were Port Authority employees, of
whom 37 were members of the Port Authority Police Department, and another 23 were New York City Police Department ocers.[171][172][173] Ten years after the attacks,
only 1,629 victims have been identied.[174] Of all the
people who were still in the towers when they collapsed,
only 20 were pulled out alive.[175]
5.1.2
Performing
New buildings
Preliminary site plans for the World Trade Centers reconstruction.
Cleanup
The nearly-complete One and Four World Trade Center as seen

from New Jersey. Two and Three World Trade Center are still
in the early stages of construction.
Main articles: One World Trade Center New building

and World Trade Center site
The process of cleanup and recovery continued 24 hours a

day over a period of eight months. Debris was transported
from the World Trade Center site to Fresh Kills Landll
on Staten Island, where it was further sifted.[182] On May
30, 2002, a ceremony was held to ocially mark the end
of the cleanup eorts.[183] In 2002, ground was broken
on construction of a new 7 WTC building located just
to the north of the main World Trade Center site. Since
it was not part of the site master plan, Larry Silverstein
was able to proceed without delay on the rebuilding of 7
World Trade Center, which was completed and ocially
opened in May 2006; this had been considered a priority
since restoring Consolidated Edison Co.'s electrical substation in the buildings lower oors was necessary to meet
power demands of Lower Manhattan.[184][185][186] While
7 World Trade Center was not part of the master plan for
the Twin Towers site, Silverstein and Con Edison recognized that the rebuilding of 7 World Trade Center would
have to be consistent with the master plan which was expected to re-open the street grid which had been blocked
by the original World Trade Center super-block. As a result, the design for the new 7 World Trade Center allowed
for the re-opening of Greenwich Street, which had been
blocked by the original 7 World Trade Center.[187] A temporary PATH station at the World Trade Center opened
in November 2003; it will be replaced by a permanent
station designed by Santiago Calatrava.[188]
After years of delay and controversy, reconstruction at

the World Trade Center site is now underway. The
new complex includes One World Trade Center (formerly known as the Freedom Tower), 7 World Trade
Center, three other high-rise oce buildings, a museum
and memorial, and a transportation hub similar in size to
Grand Central Terminal. The One World Trade Center
was completed on August 30, 2012, and the nal component of its spire installed on May 10, 2013. The Four
World Trade Center is on track for completion and occupancy by 2014.[176][177] The 9/11 memorial is complete,
and the museum opened on May 21, 2014.[178] Three
World Trade Center and the Transportation Hub are also
making progress, and are set to be nished by around
late 2017[179] and late 2015,[180] respectively. Two World With the main World Trade Center site, numerous stakeTrade Center's full construction was placed on hold in the holders were involved including Silverstein and the Port
early 2010s, until tenants are found.[181]
Authority, which in turn meant that George Pataki,

the then-Governor of New York, had some authority.
In addition, the victims families, people in the surrounding neighborhoods, Mayor Michael Bloomberg, and
others wanted input. Governor Pataki established the
Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) in
November 2001 as an ocial commission to oversee the
rebuilding process.[189] The LMDC held a competition to
solicit possible designs for the site. The Memory Foundations design by Daniel Libeskind was chosen as the master plan for the World Trade Center site.[190] The plan
included the 1,776 feet (541 m) Freedom Tower (now
known as One World Trade Center) as well as a memorial
and a number of other oce towers. Out of the World
Trade Center Site Memorial Competition, a design by
Michael Arad and Peter Walker titled Reecting Absence
was selected in January 2004.[191]
Planning
Governor Pataki established the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) in November 2001, as an
ocial commission to oversee the rebuilding process.[192]
The LMDC coordinates federal assistance in the rebuilding process, and works with the Port Authority, Larry Silverstein, and Studio Daniel Libeskind, the master plan
architect for the sites redesign. The corporation also
handles communication with the local community, businesses, the city of New York, and relatives of victims of
the September 11 attacks.[193] A 16-member board of directors, half appointed by the governor and half by the
mayor of New York, governs the LMDC.[194] The LMDC
had questionable legal status regarding the restoration of
the World Trade Center site, because the Port Authority
owns most of the property and Larry Silverstein leased
the World Trade Centers oce space in July 2001. But
the LMDC, in an April 2002 articulation of its principles for action, asserted its role in revitalizing lower
Manhattan.[195]
In the months following the attacks, architects and urban
planning experts held meetings and forums to discuss
ideas for rebuilding the site.[196] In January 2002, New
York City art dealer Max Protetch solicited 50 concepts
and renderings from artists and architects, which were put
on exhibit in his Chelsea art gallery.[197]
117
design study for the World Trade Center site.[201] The following month, the LMDC, along with New York New Visions a coalition of 21 architecture, engineering, planning, landscape architecture and design organizations
announced seven seminalists. The following seven architecture rms were then invited to compete to be the
master plan architect for the World Trade Center:
Foster and Partners (Norman Foster)
Studio Daniel Libeskind (Daniel Libeskind)
Meier Eisenman Gwathmey Holl (Peter Eisenman, Richard Meier, Charles Gwathmey and Steven
Holl), sometimes known as The Dream Team[202]
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
THINK Team (Shigeru Ban, Frederic Schwartz,
Ken Smith, Rafael Vinoly)
United Architects
Peterson Littenberg, a small New York architecture rm,
had been enlisted by the LMDC earlier that summer as a
consultant, and was invited to participate as the seventh
seminalist.[203]
The seven seminalists presented their entries to the public on December 18, 2002, at the Winter Garden of the
World Financial Center. In the following weeks, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill withdrew its entry from the
competition.[204]
Days before the announcement of the two nalists in
February 2003, Larry Silverstein wrote to LMDC Chair
John Whitehead to express his disapproval of all of the
seminalists designs. As the Twin Towers insurance
money recipient, Silverstein claimed that he had the sole
right to decide what would be built. He announced that
he had already picked Skidmore, Owings & Merrill as
his master planner for the site.[205] On February 1, 2003,
the LMDC selected two nalists, the THINK Team and
Studio Daniel Libeskind, and planned on picking a single winner by the end of the month. Rafael Violy of
the THINK Team and Studio Daniel Libeskind presented
their designs to the LMDC, which selected the THINK
design. Earlier the same day, however, Roland Betts, a
member of the LMDC, had called a meeting and the corporation had agreed to vote for the THINK design before hearing the nal presentations. Governor Pataki,
who had originally commissioned the LMDC, intervened
and overruled the LMDCs decision.[205] On February 27,
2003, Studio Daniel Libeskind ocially won the competition to be the master planner for the World Trade Center
redesign.
In April 2002, the LMDC sent out requests for proposals to redesign the World Trade Center site to 24 Manhattan architecture rms, but then soon withdrew them.
The following month, the LMDC selected Beyer Blinder Belle as planner for the redesign of the World Trade
Center site.[198] On July 16, 2002, Beyer Blinder Belle
unveiled six concepts for redesigning the World Trade
Center site.[199] All six designs were voted poor by the
roughly 5,000 New Yorkers that submitted feedback, so Libeskinds original proposal, which is titled Memory
the LDMC announced a new, international, open-design Foundations, underwent extensive revisions during colstudy.[200]
laboration with Larry Silverstein, and Skidmore, Owings
In an August 2002 press release, the LMDC announced a & Merrill, whom Silverstein hired.[206] Though Libeskind
118
designed the site, the individual buildings have been designed by dierent architects. While not all of Liebeskinds ideas were incorporated into the nal design, his
design and the public support it garnered did solidify the
principle that the original footprints of the Twin Towers should be turned into a memorial and not be used for
commercial purposes. As a result, Liebeskinds lawyers
at the New York rm of Wachtell Lipton embarked on
the multi-year negotiation process to frame a master plan
for the rebuilding.[207] The rst step in this process, completed in 2003, was the swap in which Silverstein gave
up his rights to the footprints of the Twin Towers so
that they could become a memorial, and in exchange received the right to build ve new oce towers around
the memorial.[208] The swap and the ensuing negotiations, which lasted for many years, have been referred
to as the most complex real estate transaction in human history because of the complexity of the issues involved, the many stakeholders, and the diculty of reaching consensus.[209]
Rebuilding
Construction of the 9/11 Memorial complex in December 2010
On March 13, 2006, workers arrived at the World Trade

Center site to remove remaining debris and start surveying work. This marked the ocial start of construction of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum,
though not without controversy and concerns from some
family members.[210] In April 2006, the Port Authority
and Larry Silverstein reached an agreement in which Silverstein ceded rights to develop the Freedom Tower and
Tower Five in exchange for nancing with Liberty Bonds
for Towers Two, Three, and Four.[211][212] On April 27,
2006, a ground-breaking ceremony was held for the Freedom Tower.[213]
In May 2006, architects Richard Rogers and Fumihiko
Maki were announced as the architects for Towers Three
and Four, respectively.[214] The nal designs for Towers
Two, Three and Four were unveiled on September 7,
2006. Tower Two, or 200 Greenwich Street, will have
a roof height of 1,254 feet (382 m) and a 96 feet (29

m) tripod spire for a total of 1,350 feet (410 m). Tower
Three, or 175 Greenwich Street will have a roof height of
1,155 feet (352 m) and an antenna height reaching 1,255
feet (383 m). Tower Four, or 150 Greenwich Street, will
have an overall height of 946 feet (288 m).[215] On June
22, 2007, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey announced that JP Morgan Chase will build Tower 5,
a 42-story building on Site 5 occupied by the Deutsche
Bank Building,[216] and Kohn Pedersen Fox was selected
as the architect for the building.[217] Four renowned architects, including Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava,
who designed the transit hub, One WTC designer David
Childs of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, and the famed
British architect Norman Foster of Foster and Partners
designed Tower Two and masterminded the iconic diamond design, will greatly enhance the street-level atmosphere of the rebuilt site. The projects will be complete
between early 2013 to mid-2015 respectively.[218]
Publisher Cond Nast agreed to move its headquarters
to One World Trade Center in 2010, and with this
shift, many more tenants were expected to move to the
building.[219] As of August 2011, One World Trade Center was at 80 stories with glass up to the 54th oor,
Tower Four was up around 38 stories with glass up to
the 15th oor, and the former Deutsche Bank Building
had been completely dismantled, and the Port Authority
was working on their Vehicle Security Center.[220] The
World Trade Center Transportation Hub's PATH hall is
nearly complete. The memorial ocially opened to relatives of the deceased on September 11, 2011, and to
the general public on September 12. World Trade Center Tower Threes foundations are becoming visible, and
will be completed in mid-2014 if Silverstein Properties
can meet requirements set by the Port Authority, as they
very likely will.[221][222] By December 2011, Tower Twos
foundations were nished and assembly of the frame was
started.[223] Because numerous American and Chinese
companies were very interested in leasing space at the
WTC, Two World Trade Center was likely to be nished
earlier than expected.[224]
A report in September 2013 revealed that, at the time of
the report, the World Trade Center Association (WTCA)
continues to negotiate with the One World Trade Center in regard to the title World Trade Center, as the
WTCA purchased the rights to the name in 1986. The
WTCA is seeking free oce space in the tower worth
US$500,000 in exchange for the use of World Trade
Center on the One World Trade Center tower and associated souvenirs.[225]
In early December 2013, Australian retail corporation
Westeld announced that it will invest US$800 million
for complete control of the retail space at the rebuilt center. Westeld, Australias largest shopping mall operator,
will purchase the Port Authority of New York and New
Jerseys 50 percent stake in the retail part of the World
Trade Center site, increasing its total investment to more
than US$1.4 billion.[226]

In April 2014, with the opening of the 9/11 Museum, the
rst fencing was removed since the opening of 7 World
Trade Center in 2006. At the same time, the 9/11 Memorial discontinued the requirement for tickets in order to
enter the memorial, not only providing pedestrian access to the future towers, but also a path through the site
to the Memorial Plaza and surrounding streets.[227] All
construction fencing is expected to be removed with the
opening of the nal tower sometime in 20152018.[228]
2014 logo
119
Landor Associates was awarded a $3.57 million contract
in 2013 to design the logo. Douglas Riccardi, the principal in the design rm Memo, stated, Its strength is its
ability to be seen in many ways. You could never get more
meaning in ve little bars. The problem is that people
may not bother to nd out what the meanings are.[231]
Early controversy and criticism

There was much debate regarding the future of Ground
Zero following the destruction of the World Trade Center. Disagreement and controversy regarding who owned
the property and what would be built there hindered construction at the site for several years. Many wanted the
Twin Towers to be rebuilt, but stronger and taller. This
movement was led by an informal organization called the
Twin Towers Alliance.[232] Others did not want anything
built there at all or wanted the entire site to become a
memorial. Finally, a master plan was agreed upon, which
would feature a memorial and museum where the original
Twin Towers stood and six new skyscrapers surrounding
it.[233]
The social center of the old World Trade Center included

a restaurant on the 107th oor, called Windows on the
World, and its Greatest Bar in the World; these were
tourist attractions in their own right, and a social gathering spot for people who worked in the towers.[234][235]
This restaurant also housed one of the most prestigious
wine schools in the United States, called Windows on
the World Wine School, run by wine personality Kevin
Zraly.[236] Despite numerous assurances that these local
The World Trade Centers new logo, revealed in August
landmarks and global attractions would be rebuilt,[237] the
2014, was designed by the rm Landor Associates and
Port Authority scrapped plans to rebuild these WTC atshaped like a W. All the black bars, the empty spaces,
tractions, which has outraged some observers.[238]
and the W itself symbolize something, giving the logo
An episode of CBS's 60 Minutes in 2010 focused on the
at least six meanings:[229]
lack of progress at Ground Zero, particularly on the lack
of completion dates for a majority of the buildings, the
Each of the ve bars in the logo represents the ve main tower, One World Trade Centers having undergone
towers that will be the World Trade Center when it three dierent designs, and the delays and monetary exis complete.[230][231]
pense involved. Investor Larry Silverstein said the Port
Authoritys estimated completion date for the entire site
The top half of the logo features bars cut o at a
was 2037, and billions of dollars had already been spent
17.76-degree angle, evoking One World Trade Cenon the project, even though Ground Zero is still a hole in
ters 1,776-foot height.[230][231]
the ground. During an interview for the episode, Larry
Silverstein said: I am the most frustrated person in the
There are two white columns at the top symbolizing
world.I'm seventy-eight years of age; I want to see this
the Tribute in Light memorial.[230][231]
thing done in my lifetime.[239]
The three black bars at the top also symbolize the One World Trade Center itself was met with criticism
early in its planning and construction stages.[240] The
Twin Towers trident-shaped columns.[230][231]
original design, which was asymmetrical, signicantly
The two black bars at the bottom also stand for the shorter, and called for an o-center spire, was met with
much disapproval, causing a new one to be devised. A
twin pools of the 9/11 Memorial.[230][231]
key feature of the nal design, the fortied, window The logo, as a whole, is in the shape of a W, which less base, was also denounced as looking dreary and
stands for World Trade Center and "Westeld unwelcoming.[241] To alleviate this problem, the designWorld Trade Center".[230][231]
ers decided to clad it with prismatic glass panels. Since
120
the failure of that plan, it is now unclear what the base [9] 7 World Trade Center - The Skyscraper Center. Council
on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.
will be covered with. The name change from Freedom
Tower to One World Trade Center was met with some
[10] Stacking Diagram | 4 World Trade Center | Silverstein
criticism.[242] The then-Governor of New York, George
Properties. 4wtc.com. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
Pataki, stated in 2003 that "[t]he Freedom Tower isn't
going to be One World Trade Center, its going to be the [11] Building Tenants, Silverstein Properties
Freedom Tower.[243]
[12] World Trade Center Tour, Council on Tall Buildings and
Urban Habitat (CTBUH)
5.1.3
See also
One World Trade Center and its construction

The Philippe Petit High Wire Walk Between the
Towers
Project Rebirth
The Sphere
World Trade Center in popular culture
5.1.4
References
Explanatory notes
[1] 1, 4, and 7 WTC, as well as the 9/11 Memorial and Museum are complete. 2, 3, and 5 WTC, as well as Liberty
Park and the Vehicle Security Center, the Transportation
Hub, and the Performing Arts Center are under construction.
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5.2. THE PENTAGON
5.1.6
127
External links
was hijacked and own into the Western side of the building, killing 189 people including the ve hijackers.[8] It
World Trade Center Silverstein Properties
was the rst signicant foreign attack on the capitals governmental facilities since the burning of Washington dur World Trade Center Port Authority of New York ing the War of 1812.
& New Jersey
World Trade Center Progress Port Authority of 5.2.1
New York & New Jersey
World Trade Center at DMOZ
History
Construction
Building the Twin Towers: A Tribute slideshow

by Life magazine
New York: A Documentary lm features the construction and destruction of the World Trade Center
in the seventh and nal episode of the series directed
by Ric Burns.
Historic video with scenes of World Trade Center
under construction in 1970
5.2 The Pentagon

This article is about the headquarters of the United States
Department of Defense. For the geometric gure, see
Pentagon. For other uses, see Pentagon (disambiguation).
The Pentagon is the headquarters of the United States
Department of Defense, located in Arlington County,
Virginia. As a symbol of the U.S. military, the Pentagon is often used metonymically to refer to the U.S.
Department of Defense.
The Pentagon was designed by American architect
George Bergstrom (18761955), and built by general
contractor John McShain of Philadelphia. Ground was
broken for construction on September 11, 1941, and the
building was dedicated on January 15, 1943. General
Brehon Somervell provided the major motive power behind the project;[4] Colonel Leslie Groves was responsible
for overseeing the project for the U.S. Army.
The Pentagon is a large oce building, with about
6,500,000 sq ft (600,000 m2 ), of which 3,700,000 sq
ft (340,000 m2 ) are used as oces.[5][6] Approximately
23,000 military and civilian employees[6] and about 3,000
non-defense support personnel work in the Pentagon. It
has ve sides, ve oors above ground, two basement levels, and ve ring corridors per oor with a total of 17.5 mi
(28.2 km)[6] of corridors. The Pentagon includes a veacre (20,000 m2 ) central plaza, which is shaped like a
pentagon and informally known as "ground zero, a nickname originating during the Cold War on the presumption that it would be targeted by the Soviet Union at the
outbreak of nuclear war.[7]
1945 map of the Pentagon road network, including present-day

State Route 27 and part of the Shirley Highway, as well as the
Main Navy and Munitions Buildings near the Lincoln Memorial.
Before the Pentagon was built, the United States Department of War was headquartered in the Greggory Building, a temporary structure erected during World War I
along Constitution Avenue on the National Mall. The
War Department, which was a civilian agency created to
administer the U.S. Army, was spread out in additional
temporary buildings on the National Mall, as well as
dozens of other buildings in Washington, D.C., Maryland
and Virginia. In the late 1930s a new War Department
Building was constructed at 21st and C Streets in Foggy
Bottom but, upon completion, the new building did not
solve the departments space problem and ended up being used by the Department of State.[9] When World
War II broke out in Europe, the War Department rapidly
expanded in anticipation that the United States would
be drawn into the conict. Secretary of War Henry L.
Stimson found the situation unacceptable, with the Munitions Building overcrowded and the department spread
out.[10][11]
On September 11, 2001, exactly 60 years after the buildings construction began, American Airlines Flight 77 Stimson told President Franklin D. Roosevelt in May
128
1941 that the War Department needed additional space.
On July 17, 1941, a congressional hearing took place,
organized by Virginia congressman Clifton Woodrum,
regarding proposals for new War Department buildings.
Woodrum pressed Brigadier General Eugene Reybold,
who was representing the War Department at the hearing, for an overall solution to the departments space
problem rather than building yet more temporary buildings. Reybold agreed to report back to the congressman
within ve days. The War Department called upon its
construction chief, General Brehon Somervell, to come
up with a plan.[12]
Main Navy Building (foreground) and the Munitions Building

were temporary structures built during World War I on the
National Mall. The Munitions Building served as the Department of War headquarters for several years before moving into
the Pentagon.

accordingly as an irregular pentagon.[14] Concerned that
the new building could obstruct the view of Washington, D.C., from Arlington Cemetery, President Roosevelt
ended up selecting the Hoover Airport site instead.[15]
The building retained its pentagonal layout because a major redesign at that stage would have been costly, and
Roosevelt liked the design. Freed of the constraints of
the asymmetric Arlington Farms site, it was modied into
a regular pentagon which resembled the star forts of the
gunpowder age.[16][17]
On July 28 Congress authorized funding for a new Department of War building in Arlington, which would
house the entire department under one roof,[18] and President Roosevelt ocially approved of the Hoover Airport
site on September 2.[19] While the project went through
the approval process in late July 1941, Somervell selected the contractors, including John McShain, Inc. of
Philadelphia, which had built Washington National Airport in Arlington, the Jeerson Memorial in Washington, and the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda,
Maryland, along with Wise Contracting Company, Inc.
and Doyle and Russell, both from Virginia.[20] In addition
to the Hoover Airport site and other government-owned
land, construction of the Pentagon required an additional
287 acres (1.16 km2 ), which were acquired at a cost of
$2.2 million.[21] The Hells Bottom neighborhood, a slum
with numerous pawnshops, factories, approximately 150
homes, and other buildings around Columbia Pike, was
also cleared to make way for the Pentagon.[22] Later 300
acres (1.2 km2 ) of land were transferred to Arlington National Cemetery and to Fort Myer, leaving 280 acres (1.1
km2 ) for the Pentagon.[21]
Contracts totaling $31,100,000 were nalized with McShain and the other contractors on September 11, and
ground was broken for the Pentagon the same day.[23]
Among the design requirements, Somervell required the
structural design to accommodate oor loads of up to 150
pounds per square foot, which was done in case the building became a records storage facility at some time after
the end of the current war.[19] A minimal amount of steel
was used as it was in short supply during World War II.
Instead, the Pentagon was built as a reinforced concrete
structure, using 680,000 tons of sand dredged from the
Southwest view of the Pentagon with the Potomac River and
Potomac River, and a lagoon was created beneath the
Washington Monument in background (1998).
Pentagons river entrance.[24] To minimize steel, concrete
[25][26]
Government ocials agreed that the War Department ramps were built rather than installing elevators. [27]
building should be constructed across the Potomac River, Indiana limestone was used for the buildings faade.
in Arlington, Virginia. Requirements for the new build- Architectural and structural design work for the Pentagon
ing were that it be no more than four stories tall, and that it proceeded simultaneously with construction, with initial
use a minimal amount of steel. The requirements meant drawings provided in early October 1941, and most of
that, instead of rising vertically, the building would be the design work completed by June 1, 1942. At times
sprawling over a large area. Possible sites for the building the construction work got ahead of the design, with difincluded the Department of Agricultures Arlington Ex- ferent materials used than specied in the plans. Presperimental Farm, adjacent to Arlington National Ceme- sure to speed up design and construction intensied aftery, and the obsolete Hoover Field site.[13]
ter the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941,
The site originally chosen was Arlington Farms which had with Somervell demanding that 1,000,000 sq ft (9.3 ha)
a roughly pentagonal shape, so the building was planned of space at the Pentagon be available for occupation by
5.2. THE PENTAGON
129
Protests
Northwest exposure of the Pentagons construction underway,

July 1, 1942.
April 1, 1942.[28] David J. Witmer replaced Bergstrom

as chief architect on April 11 after Bergstorm resigned
due to charges, unrelated to the Pentagon project, of improper conduct while he was president of the American
Institute of Architects.[29]
Construction of the Pentagon was done during the period of racial segregation in the United States. This had
structural consequences to the design of the building. Under the supervision of colonel Leslie Groves, the decision
to have separate eating and lavatory accommodations for
whites and blacks was made and carried out. The dining
areas for blacks were put in the basement and on each
oor there were double toilet facilities separated by gender and race. These measures of segregation were said to
have been done in compliance with the state of Virginias
racial laws. The Pentagon as a result has twice the number
of toilet facilities needed for a building of its size.[30][31]
President Roosevelt had made an order ending such racial
discrimination in the U.S. military in June 1941. When
the President visited the Pentagon before its dedication,
he questioned Groves regarding the number of washrooms and ordered him to remove the Whites Only
signs. Until 1965 the Pentagon was the only building in
Virginia where segregation laws were not enforced.[31]
The soil conditions of the Pentagon site, located on the
Potomac River oodplain, presented challenges to engineers, as did the varying elevations across the site, which
ranged from 10 to 40 feet (3.012.2 m) above sea level.
Two retaining walls were built to compensate for the elevation variations, and cast-in-place (Franki) piles were
used to deal with the soil conditions.[32] Construction of
the Pentagon was completed in approximately 16 months
at a total cost of $83 million. The building is 77 feet (23
m) tall, and each of the ve sides of the building is 921
feet (281 m) long.[33]
Military police keep back Vietnam War protesters during their

sit-in on October 21, 1967, at the mall entrance to the Pentagon
The Pentagon became a focal point for protests against

the Vietnam War during the late 1960s. A group of 2,500
women, organized by Women Strike for Peace, demonstrated outside of Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara's oce at the Pentagon on February 15, 1967.[34]
In May 1967, a group of 20 demonstrators held a sitin outside the Joint Chiefs of Stas oce, which lasted
four days before they were arrested.[35] In one of the better known incidents, on October 21, 1967, some 35,000
anti-war protesters organized by the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, gathered for
a demonstration at the Defense Department (the March
on the Pentagon), where they were confronted by some
2,500 armed soldiers. During the protest, a famous picture was taken, where George Harris placed carnations
into the soldiers gun barrels.[36] The march concluded
with an attempt to exorcise the building. On May 19,
1972, the American radicals known as the Weather Underground Organization successfully planted and detonated a bomb in a fourth-oor womens restroom in the
Pentagon. They announced it was in retaliation for the
Nixon administrations bombing attacks on Hanoi during
the nal stages of the Vietnam War.[37]
On March 17, 2007, 4,000 to 15,000 people (estimates
vary signicantly) protested against the Iraq War.[38] The
protesters marched from the Lincoln Memorial, down
Washington Boulevard to the Pentagons north parking
lot.
Because of the pressing needs of the war, people started

working in the Pentagon before it was completed. The
Pentagon was built one wing at a time, and after the Renovation
rst wing was nished, employees started to move into
that wing while construction was continuing on the other Main article: Pentagon Renovation Program
wings.
130
From 1998 to 2011, the Pentagon underwent a major

renovation, known as the Pentagon Renovation Program.
This program, completed in June 2011, involved the complete gutting and reconstruction of the entire building in
phases to bring the building up to modern standards, removing asbestos, improving security, providing greater
eciency for Pentagon tenants, and sealing of all oce
windows.[39]
As originally built, most Pentagon oce space consisted
of open bays which spanned an entire ring. These oces
used cross-ventilation from operable windows instead of
air conditioning for cooling. Gradually, bays were subdivided into private oces with many using window air The Pentagon in April 2002.
conditioning units. With renovations now complete, the
new space includes a return to open oce bays, a new
77, en route from Washington Dulles International AirUniversal Space Plan of standardized oce furniture and
port to Los Angeles International Airport, and deliber[40]
partitions developed by Studios Architecture.
ately crashed the Boeing 757 airliner into the western side
of the Pentagon at 9:37 am EDT as part of the September
11 attacks. All 59 civilians and the 5 terrorists on the
airliner were killed, as were 70 civilians and 55 military
personnel who were in the building. The impact of the
plane severely damaged the structure of the building and
caused its partial collapse.[42] At the time of the attacks,
the Pentagon was under renovation and many oces were
unoccupied, resulting in fewer casualties. Only 800 of
4,500 people who would have been in the area were there
because of the work. Furthermore the area hit, on the
side of the Heliport faade, was the section best prepared
for such an attack. The renovation there, improvements
which resulted from the Oklahoma City bombing, had
nearly been completed.[43][44][45]
Security camera footage of Flight 77 hitting the Pentagon (impact

at 1:25)[41]
9/11 anniversary illumination
Main article: American Airlines Flight 77
It was the only area of the Pentagon with a

sprinkler system, and it had been reconstructed
with a web of steel columns and bars to withstand bomb blasts. The steel reinforcement,
bolted together to form a continuous structure
through all of the Pentagons ve oors, kept
that section of the building from collapsing for
30 minutesenough time for hundreds of people to crawl out to safety. The area struck by
the plane also had blast-resistant windows
2 inches thick and 2,500 pounds eachthat
stayed intact during the crash and re. It had
re doors that opened automatically and newly
built exits that allowed people to get out.[43]
Contractors already involved with the renovation were
given the added task of rebuilding the sections damaged in the attacks. This additional project was named
the "Phoenix Project", and was charged with having the
outermost oces of the damaged section occupied by
September 11, 2002.[46][47][48]
When the damaged section of the Pentagon was repaired,

On September 11, 2001, the 60th anniversary of The a small indoor memorial and chapel were included, loPentagons groundbreaking, a team of ve al-Qaeda al- cated at the point of impact. For the fth anniversary
iated hijackers took control of American Airlines Flight of the September 11, 2001 attacks, a memorial of 184
5.2. THE PENTAGON
131
beams of light shone up from the center courtyard of the

Pentagon, one light for each victim of the attack. In addition, an American ag is hung each year on the side
of the Pentagon damaged in the attacks, and the side of
the building is illuminated at night with blue lights. After
the attacks, plans were developed for an outdoor memorial, with construction underway in 2006. This Pentagon
Memorial consists of a park on 2 acres (8,100 m2 ) of
land, containing 184 benches, one dedicated to each victim. The benches are aligned along the line of Flight 77
according to the victims ages, from 3 to 71. The park
opened to the public on September 11, 2008.[49][50][51]
Shooting incidents
Main articles: 2010 Pentagon shooting and Northern
Virginia military shootings
On March 4, 2010, at 6:40 pm, two police ocers working for the Pentagon Force Protection Agency were shot
at near an entrance to the Pentagon and red back with
their pistols at the suspect. The ocers were slightly injured but were treated in a hospital and released. The
suspect, identied as John Patrick Bedell (age 36), died
at the hospital. No clear motive was established.[52] On
October 19, 2010, shortly before 5 am, an unidentied
gunman shot at the south side of the building, shattering
windows on the third and fourth oors.[53]
The Pentagon compared to several large structures

The Pentagon, 1414 ft or 431 m
RMS Queen Mary 2, 1132 ft or 345 m
USS Enterprise (CVN-65), 1122 ft or 342 m
Hindenburg, 804 ft or 245 m
Yamato, 863 ft or 263 m
Empire State Building, 1453 ft or 443 m
Knock Nevis tanker, 1503 ft or 458 m
The Pentagon building spans 28.7 acres (116,000 m2 ),

and includes an additional 5.1 acres (21,000 m2 ) as a central courtyard.[55] Starting with the north side and moving
Earthquake
clockwise, its ve faades are the Mall Terrace Entrance
faade, the River Terrace Entrance faade, the Concourse
Main article: 2011 Virginia earthquake
Entrance (or Metro Station) faade, the South Parking
Entrance faade, and the Heliport faade.[44] On the north
On August 23, 2011, a 5.8 magnitude earthquake in side of the building, the Mall Entrance, which also feaMineral, Virginia, shook the Pentagon.[54] The building tures a portico, leads out to a 600 ft (180 m) long terrace
suered minor damage, with ooding from broken pipes. that is used for ceremonies. The River Entrance, which
features a portico projecting out 20 ft (6.1 m), is located
on the northeast side, overlooking the lagoon and facing
Washington. A stepped terrace on the River Entrance
5.2.2 Layout
leads down to the lagoon; and a landing dock was used
until the late 1960s to ferry personnel between Bolling
Air Force Base and the Pentagon.[55] The main entrance
for visitors is located on the southeast side, where the
Pentagon Metro station and the bus station are located.
There is also a concourse on the southeast side of the second oor of the building, which contains a mini-shopping
mall. The Pentagons south parking lot is located on the
southwest side of the Pentagon, and the west side of the
Pentagon faces Washington Boulevard.
Aerial view of the Pentagon
The concentric rings are designated from the center out

as A through E (with in addition F and G in the
basement). E Ring oces are the only ones with outside views and are generally occupied by senior ocials.
Oce numbers go clockwise around each of the rings,
and have two parts: a nearest-corridor number (1 to 10)
132
followed by a bay number (00 to 99), so oce numbers

range from 100 to 1099. These corridors radiate out from
the central courtyard, with corridor 1 beginning with the
Concourses south end. Each numbered radial corridor
intersects with the corresponding numbered group of ofces (for example, corridor 5 divides the 500 series oce
block). There are a number of historical displays in the
building, particularly in the A and E rings.
in the 280 acre (1.1 km2 ) Pentagon Reservation and

greater National Capital Region (NCR). PFPA was also
charged with providing force protection against the full
spectrum of potential threats through robust prevention,
preparedness, detection, and response measures. The
United States Pentagon Police is the primary federal
law enforcement arm of the Pentagon Force Protection
Agency.
Floors in The Pentagon are lettered B for Basement

and M for Mezzanine, both of which are below ground
5.2.4
level. The concourse is located on the second oor at the
Metro entrance. Above ground oors are numbered 1 to
5. Room numbers are given as the oor, concentric ring,
and oce number (which is in turn the nearest corridor
number followed by the bay number). Thus, oce 2B315
is on the second oor, B ring, and nearest to corridor 3
(between corridors 2 and 3). One way to get to this oce
would be to go to the second oor, get to the A (innermost) ring, go to and take corridor 3, and then turn left
on ring B to get to bay 15.[56]
Hall of Heroes
It is possible for a person to walk between any two points

in the Pentagon in less than seven minutes.[57]
Just south of the Pentagon are Pentagon City and Crystal
City, extensive shopping and high-density residential districts in Arlington. Arlington National Cemetery is to the
north. The Washington Metro Pentagon station is also The entrance to the Pentagons Hall of Heroes is located on the
located at the Pentagon, on the Blue and Yellow Lines. main concourse
The Pentagon is surrounded by the relatively complex
Pentagon road network.[58]
The United States Postal Service has established six ZIP
Codes for The Pentagon, to which the place name Washington, D.C. is assigned, even though The Pentagon is
actually located in Virginia. The Secretary of Defense,
the Joint Chiefs of Sta, and the four service branches
each have their own designated ZIP Code.[59]
The Pentagon, south parking lot side
5.2.3
Security
The Pentagon Force Protection Agency (PFPA) is a

United States government agency composed of sworn
federal police ocers, the United States Pentagon Police and civilian CBRN technicians, and non-sworn civilian anti-terrorism investigative and physical security personnel, and is responsible for the protection of the Pentagon. The Department of Defense created the PFPA
after the September 11, 2001 attacks. The new agency
absorbed the Defense Protective Service (DPS) and assumed its role of providing basic law enforcement and security for the Pentagon and Department of Defense sites
Retired U.S. Army major Ed Freeman is inducted into the Hall of

Heroes in July 2001, following his receipt of the Medal of Honor
for his service in the Vietnam War. The Hall of Heroes original
location was in the A Ring, on the second oor.
Located on the Pentagons main concourse is the Hall of

Heroes, a room dedicated to the more than 3,460 recipients of the Medal of Honor, the United States highest
military decoration.[60][61][62][63] [64][65] There are three
dierent versions of the Medal of Honor: the Army version, the Sea Service version (Marine Corps, Navy and
Coast Guard), and the Air Force version. All three versions are displayed in the Hall of Heroes. Along the walls
of the room are the names of each recipient. An asterisk next to some of the names denotes service members
who received two Medals of Honor for two separate acts
5.2. THE PENTAGON

of bravery. Dots next to other names denote Marines
who were under the command of the Army during WWI
and received both the Army and Sea Service versions of
the Medal of Honor for a single act of bravery.[64] The
Hall of Heroes was opened during a Medal of Honor
awards ceremony on May 14, 1968.[66] President Lyndon
Johnson ociated the ceremony and awarded the Medal
of Honor to four serviceman: Specialist 5 Charles C.
Hagemeister, U.S. Army; Sergeant Richard A. Pittman,
U.S. Marine Corps; Boatswains Mate 1st Class James E.
Williams, U.S. Navy and Captain Gerald O. Young, U.S.
Air Force. It was the rst time that all four services were
represented in a Medal of Honor Ceremony. The medals
were awarded in the Pentagons center courtyard. Upon
the ceremonys conclusion, President Johnson ascended a
staircase to his rear and cut a red ribbon in front of a door
at the top of the stairs providing entrance to the Hall of
Heroes. At the time of the dedication, the Hall of Heroes
was located on the Pentagons second oor, A Ring, overlooking the courtyard.[66][67] As part of the Pentagons
renovation, the Hall of Heroes was moved to its current
location on the main concourse.[64]
The Hall of Heroes is also used for promotions, retirements, and other types of award
ceremonies.[68][69][70][71][72][73]
5.2.5
Services
The Pentagon has over 20 of its own fast food operations, including Subway, McDonalds, Dunkin' Donuts,
Panda Express, Starbucks and Sbarro, among others.[74]
A multibranded KFC, Pizza Hut, and Taco Bell restaurant opened in 2003, when renovations to the food court
were completed.[75] Food services are managed by the
Navy Exchange. The Center Courtyard Cafe reopened in
the spring of 2008,[76] replacing the Ground Zero Cafe
snack bar that was previously there.
The Pentagon Athletic Center (PAC), a tness center for
military and civilian sta, opened in 2004[77] adjacent to
the north side of the Pentagon, replacing the Pentagon
Ocers Athletic Club (POAC) which had operated for
55 years in a structure between Route 110 and the parade
grounds. Each year, the Pentagon grounds are a major focus for hosting the Marine Corps Marathon and the Army
Ten-Miler running events.
133
5.2.6 Other uses

The Pentagon and its parking lots are used as a staging
area for a number of large events, including the Army
Ten-Miler, the Marine Corps Marathon and Rolling
Thunder motorcycle ride. In 2005 the Department of
Defense organized the America Supports Your Freedom
Walk in the parking lot, an event held to show solidarity
with the departments current and former employees.[82]
The roads of the Pentagon Reservation are routinely used
daily by thousands of commuters between Arlington, Virginia and Washington, DC.
5.2.7 See also

Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe
Structure with similar purposes for NATO.
5.2.8 References
Notes
[1] Consumer Price Index (estimate) 18002014. Federal
Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved February 27,
2014.
[2] National Register Information System. National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2010-07-09.
[3] Virginia Landmarks Register. Virginia Department of
Historic Resources. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
[4] Steve Vogel, The Pentagon: a History (2003).
[5] The Pentagon George Bergstrom Great Buildings Online. Greatbuildings.com. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
[6] The Pentagon, Facts & Figures (accessed August 23,
2014)
[7] Pentagon Hot Dog Stand, Cold War Legend, to be Torn
Down. United States Department of Defense. September 20, 2006. Retrieved May 6, 2010. 'Its rumored that
a portion of their (Soviet) nuclear arsenal was directed at
that building, the Pentagon hot dog stand,' tour guides tell
visitors as they pass the stand. 'This is where the building
earned the nickname Cafe Ground Zero, the deadliest hot
dog stand in the world.'
[8] Pentagon Memorial Dedication. DefenseLink.mil. Retrieved May 27, 2009.
There is a Meditation and Prayer Room in the Pentagon, [9] Goldberg (1992), p. 69
which was dedicated on December 14, 1970, by Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird.[78] On September 11, 2002 [10] Intro Secretaries of War and Secretaries of the Army.
United States Army Center of Military History. 1992.
the Pentagon Memorial Chapel was dedicated.[79]
In conjunction with the 1976 American Bicentennial,[80] [11] Main Navy & Munitions Buildings. Naval History &
Heritage Command. Retrieved October 17, 2008.
the Pentagon began oering guided tours to the general
public. Tours were suspended after the September 11,
[12] Vogel (2007), pp. 2933
2001 attacks, but are currently available on an arranged
basis to the general public.[81]
[13] Vogel (2007), pp. 3537
134
[14] Bureau of Public Roads memorandum, October 25, 1960.
[41] Flight 77, Video 2. Judicial Watch.
[15] General Information. Retrieved December 4, 2005.
[42] Isiko, Michael; Daniel Klaidman (June 10, 2002). The

Hijackers We Let Escape. Newsweek. Retrieved October
22, 2009.
[16] Vogel, Steve (May 27, 2007). How the Pentagon Got Its
Shape. Washington Post. pp. W16. Retrieved May 26,
2007.
[17] Roig-Franzia, Manuel (May 13, 2010). Hemp fans look
toward Lyster Deweys past, and the Pentagon, for higher
ground. The Washington Post. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
[18] Goldberg (1992), p. 22
[19] Goldberg (1992), p. 33
[20] Goldberg (1992), p. 29
[21] Goldberg (1992), p. 34
[22] Vogel (2007), p. 131
[23] Goldberg (1992), p. 35; p. 44
[24] Rare, Unseen: Building the Pentagon. LIFE.com.
[25] McGrath, Amanda (May 26, 2007). How The Pentagon
Got Its Shape (Gallery)". The Washington Post.
[26] Goldberg (1992), p. 5253
[27] Owens, Jim (February 2005). Replacing the stone and
rebuilding the Pentagon. Mining Engineering 57 (2): 21
26.
[28] Goldberg (1992), p. 3942
[29] Goldberg, p. 36
[30] Robert R. Weyeneth, The Architecture of Racial Segregation: The Challenges of Preserving the Problematical
Past,(2005)p.28-30/
[31] Carroll, James. House of war: the Pentagon and the disastrous rise of American power. Boston: Houghton Miin
Co., 2006. Print. p.4-5
[32] Goldberg (1992), p. 47; p. 52
[33] Facts & Figures: Land Area and Cost
[34] White, Jean M. (February 16, 1967). 2500 Women
Storm Pentagon Over War. Washington Post.
[35] Auerbach, Stuart (May 13, 1967). Pentagon Protesters
Jailed. Washington Post.
[36] Flowers, Guns and an Iconic Snapshot. The Washington
Post. March 18, 2007. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
[37] Jacobs, Ron (1997). The Way the Wind Blew. Verso. p.
142. ISBN 1-85984-167-8.
[38] 8 Years After Start of War, Anger Reigns, Washington
Post, March 17, 2007 page A1
[39] Vogel, Steve (June 22, 2011). New Pentagon Is A
Paragon. Washington Post. p. 1.
[40] Renovation of the Pentagon. Retrieved October 9, 2006.
[43] Schrader, Esther (September 16, 2001). Pentagon, a

Vulnerable Building, Was Hit in Least Vulnerable Spot.
Los Angeles Times. Retrieved Feb 25, 2010.
[44] The Pentagon. globalsecurity.org. Retrieved February
25, 2010.
[45] Where The Pentagon Was Hit. 9-11 Research. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
[46] Pentagon Renovation Program. Archived from the original on May 8, 2006. Retrieved December 4, 2005.
[47] Childs, Nick (August 15, 2002). Americas: Pentagon
sta reclaim destroyed oces. BBC News. Retrieved
December 4, 2005.
[48] Pentagon History September 11, 2001.
tagon.osd.mil. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
Pen-
[49] Pentagon Memorial Web site

[50] Ocial press release at the United States Department of
Defense
[51] Wilgoren, Debbie; Nick Miro; Robin Shulman (September 11, 2008). Pentagon Memorial Dedicated on 7th Anniversary of Attacks. The Washington Post (The Washington Post Company). Retrieved September 11, 2008.
[52] Klein, Allison; Williams, Clarence; Weil, Martin (March
5, 2010). at Pentagon entrance leaves 2 police ocers
hurt, lone gunman dead. The Washington Post. p. A1.
[53] Christy Goodman and Maria Glod (October 20, 2010).
Gunman sought in Pentagon shooting. Washington Post.
p. B1.
[54] Fox News articleMagnitude 5.9 Earthquake Hits Virginia, Sends Shockwaves Throughout East Coast (accessed August 23, 2011)
[55] Goldberg (1992), p. 57
[56] How to Find a Room in the Pentagon. Headquarters,
Dept. of the Army. Retrieved September 13, 2007.
[57] Man shoots 2 ocers outside Pentagon. CNN. March
5, 2010. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
[58] Mixing Bowl Interchange Complex. roadstothefuture.com. Retrieved November 22, 2006.
[59] Facts & Figures: Zip Codes
[60] Department of the Army (July 1, 2002). Section 578.4
Medal of Honor. Code of Federal Regulations Title 32,
Volume 2. Government Printing Oce. Retrieved March
14, 2012.
[61] DoD Award Manual, November 23, 2010, 1348. 33, P.
31, 8. c. (1) (a)
5.2. THE PENTAGON
135
[62] Tucker, Spencer C.; Arnold, James; Wiener, Roberta

(2011). The Encyclopedia of North American Indian
Wars, 1607-1890: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 879. ISBN 978-1-85109-697-8.
[79] Pentagon Memorial Chapel place to grieve, reect, heal

army.mil
[63] The Congressional Medal of Honor Society is so designated because that was the name it was given in an act of
Congress that was signed into law by US President Dwight
D. Eisenhower on August 5, 1958 as Title 36, Chapter 33
of the U.S. Code (see The Congressional Medal of Honor
Societys History. Ocial Site. Congressional Medal of
Honor Society. Retrieved October 1, 2006.). The law authorizing the society has since been transferred to Title
36, Chapter 405 of the U.S. Code.
[81] The Pentagon Tour Request. August 8, 2008.
[64] Welcome to the Headquarters Department of Defense:

Self Guided Tour Brochure -- Pentagon Tours Program.
Retrieved December 2, 2013
[65] Baker, Henderson Inside the Pentagon Post 9/11
Scholastic News Online. Retrieved December 2, 2013
[66] Mare, John (May 15, 1968) The President Looks
to Peace 'For Which These Men...Have Fought... The
Washington Post, page 1.
[67] Johnson, Lyndon B. (May 14, 1968) Remarks Upon
Dedicating the Hall of Heroes and Presenting the Medal
of Honor to a Member of Each of the Nations Military
Services, The American Presidency Project. Retrieved
November 30, 2013
[68] Hughes, Libby (1992) Norman Schwartzkopf: Hero with a
Heart Lincoln, Nebraska: IUniverse Publishing, page 109
[69] Hirschfelder, Paulette (2012) The Extraordinary Book of
Native American Lists Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow
Press, page 220
[70] Roth, S. (June 23, 2000) Pentagons hall of heroes welcomes asian-american veterans. Gannett News Service.
Retrieved December 1, 2013
[80] Halloran, Richard (April 18, 1982). Penetrating the Pentagon. The New York Times. pp. Section 10, page 39.
[82] Neuman, Johanna (September 11, 2005). Pentagons

'Freedom Walk' Is a March Along Americas Divide. Los
Angeles Times. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
Bibliography
Carroll, James (2007). House of War: The Pentagon
and the Disastrous Rise of American Power. Mariner
Books. ISBN 0-618-18780-4.
Goldberg, Alfred (1992). The Pentagon: The First
Fifty Years. Oce of the Secretary of Defense /
Government Printing Oce. ISBN 0-16-0379792.
Vogel, Steve (2007). The Pentagon A History: The
Untold Story of the Wartime Race to Build the Pentagon and to Restore it Sixty Years Later. Random
House. ISBN 0-8129-7325-9.

The Pentagon website
Popular Mechanics, March 1943, Armys Giant
Five-by-Five one of earliest World War Two articles on the Pentagon
Pentagon Force Protection Agency
[71] Sta writer, (March 30, 1991) Pentagons gulf war

spokesman retires. St.Petersburg Times. Retrieved on December 1, 2013
Pentagon Renovation Program
[72] Omicinski, J. (December 1, 1999) Comanche codetalkers honored for WWII service. Gannett News Service.
Retrieved on December 3, 2013
The Pentagon: Relocation Information and The Pentagon Q&A
[73] Sta writer (February 26, 2004) Readiness award. The

Charleston Gazette. Retrieved on December 2, 2013
[74] Concessions The Pentagon. Oce of the Assistant
Secretary of Defense for Public Aairs. Retrieved March
30, 2008.
[75] Pentagon Gets New KFC/Pizza Hut/Taco Bell Multibranded Restaurant. AllBusiness. August 13, 2003.
[76] Center Courtyard Cafe (PDF). Pentagon Renovator
Newsletter. February 2008.
The Worldwide Network of US Military Bases
Great Buildings Online The Pentagon

How the Pentagon Got Its Shape The Washington
Post, May 26, 2007
A House Divided: Pentagon Trivia Fact retrieved
June 13, 2008.
Satellite image from Mapygon
The Construction of The PentagonSomervells
Folly
[77] Pentagon Renovation Program

[78] Pentagon Meditation and Prayer Roomwebsite of the
Pentagon Meditation Club:
Coordinates:
385215.56N
38.8709889N 77.0559611W
77321.46W
136
5.3 Stonycreek, Pennsylvania
5.3.2 Flight 93 Memorials
For other Pennsylvania townships of the same name, see Flight 93 National Memorial
Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania.
Main article: Flight 93 National Memorial
The original temporary memorial to the passengers and
Stonycreek Township is a township in Somerset County,
Pennsylvania, United States. The township takes its name
from the Stony creek which for a part of its course ows
through it and then becomes its western boundary. As a
stream it takes its name from the rocky bed over which
It ows in a great part of its course. Its Indian name
was Sinne- Hanne or Achsin-Hanne. Hanne, meaning a
stream and especially a swift mountain stream. The population was 2,221 at the 2000 census. It is part of the
Johnstown, Pennsylvania Metropolitan Statistical Area.
5.3.1
History
What is now Stonycreek Township was settled in 1762.

Most old records call it Stony Creek. The Township
was incorporated in 1792 from portions of Quemahoning
Township as the last of the six original townships of Somerset County.
Photo of George W. Bush and Laura Bush visiting Stonycreek

Township on September 11, 2002.
crew of Flight 93 was located on a hill, about 500 yards

from the crash site. On July 8, 2010, a new temporary
entrance and memorial were opened at an area called
The Glessner Bridge was added to the National Register The Western Overlook. It is where the FBI set up their
of Historic Places in 1980.[1]
command center and where family members rst saw the
aftermath of the crash, bringing their own memorials,
where visitors can leave them today. The initial phase of
permanent construction of the Flight 93 National Memorial, including the visitors center, will be completed by
the 10th anniversary in 2011. The memorial will be built
around the crash site, following the planes ight path,
and protecting the area of impact, known as the Sacred
Ground, which will remain protected and accessible only
to family members of the passengers and crew.
5.3.3 Geography
The crash site
Stonycreek Township gained worldwide attention on

September 11, 2001, when United Airlines Flight 93
crashed there, killing everyone aboard. Flight 93 was one
of four airliners hijacked that day as part of the al-Qaeda
terrorist attack on the United States. It is widely held that
the Flight 93 hijackers intended to use the craft to destroy
the United States Capitol building in Washington, D.C.
The crash here was a result of a struggle over control of
the plane between hijackers and passengers, who learned
of the planes intended fate through cellphone calls to and
from family members. The community intends to preserve the Flight 93 crash site as a historical memorial.
Stonycreek Township is located approximately at

40.01N by 78.88W, about 3 miles (4.8 km) WSW of
Indian Lake, Pennsylvania. It is bordered to the north by
Shade Township; to the west by Somerset Township; to
the south by Brothersvalley Township; and to the east by
Allegheny Township.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 61.4 square miles (159.1 km2 ),
of which, 61.2 square miles (158.4 km2 ) of it is land and
0.3 square miles (0.7 km2 ) of it (0.44%) is water.
5.3.4 Demographics
As of the census[2] of 2000, there were 2,221 people, 820 households, and 634 families residing in the
township. The population density was 36.3 people per
square mile (14.0/km2 ). There were 1,033 housing units
5.3. STONYCREEK, PENNSYLVANIA

at an average density of 16.9/sq mi (6.5/km2 ). The
racial makeup of the township was 98.96% White, 0.09%
African American, 0.32% Native American, 0.14%
Asian, 0.05% from other races, and 0.45% from two or
more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.23%
of the population.
There were 820 households out of which 35.5% had
children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.3%
were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female
householder with no husband present, and 22.6% were
non-families. 18.2% of all households were made up of
individuals and 8.2% had someone living alone who was
65 years of age or older. The average household size was
2.71 and the average family size was 3.10.
In the township the population was spread out with 26.5%
under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25
to 44, 25.3% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who were 65
years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For
every 100 females there were 100.1 males. For every 100
females age 18 and over, there were 99.5 males.
The median income for a household in the township
was $33,828, and the median income for a family was
$38,418. Males had a median income of $30,236 versus
$21,714 for females. The per capita income for the township was $14,463. About 9.6% of families and 10.8%
of the population were below the poverty line, including
11.9% of those under age 18 and 3.9% of those age 65
or over.
5.3.5
See also
Traumascapes
5.3.6
References
[2] American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau.
[1] Blackburn & Weleys History of Bedford & Somerset Counties, 1906. Lewis Publishing Co. Vol. II, p.
641-643
5.3.7
External links
Stonycreek Township @ Rootsweb
Coordinates: 395900N 785159W / 39.98333N

78.86639W
137
Chapter 6
Eects
6.1 Airport security
the metal detector. Despite being wanded (scanned

with a hand-held detector), the hijackers were passed
through. Security camera footage later showed some hijackers had what appeared to be box cutters clipped to
their back pockets.[3] Box cutters and similar small knives
were allowed onboard aircraft at the time.
After the September 11 attacks, questions were raised regarding the eectiveness of airport security at the time,
as all 19 9/11 hijackers managed to pass existing checkpoints and board the airplanes without incident. In the
months and years following September 11, 2001, security Airport checkpoint screening has been signicantly tightat many airports worldwide was escalated to deter similar ened since 2001, and security personnel are more thorterrorist plots.
oughly trained to detect weapons or explosives. In addition to standard metal detectors, many U.S. airports now
employ full-body scanning machines, in which passen6.1.1 Changes in airport security
gers are essentially X-rayed to check for potential hidden
weapons or explosives on their persons. Initially, early
Prior to September 11, 2001, airport screening was in the body scanners provoked quite a bit of controversy beU.S. provided by private companies contracted by the air- cause the images produced by the machines were deemed
line or airport. In November 2001, the Transportation Se- graphic and intrusive. Many considered this an invasion
curity Administration was introduced to handle screening of personal privacy, as TSA screeners were essentially
at all U.S. airports. Among other changes introduced by shown an image of each passengers naked body. Newer
TSA, bulletproof and locked cockpit doors became stan- body scanners have since been introduced which do not
dard on commercial passenger aircraft.
produce an image, but rather alert TSA screeners of areas
In some countries, for example Sweden, Norway and Fin- on the body where an unknown item or substance may be
land, there were no or only random security checks for hidden. A TSA security screener then inspects the indidomestic ights in year 2001 and before that.[1] On or cated area(s) manually.
quickly after September 11, decisions were made to introduce full security checks there. It was immediately implemented where possible,[1] but took 1-2 years to imple- Identication checks
ment everywhere since terminals were often not prepared
On September 11, some hijackers lacked proper ID, yet
with room for it.
they were allowed to board. After 9/11, all passengers 18
years or older must now have valid, government-issued
Improved security on aircraft
identication in order to y. Airports may check the ID
of any passenger at any time to ensure the details on the
Cockpit doors on many aircraft are now reinforced and ID match those on the printed boarding pass. Only under
bulletproof to prevent unauthorized access.[2] Passen- exceptional circumstances may an individual y without a
gers are now prohibited from entering the cockpit during valid ID. If approved for ying without an ID, the individight. Some aircraft are also equipped with CCTV cam- ual will be subject to extra screening of their person and
eras, so the pilots can monitor cabin activity. Pilots are their carry-on items. TSA does not have the capability to
now allowed to carry rearms, but they must be trained conduct background checks on passengers at checkpoints.
and licensed. In the U.S., more air marshals have been Sensitive areas in airports, including airport ramps and
placed on ights to improve security.
operational spaces, are restricted from the general public. Called a SIDA (Security Identication Display Area)
in the U.S., these spaces require special qualications to
Improved security screening
enter.
On September 11, hijackers Khalid al-Mihdhar, Majed A European Union regulation demanded airlines to make
Moqed, Nawaf al-Hazmi and Salem al-Hazmi all set o sure the same person checking in luggage also boards the
138
6.2. CONSPIRACY THEORIES
139
aircraft. The method of implementing this was demanding ID from every passenger having check-in luggage,
both when checking in a bag and before boarding.
6.1.2
Criticism
With regard to the 2015 Germanwings ight 9525 crash

incident, some have stated that security features added to
commercial airliners after 9/11 actually work against the
safety of such planes.[4]
Lawsuit
In 2003 John Gilmore sued United Airlines, Southwest
Airlines and U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft, arguing that requiring passengers to show identication before boarding domestic ights is tantamount to an internal
passport, and is unconstitutional.[5][6] Gilmore initially
lost the case, known as Gilmore v. Gonzales, and an appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court was denied.
6.1.3
See also
Airport security
Airline security
The collapse of the two World Trade Center towers and the
nearby WTC7 (in this photo, the brown building to the left of
the towers) is a major focus of 9/11 conspiracy theories.
2006 transatlantic aircraft plot security reaction

Canadian Air Transport Security Authority
6.2 Conspiracy theories
Airport racial proling in the United States
9/11 conspiracy theories attribute the planning and execution of the September 11, 2001 attacks against the
Security theater unnecessary implementation of United States to parties other than, or in addition to, alsecurity measures for display
Qaeda[1] or claim there was advance knowledge of the
attacks among high-level government ocials.[2] Govern Don't touch my junk criticism of full-body patment investigations and independent reviews have found
downs by the TSA
no evidence for the theories.[3][4] Proponents of these
conspiracy theories claim there are inconsistencies in the
ocial conclusions, or evidence which was either ignored
6.1.4 References
or overlooked.[5]
[1] Hjd skerhet p yget (di.se 12 sep 2001) (Swedish)
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
The most prominent conspiracy theory is that the collapse

of the Twin Towers and 7 World Trade Center were the
Jet cockpit doors nearly impossible to open by intruders.
result of a controlled demolition rather than structural
Thestar.com. 26 March 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
failure due to impact and re.[6][7] Another prominent
belief is that the Pentagon was hit by a missile launched
The 9/11 Commission Report (PDF).
by elements from inside the U.S. government[8][9] or that
Yu, Yijun (26 March 2015). Germanwings ight a commercial airliner was allowed to do so via an ef4U9525: a victim of the deadlock between safety and se- fective stand-down of the American military.[10][11] Poscurity demands. The Conversation. Retrieved 13 May sible motives claimed by conspiracy theorists for such
2015.
actions include justifying the invasions of Afghanistan
and Iraq (even though the U.S. government admitted
Julia Scheeres, Judge to Hear Air ID Challenge, Wired
Iraq was not involved in the attacks)[12] to advance their
News, 2003-01-18
geostrategic interests, such as plans to construct a natu[13]
Other conspirRyan Singel, Flight ID Fight Revived, Wired News, ral gas pipeline through Afghanistan.
2004-08-16
acy theories revolve around authorities having advance
140
CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS
knowledge of the attacks and deliberately ignoring or as- into a eld near Shanksville, Pennsylvania after the passisting the attackers.[5][14][15]
sengers and ight crew attempted to regain control of the
[16][17][31][32]
The National Institute of Standards and Technology aircraft.
(NIST) and the technology magazine Popular Mechanics
have investigated and rejected the claims made by 9/11
conspiracy theories.[16][17] The civil engineering community accepts that the impacts of jet aircraft at high speeds
in combination with subsequent res, not controlled demolition, led to the collapse of the Twin Towers.[18][19]
This also was the conclusion of the 9/11 Commission,
chaired by Governor Thomas Kean.
6.2.1
The 9/11 Commission Report concluded that pre-attack

warnings of varying detail of the planned attacks against
the United States by al-Qaeda were ignored due to a lack
of communication between various law enforcement and
intelligence personnel. For the lack of interagency communication, the report cited bureaucratic inertia and laws
passed in the 1970s to prevent abuses that caused scandals
during that era. The report faulted the Clinton and the
Bush administrations with "failure of imagination.[33]
Terminology
6.2.2 History
Within the context of 9/11 conspiracy theories, the terms

mainstream account, ocial account and ocial Since the attacks, a variety of conspiracy theories have
conspiracy theory all refer to:
been put forward in Web sites, books, and lms.
Many groups and individuals advocating 9/11 conspir The reports from government investigations the acy theories identify as part of the 9/11 Truth move9/11 Commission Report (which incorporated in- ment.[34][35][36] Within six hours of the attack, a suggestelligence information from the earlier FBI inves- tion appeared on an Internet chat room suggesting that
tigation (PENTTBOM) and the Joint Inquiry of the collapse of the towers looked like an act of con2002), and the studies into building performance trolled demolition. If, in a few days, not one ocial
carried out by the Federal Emergency Management has mentioned anything about the controlled demolition
Agency[20] (FEMA) and the National Institute of part, the author wrote, I think we have a REALLY serious problem.[37] The rst theories that emerged focused
Standards and Technology (NIST)
primarily on various perceived anomalies in the publicly
Investigations by non-government organizations that available evidence, and proponents later developed more
support the accepted account such as those by sci- specic theories about an alleged plot.[13] One false alentists at Purdue University.[4][21]
legation that was widely circulated by e-mail and on the
Web is that not a single Jew had been killed in the attack
Articles supporting these facts and theories ap- and that therefore the attacks must have been the work of
pearing in magazines such as Popular Mechanics, the Mossad, not Islamic terrorists.[13]
Scientic American, and Time.[22]
The rst elaborated theories appeared in Europe. One
Similar articles in news media throughout the week after the attacks, the inside job theory was the
world, including The Times of India,[23] the subject of a thesis by a researcher from the French NaCanadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC),[24] the tional Centre for Scientic Research published in Le
BBC,[25] Le Monde,[26] Deutsche Welle,[27] the Monde. Other theories sprang from the far corners of
[38]
Six months after the attacks,
Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC),[28] the globe within weeks.
[29]
Thierry
Meyssan's
piece
on
9/11,
L'Eroyable Imposture,
and The Chosun Ilbo of South Korea.
topped the French bestseller list. Its publication in En U.S. President Barack Obama's June 2009 speech glish (as 9/11: The Big Lie) received little attention, but it
to the Muslim world where he said I am aware that remains one of the principal sources for trutherism.[39]
some question or justify the events of 9/11. But let 2003 saw the publication of The CIA and September 11
us be clear: al-Qaeda killed nearly 3,000 people on by former German state minister Andreas von Blow and
Operation 9/11 by the German journalist Gerhard Wisthat day.[30]
newski; both books are published by Mathias Brckers,
an editor at the German newspaper
These sources concluded that al-Qaeda crashed United who was at the time
[13]
Die
Tageszeitung.
Airlines Flight 175 and American Airlines Flight 11 into
the twin towers of the World Trade Center, and crashed
American Airlines Flight 77 into the Pentagon. The impact and resulting res caused the collapse of the Twin
Towers and the destruction and damage of other buildings
in the World Trade Center complex. The Pentagon was
severely damaged by the impact of the airliner and the
resulting re. The hijackers also crashed a fourth plane
While these theories were popular in Europe, they were

treated by the U.S. media with either baement or
amusement, and they were dismissed by the U.S. government as the product of anti-Americanism.[40][41] In an
address to the United Nations on November 10, 2001,
United States President George W. Bush denounced the
emergence of outrageous conspiracy theories [...] that
141
attempt to shift the blame away from the terrorists, them- ber 11 attacks. An August 2007 Zogby poll commisselves, away from the guilty.[42]
sioned by 911Truth.org[55] found that 63.6% of AmerThe 9/11 conspiracy theories started out mostly in the icans believe that Arab fundamentalists were responsible
political left but have broadened into what New York for 9/11 while 26.4% believed that certain elements in
Magazine describes as "terra incognita where left and the U.S. government knew the attacks were coming but
right meet, fusing sixties countercultural distrust with the consciously let them proceed for various political, military and economic reasons and 4.8% believe that cerdont-tread-on-me variety.[43]
tain U.S. Government elements actively planned or asBy 2004, conspiracy theories about the September 11 at- sisted some aspects of the attacks.[56] In 2008, 9/11 contacks began to gain ground in the United States. One spiracy theories topped a greatest conspiracy theory list
explanation is that the rise in popularity stemmed more compiled by The Daily Telegraph. The list was ranked by
from growing criticism of the Iraq War and the newly following and traction.[57][58]
re-elected President George W. Bush than from any discovery of new or more compelling evidence or an im- In 2010, the International Center for 9/11 Studies,
that is said to be sympathetic
provement in the technical quality of the presentation of a private organization [59]
to
conspiracy
theories,
successfully sued for the re[13]
the theories.
Knight Ridder news theorized that revlease
of
videos
collected
by
NIST of the attacks and
elations that weapons of mass destruction did not exist
[59][60][61]
aftermath.
According
to the German daily
in Iraq, the belated release of the Presidents Daily Brief
Frankfurter
Allgemeine
Zeitung,
the
videos which were
of August 6, 2001, and reports that NORAD had lied
published
shortly
before
the
ninth
anniversary
of the atto the 9/11 Commission, may have fueled the conspiracy
tacks
provide
new
food
for
conspiracy
theorists.
Many
[13]
theories.
of the videos show images of 7 World Trade Center, a
Between 2004 and the fth anniversary of the September skyscraper in the vicinity of the WTC towers that also
11 attacks in 2006, mainstream coverage of the conspir- collapsed on September 11, 2001.[60] Eyewitnesses have
acy theories increased.[13] The U.S. government issued a repeatedly reported explosions happening before the colformal analysis by the National Institute of Standards and lapse of both of the towers, while experts consider these
Technology (NIST) of the collapse of the World Trade theories to be unreasonable.[59]
Center.[44] To address the growing publicity of the thehave
ories, the State Department revised a webpage in 2006 9/11 truth gures Steven E. Jones and Mike Berger
[62]
further
added
that
the
death
of
Osama
bin
Laden
did
to debunk them.[45] A 2006 national security strategy panot
change
their
questions
about
the
attacks,
nor
provide
per declared that terrorism springs from subcultures of
[63]
conspiracy and misinformation, and that terrorists re- closure.
cruit more eectively from populations whose informa- According to writer Jeremy Stahl, since Bush left oce,
tion about the world is contaminated by falsehoods and the overall number of believers in 9/11 conspiracy theocorrupted by conspiracy theories. The distortions keep ries has dipped, while the number of people who believe
alive grievances and lter out facts that would challenge in the most radical theories has held fairly steady.[64]
popular prejudices and self-serving propaganda.[46] AlQaeda has repeatedly claimed responsibility for the attacks, with chief deputy Ayman al-Zawahiri accusing 6.2.3 Types of conspiracy
Shia Iran and Hezbollah of denigrating Sunni successes
in hurting America by intentionally starting rumors that The most prominent conspiracy theories can be broadly
divided into three main forms:
Israel carried out the attacks.[47][48][49][50][51][52]
Some of the conspiracy theories about the September
11 attacks do not involve representational strategies typical of many conspiracy theories that establish a clear dichotomy between good and evil, or guilty and innocent;
instead, they call up gradations of negligence and complicity. Matthias Brckers, an early proponent of such
theories, dismisses the ocial account of the September
11 attacks as being itself a conspiracy theory that seeks
to reduce complexity, disentangle what is confusing,
and explain the inexplicable.[13]
Just before the fth anniversary of the attacks, mainstream news outlets released a urry of articles on the
growth of 9/11 conspiracy theories,[53] with an article in
Time stating that "[t]his is not a fringe phenomenon. It is a
mainstream political reality.[14][54] Several surveys have
included questions about beliefs related to the Septem-
LIHOP (Let it happen on purpose) suggests

that key individuals within the government had at
least some foreknowledge of the attacks and deliberately ignored it or actively weakened Americas defenses to ensure the hijacked ights were not
intercepted.[5][14][15] Similar allegations were made
about Pearl Harbor.
MIHOP (Make/Made it happen on purpose) that
key individuals within the government planned the
attacks and collaborated with, or framed, al-Qaeda
in carrying them out. There is a range of opinions
about how this might have been achieved.[5][14][15]
Others - who reject the accepted account of the
September 11 attacks are not proposing specic theories, but try to demonstrate that the U.S. govern-
142
CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS
ments account of the events is wrong. This, according to them, would led to a general call for a
new ocial investigation into the events of September 11, 2001. According to Jonathan Kay, managing editor for comment at the Canadian newspaper National Post[65] and author of the Among the
Truthers: A Journey Through Americas Growing
Conspiracist Underground,[66] They feel their job
is to show everybody that the ocial theory of 9/11
is wrong. And then, when everybody is convinced,
then the population will rise up and demand a new
investigation with government resources, and that
investigation will tell us what actually happened.[67]
6.2.4
Theories
Foreknowledge
other airline involved in the hijackings. This compares

with a mere 748 call options in American purchased that
day. No other airline companies saw anomalies in their
put to call ratio in the days leading up to the attacks.[71]
American Airlines however, had just released a major
warning about possible losses.[72]
Insurance companies saw anomalous trading activities
as well. Citigroup Inc., which has estimated that its
Travelers Insurance unit may pay $500 million in claims
from the World Trade Center attack, had about 45 times
the normal volume during three trading days before
the attack for options that prot if the stock falls below $40. Citigroup shares fell $1.25 in late trading to
$38.09. Morgan Stanley, which occupied 22 oors at
the World Trade Center, experienced bigger-than-normal
pre-attack trading of options that prot when stock prices
fall. Other companies that were directly aected by the
tragedy had similar jumps.[73]
See also: U.S. military response during the September Raytheon, a defense contractor, had an anomalously high
11 attacks and United States government operations and number of call options trading on September 10. A
Raytheon option that makes money if shares are more
exercises on September 11, 2001
than $25 each had 232 options contracts traded on the
day before the attacks, almost six times the total number
It has been claimed that action or inaction by U.S. oof trades that had occurred before that day.
cials with foreknowledge was intended to ensure that the
attacks took place successfully. For example, Michael The initial options were bought through at least two
Meacher, former British environment minister and mem- brokerage rms, including NFS, a subsidiary of Fidelity
ber of Tony Blair's Cabinet said that the United States Investments, and TD Waterhouse. It was estimated that
the trader or traders would have realized a ve million
knowingly failed to prevent the attacks.[68][69]
dollar prot. The Securities and Exchange Commission
launched an insider trading investigation in which Osama
Suspected insider trading
Just before 9/11 there bin Laden was a suspect after receiving information from
was an extraordinary amount of put options placed on at least one Wall Street Firm.[74]
United Airlines and American Airlines stocks. Authorities believed, and some conspiracy theorists continue to
maintain, that trading insiders may have known in advance of the coming events of 9/11 and placed their bets Air defense stand down theory A common claim
accordingly. An analysis into the possibility of insider among conspiracy theorists is that the North American
Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) issued a stand
trading on 9/11 concludes that:
down order or deliberately scrambled ghters late to allow the hijacked airplanes to reach their targets without
A measure of abnormal long put volume
interference. According to this theory, NORAD had the
was also examined and seen to be at abnormally
capability of locating and intercepting planes on 9/11, and
high levels in the days leading up to the atits failure to do so indicates a government conspiracy to
tacks. Consequently, the paper concludes that
allow the attacks to occur.[72] The Web site emperorsthere is evidence of unusual option market acclothes.com argues that the U.S. military failed to do their
tivity in the days leading up to September 11
job. StandDown.nets Mark R. Elsis says, There is only
that is consistent with investors trading on adone explanation for this ... Our Air Force was ordered to
[70]
vance knowledge of the attacks. Allen M.
Stand Down on 9/11.[3][75]
Poteshman, The Journal of Business
One of the rst actions taken by the hijackers on 9/11
On the days leading up to 9/11, two airlines saw a rise was to turn o or disable each of the four aircrafts on
in their put to call ratio. These two airlines were United board transponders. Without these transponder signals to
Airlines and American Airlines, the two airlines whose identify the airplanes tail number, altitude, and speed,
planes were hijacked on 9/11. Between September 6 and the hijacked airplanes would have been only blips among
radar screens, making
7, the Chicago Board Options Exchange saw purchases of 4,500 other blips on NORADs
[76][72]
them
very
dicult
to
track.
4,744 put option contracts in UAL versus 396 call options. On September 10, more trading in Chicago saw the On 9/11, only 14 ghter jets were on alert in the conpurchase of 4,516 put options in American Airlines, the tiguous 48 states. There was no automated method for
143
the civilian air trac controllers to alert NORAD.[77] A

passenger airline had not been hijacked in the U.S. since
1979.[78] They had to pick up the phone and literally
dial us, says Maj. Douglas Martin, public aairs ocer for NORAD. Only one civilian planea chartered
Learjet 35 with golfer Payne Stewart and ve others on
boardwas intercepted by NORAD over North America in the decade prior to 9/11, which took one hour and
19 minutes.[79]
Rules in eect at that time, and on 9/11, barred supersonic ight on intercepts. Before 9/11, all other NORAD
interceptions were limited to oshore Air Defense Identication Zones (ADIZ). Until 9/11 there was no domestic ADIZ, says FAA spokesman Bill Schumann. After
9/11, the FAA and NORAD increased cooperation. They
set up hotlines between command centers while NORAD
increased its ghter coverage and installed radar to watch
airspace over the continent.[3]
The longest warning NORAD received of the hijackings
was some eight minutes for American Airlines Flight 11,
the rst ight hijacked. The FAA alerted NORAD to
the hijacked Flight 175 at just about the same time it
was crashing into the World Trade Centers South Tower.
The FAA notied NORAD of the missing not hijacked Flight 77 three minutes before it struck the Pentagon. NORAD received no warning of the hijack of
United Flight 93 until three minutes after it had crashed
in Pennsylvania.[80]
Criticism of the reports published by NIST on the destruction of

the World Trade Center buildings plays a central role in theories
about an alleged controlled demolition. The picture shows the
simulated exterior buckling of 7 WTC during the collapse.
South Tower, or of 7 World Trade Center was caused by

explosives installed in the buildings in advance.
Demolition theory proponents, such as Brigham Young
University physicist Steven E. Jones, architect Richard
Gage, software engineer Jim Homan, and theologian
David Ray Grin, argue that the aircraft impacts and resulting res could not have weakened the buildings sufciently to initiate a catastrophic collapse, and that the
buildings would not have collapsed completely, nor at the
speeds that they did, without additional energy involved
to weaken their structures.
Israeli agents
See also: September 11 attacks In the article Active Thermitic Material Discovered in
Dust from the 9/11 World Trade Center Catastrophe,
advance-knowledge conspiracy theories: Israel
which appeared in the Open Chemical Physics Journal,
authors Niels Harrit of the University of Copenhagen's
It has been claimed that Israeli agents may have had fore- Department of Chemistry, Jerey Farrer of Brigham
knowledge of the attacks. Four hours after the attack, the Young University's Department of Physics and AstronFBI arrested ve Israelis who had been lming the smok- omy, Steven E. Jones, and others state that thermite and
ing skyline from the roof of a white van in the parking lot nano-thermite composites in the dust and debris were
of an apartment building, for puzzling behavior. The Is- found following the collapse of the three buildings, which
raelis were videotaping the events, and one bystander said they conclude to be proof that explosives brought down
they acted in a suspicious manner: They were like happy, the buildings. The article contained no scientic rebutyou know ... They didn't look shocked to me. I thought it tal and the editor in chief of the publication subsequently
was very strange.[81][82][83] While The Forward, a New resigned.[85][86][87][88]
York Jewish news magazine, reported that the FBI concluded that two of the men were Israeli intelligence opera- Jones has not explained how the amount of explosive
tives, a spokesperson for the Israeli Embassy in the United needed to do this could have been positioned in the two
States said that they had not been involved in any intelli- buildings without drawing attention, but mentioned efgence operation in the United States.[81] The FBI eventu- forts to research the buildings maintenance activity in
ally concluded that the ve Israelis had no foreknowledge the weeks prior to the event. Federal investigators at
the National Institute of Standards and Technology state
of the attacks.[84]
that enormous quantities of thermite would have to be
applied to the structural columns to damage them, but
Jones disputed this, saying that he and others were inWorld Trade Center
vestigating superthermite.[86] Brent Blanchard, author
See also: World Trade Center controlled demolition conof A History of Explosive Demolition in America,[89]
who corresponded with Jones, states that questions about
spiracy theories
The plane crashes and resulting res caused the collapse the viability of Jones theories remain unanswered, such
of the World Trade Center. Controlled demolition con- as the fact that no demolition personnel noticed any tellspiracy theories say the collapse of the North Tower, tale signs of thermite during the eight months of debris
144
removal following the towers collapse. Blanchard also
said that a veriable chain of possession needs to be established for the tested beams, which did not occur with
the beams Jones tested, raising questions of whether the
metal pieces tested could have been cut away from the
debris pile with acetylene torches, shears, or other potentially contaminated equipment while on site, or exposed
to trace amounts of thermite or other compounds while
being handled, while in storage, or while being transferred from Ground Zero to memorial sites.[90]
Excavating equipment was cooled by water spray due to concerns

about melting from underground res.
CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS
ranted credibility.[93] Specialists in structural mechanics
and structural engineering accept the model of a reinduced, gravity-driven collapse of the World Trade Center buildings without the use of explosives.[94][95][96] As
a result, NIST said that it did not perform any test for
the residue of explosive compounds of any kind in the
debris.[44]
Soon after the day of the attacks, major media sources
published that the towers had collapsed due to melted
steel.[97][98] Knowledge that the burning temperatures of
jet fuel would not melt the steel support structure of the
WTC contributed to the belief among skeptics that the
towers would not have collapsed without external interference (something other than the planes). NIST does not
claim that the steel was melted, but rather that the weakened steel, together with the damage caused by the planes
impacts, caused the collapses.[44] NIST reported that a
simulation model based on the assumption that combustible vapors burned immediately upon mixing with the
incoming oxygen showed that at any given location, the
duration of [gas] temperatures near 1,000 C was about
15 to 20 [minutes]. The rest of the time, the calculated
temperatures were 500 C or below.[99]
The Pentagon
Jones also said that molten steel found in the rubble was
evidence of explosives, as an ordinary airplane re would
not generate enough heat to produce this, citing photographs of red debris being removed by construction
equipment, but Blanchard said that if there had been any
molten steel in the rubble any excavation equipment encountering it would have been immediately damaged.[86]
Other sampling of the pulverized dust by United States
Geological Survey and RJ Lee did not report any evidence of thermite or explosives. It has been theorized
the thermite material found was primer paint.[91] Dave
Thomas of Skeptical Inquirer magazine, noting that the
residue in question was claimed to be thermitic because
of its iron oxide and aluminum composition, pointed out
Security camera footage of Flight 77 hitting the Pentagon (at 1:26
that these substances are found in many items common
in the video).[100]
to the towers. Thomas said that in order to cut through
a vertical steel beam, special high-temperature containment must be added to prevent the molten iron from dropping down, and that the thermite reaction is too slow for
it to be practically used in building demolition. Thomas
pointed out that when Jesse Ventura hired New Mexico
Tech to conduct a demonstration showing nanothermite
slicing through a large steel beam, the nanothermite produced copious ame and smoke but no damage to the
beam, even though it was in a horizontal, and therefore
optimal position.[92]
The National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST) concluded the accepted version was more than The Pentagon, after collapse of the damaged section.
sucient to explain the collapse of the buildings. NIST
and many scientists refuse to debate conspiracy theo- Political activist Thierry Meyssan and lmmaker Dylan
rists because they feel it would give these theories unwar- Avery claim that American Airlines Flight 77 did not
145
analysis.[115] Many eyewitnesses saw the plane strike the
Pentagon. Further, Flight 77 passengers made phone calls
reporting that their airplane had been hijacked. For example, passenger Renee May called her mother to tell her
that the plane had been hijacked and that the passengers
had been herded to the back of the plane. Another passenger named Barbara Olson called her husband (U.S.
Solicitor General Theodore Olson) and said that the ight
had been hijacked, and that the hijackers had knives and
box cutters.[9][103][116][117] Some conspiracy theories say
the phone calls the passengers made were fabricated by
voice morphing, the passengers bodies disposed of, and
a missile red at the Pentagon.[118][119][120]
Airplane debris scattered near the Pentagon on the day of the

attack.
crash into the Pentagon. Instead, they argue that the Pentagon was hit by a missile launched by elements from inside the U.S. government. Reopen911.org says that the
holes in the Pentagon walls were far too small to have been
made by a Boeing 757: How does a plane 125 ft. wide
and 155 ft. long t into a hole which is only 60 ft. across?"
Meyssans book, LEroyable Imposture (published in English as 9/11: The Big Lie) became available in more than
a dozen languages. When released, the book was heavily criticized by both the mainstream French and American press, and later, from within the 9/11 Truth movement by researchers such as Homan[101] and websites
such as oilempire.us.[102] The French newspaper Liberation called the book a tissue of wild and irresponsible
allegations, entirely without foundation.[103][104][105]
The public interest group Judicial Watch led a Freedom

of Information Act request on December 15, 2004 to
force the government to release video recordings from
the Sheraton National Hotel, the Nexcomm/Citgo gas station, Pentagon security cameras and the Virginia Department of Transportation. On May 16, 2006, the government released the Pentagon security camera videos to
Judicial Watch.[121][122] Judicial Watch reports that the
video shows American Airlines ight 77 crashing into the
Pentagon.[122] The image of American Airlines Flight 77
which appears in the videos has been described as "[a]
white blob and a white streak (by the BBC),[123] a thin
white blur (by The Associated Press),[124] and a silver
speck low to the ground (in The Washington Post).[125]
A sequence of ve frames from one of the videos already appeared in the media in 2002.[126] Some conspiracy theorists believe the new video does not answer their
questions.[127]
In response to the conspiracy theorists claim of a missile Flight 93

hitting the Pentagon, Mete Sozen,[106] a professor of civil
engineering at Purdue University argues that: A crashing jet doesn't punch a cartoon-like outline of itself into a
reinforced concrete building. When Flight 77 hit the Pentagon, one wing hit the ground and the other was sheared
o by the Pentagons load-bearing columns.[103][107] According to ArchitectureWeek, the reason the Pentagon
took relatively little damage from the impact was because
Wedge One had recently been renovated.[108] (This was
part of a renovation program which had been begun in
the 1980s, and Wedge One was the rst of ve to be
renovated.[109] )
Evidence contradicting some conspiracy theorists claim
of a missiles hitting the Pentagon have been described
by researchers within the 9/11 Truth Movement, such as
Jim Homan, in his essay The Pentagon Attack: What
the Physical Evidence Shows,[110] and by others broadly
refuting the role of other conspiracies in the attacks. The
evidence refuting missile claims includes airplane debris
including Flight 77s black boxes,[111] the nose cone, landing gear,[112] an airplane tire,[113] and an intact cockpit
seat[114] were observed at the crash site. The remains of
passengers from Flight 77 were indeed found at the Pentagon crash site and their identities conrmed by DNA
Flight 93 crash site
The fourth plane hijacked on 9/11, United Airlines

Flight 93, crashed in an open eld near Shanksville,
Pennsylvania, after the passengers revolted. Out of the
four planes hijacked on that day, Flight 93 was the only
one not to reach its target.[128]
One of the popular conspiracy theories surrounding this
event is that Flight 93 was actually shot down by a U.S.
ghter jet. David Ray Grin and Alex Jones say that
146
CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS
plane was involved in the crash in Pennsylvania.[136] Often cited is a preliminary news report that Flight 93
landed at a Cleveland airport;[137] it was later learned that
Delta Flight 1989 was the plane confused with Flight 93,
and the report was retracted as inaccurate. Several websites within the 9/11 Truth Movement dispute this claim,
citing the wreckage at the scene, eyewitness testimony,
and the diculty of secretly substituting one plane for
another, and claim that such hoax theories ... appear calculated to alienate victims survivors and the larger public
from the 9/11 truth movement.[129][138] The editor of the
According to some theories, the plane had to be shot
[139]
down by the government because passengers had found article has since written a rebuttal to the claims.
out about the alleged plot.[75]
Valencia McClatchey, a local woman who took the only
According to Phil Mol of Skeptic magazine, "[this] claim photograph of the mushroom cloud from the impact of
rests largely on unsupported assertions that the main body Flight 93 seconds after it hit the ground, says she has been
of the engine and other large parts of the plane turned harassed over the telephone and in person by conspiracy
up miles from the main wreckage site, too far away to theorists, who claim she faked the photo. The FBI, the
have resulted from an ordinary crash. This claim is incor- Somerset County authorities, the Smithsonian, and the
rect, because the engine was found only 300 yards from National Park Services Flight 93 National Memorial sta
negthe main crash site, and its location was consistent with have all examined the photograph as well as the lm
[140]
atives
and
they
consider
the
photo
to
be
authentic.
[130]
the direction in which the plane had been traveling.
large parts of the plane including the main body of the
engine landed miles away from the main wreckage site,
too far away for an ordinary plane crash. Jones says that
planes usually leave a small debris eld when they crash,
and that this is not compatible with reports of wreckage
found farther away from the main crash site. A posting
on Rense.com claimed that the main body of the engine
was found miles away from the main wreckage site with
damage comparable to that which a heat-seeking missile
would do to an airliner.[103][128][129]
Michael K. Hynes, an airline accident expert who investigated the crash of TWA Flight 800 in 1996, says that,
at very high velocities of 500 mph or more, it would only
take a few seconds to move or tumble across the ground
for 300 yards.[103][130]
While some conspiracy theorists have claimed that passengers of Flight 93 and/or Flight 77, were murdered or
that they were relocated, with the intent that they never be
found,[75] others within the 9/11 Truth Movement, such
as Jim Homan[141] and Scholars for 9/11 Truth & JusReports of wreckage discovered at Indian Lake by local tice, refute such claims.
residents are accurate. CNN reported that investigators
found debris from the crash at least eight miles away from
Hijackers
the crash site, including in New Baltimore.[131] However,
according to CNN, this debris was all very light mateSee also: Hijackers in the September 11 attacks and
rial that the wind would have easily blown away, and a
Blocked al-Qaeda investigations
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette article from September 14, 2001
describes the material as mostly papers, strands of
charred insulation, and an endorsed paycheck. The During the initial confusion surrounding the immediate
same article quotes FBI agent Bill Crowley that, Lighter, aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, the BBC published the
smaller debris probably shot into the air on the heat of a names and identities of what they believed to be some
[142]
Some of the people named were
reball that witnesses said shot several hundred feet into of the hijackers.
the air after the jetliner crashed. Then, it probably rode later discovered to be alive, a fact that was seized upon
a wind that was blowing southeast at about 9 m.p.h.[132] by 9/11 conspiracy theorists as proof that the hijackings
[142][143][144]
The BBC explained that the iniAlso, the distance between the crash site and Indian Lake were faked.
was misreported in some accounts. According to the tial confusion may have arisen because the names they
BBC, In a straight line, Indian Lake is just over a mile reported back in 2001 were common Arabic and Islamic
[142]
In response to a request from the BBC, the
from the crash site. The road between the two locations names.
takes a roundabout route of 6.9 milesaccounting for the FBI said that it was condent to have identied all nineteen hijackers, and that none of the other inquiries had
erroneous reports.[128]
raised the issue of doubt about their identities.[142] The
Some conspiracy theorists believe a small white jet seen
New York Times also acknowledged these as cases of misying over the crash area may have red a missile to shoot
taken identity.[145]
down Flight 93.[133] However, government agencies such
as the FBI assert this small plane was a Dassault Falcon According to John Bradley, the former managing editor
business jet asked to descend to an altitude of around of Arab News in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, the only public
1,500 ft to survey the impact.[134] Ben Sliney, who was information about the hijackers was a list of names isthe FAA operation manager on September 11, 2001, says sued by the FBI on September 14, 2001. When the FBI
released photographs four days after the cited reports on
no military aircraft were near Flight 93.[135]
September 27, the mistaken identities were quickly reSome internet videos, such as Loose Change, speculate
solved. According to Bradley, all of this is attributable
that Flight 93 safely landed in Ohio, and a substituted
to the chaos that prevailed during the rst few days fol-

lowing the attack. What we're dealing with are coincidentally identical names. In Saudi Arabia, says Bradley, the
names of two of the allegedly surviving attackers, Said
al-Ghamdi and Walid al-Shari, are as common as John
Smith in the United States or Great Britain.[143]
According to Thomas Kean, chair of the 9/11 Commission, Sixteen of the nineteen shouldn't have gotten into
the United States in any way at all because there was
something wrong with their visas, something wrong with
their passports. They should simply have been stopped at
the border. That was sixteen of the nineteen. Obviously,
if even half of those people had been stopped, there never
would have been a plot.[146]
Khalid al Mihdhar and Nawaf al Hazmi had both been
identied as al-Qaeda agents by the CIA, but that information was not shared with the FBI or U.S. Immigration,
so both men were able to legally enter the U.S. to prepare
for the 9/11 attacks.[147]
147
orchestrated the attacks.[154]
Some proponents of this believe that Jewish employees were forewarned by Israeli intelligence to skip work
on September 11, resulting in no Jewish deaths at the
World Trade Center. According to Cinnamon Stillwell,
some 9/11 conspiracy theorists put this number as high
as 4,000 Jewish people skipping work.[155] This was rst
reported on September 17 by the Lebanese Hezbollahowned satellite television channel Al-Manar and is believed to be based on the September 12 edition of the
The Jerusalem Post that said The Foreign Ministry in
Jerusalem has so far received the names of 4,000 Israelis
believed to have been in the areas of the World Trade
Center and the Pentagon at the time of the attacks.[156]
The number of Jews who died in the attacks is variously

estimated at between 270 and 400.[156][157][158][159] The
lower gure tracks closely with the percentage of Jews
living in the New York area and partial surveys of the
victims listed religion. The U.S. State Department has
published a partial list of 76 in response to claims that
Foreign governments
fewer Jews/Israelis died in the WTC attacks than should
have been present at the time.[156][160] Five Israeli citizens
See also: Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations died in the attack.[161]
and Foreign government foreknowledge
There are allegations that individuals within the Pakistani
Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) may have played an important role in nancing the attacks. There are also claims
that other foreign intelligence agencies, such as the Israeli
Mossad, had foreknowledge of the attacks, and that Saudi
Arabia may have played a role in nancing the attacks.
General Hamid Gul, a former head of ISI, believes the attacks were an inside job originating in the United States,
perpetrated by Israel or neo-conservatives.[148] Francesco
Cossiga, former President of Italy from 1985 until his
1992 resignation over Operation Gladio, said that it is
common knowledge among the Italian center-left that the
9/11 attacks were a joint operation of the CIA and the
Mossad.[149] Subsequent reports indicated that he did not
actually believe this.[150][151]
Antisemitism in conspiracy theories In 2003, the

Anti-Defamation League (ADL) published a report attacking hateful conspiracy theories that the 9/11 attacks were carried about by Israelis and Jews, saying
they had the potential to rationalize and fuel global antiSemitism. It found that such theories were widely accepted in the Arab and Muslim world, as well as in Europe and the United States.
The ADLs report found that The Big Lie has united
American far-right extremists and white supremacists and
elements within the Arab and Muslim world. It asserted that many of the theories were modern manifestation of the 19th century Protocols of the Elders of Zion,
which purported to map out a Jewish conspiracy for world
domination.[153][162] The ADL has characterized the Je
Rense website as carrying anti-Semitic materials, such as
American Jews staged the 9/11 terrorist attacks for their
Israel
See also: September 11 attacks advance- own nancial gain and to induce the American people to
knowledge conspiracy theories: Israel
endorse wars of aggression and genocide on the nations
of the Middle East and the theft of their resources for the
[163]
A conspiracy theory documented by the Anti-Defamation benet of Israel.
League, Thom Burnett and others is that the state of Pedro A. Sanjuan, a former United Nations diplomat, alIsrael was involved in the attacks, and may have planned leged that antisemitic 9/11 conspiracy theories were quite
them. A variety of motives are suggested, including: to common at high levels of the UN following 9/11.[164]
cause the United States to attack enemies of Israel; to
divert public attention away from Israels treatment of
Palestinians; to help Zionists take control of world aairs; Saudi Arabia
British investigative journalists
and to persuade Americans to support Israel. Variants of Anthony Summers and Robbyn Swan claimed in their
the theory contend that the attack was organized by Ariel 2011 book The Eleventh Hour that the Saudi Royal
Sharon, Mossad, or the government of Israel.[152][153] Family provided material and nancial support to the
Kevin Barrett, a former lecturer at the University of Wis- hijackers and that the Bush Administration covered
consin, is a leading advocate for the theory that Mossad this up as well as their own alleged incompetence.
148
The authors claim the 9/11 Truth movement helped
this coverup by deecting attention away from these
actions.[165] In September 2011 a Lloyds insurance
syndicate began legal action against Saudi Arabia
demanding the repayment of 136m it paid out to
victims of the 9/11 attacks. A number of prominent
Saudi charities and banks as well as a leading member of
the al-Saud royal family were accused of being agents
and alter egos for the Saudi state that knowingly
provided funding to Al Qaeda and encouraged anti
Western sentiment.[166] Former Florida Senator Bob
Graham believes there was a coverup on Saudi aid to
Mohammad Atta in Sarasota, Florida.[167] Conspiracy
theories revolve around the 28 pages withheld from the
9/11 Commission Report.[167][168]
No-planes theory
CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS
6.2.5 Cover-up allegations

Conspiracy theorists say they detect a pattern of behavior on the part of ocials investigating the September
11 attack meant to suppress the emergence of evidence
that might contradict the accepted account.[173][174] Paul
Zarembka, in his book, The Hidden History of 9/11,
states that the debris from ground zero was removed without a proper forensic investigation.[175][176]
Cockpit recorders
According to the 9/11 Commission Report, the cockpit
voice recorders (CVR) or ight data recorders (FDR), or
black boxes, from Flights 11 and 175 were not recovered from the remains of the WTC attack; however, two
men, Michael Bellone and Nicholas DeMasi, who worked
extensively in the wreckage of the World Trade Center,
said in the book Behind-The-Scenes: Ground Zero[177]
that they helped federal agents nd three of the four
black boxes from the jetliners:[178][179]
At one point, I was assigned to take Federal
Agents around the site to search for the black
boxes from the planes. We were getting ready
to go out. My ATV was parked at the top of
the stairs at the Brooks Brothers entrance area.
We loaded up about a million dollars worth of
equipment and strapped it into the ATV. There
were a total of four black boxes. We found
three.[180]
The no plane theory, promoted by Internet videos like 911

Taboo,[169] claim that this shot of the second impact, taken from
a news helicopter, depicts a video composite of a Boeing 767 accidentally appearing from behind a Layer Mask.
Nico Haupt and former chief economist within the Labor Department under the Bush administration, Morgan
Reynolds, argue that no planes were used in the attacks.
Reynolds claims it is physically impossible that the Boeing planes of Flights 11 and 175 could have penetrated
the steel frames of the Towers, and that digital compositing was used to depict the plane crashes in both news
reports and subsequent amateur video.[170] There were
no planes, there were no hijackers, Reynolds insists. I
know, I know, I'm out of the mainstream, but thats the
way it is. According to David Shayler, The only explanation is that they were missiles surrounded by holograms
made to look like planes, he says. Watch footage frame
by frame and you will see a cigar-shaped missile hitting
the World Trade Center. Some truth movement veterans
have repeatedly refuted the no-plane claims.[75][170][171]
In fact, discussion of no-plane theories has been banned
from certain conspiracy theory websites and advocates
have sometimes been threatened with violence by posters
at other conspiracy theory websites.[172]
The cockpit voice recorder from Flight 77 was heavily damaged

from the impact and resulting re.
According to the 9/11 Commission Report, both black

boxes from Flight 77 and both black boxes from Flight
93 were recovered. However, the CVR from Flight 77
was said to be too damaged to yield any data. On April
18, 2002, the FBI allowed the families of victims from
149
Flight 93 to listen to the voice recordings.[181] In April Hiding of CIA recruitment eorts
2006, a transcript of the CVR was released as part of the
Zacarias Moussaoui trial.[182]
Richard Clarke, who headed the governments antiterrorism eorts in 2001, theorized CIA director George
Tenet ordered the agency to withhold information about
Bin Laden tapes
Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar from the rest
of the government in an eort to cover up the agencys
Main article: Videos of Osama bin Laden
recruitment of the two. George Tenet released a statement denying the agency deliberately withheld informaA series of interviews, audio and videotapes were re- tion about the pair and noted Clarke himself said he had
[192]
leased in the years following the 9/11 attacks that have no proof.
were reported to be from Osama bin Laden. In the rst of
these the speaker denied responsibility for the attacks. On
September 17, 2001, in a statement issued to Al Jazeera,
Bin Laden is quoted as saying, The U.S. government has
consistently blamed me for being behind every occasion
6.2.6 Motives
its enemies attack it. I would like to assure the world that I
did not plan the recent attacks, which seems to have been
planned by people for personal reasons.[183]
Pax Americana
In a tape released in December 2001 known as 'the
Jalalabad tape', the speaker is alleged to have foreknowledge of the attacks. The Central Intelligence Agency
claimed the tape was probably from Osama bin Laden.
Some observers, especially people in the Muslim world,
doubted the authenticity of the tape.[184] On December
20, 2001, German TV channel "Das Erste" broadcast an
analysis of the White Houses translation of the videotape. On the program Monitor, two independent translators and an expert on Oriental Studies found the White
Houses translation to be both inaccurate and manipulative, stating, At the most important places where it is
held to prove the guilt of bin Laden, it is not identical with
the Arabic, and that the words used that indicate foreknowledge can not be heard at all in the original. Prof.
Gernot Rotter, professor of Islamic and Arabic Studies
at the Asia-Africa Institute at the University of Hamburg,
said The American translators who listened to the tapes
and transcribed them apparently wrote a lot of things in
that they wanted to hear but that cannot be heard on the
tape no matter how many times you listen to it.[185] Some
members of Scholars for 9/11 Truth believe that the man
in this videotape is not Osama bin Laden at all, citing differences in weight and facial features, along with his wearing of a gold ring, which is forbidden by Muslim law, and
writing with his right hand although bin Laden was lefthanded.[186]
In an audiotape released in November 2007, Bin Laden
claimed responsibility for the attacks and denied the
Taliban and the Afghan government or people had
any prior knowledge of the attacks.[187][188][189] In an
interview with al-Jazeera, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed
and Ramzi bin al-Shibh, two of al-Qaedas alleged
masterminds of the attacks, also confessed their involvement in the attacks.[190] However, according to
Andrew Brown, the means of interrogation, including
waterboarding, put Khalid Sheikh Mohammeds confession into question.[191]
Main article: Pax Americana

In 2006, members of the group Scholars for 9/11 Truth
argued that a group of US neo-conservatives called the
Project for a New American Century (PNAC), which included Paul Wolfowitz, Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld, was set on US world dominance and orchestrated
the 9/11 attacks as an excuse to hit Iraq, Afghanistan
and later Iran.[193] In September 2000 the PNAC released a strategic treatise entitled Rebuilding Americas
Defences. David Ray Grin in his 2004 book The New
Pearl Harbor: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9/11 argued that the treatise may have
been the blueprint for 9/11 attacks. Specically the language in the paper that read the process of transformation, even if it brings revolutionary change, is likely to
be a long one, absent some catastrophic and catalyzing
event like a new Pearl Harbor was describing an alleged motive.[194][195][196]
The Defense Planning Guidance of 1992, was drafted by
Paul Wolfowitz on behalf of then Secretary of Defense
Dick Cheney. This was described as a blueprint for permanent American global hegemony" by Andrew Bacevich in his book American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy.[197]
Matt Taibbi argued in his book The Great Derangement
that conspiracy theorists have taken what is written in the
paper completely out of context, and that the transformation referenced in the paper is explicitly said to
be a decades-long process to turn the Cold War-era military into a new, modern military which could deal with
more localized conicts.[198] He said that, for this to be
evidence of motive, either those responsible would have
decided to openly state their objectives, or would have
read the paper in 2000 and quickly laid the groundwork
for the 9/11 attacks using it as inspiration.[198]
150
CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS
Invasions
Time called the public assassination of Kennedy a private, intimate aair when compared with the attack on
Conspiracy theorists have questioned whether The Oil the World Trade Center, which was witnessed by millions
Factor and 9/11 provided the United States and the of people and documented by hundreds of videographers;
United Kingdom with a reason to launch a war they had and said, there is no event so plain and clear that a dewanted for some time, and suggest that this gives them a termined human being can't nd ambiguity in it.[54]
strong motive for either carrying out the attacks, or allowing them to take place. For instance, Andreas von Blow,
a former research minister in the German government, 6.2.8 Proponents
has argued that 9/11 was staged to justify the subsequent
wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.[199] Former Malaysian pre- Main article: 9/11 Truth movement
miere Mahathir Mohamad was quoted as saying that there
was strong evidence that the attacks were faked so the Many individuals and organizations that support or disUnited States could go to war against Muslims.[200] In cuss 9/11 conspiracy theories consider themselves to be
spite of these allegations, the Bush administration specif- part of the 9/11 Truth movement.
ically rejected proposals to immediately attack Iraq in response to 9/11,[201] and acknowledged that there was no Prominent adherents of the movement include, among
others, radio talk show host Alex Jones, theologian
evidence of Iraqi involvement in the attacks.[12]
David Ray Grin, physicist Steven E. Jones, software
Conspiracy theorists suggest that the attack on engineer Jim Homan, architect Richard Gage, lm
Afghanistan was motivated to construct a natural producer Dylan Avery, former Governor of Minnesota
gas pipeline through that country, pointing out that the Jesse Ventura, former member of the U.S. House of
Unocal Corporation and U.S. ocials had shown great Representatives Cynthia McKinney,[209] actors Daniel
interest in constructing such a pipeline in the 1990s. Sunjata, Ed Asner, and Charlie Sheen, political sciThe Taliban were leaning toward making a deal with ence professor Joseph Diaferia and journalist Thierry
Unocal in 1998[202] but the company suspended work Meyssan.[210][211][212] Adherents of the 9/11 Truth moveon the project following the U.S. cruise missile strikes ment come from diverse social backgrounds.[213][214][215]
on Afghanistan in response to the 1998 U.S. Embassy The movement draws adherents from people of diverse
bombings[203] and completely pulled out in December political beliefs including liberals, conservatives, and
1998.[204]
libertarians.[215][216][217]
New World Order
Main article: New World Order (conspiracy theory)
Alex Jones and other personalities hold that 9/11 was initiated by a disparate variety of banking, corporate, globalization, and military interests for the purpose of creating a globalist government. Such New World Order conspiracy theories predate 9/11.[64]
6.2.7
Suggested historical precedents
Conspiracy theorists often point to Operation Northwoods as a model for the 9/11 attacks, theorizing
the attacks were carried out by the U.S. government
as a false ag operation and then blamed on Islamic
extremists.[13][205][206][207] Operation Northwoods was an
unimplemented, apparently rejected, plan approved by
the United States Joint Chiefs of Sta in 1962. One proposal in the plan suggested that covert operatives commit
multiple acts of terrorism in U.S. cities and blame Cuba
thus providing a pretext for invasion.[208]
Among the organizations that actively discuss and promote such theories are Architects & Engineers for 9/11
Truth, a group that focuses on the collapse of the World
Trade Center buildings; 9/11 Truth, founded in 2004;
Scholars for 9/11 Truth, founded in 2005, and Scholars
for 9/11 Truth & Justice, a group that split from Scholars
for 9/11 Truth in 2007 and runs the online publication
Journal of 9/11 Studies; 9/11 Citizens Watch, which was
already formed in 2002; and the Hispanic Victims Group.
Several of these groups have collected signatures on petitions asking for further investigation of the September
11 attacks.[218][219][220]
In 2004, John Buchanan ran for president on a 9/11 Truth
platform.[221][222]
9/11 Conspiracy theory critic Jonathan Kay asserts that
for the most part proponents are not out for nancial gain
and in some cases have left lucrative careers to become
activists.[223]
Dr Michael Wood and Dr Karen Douglas University

of Kent psychologists who specialize in conspiracy
theories[224] examined the comments sections of over
2000 news articles relating to the collapse of World Trade
Center 7. They found that proponents of 9/11 conspiracy
theories were more likely to try and debunk the mainTime magazine contrasted events which inspired past con- stream account than promote their own theories and also
spiracy theories with those that inspire 9/11 conspiracy were more likely to believe in other conspiracy theories.
theories such as the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Proponents of the mainstream account tended to argue

for that account and showed a greater hostility toward
conspiracy theory proponents.[225]
Dissecting the 9/11 Truth movement community

According to a 2011 analysis in a Skeptical Inquirer article, people involved in this movement, which seemingly
is a disparate group with very diversied backgrounds,
could be classied into three groups. They join the movement for dierent reasons, loosely self-assemble to ll
dierent roles and are united by their shared mistrust
in experts and the establishment (government and reputable sources of knowledge), and conspiratorial stance.
Through their engagement, they each nd their own fulllment and satisfaction. Together, they contribute to the
persistence, resilience and exaggerated claims of acceptance (in general public) of the movement. These three
groups are:[226]
Hard Core: The organizers and active members
of the various 9/11 Truth Movement organizations.
They produce the information, spot the anomalies
and technical inconsistencies, provide the technical
base and form the theories. While they claim to be
only interested in facts and to use scientic method,
they commit the logical fallacy of conrmation
bias by pre-determining the outcome, then searching for corroborating evidence while ignoring the
vast body of peer-reviewed, independent, consensual research which contradict their theories. They
supply the physical structure of the movement by
organizing events, seminars, discussions, marches
and distributing yers and pamphlets. Their numbers are relatively small but they are tight-knit and
highly connected. Their worldview favors superconspiracy, a master plan that is behind conspiracies
which they believe they are uncovering.[226]
Critically turned: They are the young students and
political activists whose aliation with the 9/11
Truth Movement often is rooted from their dissatisfaction and anger at the established political and
social order. Their sense of justice and idealism propels them to activism against perceived oppression
and social injustice. Their penchant to use Internet,
especially social media, and tech savvy make them
the propaganda machine for the movement. They
produce YouTube videos and lms with cool, countercultural content, make good use of pop culture
parody and eye-catching graphics. The countercultural street cred of their productions buy them broad
appeal and exposure to millions of people.[226]
Illiterati: They are the movements mass membership backbone, a large, diuse group which give the
movement exaggerated claims of popularity and inuence. Participation in the 9/11 Truth Movement,
151
to this group of people, is as much a social and recreational pursuit as the quest for truth. Their partaking is mostly through web 2.0 social networking and
YouTube. Their commentaries often are emotional
and they make no pretense to be accurate, balanced
or to show genuine intent to nd truth. Involvement
with the movement that t their worldview gives
them a sense of identity and belonging, which they
nd more appealing than the facts and evidences of
the 9/11 terrorist attack itself.[226]
6.2.9 Media reaction

While discussion and coverage of these theories is mainly
conned to Internet pages, books, documentary lms,
and conversation, a number of mainstream news outlets
around the world have covered the issue.
The Norwegian version of the July 2006 Le Monde diplomatique sparked interest when they ran, on their own
initiative, a three-page main story on the 9/11 attacks
and summarized the various types of 9/11 conspiracy
theories (which were not specically endorsed by the
newspaper, only recensed).[227] The Voltaire Network,
which has changed position since the September 11 attacks and whose director, Thierry Meyssan, became a
leading proponent of 9/11 conspiracy theory, explained
that although the Norwegian version of Le Monde diplomatique had allowed it to translate and publish this article on its website, the mother-house, in France, categorically refused it this right, thus displaying an open
debate between various national editions.[228] In December 2006, the French version published an article by
Alexander Cockburn, co-editor of CounterPunch, which
strongly criticized the alleged endorsement of conspiracy
theories by the U.S. left-wing, alleging that it was a sign
of theoretical emptiness.[229][230]
Also, on the Canadian website for CBC News: The Fifth
Estate, a program titled, Conspiracy Theories: uncovering the facts behind the myths of Sept. 11, 2001 was
broadcast on October 29, 2003, stating that what they
found may be more surprising than any theories.[231] On
November 27, 2009, The Fifth Estate aired a documentary entitled The Unocial Story where several prominent members of the 9/11 Truth Movement made their
case.[232][233]
An article in the September 11, 2006 edition of Time
magazine comments that the major 9/11 conspiracy theories depend on circumstantial evidence, facts without analysis or documentation, quotes taken out of context and the scattered testimony of traumatized eyewitnesses, and enjoy continued popularity because the idea
that there is a malevolent controlling force orchestrating
global events is, in a perverse way, comforting. It concludes that conspiracy theories are part of the process by
which Americans deal with traumatic public events and
constitute an American form of national mourning.[234]
152
Australian newspaper The Daily Telegraph published an
article titled The CIA couldn't have organised this ...
which said The same people who are making a mess of
Iraq were never so clever or devious that they could stage
a complex assault on two narrow towers of steel and glass
and if there is a nefarious plot in all this bad planning,
it is one improvised by a confederacy of dunces. This
article mainly attacked a group of scientists led by Professor Steven E. Jones, now called Scholars for 9/11 Truth
and Justice. They said most of them aren't scientists but
instructors ... at second-rate colleges.[235]
The Daily Telegraph also published an article in May 2007
that was highly critical of Loose Change 2, a movie which
presents a 9/11 conspiracy theory.[236]
Doug MacEachern in a May 2008 column for The Arizona Republic wrote that while many 9/11 truthers are
not crackpots that espouse crackpot conspiracy theories, supporters of the theories fail to take into account both human nature and that nobody has come
forward claiming they were participants in the alleged
conspiracies.[237] This view was seconded by Timothy Giannuzzi, a Calgary Herald op-ed columnist specializing in
foreign policy.[238]
On June 7, 2008, The Financial Times Magazine published a lengthy article on the 9/11 Truth Movement and
9/11 conspiracy theories.[239]
Charlie Brooker, a British comedian and multimedia
personality, in a July 2008 column published by The
Guardian as part of its Comment is free series agreed
that 9/11 conspiracy theorists fail to take in account human fallacies and added that believing in these theories gives theorists a sense of belonging to a community that shares privileged information thus giving the
theorists a delusional sense of power.[240] The commentary generated over 1700 online responses, the largest
in the history of the series.[241] In a September 2009
piece, The Guardian were more supportive of 9/11 conspiracy theories however, asking, when did it become
uncool to ask questions? When did questioners become
imbeciles?"[242]
On September 12, 2008, Russian State Television broadcast in prime time a documentary made by Member of
the European Parliament Giulietto Chiesa entitled Zero,
sympathetic to those who question the accepted account
of the attacks according to Chiesa. According to Thierry
Meyssan in conjunction with the documentary, Russian
State Television aired a debate on the subject. The panel
consisted of members from several countries including
12 Russians who hold divergent views. The motive of
Russian State Television in broadcasting the documentary
was questioned by a commentator from The Other Russia
who noted that Russian State Television had a history of
broadcasting programs involving conspiracy theories involving the United States government.[243][244][245]
CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS
lm festival held in California and quoted a Jewish
speaker at that festival who said that none of the 19 suspected hijackers had been proven guilty of anything and
compared racism against Muslims resulting from what he
called false accusations to the racism against Jews in the
Nazi era.[246]
On November 10, 2008, ITN broadcast a story summarizing various 9/11 conspiracy theories.[247]
The emergence of the birther movement in 2009 has
led to comparisons between that movement and the 9/11
Truth movement, with both movements seen in a very
negative light. Moon landing conspiracy theories have
also been compared to the birther and 9/11 conspiracy
theories. James Borne, a journalist for The New York
Times who covered the September 11 Attacks, described
his assignment covering a 9/11 truth meeting Perhaps
the most intellectually scary assignment I have had in recent years.[248][249][250][251]
On August 31, 2009, the National Geographic Channel aired the program 9/11 Science and Conspiracy, in
which the Energetic Materials Research and Testing Center tested some of the claims frequently made by those
who question the accepted 9/11 account. Specically,
the experiments concluded that burning jet fuel alone can
suciently raise the temperature of a steel support column to the point of structural failure, that a controlled demolition using conventional techniques would leave clear
evidence that was not found at Ground Zero, that using
thermite is not an eective technique to melt a steel column, and that even if thermite chemical signatures were
found, it would be impossible to tell if thermite was actually used or if the traces came from the reaction of aircraft
aluminum with other substances in the re. The testing
also concluded that the type of hole found at the Pentagon
was consistent with the standard scenario, and that damage from a bombing or missile attack would dier from
the damage that occurred. In the program, several prominent 9/11 conspiracy theorists viewed rough edits of the
experiments, and expressed their disagreement with the
ndings.[252][253]
The British left wing magazine New Statesman listed
David Ray Grin as the 41st most important person who
matters today. The magazine said that Grins books
on the subject have lent a sheen of respectability that
appeals to people at the highest levels of government.
The publication listed 9/11 conspiracy theories as one
of the most pernicious global myths.[254] Grins book
The New Pearl Harbor Revisited was chosen by Publishers
Weekly as a Pick of the Week in November 2008.[255]
Denver public television KBDI-TV has aired 9/11 truth
documentaries several times. The stations spokesperson
claimed airing these documentaries has been a boon for
the stations fund raising eorts.[256]
Glenn Beck, television and radio host, said of the alleNasir Mahmood in a commentary printed by the Pakistan gations: There are limits to debasement of this country,
Observer wrote favorably about a 9/11 truth lecture and aren't there? I mean, its one thing to believe that our

politicians are capable of being Bernie Mado. Its another to think that they are willing to kill 3,000 Americans. Once you cross that line, you're in a whole new
territory.[257]
In March 2010, The Washington Post editorialized against
Yukihisa Fujita, a prominent Japanese politician who has
espoused 9/11 conspiracy theories. They described Fujita as a man susceptible to the imaginings of the lunatic
fringe. It went on to say that the U.S.-Japan alliance
would be severely tested if Fujitas party continued to
tolerate these kinds of comments.[258]
For the ninth anniversary of the attacks the Egyptian daily
Al-masry Al-youm published an article questioning the
US government story and promoting conspiracy theories.
The senior analyst for the semi-ocial Al-Ahram Center
for Political and Strategic Studies and a member of Parliament from the Muslim Brotherhood was quoted.[259]
Gordon Farrer, the technology editor for The Age, theorized in a November 2010 column for the Sydney Morning Herald that the popularity of 9/11 conspiracy theories
was a result of two main factors. One revolved around
the personality traits of the theorists themselves (cynical,
anxious, belief that they are free thinkers). The second
revolved around the high internet search ranking 9/11
conspiracy theories receive leading to a false air of authority to the theories. Speaking of the theorists Farrer
wrote that when politicians and media dont give them
voice they feel more threatened, more suspicious, cornered, helpless; and so they go on the attack.[260]
Geraldo Rivera, the host of Geraldo at Large, a news magazine run by Fox News Channel, expressed openness towards claims that question the causes of the collapse of
7 World Trade Center.[261] Andrew Napolitano, a legal
analyst for Fox News and former judge at the New Jersey
Superior Court, voiced support for scepticism about the
collapse of the high-rise building, and for Rivera investigating the event.[261]
153
the Pentagon was shot down by a missile, that there was
insider trading by people who had foreknowledge of the
attacks were all false.[263]
Toure Neblett, who has Tweeted his suspicions about the
attack on the Pentagon, is one of the hosts of the MSNBC
program The Cycle, which debuted on June 25, 2012.[264]
In popular culture
In June 2005, the German public broadcaster ARD's
murder mystery program Tatort ran an episode in which a
woman who claims the 9/11 attacks were instigated by the
Bush family for oil and power is targeted by FBI and CIA
hitmen after her roommate is found dead. The roommate
was trained to be one of the hijackers in the September
11 attacks, but was left behind. The episode, viewed by
7 million people, ended with detectives who were investigating the death believing her story and the woman escaping to an unnamed Arab country.[265]
In season 10 of the animated show South Park, the
episode "Mystery of the Urinal Deuce" centers around
9/11 conspiracy theories. After Eric Cartman, a main
character in the show, blames Kyle Broovski for causing
9/11, Kyle and his friend Stan Marsh end up in the White
House, where they are told that the government did in fact
cause the 9/11 attacks. They escape, and eventually it is
revealed that the government wants people to think that
they caused 9/11, so that they think the government has
more power than it does.[266]
A Rescue Me episode featured a character played by
actor Daniel Sunjata (who is a 9/11 conspiracy theorist) explaining to a French journalist that the 9/11 attacks were a neoconservative government eort to create a new Pearl Harbor to control oil and increase military spending.[267][268] According to Denis Leary, major
plot lines in the rst 10 episodes of the shows season 5
revolved around reinvestigation and conspiracy theories
surrounding the 9/11 attacks.[269]
Alex Jones was red by 70 radio stations when he began espousing 9/11 conspiracy theories, but by 2011 was
espousing these and other conspiracy theories on morn- The plot for a comic book entitled The Big Lie, released in
ing TV shows and was the subject of lengthy magazine September 2011, revolves around a scientist going back
in time to the day of the attacks with the intention of preproles.[43][262]
venting it, in the process nding out that the ocial story
On August 29, 2010 the BBC Two broadcast a program is false.[270]
entitled The Conspiracy Files: 9/11 Ten Years On.[91]
A lm entitled September Morn is scheduled for 2013 reOn September 5, 2011 The Guardian published an ar- lease. The lm will call for a new investigation into the
ticle entitled, 9/11 conspiracy theories debunked. The attacks. Topic matter is reported to include alleged inconarticle noted that unlike the collapse of World Trade Cen- sistencies in the widely accepted version of the attacks
ters 1 and 2 a controlled demolition collapses a building and hints of a cover-up. The lm has been written by
from the bottom and explains that the windows popped Howard Cohen and will be directed by BJ Davis. Ed Asbecause of collapsing oors. The article also said there ner, Woody Harrelson, Martin Sheen, Daniel Sunjata, acare conspiracy theories that claim that World trade Cen- tors associated with the 9/11 truth movement, are memter 7 was also downed by a controlled demolition, that the bers of the lms cast. The lm is the rst mainstream
Pentagon being hit by a missile, that the hijacked planes movie to delve into this area.[271][272]
were packed with explosives and own by remote control,
that Israel was behind the attacks, that a plane headed for The Fox network series Bones has a character, Jack Hodgins, who believed in conspiracy theories. During an
154
CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS
episode that aired in November 2012 dealing with the

9/11 attacks, Hodkins said I have looked into every 9/11
conspiracy. All of them. None of them hold up. Or I
should say only one of them does. We were attacked by
extremists who hated everything we represent.[273]
and imaginary, instead of taking control of their own

lives.[198] While critical, Taibbi explains that 9/11 conspiracy theories are dierent from "Clinton-era blackhelicopter paranoia, and constitute more than a small,
scattered group of nutcases [...] they really were, just as
they claim to be, almost everyone you meet.[198]
Columnist Matt Mankelow, writing for the online edition of the British Socialist Worker, concludes that 9/11
truthers while desperately trying to legitimately question
Critics of these conspiracy theories say they are a form a version of events end up playing into the hands of the
of conspiracism common throughout history after a trau- neoconservatives they are trying to take down by creating
matic event in which conspiracy theories emerge as a a diversion. Mankelow noted that this has irritated many
mythic form of explanation.[274] A related criticism ad- people who are politically left-wing.[282]
dresses the form of research on which the theories are
David Aaronovitch, a columnist for The Times, in his
based. Thomas W. Eagar, an engineering professor at
book entitled Voodoo Histories: The Role of the ConspirMIT, suggested they use the 'reverse scientic method'.
acy Theory in Shaping Modern History that was published
They determine what happened, throw out all the data
in May 2009, claimed that the theories strain credulity.[75]
that doesn't t their conclusion, and then hail their ndAaronovitch also charged that 9/11 conspiracy theorists
ings as the only possible conclusion. Eagars criticisms
have exaggerated the expertise of those supporting their
also exemplify a common stance that the theories are best
theories, and noted that 9/11 conspiracy theorists includignored. I've told people that if the argument gets too
ing David Ray Grin cross cite each other.[283]
mainstream, I'll engage in the debate. According to him,
this happened when Steve Jones, a physics professor at Harvard Law professor Cass Sunstein co-authored a 2009
paper which used members of the 9/11 Truth movement
Brigham Young University, took up the issue.[275]
and others as an examples of people who suer from
Michael Shermer, writing in Scientic American, said:
crippled epistemologies, to public trust and the politThe mistaken belief that a handful of unexplained
ical system. He wrote that They do not merely underanomalies can undermine a well-established theory lies
mine democratic debate ... In extreme cases, they create
at the heart of all conspiratorial thinking. All the evior fuel violence. If government can dispel such theories,
dence for a 9/11 conspiracy falls under the rubric of this
it should do so.[43]
fallacy. Such notions are easily refuted by noting that scientic theories are not built on single facts alone but on In June 2011 the Royal Institute of British Architects was
a convergence of evidence assembled from multiple lines criticized for hosting a lecture by Richard Gage, president of Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth. Rick
of inquiry.[276]
Bell, the director of the American Institute of Architects
[276]
[277]
Scientic American,
Popular Mechanics,
and The
New York chapter, who was a witness to the 9/11 at[278]
Skeptics Dictionary
have published articles that rebut
tacks, said that no amount of money would persuade
various 9/11 conspiracy theories. Popular Mechanics has
him to allow the group to talk at his headquarters and
published a book entitled Debunking 9/11 Myths that exsaid that Gage lacks credibility among the professional
[279]
pands upon the research rst presented in the article.
community. Eugine Kohn, former spokesperson for the
In the foreword for the book Senator John McCain wrote
American Institute of Architects, said Gages theories
that blaming the U.S. government for the events mars
were ridiculous, There were no explosives planted,
the memories of all those lost on that day and exand The buildings were denitely brought down by the
ploits the publics anger and sadness. It shakes Ameriplanes. The decision to host the event was also criticized
cans faith in their government at a time when that faith
by the former president of the Royal Institute of British
is already near an all-time low. It tracks in ugly, unArchitects and the founding president of the American
founded accusations of extraordinary evil against fellow
Institute of Architects United Kingdom chapter. Gage
Americans.[280] Der Spiegel dismissed 9/11 conspiracy
has been warned by the AIA against giving a false imprestheories as a panoply of the absurd, stating as diverse
sion that he has a relationship with them. A July article
as these theories and their adherents may be, they share
in the organizations magazine criticized Gage for cona basic thought pattern: great tragedies must have great
tinuing to intimate that he has an association with them
reasons.[281]
and claimed there were no architects at an Architects and
Journalist Matt Taibbi, in his book The Great Derange- Engineers for 9/11 Truth screening held in an American
ment, discusses 9/11 conspiracy theories as symptomatic Institute of Architects boardroom [284] The Royal Instiof what he calls the derangement of American society; tute of British Architects released a statement saying the
a disconnection from reality due to widespread disgust perception that the group endorses events held in its buildwith our political system.[198] Drawing a parallel with ings is regrettable, and said they would review policy
the Charismatic Movement, he argues that both chose on private hire of its buildings.[285] Anthony Summers
to battle bugbears that were completely idiotic, fanciful,
6.2.10
Criticism
155
and Robbyn Swan oer scathing criticism of many of the on his support investigating the validity of 9/11 conabove theories in The Eleventh Day, their 2011 investiga- spiracy theories.[295] In 2011 Falk praised a book by
tion of the attacks.[286]
David Ray Grin. Falk was condemned for his remarks
U.S. representative Peter T. King, chairmen of the by United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon and
States ambassador to the United Nations Susan
House Homeland Security Committee, said 9/11 con- United
[296]
Rice.
spiracy theorists trivialize the most tragic event to affect the United States and that People making these In February 2009, Aymeric Chauprade, a professor of
claims are disgraceful, and they should be ashamed of geopolitics at CID military college in Paris, was red
themselves.[287]
by French Defence Minister Herv Morin for writing a
of Civilizations that
The hosts of "The Skeptics Guide to the Universe" (the book entitled Chronicle of the Clash
[297]
espoused
9/11
conspiracy
theories.
SGU) have spoken repeatedly about the absurdity of
9/11 conspiracy theories. In addition to critiquing the theories using the same or similar arguments as the above,
the SGU hosts say that, like most conspiracy theories,
this one collapses under its own weight and contradicts
itself. In order for the 9/11 conspiracy theories to be correct, the U.S. government would not only have to orchestrate the claimed false ag operation regarding the airplanes that crashed into the World Trade Center, but they
would also have to orchestrate a superuous controlled
demolition and cover their tracks so awlessly that it becomes indistinguishable to physicists from the ocial
story, yet the plan would have to be awed enough so
that losers in their mothers basement will discover the
conspiracy.[288]
6.2.11
In politics
Former Canadian Liberal Party leader Stphane Dion

forced a candidate from Winnipeg, Lesley Hughes, to terminate her campaign after earlier writings from Hughes
surfaced in which Hughes wrote that U.S., German,
Russian and Israeli intelligence ocials knew about the
9/11 attacks in advance.[289][290] Earlier, Peter Kent,
Deputy Editor of Global Television Network News and
Conservative Party candidate in the 2008 Canadian election, had called for Hughess resignation saying that the
9/11 Truth movement is one of Canadas most notorious hatemongering fringe movements composed of
conspiracy theorists who are notorious for holding antiSemitic views.[291] On June 16, 2009, Hughes sued Kent,
the Canadian Jewish Congress, the B'nai B'rith of Canada
and four senior members of the two organizations alleging the antisemitic allegations were untrue and defamatory and ruined her career.[292] Later another Conservative Party candidate called for the leader of the New
Democratic Party to re a candidate for her pro 9/11 truth
views.[293] Zijad Delic head of Canadas largest Muslim
advocacy organization, the Canadian Islamic Congress
is trying to remove 9/11 conspiracy theorists from the
board of the organization, in an eort to what he describes as purifying within and totally canadianize the
organization.[294]
In September 2009, Van Jones, an adviser to US President Barack Obama, resigned after his signature on a
2004 petition calling for an investigation into whether
government ocials deliberately allowed the 9/11 attacks
to occur and other controversial statements came to light
drawing criticism. Van Jones said he was a victim of a
smear campaign, adding that he does not currently, nor
ever has agreed with that theory.[298]
9/11 conspiracy theorist critic David Aaronovitch claims
the popularity of 9/11 conspiracy theories has hurt the
War on Terror. According to Aaronovitch, because a
signicant portion of educated Pakistanis believe that
George W. Bush brought the towers down, dealing with
the Taliban is dicult because they actually don't believe the fundamental premise on which the war against
terror was waged.[299]
The 9/11 truth movement became an issue in the 2010
Texas Gubernatorial Republican primary when candidate
Debra Medina replied when asked by Glenn Beck about
US government involvement in the 9/11 attacks: I think
some very good questions have been raised in that regard, there are some very good arguments, and I think
the American people have not seen all of the evidence
there, so I have not taken a position on that. After being
criticized for the remarks by opposing candidates, Medina said that she has never been a 9/11 truth movement
member and believes the twin towers were attacked by
Muslim terrorists.[300][301]
On September 23, 2010, Iranian President Mahmoud

Ahmadinejad in a speech to the United Nations said that
The majority of the American people, as well as other
nations and politicians, believe ... some segments within
the U.S. government orchestrated the attack to reverse the
declining U.S. economy and its grips on the Middle East
in order also to save the Zionist regime. The remarks
prompted the United States delegation as well as others
to walk out.[302] U.S. President Barack Obama criticized
Ahmadinejads remarks before the United Nations General Assembly on the following day, saying, For him to
make a statement like that was inexcusable and called the
remarks oensive and hateful.[303] Previously Ahmadinejad had described the 9/11 attacks as a suspect
event[304] and suggested that the Bush Administration
In 2008, calls for the resignation of Richard Falk, the
was involved in 9/11.[305][306] The Iranian president respecial rapporteur on human rights in the Palestinian
peated his claims in 2011 and was criticized in an artiterritories for the United Nations, were partially based
156
CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS
cle appearing Al Queadas magazine. The article claimed

Ahmadinejad was jealous of Al Queada.[307]
[5] Sales, Nancy Jo (July 9, 2006). Click Here For Conspiracy. Vanity Fair. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi has called for a scientic conference to look into the events of 9/11 and
speculated that the attacks were an inside job.[308]

York: Ballantine. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-4000-6659-9.
6.2.12
Legal cases
[7] Sta Editors (February 3, 2005). Debunking the 9/11

Myths: Special Report The World Trade Center. Popular Mechanics (Hearst Communication). That explanation hasn't swayed conspiracy theorists, who contend that
all three buildings were wired with explosives in advance
and razed in a series of controlled demolitions.
Army specialist April Gallup led suit claiming that Vice

President Dick Cheney, Secretary of Defense Donald
Rumsfeld and other Bush administration ocials orchestrated the 9/11 attacks and the Pentagon was hit by an at- [8] Summers, Anthony; Swan, Robbyn (2011). The Eleventh
tack ordered by Cheney. The suit was dismissed in 2010
by Judge Denny Chin, who said the claim was the product of cynical delusion and fantasy. Her lawyers led an
appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals which in April 2010 [9] Did a Plane Hit the Pentagon?". Bureau of International
Information Programs, U.S. Department of State. April
issued a show cause order why the lawyers and Gallup
should not be sanctioned for ling a frivolous lawsuit. Her
lawyers asked that the judges on the Court of Appeals re- [10] Grin, David Ray, PhD (December 4, 2005). Flights
cuse themselves because their emotions made them pre11, 175, 77, and 93: The 9/11 Commissions Incredible
Tales. 911Truth.org. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
judge the case and abuse their power. On October 14,
2011 the judges sanctioned her lawyers $15,000 each for
both the frivolous lawsuits and the accusations of preju- [11] The Military Drills on 9-11: Bizarre Coincidence or
Something Else?" (PDF). physics911.net. Retrieved Audice. Gallup was not ned because of her unfamiliarity
gust 28, 2009.
with the law.[309]
6.2.13
See also
Opinion polls about 9/11 conspiracy theories

Conspiracy theories about the July 2005 London
bombings
Controversies about the 2004 Madrid train bombings
Oklahoma City bombing conspiracy theories
Osama bin Laden death conspiracy theories
Able Danger
Operation Terror
6.2.14
References
[1] Norman, Joshua (September 11, 2011). 9/11 conspiracy theories won't stop. CBS News. Retrieved May 29,
2014.
[2] Arnaud de Borchgrave (September 11, 2009). Cynical
scenarios still soar. The Washington Times.
[3] Editors, The. Debunking the 9/11 Myths: Special Report. Popular Mechanics. Retrieved July 20, 2009.
[4] Herman, Steve (June 20, 2007). Purdue study supports
WTC collapse ndings. USA Today. Retrieved July 20,
2009.
[12] U.S. Drops Last Link of Iraq to 9/11 New York Times 2
May 2002
[13] Knight, Peter (2008). Outrageous Conspiracy Theories:
Popular and Ocial Responses to 9/11 in Germany and
the United States. New German Critique 35: 16593.
doi:10.1215/0094033X-2007-024.
[15] The evolution of a conspiracy theory. BBC News. July
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[16] NIST NCSTAR 1: Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster. NIST.
September 2005. p. 146. Archived from the original on
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[17] Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center
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[18] Baant, Z. K. P.; Verdure, M. (2007). Mechanics of
Progressive Collapse: Learning from World Trade Center and Building Demolitions (PDF). Journal of Engineering Mechanics (American Society of Civil Engineers) 133 (3): 308319. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)07339399(2007)133:3(308). As generally accepted by the
community of specialists in structural mechanics and
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[19] Baant, Z. K. P.; Le, J. L.; Greening, F. R.; Benson, D. B.

(2008). What Did and Did Not Cause Collapse of World
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[20] FEMA: World Trade Center Building Performance
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2011.
[21] Behind Purdues computing simulation on the 2001
World Trade Center attack ZDNET June 20, 2007.
Blogs.zdnet.com. Retrieved September 11, 2013.
[22] Meigs, James (October 13, 2006). The Conspiracy Industry. Popular Mechanics.
[23] Osama claims responsibility for 9/11. Times of India
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[24] Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11.
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[26] Depuis le 11-Septembre, la menace terroriste est devenue
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[27] Sept. 11: One Year Later. Deutsche Welle Dwworld.de. 2003-05-02. Archived from the original on
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[28] Bin Laden tape shown days before 9/11 anniversary.
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[29] Koreans Memories of 9/11 Still Fresh Five Years On.
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[30] Excerpts from President Obamas speech. Los Angeles
Times. June 5, 2009. Retrieved July 20, 2009.
[31] The Flight 93 Story. National Park Service. Retrieved
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[35] Grin, David Ray (2007). Debunking 9/11 Debunking:

An Answer to Popular Mechanics and Other Defenders of
the Ocial Conspiracy Theory. Olive Branch Press. ISBN
978-1-56656-686-5.
[36] The following news media state that the movement is being known as or being called 9/11 Truth movement":
Hayes, Christopher (December 10, 2006). The
9/11 Truth Movements Dangers. CBS News. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
Barber, Peter (June 7, 2008). The truth is out
there. Financial Times. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2009. An
army of sceptics, collectively described as the 9/11
Truth movement
Powell, Michael (September 8, 2006). The Disbelievers. The Washington Post. Archived from the
original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
The loose agglomeration known as the '9/11 Truth
Movement'
Barry, Ellen (September 10, 2006). 9/11 Conspiracy Theorists Gather in N.Y.. Los Angeles Times.
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Truth Movement
Hunt, H.E. (November 19, 2008). The 30 greatest conspiracy theories part 1. The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved May 30, 2009. A
large group of people collectively called the 9/11
Truth Movement
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Das National Institute of Standards and Technology ...
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not released the videos for years.] ... Die bislang unbekannten Videos sollen als weitere Beweise fr eine Verschwrung rund um den 11. September dienen. [The previously unknown videos are intended to serve as further
evidence of a conspiracy surrounding September 11.] ...
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CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS
6.2.15 Bibliography
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Dunbar, D.; Reagan, B., eds. (2011). Debunking
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NIST and the World Trade Center
Questions and Answers about the NIST WTC
7 Investigation
Final NIST Report on the collapse of World
Trade Center 7
U.S. Department of State Article: The Top September 11 Conspiracy Theories, 28 August, 2006
Engineering publications
Eagar, Thomas. Why Did the World Trade Center
Collapse? Science, Engineering, and Speculation.
Popular Mechanics: Debunking the 9/11 Myths.
Proponents of 9/11 conspiracy theories
Scholars for 9/11 Truth & Justice
9-11 Research
The 9/11 Truth movement
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by Robert Satlo and Eric Trager of the Washington Post
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Debunking 9/11 Conspiracy theories and Controlled

Demolition Myths
Journal of Debunking 9/11 Conspiracy Theories
Decade of Deceit: Anti-Semitic 9/11 Conspiracy
Theories 10 Years Later', by the Anti-Defamation
League
6.3. ADVANCE-KNOWLEDGE CONSPIRACY THEORIES
6.3 Advance-knowledge conspiracy

theories
This article is about 9/11 conspiracy theories.
For historical discussion, see September 11 intelligence prior to the attacks.
The 9/11 advance-knowledge conspiracy theories center on arguments that certain institutions or individuals
other than the perpetrators had foreknowledge of the
September 11 attacks in the United States in 2001.
167
weapons, but neither acted on them nor distributed the intelligence to local police agencies. From the moment of the September 11
attacks, all high-ranking federal ocials insisted that the terrorists method of operation
surprised them. Many continue to stick to that
story. Actually, elements of the suicide hijacking plan were known to the FBI as early as 1995
and, if coupled with current information, might
have uncovered the plot.
The book The Terror Timeline includes numerous articles

Some of the primary concerns include whether the Bush
that are often cited to suggest that the method of ying
administration or United States Armed Forces had awareplanes into buildings was known by U.S. ocials:[5]
ness of the planned attack methods, the precise volume
of intelligence that American agencies had regarding al In 1994, there were three examples of failed atQaeda activities inside the United States, whether the put
tempts to deliberately crash planes into buildings, inoptions placed on United Airlines and American Airlines
cluding one where a lone pilot crashed a small plane
and other trades indicate foreknowledge, and why the
into the lawn of the White House.[6]
identities of the traders have never been made public.
Additional facets of the conspiracy theories include debate as to whether warnings received from foreign agencies were specic enough to have warranted preventative
action, whether domestic intelligence about planned alQaeda attacks was thorough enough to have mandated
intervention, the extent to which the alleged hijackers
were under surveillance prior to the attacks, and whether
Mossad or the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence were
aware of an imminent attack.
6.3.1
Using planes as missiles
Immediately following the attacks, President George W.

Bush stated that: Nobody in our government at least,
and I don't the think the prior government, could envisage ying air planes into buildings and National Security
Advisor Condoleezza Rice claimed: no-one could have
predicted that they would try to use an airplane as a missile. An Air Force general called the attack: something
we had never seen before, something we had never even
thought of.[1] A few days after the attacks, FBI Director Robert Mueller announced: There were no warning
signs that I'm aware of that would indicate this type of operation in the country.[2] However, Mueller noted that an
FBI agent in Minneapolis said Moussaoui might be that
type of person that could y something into the World
Trade Center.[3] Mueller said this warning should have
been followed more vigorously.
The Bojinka Plot was a foiled large-scale al-Qaeda

terrorist attack to blow up eleven airliners and their
passengers as they ew from Asia to America, due
to take place in January 1995.
The 2000 edition of the FAAs annual report on
Criminal Acts Against Aviation said that although
Osama bin Laden is not known to have attacked
civil aviation, he has both the motivation and the
wherewithal to do so, adding, Bin Ladens antiWestern and anti-American attitudes make him and
his followers a signicant threat to civil aviation,
particularly to U.S. civil aviation.
In April 2001, NORAD ran a war game in which the
Pentagon was to become incapacitated; a NORAD
planner proposed the simulated crash of a hijacked
foreign commercial airliner into the Pentagon, but
the Joints Chiefs of Sta rejected that scenario as
too unrealistic[7][8]
In July 2001 at the G8 summit in Genoa, antiaircraft missile batteries were installed following a
report that terrorists would try to crash a plane to
kill George Bush and other world leaders.[9]
On the morning of September 11, 2001, the
National Reconnaissance Oce, which is responsible for operating U.S. reconnaissance satellites, had
scheduled an exercise simulating the crashing of an
aircraft into their building, four miles (6 km) from
Washington Dulles International Airport.[10]
Some mainstream media reports have conicted with

these statements, claiming that the FBI, CIA and Executive Branch[4] knew of the threat of planes being used
as missiles as early as 1995, following the foiling of the
Bojinka Plot. In September 2002, one year after the 9/11
A 2004 USA Today article, NORAD had drills of jets
attacks, Chicago Sun-Times reported that:
as weapons, describes pre-9/11 NORAD drills that sugThe FBI had advance indications of plans
gest they were prepared for such an attack as happened
to hijack U.S. airliners and use them as
on 9/11:
168
CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS
In the two years before the September 11
attacks, the North American Aerospace Defense Command conducted exercises simulating what the White House says was unimaginable at the time: hijacked airliners used as
weapons to crash into targets and cause mass
casualties. One of the imagined targets was the
World Trade Center. In another exercise, jets
performed a mock shootdown over the Atlantic
Ocean of a jet supposedly laden with chemical
poisons headed toward a target in the United
States. In a third scenario, the target was the
Pentagon but that drill was not run after Defense ocials said it was unrealistic.[11]
up to September 11 reveals that there was an

unusually high level of put buying. This nding is consistent with informed investors having
traded options before the attacks.[18]
In a statement to the 9/11 Commission in 2003, Mindy
Kleinberg, of the 9/11 Family Steering Committee, said:
Never before on the Chicago Exchange
were such large amounts of United and American Airlines options traded. These investors
netted a prot of at least $5 million after the
September 11 attacks. Interestingly, the names
of the investors remain undisclosed and the $5
million remains unclaimed in the Chicago Exchange account.[19]
That NORAD was aware of the threat of terrorists hijacking commercial airliners within the United States, and using them as guided missiles, was atly denied by the 9/11 Regarding these trades, the 9/11 Commission found no
Commission, which asserted several times in their report malfeasance:
that The threat of terrorists hijacking commercial airliners within the United States and using them as guided
A single U.S.-based institutional investor
missiles was not recognized by NORAD before 9/11.
with no conceivable ties to al-Qaeda purchased
95% of the UAL puts on September 6 as part
The Joint Inquiry of 2002 conrmed that the Intelligence
of a trading strategy that also included buyCommunity had received at least twelve reports over
ing 115,000 shares of American on September
a seven-year period suggesting that terrorists might use
10... much of the seemingly suspicious trading
planes as weapons. After briey discussing each of them,
in American on September 10 was traced to a
it says that The CIA disseminated several of these respecic U.S.-based options trading newsletter,
ports to the FBI and to agencies responsible for prevenfaxed to its subscribers on Sunday, September
tive actions. They included the FAA... Despite these re9, that recommended these trades.[20]
ports, the Intelligence Community did not produce any
assessments of the likelihood that terrorists would use
planes as weapons, and U.S. policymakers apparently remained unaware of this kind of potential threat.[12] For- WTC hard drive restoration operation
mer National Security Advisor Sandy Berger testied to
In December 2001 and early 2002, there was extensive
the Joint Inquiry:
media coverage of the eorts by the German data retrieval company Convar to reconstruct, using laser scanWe heard of the idea of planes as
ning technology, data from damaged hard drives recovweapons, but I don't recall being presented with
ered from the WTC as part of the investigation into a
any specic threat information about an attack
surge in nancial transactions just before the two hijacked
of this nature, or highlighting this threat, or inplanes crashed into New Yorks World Trade Center.[21]
dicating it was more likely than any other[13]
The companys CEO, Peter Henschel, noting that the investigation was being conducted for a number of U.S.
based clients cooperating with the FBI, said that there was
6.3.2 Insider trading
suspicion that criminals had used inside knowledge about
The Times reported on September 18 that investigations the attacks to make and authorize nancial transactions
were under way into the unusually large numbers of during the chaos. According to Convars data retrieval
shares in insurance companies and airlines sold o before expert Richard Wagner, criminal transactions in excess
the attack, in the UK, Italy, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, of 100 million dollars could have been made in the hope
of the
France and the US.[14][15] News accounts in the weeks that their trail would have disappeared as a result
[22][23]
As
destruction
of
the
WTC
mainframe
computers.
that followed reported a notable pattern of trading in the
[16]
reported
by
the
Heute
Journal,
a
news
programme
by
the
as well as
options of United and American Airlines
Morgan Stanley and other market activity.[17] An article German ZDF TV channel, by March 2002 Convar had
to restore several hundred hard drives from the
published in The Journal of Business in 2006 provides been able
[24]
WTC.
statistical evidence of unusual put option market activity
days before 9/11:
Examination of the option trading leading
However, the 9/11 Commission, in a memorandum entitled FBI Brieng on Trading dated October 18, 2003,
said that when asked about the media coverage of the

hard drive restoration operation, the assembled [FBI]
agents expressed no knowledge of the reported harddrive recovery eort, further noting that one New York
agent argued that it was extremely unlikely that any
hard-drives survived to the extent that they data [sic] be
recovered.[25]
Later research
169
March 2001 Italian intelligence warns of an alQaeda plot in the United States involving a massive
strike involving aircraft, based on their wiretap of
al-Qaeda cell in Milan.
July 2001 Jordanian intelligence told US ocials
that al-Qaeda was planning an attack on American
soil, and Egyptian intelligence warned the CIA that
20 al-Qaeda Jihadists were in the United States, and
that four of them were receiving ight training.
The papers of several nance researchers also suggest that

August 2001 The Israeli Mossad gives the CIA a
some proted from foreknowledge of 9/11. In 2006,
list of 19 terrorists living in the US and say that they
Allen Poteshman, a professor of Finance from the Uniappear to be planning to carry out an attack in the
versity of Illinois, published an analysis of the airline
near future.
stock option trades preceding the attacks. This peer August 2001 The United Kingdom is warned three
reviewed study, published by the University of Chicago
times of an imminent al-Qaeda attack in the United
Press, came to the conclusion that an indicator of long
States, the third specifying multiple airplane hijackput volume was unusually high which is consistent with
ings. According to the Sunday Herald, the report is
informed investors having traded in the option market
passed on to President Bush a short time later.
in advance of the attacks.[26] In January 2010, a team
of Swiss nancial experts published evidence for at least
September 2001 Egyptian intelligence warns
thirteen informed trades in which the investors had apAmerican ocials that al-Qaeda is in the advanced
[27]
parent foreknowledge of the attacks. Finally, in April
stages of executing a signicant operation against an
2010, an international team of experts showed that there
American target, probably within the US.
was a signicant abnormal increase in trading volume in
the option market just before the 9/11 attacks in contrast to the absence of abnormal trading volume over pe- Able Danger
riods long before the attacks, concluding that their ndings were consistent with insiders anticipating the 9-11 Main article: Able Danger
attacks.[28]
A classied military intelligence program known as Able
Danger was created in October 1999 specically tar6.3.3 Intelligence warnings
geting al-Qaeda. Lt. Col. Anthony Shaer and Congressman Curt Weldon (R-PA) charged before the Senate
The 9/11 Commission Report states that the 9/11 attacks
Judiciary Committee that Able Danger had identied
were a shock, but they should not have come as a surMohamed Atta, and three of the other hijackers, prior
prise. Islamic extremists had given plenty of warnings
to 9/11.
that they meant to kill Americans indiscriminately and in
The existence of Able Danger, and its purported early
large numbers.[29] The report continued:
identication of the 9/11 terrorists, was rst disclosed
publicly on June 19, 2005.[33] On June 27, 2005, WelDuring the spring and summer of 2001,
don stated to the House:
U.S. intelligence agencies received a stream of
warnings about an attack al-Qaeda planned, as
Mr. Speaker, I rise because information
one report puts it something very, very, very
has come to my attention over the past sevbig. Director of Central Intelligence George
eral months that is very disturbing. I have
Tenet told us the system was blinking red.[30]
learned that, in fact, one of our Federal agencies had, in fact, identied the major New York
The US administration, CIA and FBI received multiple
cell of Mohamed Atta prior to 9/11; and I have
prior warnings from foreign governments and intelligence
learned, Mr. Speaker, that in September 2000,
services, including France, Germany, the UK, Israel, Jorthat Federal agency actually was prepared to
dan, Afghanistan, Egypt, Morocco and Russia.[5][31] The
bring the FBI in and prepared to work with the
warnings varied in their level of detail, but all stated that
FBI to take down the cell that Mohamed Atta
they believed an Al-Qaeda attack inside the United States
was involved in in New York City, along with
was imminent. British Member of Parliament Michael
two of the other terrorists. I have also learned,
Meacher cites these warnings, suggesting that some of
Mr. Speaker, that when that recommendation
them must have been deliberately ignored.[32] Some of
was discussed within that Federal agency, the
these warnings include the following:
lawyers in the administration at that time said,
170
CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS
you cannot pursue contact with the FBI against
that cell. Mohamed Atta is in the U.S. on a
green card, and we are fearful of the fallout
from the Waco incident. So we did not allow
that Federal agency to proceed.[34]
of an al-Qaeda threat to the United States in 2000. He

retired from his position in mid-2001, citing repeated
blocking of his investigations of al-Qaeda by FBI ocials. After his retirement from the FBI, the World Trade
Center hired him as its chief of security. He started work
on August 23, 2001; 9/11 rescue workers found his body
[43]
There is no mention of Able Danger in the 9/11 Commis- in a staircase inside the south tower rubble.
sion Report. Two 9/11 Commission members, Timothy Shortly after the attacks, David Schippers, the chief prosJ. Roemer and John F. Lehman, both claimed not to have ecutor for the impeachment of Bill Clinton, stated that
received any information on Able Danger.[35] Weldon al- the government had been warned in 1995 about a future
leged that intelligence concerning Able Danger was pro- attack on a government building and that later he was convided to the 9/11 Commission but was ignored.[36]
tacted by three FBI agents who mentioned uncovering a
[44]
Following coverage in the national media of Weldons possible terrorist attack planned for lower Manhattan.
claims in August 2005, Thomas Kean and Lee H. Hamil- According to Schippers, as the agents informed their suton, former Chair and Vice Chair of the 9/11 Commis- periors, they were briefed not to pursue the issue and were
sion, issued a statement[37] in which they stated the Com- threatened with prosecution. Schippers declared, Five
mission had been aware of the Able Danger program, weeks before the September 11 tragedy, I did my best to
and requested and obtained information about it from the get a hold of Attorney General John Ashcroft with my
Department of Defense (DoD), but none of the informa- concerns. According to Schippers, Ashcroft responded
tion provided had indicated the program had identied that the Justice Department does not start investigations
at the top. Author William Norman Grigg agrees with
Atta or other 9/11 hijackers.[38][39]
Schippers in his article "Did We Know What Was ComCurt Weldon issued a response to this statement clarifying ing?" According to the article, three unnamed veteran
the mission of Able Danger, expressing concern over the federal law enforcement agents conrmed the informastatements made by various members of the 9/11 Com- tion provided to Schippers was widely known within the
mission, and promising to push forward until it is under- Bureau before September 11.[45]
stood why the DoD was unable to pass the information
uncovered by Able Danger to the FBI, and why the 9/11 According to Senator Bob Graham, who was chairman
Commission failed to follow up on the information they of the Senate Intelligence Committee from June 2001
through the buildup to the Iraq war, Two of the Septemwere given on Able Danger.[40]
ber 11, 2001, hijackers had a support network in the
United States that included agents of the Saudi government, and the Bush administration and FBI blocked a
6.3.4 al-Qaeda investigations
congressional investigation into that relationship, as reported by the Miami Herald. And in Grahams book,
See also: Responsibility for the September 11, 2001
Intelligence Matters, he makes clear that some details of
attacks Culpability
that nancial support from Saudi Arabia were in the 27
pages of the congressional inquirys nal report that were
Numerous whistleblowers and ocials have surfaced, blocked from release by the administration, despite the
claiming that there was a deliberate eort, from high- pleas of leaders of both parties on the House and Senate
ranking ocials, to prevent investigations into al-Qaeda. intelligence committees.[46] In March 2012 as part of a
In 2002, FBI agent Coleen Rowley wrote to FBI direc- lawsuit by 9/11 victims families Graham and another fortor Robert Mueller describing her experience working mer U.S. Senator Bob Kerrey said in adavits that they
links between the Saudi
with Minneapolis FBI agents tracking suspected terrorist were certain there were direct
[47]
[41]
government
and
the
attacks.
Zacarias Moussaoui prior to the attacks. She describes
how FBI HQ personnel in Washington, D.C. had mishandled and failed to take action on information provided
by the Minneapolis Field Oce, and had failed to issue
a warrant to search Moussauis computer despite having
probable cause.[42] Senator Chuck Grassley later wrote
that If the application for the FISA warrant had gone
forward, agents would have found information in Moussaouis belongings that linked him ... to a major nancier
of the hijacking plot. Rowley was credited as a whistleblower and jointly awarded the TIME Magazine "Person
of the Year" for 2002. Her testimony to the 9/11 Commission was omitted from their nal report.
There have also been allegations that the hijackers preparations may have been given assistance by U.S. intelligence. According to CBS News, two of the Sept. 11
hijackers who lived in San Diego in 2000 rented a room
from a man who reportedly worked as an undercover
FBI informant... the FBI informant prayed with them
and even helped one open a bank account.[48] Doubts
have been raised about the speed with which the hijackers were identied, leading to suggestions that the FBI
already had the names of the hijackers in advance. In
his book Against All Enemies, Richard Clarke said that
at 9:59 am on September 11, which is the time when
FBI agent and Al-Qaeda expert John P. O'Neill warned WTC2 collapsed and 8 minutes before NORAD even

knew Flight 93 had been hijacked, the FBI already had
a list of the 19 alleged hijackers.[49] A former high-level
intelligence ocial said that Whatever trail was left was
left deliberatelyfor the F.B.I. to chase.[50]
171
such claims to back its political aims the U.S. is putting
the peace and security of the world in jeopardy,.[56]
In February 2012 President Obamas Director of National Intelligence James Clapper testied before the
Senate Armed Services Committee that Iran has harbored al-Qaida leaders, facilitators, and that they have
6.3.5 Foreign government foreknowledge been under house arrest conditions. (Irans rulers) have
had this sort of stando arrangement with al-Qaida, alIt has been suggested that some foreign governments and
lowing (al-Qaida) to exist (inside Iran), but not to foment
intelligence agencies may have had some foreknowledge
any operations directly from Iran, because they're very
of the attacks.
sensitive about, 'Hey, we might come after them there as
well.'... So there has been this longstanding, as I say, kind
of, shotgun marriage, or marriage of convenience.[53]
Iran
Sibel Edmonds, an FBI translator, was told by another
translator that the FBI received information in April
2001, from a reliable Iranian intelligence asset, that
Osama Bin Laden was planning attacks on 45 cities with
planes, and that some of the plotters were already in the
country and the attacks would happen in a few months.
The translator described the interviewing agents reaction
that the warnings were not specic enough to act upon.
Israel
It was reported that the Mossad informed the Federal

Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and CIA in August 2001
that as many as 200 terrorists were slipping into the
United States and planning a major assault on the United
States. The Israeli intelligence agency allegedly cautioned the FBI that it had picked up indications of a
[51][52]
large-scale target in the United States and that AmeriIn 2004 the 9/11 Commission found no evidence that cans would be very vulnerable.[57]
Iran or Hezbollah was aware of the planning for what
later became the 9/11 attack. Just before their report In September 2001, The New York Times and Israeli
was published the committee received evidence which newspaper Haaretz reported that four hours after the atcaused to add to the report that the topic required further tack, the FBI arrested ve Israelis who had been lming
the smoking skyline from the roof of a white van in the
investigation.[53]
parking lot of an apartment building, for puzzling beOn December 22, 2010 a United States Federal Judge havior. They were charged with illegally residing in the
signed a default judgment holding Iran, the Taliban and United States and working there without permits. The Isal-Qaeda liable following an open court hearing in which raelis were said to have been videotaping the disaster with
the evidence was produced by the plaintis attorneys what was interpreted as cries of joy and mockery.[58][59]
which they said showed that Iran actively assisted the hi- Police found the van and a search revealed $4,700 in
jackers. 9/11 commission members and witnesses who cash hidden, along with foreign passports and a boxcutter
claimed they were Iranian defectors and members of which aroused suspicions and led to the detention of the
Ministry of Intelligence and National Security and the occupants. The men were held in detention for more than
Iranian Revolutionary Guards. also testied during the 2 months, during which time they were subjected to inhearing. The suit Havlish, et al. v. bin Laden, et al was terrogation and lie detector tests, before being deported
brought in 2001 by Fiona Havlish whose husband died in back to Israel; one of the men (Paul Kurzberg) refused to
the North Tower. Abolghasem Mesbahi, who claimed he take the test for 10 weeks, and then failed it.[60]
was a former Ministry of Intelligence operative in charge
of Irans espionage operations in Western Europe testi- The ve men worked at the company Urban Moving Sysed that he was part of a task force that designed contin- tems, owned and operated by Dominick Suter. After
gency plans for unconventional warfare against the United the men were arrested the FBI searched their oces and
States code-named Shaitan dar Atash/Satan in Flames questioned Suter, however Suter ed to Israel before he
which included crashing hijacked passenger airliners into could be questioned further. Eventually, Suters name apwith the
the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and the White peared on the May 2002 FBI Suspect List, along [61]
Sep
11
hijackers
and
other
suspected
extremists.
House, and that in the summer of 2001 he received three
coded messages telling him to activate the plan. An According to a former CIA chief of operations for counIranian government memorandum was presented as ev- terterrorism Vince Cannistraro, there was speculation
idence that Irans Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei that Urban Moving Systems may have been a front for
had pre knowledge of the attacks.[54][55] Several days af- an intelligence operation investigating fund-raising netter the ruling a spokesperson for Irans Foreign ministry works channeling money to Hamas and Islamic Jihad. On
said charges that Iran had a hand in planning the attacks March 15, 2002, The Forward claimed that the FBI had
and that one of al-Qaedas members was present inside concluded that the vans driver, Paul Kurzberg, and his
the country is baseless and said With the repetition of brother Sivan, were indeed Mossad operatives, who were
172
in America spying on local Arabs.[62] ABC news cited
this report on June 21, 2002, adding that the FBI had concluded that the ve Israelis had no foreknowledge of the
attacks.[63]
CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS
Uzbekistan. Like al-Qaeda, the Taliban allowed the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan to place training camps
in Afghanistan. Tohir Yoldosh was reported to have
been concerned that if al-Qaeda was not stopped prior
In March 2001, the US Oce of the National Counter- to launching the attacks, the USA would retaliate against
intelligence Executive had issued a warning about people all of Afghanistan, which would have a negative eect on
identifying themselves as Israeli art students attempt- his movements eorts.
ing to bypass security and gain entry to federal buildings,
and even to the private residences of senior federal o6.3.6 Possible warnings given to individucials. A French intelligence agency later noted accordals
ing to the FBI, Arab terrorists and suspected terror cells
lived in Phoenix, Arizona, as well as in Miami and Holindividuals received
lywood, Florida, from December 2000 to April 2001 in There have been claims that some[76]
warnings
in
advance
of
the
attacks.
direct proximity to the Israeli spy cells. The report contended that Mossad agents were spying on Mohammed
It is often alleged that San Francisco Mayor, Willie
Atta and Marwan al-Shehi, two of leaders of the 9/11
Lewis Brown, Jr. canceled his ight plans for
hijack teams.[64][65][66][67] In 2002 several ocials disSeptember 11 after receiving a warning late on
missed reports of a spy ring and said the allegations were
September 10 from what he described as his airport
made by a Drug Enforcement Administration agent who
security.[77] In fact it was Brown who rst called his
was angry that his theories had been dismissed.[68]
security sta at the airport, to check on his ight
Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad said in an Aufor the following morning, and they then warned
gust 2010 speech that no Zionists were killed in the athim that he should be cautious about ying. Brown
tacks since, according to him, one day earlier they were
says, they always alert me when I ought to be caretold not go to their workplace. He also remarked, What
ful, and he decided to y anyway.[78] In Septemwas the story of September 11? During ve to six days,
ber 2006, Willie Brown responded to these escalatand with the aid of the media, they created and prepared
ing conspiracy rumors by calling them an ongoing
public opinion so that everyone considered an attack on
myth.[79]
[69]
Afghanistan and Iraq. However, contrary to such conspiracy theories about Jews being warned not to go to
Odigo Messenger, a company based in Israel, rework that day, the number of Jews who died in the attacks
ported that two of their employees who were workis variously estimated at between 270 and 400,[70][71][72]
ing in an Odigo oce in Herzliya Pituah, a city near
while a few Israelis died in the attack as well.[73]
Tel Aviv,[80] received a derogatory English electronic instant message, on the day of the attack, nonspecically threatening them that a terrorist attack
France
would happen.[81] They did not mention this to their
employer until after they heard reports of a terrorist
On December 5, 2007 French authorities led prelimiattack in America on the news, after which they innary charges against Guillaume Dasqui, a reporter for
formed the companys management, who traced the
the daily Le Monde, for publishing state secrets related
IP and contacted the FBI.[82] However, the threatento the 9/11 hijackings. Dasqui's April 16 article in
ing message did not mention the location of an atLe Monde, titled September 11: the French had long
tack. The notes ended with an anti-Semitic slur.[83]
known reported that the General Directorate of ExterOdigo Vice President of Sales and Marketing Alex
nal Security (DGSE), had warned the U.S. of a possible
Diamandis later said that the message did not identerrorist plot that involved al-Qaeda hijacking planes and
tify the United States or the World Trade Center as
crashing them into buildings some eight months before
to be involved in the event, and that it could easily
9/11. The article contained excerpts from a 328-page
be coincidence.[84][85]
classied DGSE report on al-Qaeda activities which included maps, analyses, graphics, and satellite photos.[74]
Silverstein Properties who, according to the New
York Times, had planned to meet on September 11
on the 88th oor of one of the towers to discuss
Afghanistan
what to do in the event of a terrorist attack, but
canceled the meeting late on September 10 because
Moderate elements of the Taliban are reported to have
one participant could not attend.[86]
given the USA advance warning of the attacks.[75] The
BBC reports that Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil, the Tal Susan Lindauer asserts that she and other intelliibans Foreign Minister, sent the USA an advance warngence colleagues were aware of the attacks in April
ing of the attack following a tip-o he received from
2001, and that Richard Carl Fuisz had advised in
Tohir Yoldosh, the leader of the Islamic Movement of
August 2001 against traveling to New York.[87]
173
Parke Godfrey, a professor of computer science

hijacked by terrorists and own into a skyscraper
at York University in Toronto, Ontario testied in
very close to the World Trade Centre.
United States v. Susan Lindauer that he had been
warned by Lindauer on several occasions of a massive attack on southern Manhattan that would in- 6.3.9 References
volve planes and the possibility of a thermonuclear
[1] Graham, Bradley (September 16, 2001). At the Penweapon.[88]
6.3.7
Other related events
On September 6, 2001, a freshman from a class of

Pakistani immigrants at New Utrecht High School in
Bensonhurst, Brooklyn was overheard by his English
teacher, Antoinette DiLorenzo, to say that the two World
Trade Center towers won't be standing there next week.
After DiLorenzo reported the incident on September 13,
the youth and his older brother were questioned by the
FBI and local police. According to police, the youth admitted to making the comment but he and his brother said
he had been kidding.[89]
Kurt Sonnenfeld, a former videographer for the Federal
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) who documented the aftermath of the attacks at the World Trade
Center complex, claims that he has videotapes proving
that U.S. government ocials had prior knowledge of
the 9/11 attacks. Sonnenfeld is currently living in Argentina, where Denver police are seeking his extradition
on charges of murdering his wife.[90]
tagon: Response Hampered by Confusion, Lack of Preparedness. The Washington Post. Archived from the
original on September 17, 2001. Also published as: Pentagon was unprepared for attack, Pentagon explains why
it didn't evacuate building, Pentagon Unprepared for
'Something We Had Never Even Thought Of'"
[2] The Public Education Center.

[3] Lumpkin, Beverly (May 18, 2002). Who Will Be the
Red Flag Scapegoats?". ABC News. p. 4. Retrieved July
8, 2013.
[4] 99 Report Warned Of Suicide Hijacking. USA TODAY.
May 17, 2002.
[5] Complete 911 Timeline: Key Warnings.
[6] Did Bush Know? :: Warning Signs of 911 and Intelligence Failures :: (by Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed) Media
Monitors Network.
[7] NORAD had drills of jets as weapons By Steven Komarow and Tom Squitieri, USA TODAY. Retrieved
2010-01-13.
[8] Charles Aldinger, Pentagon crash scenario rejected be-
fore Sept. 2001, Reuters, April 14, 2004. Archived OcOn August 30, 2001, an online posting was made with the
tober 23, 2009.
subject 911. It warned, Something is going to happen
tomorrow . . . REPENT!" On September 4, 2001, the [9] LA Times.
author of the rst message, Xinoehpoel wrote, Wait
7 days. This was dismissed by people reading the dis- [10] Lumpkin, John (2002). Agency planned exercise on
Sept. 11 built around a plane crashing into a building.
cussion at the time, but seven days after the message, on
Boston Globe. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
September 11, the World Trade Center and the Pentagon
[91]
were attacked. It is believed the identity of Xinoehpoel
[11] NORAD had drills of jets as weapons By Steven Kois author and internet seer Sollog. [92]
marow and Tom Squitieri, USA TODAY. Retrieved
2010-01-13.
6.3.8
See also
Federal Express Flight 705 - 1994 cockpit attack

Southwest Airlines Flight 1763 - August 2000 cockpit attack
Debt of Honor - 1994 Tom Clancy novel where a
747 is crashed into the US Capitol
[12] part 2, pp. 209, 212.

[13] part 2, p. 212.
[14] Stocks Inquiry: Millions of shares sold before disaster by
James Doran, The Times, September 18, 2001.
[15] Tom Bogdanowicz and Brooks Jackson (September 24,
2001). Probes into 'suspicious trading. CNN. Retrieved 2011-07-07.
Executive Decision - 1996 Kurt Russell movie where

a 747 is used as a weapon targeting Washington DC
[16] SEC wants data-sharing system: Network of brokerages

would help trace trades by terrorists October 19, 2001.
Operation Bojinka - plot by Ramzi Yousef and

Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, foiled in 1995, to attack
multiple airliners and crash a plane into the CIA
[17] Bin Laden rigged oil and gold prices bank chief September 23, 2001. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
Escape From New York - 1981 John Carpenter

movie starring Kurt Russell, where Airforce One is
[18] Unusual Option Market Activity and the Terrorist Attacks

of September 11, 2001 by Allen M. Poteshman. Retrieved
2010-01-12.
174
[19] Statement of Mindy Kleinberg to the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States March
31, 2003.
CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS
[37] statement PDF (32.1 KB)
[20] page 51 of the Commission Report, PDF.
[38] More pre-9/11 US intelligence connections to al-Qaeda

exposed and spun Online Journal.Com August 24, 2005
pdf.
[21] Computer disk drives from WTC could yield clues.

CNN. December 20, 2001.
[39] Claim about 9/11 takes new twist San Francisco Chronicle
August 19, 2005.
[22] Das Geheimnis der verkohlten Festplatten. Der Spiegel.

December 18, 2001.
[23] German Firm Probes Final World Trade Center Deals.
Fox News. December 17, 2001.
[24] Geheimsache World Trade Center. ZDF News. March
11, 2002.
United States (October 18, 2003). FBI Beng on Trading (PDF). The assembled agents expressed no knowledge of the reported hard-drive recovery eort or the alleged scheme. Moreover, one of the New York agents
pointed out, from personal experience, that everything at
the WTC was pulverized to near power, making it extremely unlikely that any hard-drives survived to the extent
they data be recovered.
[26] Allen M. Poteshman. Unusual Option Market Activity
and the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001. The
Journal of Business. JSTOR 10.
[27] Marc Chesney et al. (January 2010). Detecting Informed
Trading Activities in the Options Markets. Social Sciences Research Network. SSRN 1522157.
[28] Wing-Keung Wong et al. (April 2010). Was there Abnormal Trading in the S&P 500 Index Options Prior to
the September 11 Attacks?". Social Sciences Research
Network. SSRN 1588523.
[29] 9/11 Commission Report Executive Summary, p. 2.
[30] 9/11 Commission Report Executive Summary, p. 6.
[31] Cameron, Carl (May 17, 2002). Clues Alerted White
House to Potential Attacks. Fox News.
[32] Meacher, Michael (September 6, 2003). This war on terrorism is bogus. The Guardian Unlimited Comment
(London: Guardian Newspapers Limited). Retrieved
June 11, 2006.
[33] Phucas, Keith (June 19, 2005). Missed chance on way
to 9/11. The Times Herald (Shelley Meenan). Retrieved
August 3, 2006.
[34] United States Congress. "U.S. Intelligence. PDF Congressional RecordHouse. Washington, D.C.: GPO,
June 27, 2005. 109th Cong., 1st sess. HR H5244.
[35] Goodwin, Jacob (n.d.). Did DoD lawyers blow the
chance to nab Atta?". GSN: Government Security News
(Edward Tyler). Archived from the original on April 5,
[36] United States Congress. "U.S. Intelligence. PDF Congressional RecordHouse. Washington, D.C.: GPO,
June 27, 2005. 109th Cong., 1st sess. HR H5250. Retrieved August 3, 2006.
[40] WELDON RESPONDS TO OMISSION OF ABLE

DANGER FROM 9/11 REPORT, August 12, 2005. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
[41] Rowley, Coleen (May 21, 2002). Coleen Rowleys
Memo to FBI Director Robert Mueller. Archived from
the original on June 2, 2012. Retrieved September 26,
2013.
[42] FBI eMails concerning Moussaoui.
[43] Kirk, Michael; Jim Gilmore (2002). The Man Who
Knew. Transcript of Frontline program #2103. WGBH
Educational Foundation. Retrieved June 11, 2006.
[44] Crogan, Jim (2002). Another FBI Agent Blows the
Whistle. LA Weekly News. LA Weekly, LP. Retrieved
June 11, 2006.
[45] Grigg, William Norman (2002). Did We Know What
Was Coming?". The New American magazine. American Opinion Publishing Incorporated. Archived from the
original on May 28, 2006. Retrieved June 11, 2006.
[46] Graham book: Inquiry into 9/11, Saudi ties blocked.
Miami Herald.com. Archived from the original on
September 7, 2004.
[47] 'Direct line' between 9/11 terrorists, Saudi government,
claim ex-US Senators The Expresse Tribune with The International Herald Tribune March 2, 2012
[48] Hijackers Lived With FBI Informant.
September 9, 2002.
CBS News.
[49] JFK and 9/11 Insights Gained from Studying Both by

Dr. Peter Dale Scott, December 20, 2006. Retrieved
2010-01-12.
[50] What Went Wrong by Seymour M. Hersh, The New
Yorker, October 8, 2001. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
[51] April 2, 2004 'I saw papers that show US knew al-Qa'ida
would attack cities with aeroplanes The Independent.
[52] FBI & 9/11 by Sibel Edmonds.
[53] May: Al-Qaidas big fat Iranian wedding Cliord May for
Scripps Howard News Service
[54] Judge: Iran, Taliban, al Qaeda liable for 9/11 CBS News
December 22, 2011
[55] Federal Judge Rules: Iran Behind 9/11 Attacks OpEd
Eurasia Review December 28, 2011
[56] Iran Rejects U.S. Accusations of Sept. 11 Role, Ministry
Says Bloomberg
[57] Ocials Told of Major Assault Plans LA Times,

RICHARD A. SERRANO and JOHN-THOR
DAHLBURG|TIMES STAFF WRITERS
[58] JAMES RISEN AND DON VAN NATTA JR. (September 14, 2001). AFTER THE ATTACKS: THE INVESTIGATION; Authorities Have Learned the Identities Of
18 Hijackers, Attorney General Says. New York Times.
[59] 5 Israelis detained for `puzzling behavior' after WTC
tragedy By Yossi Melman, Haaretz.com. Retrieved 201001-12.
[60] Were Israelis Detained on Sept. 11 Spies?". ABC News.
June 21, 2001. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
[61] Times Herald, August 29, 2005.
[62] FORWARD : News.
[63] The White Van:Were Israelis Detained on Sep 11 Spies?
at the Wayback Machine June 21, 2002.
[64] Oce of the National Counterintelligence Executive:
Suspicious Visitors to Federal Facilities (archived at Internet Archive. Archived from the original on January
24, 2007.
[65] Fenton, Ben (March 7, 2002). US arrests 200 young Israelis in spying investigation. The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved April 23, 2010.
[66] Salon.com: The Israeli art student mystery.
[67] Sunday Herald (UK) via Internet Archive: Were they
part of a massive spy ring which shadowed the 9/11 hijackers and knew that al-Qaeda planned a devastating terrorist attack on the USA?". Archived from the original on
April 23, 2006.
[68] Mintz, John; Dan Eggen (March 7, 2002). U.S. ocials
dismiss report of Israeli spies. Washington Post. Retrieved October 18, 2008.
[69] Robin Pomeroy; Ramin Mostafavi (July 8, 2010). Iran
president: Sept. 11 attacks exaggerated World news
Mideast/N. Africa Iran. MSNBC. Retrieved 2010-0810.
stated, The Foreign Ministry in Jerusalem has so far received the names of 4,000 Israelis believed to have been
in the areas of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon
2010.
found that around 400 (15%) were possibly Jewish. A
survey of 390 Cantor Fitzgerald employees who had public memorials (out of the 658 who died) found 49 were
Jewish (12%). According to the 2002 American Jewish
Year Book, New York States population was 9% Jewish.
175
Sixty-four percent of the WTC victims lived in New York

State.
[72] The Resuscitation of Anti-Semitism: An American Perspective: An Interview with Abraham Foxman. Jcpa.org.
May 30, 2011.
[73] Foreign Nationals Add to List of Missing in Terror Attack. ABCNEWS. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
[74] French journalist investigated over intelligence leaks
Committee to Protect Journalists December 10, 2007.
[75] Kate Clark (September 7, 2002). Taleban 'warned US
of huge attack'". BBC. Retrieved January 16, 2007. An
aide to the former Taleban foreign minister, Wakil Ahmad Muttawakil, has revealed that he was sent to warn
American diplomats and the United Nations that Osama
bin Laden was due to launch a huge attack on American
soil. 29, 2008 mirror
[76] snopes.com: 9/11 Forewarned Jews.
[77] Phillip Matier, Andrew Ross (September 12, 2001).
Willie Brown got low-key early warning about air travel.
San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved June 11, 2006.
[78] Willie Brown got low-key early warning about air travel at
www.sfgate.com.
[79] Angelides aides damned if they do or don't at www.sfgate.
com
[80] Washington Post, Instant Messages to Israel Warned of
WTC attack, September 27, 2001
[81] Atlanta Journal-Constitution, September 29, 2001
[82] FBI probing 'threatening' message, rm says, Daniel
Sieberg, CNN News, September 28, 2001
[83] Odigo Claries Attack Messages, Newsbytes (The Washington Post), September 28, 2001
[84] http://amenusa.org/prior.htm
[85] InternetNews Realtime IT News Odigo: Instant Messages Warned Of Terrorist Attacks at www.atnewyork.
com
[86] Reinsurance Companies Wait to Sort Out Cost of Damage, New York Times, September 12, 2001. Retrieved
2010-01-12.
[87] Susan Lindauer Speaks in Seattle. YouTube. Retrieved
2011-09-17. And I said, you think its that soon?" And he
said, oh, its just in a couple weeks. And I said, oh, well,
I'll go back to New York and I'll talk to the Iraqi diplomats
immediately and see if they've got any word from Baghdad. I'll try one more time. And he said, Susan, don't go
back to New York. Do not go back to New York!" And
I said Richard, you think its going to be that soon?" and
he said yeah, I don't want you going back to New York
at all, until this is over. And I said, well, I'll go up the
day after tomorrow, which was August 4th. And he said
after that, never again until its done.
176
[88] Collins, Michael (June 20, 2008). M. Collins: 911 Prediction Revealed at Lindauer Hearing in NYC. Scoop
Independent News (ProgressNow). Archived from the
original on September 17, 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-17.
[89] Between The Lines Online: A Chilling Tale | Newsweek
National News | Newsweek.com
[90] Kirk Mitchell (November 18, 2009). Fugitive unlikely to
return from Argentina to Denver for murder trial. Denver
Post.
CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS
and rejected these theories. Specialists in structural mechanics and structural engineering accept the model of a
re-induced, gravity-driven collapse of the World Trade
Center buildings, an explanation that does not involve the
use of explosives.[3][4][5] NIST found no corroborating
evidence for alternative hypotheses suggesting that the
WTC towers were brought down by controlled demolition using explosives planted prior to Sept. 11, 2001.[6]
In 2006, Jones suggested that thermite or super-thermite

may have been used by government insiders with ac[91] John Schwartz (September 17, 2001). AFTER THE AT- cess to such materials and to the buildings themselves, to
TACKS: THE SURVEILLANCE; Scouring the Internet demolish the buildings.[7][8][9][10] In April 2009, Jones,
in Search of the Tracks of Terrorists. The New York Danish Niels H. Harrit and seven other authors pubTimes.
lished a paper in The Open Chemical Physics Journal,
[92] Frank Patalong (September 14, 2001). ""911, Teil 2: causing the editor, Prof. Marie-Paule Pileni, to resign
as she accused the publisher of printing it without her
Unabwendbare Todesflle"". Spiegel Online.
knowledge;[11][12] this article was titled 'Active Thermitic
Material Discovered in Dust from the 9/11 World Trade
Catastrophe', and stated that they had found ev6.4 WTC controlled demolition Center
idence of nano-thermite in samples of the dust that was
conspiracy theories
produced during the collapse of the World Trade Center
towers.[13] NIST responded that there was no clear chain
of custody" to prove that the four samples of dust came
from the WTC site. Jones invited NIST to conduct its
own studies using its own known chain of custody dust,
but NIST did not investigate.[14]
6.4.1 History
Aerial view of the debris eld of the North Tower, 6 WTC, and
7 WTC (upper right)
World Trade Center controlled demolition theories

contend that the collapse of the World Trade Center was
not solely caused by the airliner crash damage that occurred as part of the September 11, 2001 attacks, and
the resulting re damage, but by explosives installed in
the buildings in advance.[1] Controlled demolition theories make up a major component of 9/11 conspiracy theories. Early advocates such as physicist Steven E. Jones,
architect Richard Gage, software engineer Jim Homan,
and theologian David Ray Grin, argued that the aircraft
impacts and resulting res could not have weakened the
buildings suciently to initiate a catastrophic collapse,
and that the buildings would not have collapsed completely, nor at the speeds that they did, without additional
energy involved to weaken their structures.[2]
Questions related to the technical details of the collapse

of the buildings of the World Trade Center have been
debated for years, including rebuttals and ridicule.[15]
Controlled demolition conspiracy theories were rst
suggested in October 2001.[1] Eric Hufschmids book,
Painful Questions: An Analysis of the September 11th Attack, in which the controlled demolition theory is explicitly advocated, was published in September 2002.[1]
David Ray Grin and Steven E. Jones are the two most
prominent advocates of the theory.[1] Grins book[16]
The New Pearl Harbor, published in 2004,[17] has become a reference work for the 9/11 Truth movement.[18]
In the same year, Grin published the book The 9/11
Commission Report: Omissions and Distortions, in which
he argues that aws in the commissions report amounts
to a cover-up by government ocials and says that the
Bush administration was complicit in the 9/11 attacks.[19]
Grin theorized in a June 2010 article that those in the
alleged false ag operation wanted the buildings to fall
straight down. If they had toppled over, they would have
destroyed dozens of other buildings and killed tens of
thousands of people.[20]
Steven E. Jones has been a leading academic voice of

the proponents of demolition theories.[21] In 2006, he
published the paper Why Indeed Did the WTC Buildings Completely Collapse?".[7] Brigham Young UniverThe National Institute of Standards and Technology sity responded to Jones increasingly speculative and ac(NIST) and the magazine Popular Mechanics examined cusatory statements by placing him on paid leave, and
6.4. WTC CONTROLLED DEMOLITION CONSPIRACY THEORIES

thereby stripping him of two classes, in September 2006,
pending a review of his statements and research. Six
weeks later, Jones retired from the university.[22] The
structural engineering faculty at the university issued a
statement which said that they do not support the hypotheses of Professor Jones.[4][23]
In its nal report, NIST stated that it found no corroborating evidence for alternative hypotheses suggesting that
the WTC towers were brought down by controlled demolition using explosives planted prior to Sept. 11, 2001.
NIST also did not nd any evidence that missiles were
red at or hit the towers. Instead, photographs and videos
from several angles clearly show that the collapse initiated
at the re and impact oors and that the collapse progressed from the initiating oors downward until the dust
clouds obscured the view.[24] and posted a FAQ about
related issues on its website in August 2006.[6] Allegations of controlled demolition have found devoid of scientic merit by mainstream engineering scholarship.[25][3]
The magazine Popular Mechanics also found the theories
lacked scientic support in its special report Debunking
the 9/11 Myths.[26]
Articles, letters and comments by controlled demolition
advocates have been published in scientic and engineering journals. In April 2008, a letter titled Fourteen
Points of Agreement with Ocial Government Reports
on the World Trade Center Destruction, was published
by Steven E. Jones, Frank Legge, Kevin Ryan, Anthony
Szamboti and James Gourley in The Open Civil Engineering Journal.[27] A few months later, in July 2008, an article titled Environmental anomalies at the World Trade
Center: evidence for energetic materials, was published
by Ryan, Gourley and Jones in the Environmentalist.[28]
Later that same year, in October 2008, the Journal of Engineering Mechanics published a comment[29] by chemical engineer and attorney James R. Gourley, in which
he describes what he considered fundamental errors in
a 2007 paper on the mechanics of progressive collapse
by Baant and Verdure.[30] In the same issue, Baant and
Le rebutted Gourleys arguments, nding his criticisms
scientically incorrect.[31] They suggested future critics
should become acquainted with the relevant material
from an appropriate textbook on structural mechanics or
risk misleading and wrongly inuencing the public with
incorrect information.[32]
In April 2009, Danish chemist Niels H. Harrit, of the
University of Copenhagen, and eight other authors published a paper in The Open Chemical Physics Journal, titled, Active Thermitic Material Discovered in Dust from
the 9/11 World Trade Center Catastrophe. The paper
concludes that chips consisting of unreacted and partially
reacted super-thermite, or nano-thermite, appear to be
present in samples of the dust.[13][33]
Internet websites and videos have contributed to the
growth of the movement of individuals supporting the
theory that planted explosives destroyed the World Trade
177
Center. The website of Architects and Engineers for 9/11

Truth cites the membership of over 1,500 architects and
engineers.[34] The controlled demolition theory often includes allegations that U.S. government insiders planned
and / or participated in the destruction of the WTC in
order to justify the invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan.[35]
The theory features prominently in popular entertainment type movies, such as Loose Change,[36] as well as
more documentary type lms, such as 9/11: Blueprint for
Truth, by San Francisco-area architect Richard Gage.[37]
While mainstream press has a signicant history of
derogatory labels, descriptions and interpretations of demolition theory advocates (i.e., in 2006, the magazine
New York reported that a new generation of conspiracy
theorists is at work on a secret history of New Yorks
most terrible day.[38] ), the theory has been supported
by a number of popular actors, musicians and politicians,
including Charlie Sheen,[39][40] Willie Nelson,[41] former
Governor of Minnesota Jesse Ventura,[42] talkshow host
Rosie O'Donnell,[43] and actors Ed Asner and Daniel Sunjata.
6.4.2 Propositions and hypotheses

Main towers
On September 11, the North Tower (1 WTC) was hit
by American Airlines Flight 11 and the South Tower (2
WTC) was hit by United Airlines Flight 175, both Boeing
767 aircraft. The South Tower collapsed 56 minutes after the impact, and the North Tower collapsed 102 minutes after.[44] An investigation by NIST concluded that
the collapse was caused by a combination of damage to
support columns and re insulation from the aircraft impacts and the weakening of columns and oors by jet fuel
ignited res.[6] NIST also found no corroborating evidence for alternative hypotheses suggesting that the WTC
towers were brought down by controlled demolition using
explosives planted prior to September 11, 2001.[45]
Jones, among others, points to many descriptions by individuals working on the WTC rubble pile suggesting the
presence of molten steel in the pile[7][13] and a stream
of molten metal that poured out of the South Tower before it collapsed[4] as evidence of temperatures beyond
those produced by the re. Jones has argued that the
molten metal may have been elemental iron, a product of
a thermite reaction. Jones and other researchers analyzed
samples of dust from the World Trade Center buildings
and reported their ndings for evidence of nano-thermite
in the dust.[13] Jones informed NIST of his ndings and
NIST responded that there was no clear chain of custody proving that the dust indeed came from the WTC
site. Jones invited NIST to conduct its own studies with
dust under custody of NIST itself, but NIST has not done
so.[14]
NIST found that the condition of the steel in the wreck-
178
age of the towers does not provide conclusive information
on the condition of the building before the collapse and
concluded that the material coming from the South Tower
was molten aluminum from the plane, which would have
melted at lower temperatures than steel. NIST also
pointed out that cutting through the vertical columns
would require planting an enormous amount of explosives inconspicuously in highly secured buildings, then
igniting it remotely while keeping it in contact with the
columns.[6] The Energetic Materials Research and Testing Center performed a test with conventional thermite
and was unable to cut a vertical column, despite the column being much smaller than those used in the World
Trade Center.[46] Jones and others have responded that
they do not believe that thermite was used, but rather a
form of thermite called nano-thermite, a nanoenergetic
material which developed for military use, propellants,
explosives, or pyrotechnics. Historically, explosive applications for traditional thermites have been limited by
their relatively slow energy release rates. But because
nano-thermites are created from reactant particles with
proximities approaching the atomic scale, energy release
rates are far improved.[47]
CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS
Members of the group Scholars for 9/11 Truth have collected eyewitness accounts[50] of ashes and loud explosions immediately before the fall.[17][51] Eyewitnesses
have repeatedly reported of explosions happening before the collapse of the WTC towers, and the organization International Center for 9/11 Studies has published videos obtained from NIST, together with indications about when such explosions could be heard.[52]
There are many types of loud sharp noises that are not
caused by explosives,[53] and seismographic records of
the collapse do not show evidence of explosions.[54] Jones
and others have argued that horizontal pus of smoke
seen during the collapse of the towers would indicate
that the towers had been brought down by controlled
explosions.[55][56][57] NIST attributes these pus to air
pressure, created by the decreasing volume of the falling
building above, traveling down elevator shafts and exiting
from the open elevator shaft doors on lower levels).[58]
In September 2011 Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, who holds a PhD in Transportation Engineering and Planning, said that it would have been impossible for two jetliners to bring down the towers simply by hitting them and that some kind of planned explosion must have taken place.[59] Al-Qaida sharply criticized Ahmadinejad in their English-language publication, Inspire, calling his assertions a ridiculous belief that
stands in the face of all logic and evidence.[60]
The NIST report provides an analysis of the structural

response of the building only up to the point where collapse begins, and asserts that the enormous kinetic energy transferred by the falling part of the building makes
progressive collapse inevitable once an initial collapse occurs. A paper by Zdenk Baant indicates that once collapse began, the kinetic energy imparted by a falling up- 7 World Trade Center
per section onto the oor below was an order of magnitude greater than that which the lower section could
support.[3]
Engineers who have investigated the collapses generally
disagree that controlled demolition is required to understand the structural response of the buildings. While the
top of one of the towers did tilt signicantly, it could not
ultimately have fallen into the street, they argue, because
any such tilting would place sucient stress on the lower
story (acting as a pivot) that it would collapse long before
the top had suciently shifted its center of gravity. Indeed, they argue, there is very little dierence between
progressive collapse with or without explosives in terms
of the resistance that the structures could provide after
collapse began.[3][48] Controlled demolition of a building
to code requires weeks of preparation, including laying
large quantities of explosive and cutting through beams,
which would have rendered the building highly dangerous and which would have to be done without attracting
the attention of the thousands of people who worked in
the building.[7][49] Controlled demolition is traditionally
done from the bottom of buildings rather than the top, although there are exceptions depending on structural design. There is little dispute that the collapse started high
up at the point where the aircraft struck. Furthermore
any explosives would have to withstand the impact of the
airliners.[7]
The position of 7 WTC in relation to the other WTC buildings.

WTC 1, 2 and 7 collapsed on September 11, 2001.
Proponents of World Trade Center controlled demolition

theories allege that 7 World Trade Centera 47-story
skyscraper that stood across Vesey Street north of the
main part of the World Trade Center sitewas intentionally destroyed with explosives. Unlike the Twin Towers,
7 World Trade Center was not hit by a plane, although it

was hit by debris from the Twin Towers and was damaged
by res which burned for seven hours, until it collapsed
completely at about 5:20 p.m. on the evening of September 11 (a new building has been erected on the site of the
old and opened in May 2006). Several videos of the collapse event exist in the public domain, thus enabling comparative analysis from dierent angles of perspective.[61]
Proponents typically say the collapse of 7 World Trade
Center was not mentioned in the 9/11 Commission Report and that the federal body charged with investigating
the event, NIST, required seven years to conduct its investigation and issue a report.[62]
179
she had no way of checking.[70]

In the PBS documentary America Rebuilds, which aired
in September 2002, Larry Silverstein, the owner of 7
WTC and leaseholder and insurance policy holder for the
remainder of the WTC complex, recalled a discussion
with the re department in which doubts about containing the res were expressed. Silverstein recalled saying,
We've had such terrible loss of life, maybe the smartest
thing to do is pull it. They made that decision to pull,
he recalled, and we watched the building collapse. Silverstein issued a statement that it was the reghting
team, not the building, that was to be pulled.[66][71][72]
In November 2010, Fox News reporter Geraldo Rivera

hosted members of a television ad campaign called
BuildingWhat?", a series of commercials in which 9/11
family members ask questions about 7 World Trade Center and call for an investigation into its collapse. Rivera
called the television ads not so easy to dismiss as those
demonstrators were, and stated that, If explosives were
involved, that would mean the most obnoxious protesters
in recent years ... were right.[63] Days later, Rivera appeared on the program Freedom Watch with legal analyst
Judge Andrew Napolitano on the Fox Business Network
to discuss the BuildingWhat? TV ad campaign. Napolitano stated, Its hard for me to believe that [7 World
Trade Center] came down by itself. I was gratied to see
Geraldo Rivera investigating it.[64]
NIST report In 2002, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) began a general investigation into the collapse of the World Trade Center but
soon made a decision to focus rst on the collapse of the
Twin Towers.[73] A draft version of its nal report on the
collapse of 7 WTC was released in August 2008. The
agency has blamed the slowness of this investigation on
the complexity of the computer model it used, which simulated the collapse from the moment it begins all the way
to the ground; and NIST says the time taken on the investigation into 7 WTC is comparable to the time taken
to investigate an aircraft crash.[73] The agency also says
another 80 boxes of documents related to 7 WTC were
Some proponents of World Trade Center controlled de- found and had to be analyzed. These delays fueled suspimolition theories suggest that 7 WTC was demolished be- cion the agency was struggling to come up with a plausible
[72]
cause it may have served as an operational center for the conclusion.
demolition of the Twin Towers, while others suggest that NIST released its nal report on the collapse of 7 World
government insiders may have wanted to destroy key les Trade Center on November 20, 2008.[74] Investigators
held in the building pertaining to corporate fraud. The used videos, photographs and building design documents
WTC buildings housed dozens of federal, state and lo- to come to their conclusions. The investigation could not
cal government agencies.[65] According to a statement re- include physical evidence as the materials from the buildported by the BBC, Loose Change lm producer Dylan ing lacked characteristics allowing them to be positively
Avery thinks the destruction of the building was suspi- identied and were therefore disposed of prior to the inicious because it housed some unusual tenants, including tiation of the investigation.[73][75] The report concluded
a clandestine CIA oce on the 25th oor, an outpost that the buildings collapse was due to the eects of the
of the U.S. Secret Service, the Securities and Exchange res which burned for almost seven hours. The fatal blow
Commission, and New York Citys emergency command to the building came when the 13th oor collapsed, weakcenter.[65] The former chief counter-terrorism adviser to ening a critical steel support column that led to catasthe President, Richard Clarke, does not think that 7 WTC trophic failure, and extreme heat caused some steel beams
is mysterious, and said that anyone could have rented oor to lose strength, causing further failures throughout the
space in the building.[66]
buildings until the entire structure succumbed. Also cited
No steel frame high rise had ever before collapsed because of a re, although there had been previous cases
of collapses or partial collapses of smaller steel buildings
due to re.[67] However, 7 WTC also sustained signicant
structural damage from 1 WTC debris after its collapse.
BBC News reported the collapse of 7 WTC twenty minutes before it actually fell.[68] The BBC has stated that
many news sources were reporting the imminent collapse
of 7 WTC on the day of the attacks.[69] Jane Standley, the
reporter who announced the collapse prematurely, called
it a very small and very honest mistake caused by her
thinking on her feet after being confronted with a report
as a factor was the collapse of the nearby towers, which

broke the city water main, leaving the sprinkler system in
the bottom half of the building without water.
NIST considered the possibility that 7 WTC was brought
down with explosives and concluded that a blast event did
not occur, that the use of thermite [...] to sever columns
in 7 WTC on 9/11/01 was unlikely.[73] The investigation cited as evidence the claim that no blast was audible on recordings of the collapse and that no blast was
reported by witnesses, stating that it would have been audible at a level of 130-140 decibels at a distance of half
a mile. Demolition proponents say eyewitnesses repeat-
180
CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS
edly reported explosions happening before the collapse

of the towers, and have published videos obtained from
NIST, together with indications about when such explosions could be heard in support of the sounds of explosions before collapse.[52]
NIST also concluded that it is unlikely that the quantities
of thermite needed could have been carried into the building undetected. Demolition advocates have responded
that they do not claim that thermite was used, but rather
that nano-thermite, far more powerful than thermite, was
used. Finally, the theory that res from the large amount
of diesel fuel stored in the building caused the collapse
was also investigated and ruled out.[73]
6.4.3
Reactions
The structural engineering community rejects the

controlled-demolition conspiracy theory. Its consensus is
that the collapse of the World Trade Center buildings was
a re-induced, gravity-driven collapse, an explanation
that does not involve the use of explosives.[3][76]
The American Society of Civil Engineers Structural Engineering Institute issued a statement calling for further
discussion of NISTs recommendations,[77] and Britains
Institution of Structural Engineers published a statement
in May 2002 welcoming the FEMA report, noting that the
report expressed similar views to those held by its group
of professionals.[78]
Following the publication of Jones paper Why Indeed Did the WTC Buildings Completely Collapse?"[7]
Brigham Young University responded to Jones increasingly speculative and accusatory statements by placing
him on paid leave, and thereby stripping him of two
classes, in September 2006, pending a review of his statements and research. Six weeks later, Jones retired from
the university.[22] The structural engineering faculty at
the university issued a statement which said that they do
not support the hypotheses of Professor Jones.[4][23] On
September 22, 2005, Jones gave a seminar on his hypotheses to a group of his colleagues from the Department of Physics and Astronomy at BYU. According to
Jones, all but one of his colleagues agreed after the seminar that an investigation was in order and the lone dissenter came to agreement with Jones suggestions the next
day.[23]
Northwestern University Professor of Civil Engineering
Zdenk Baant, who was the rst to oer a published
peer-reviewed theory of the collapses, wrote a few outsiders claiming a conspiracy with planted explosives as
an exception.[79] Baant and Verdure trace such strange
ideas to a mistaken impression that safety margins in
design would make the collapses impossible. One of
the eects of a more detailed modeling of the progressive collapse, they say, could be to dispel the myth of
planted explosives. Indeed, Baant and Verdure have
proposed examining data from controlled demolitions in
order to better model the progressive collapse of the towers, suggesting that progressive collapse and controlled
demolition are not two separate modes of failure (as the
controlled-demolition conspiracy theory assumes).[3]
Thomas Eagar, a professor of materials science and engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also
dismissed the controlled-demolition conspiracy theory.[4]
Eagar remarked, These people (in the 9/11 truth movement) use the 'reverse scientic method.' They determine
what happened, throw out all the data that doesn't t their
conclusion, and then hail their ndings as the only possible conclusion.[80]
Regarding Jones theory that nanothermite was used to
bring down the towers, and the assertion that thermite
and nanothermite composites were found in the dust and
debris were found following the collapse of the three
buildings, which was concluded to be proof that explosives brought down the buildings,[7][8][9][13] Brent Blanchard, author of A History of Explosive Demolition
in America,[81] states that questions about the viability
of Jones theories remain unanswered, such as the fact
that no demolition personnel noticed any telltale signs
of thermite during the eight months of debris removal
following the towers collapse. Blanchard also stated
that a veriable chain of possession needs to be established for the tested beams, which did not occur with
the beams Jones tested, raising questions of whether the
metal pieces tested could have been cut away from the
debris pile with acetylene torches, shears, or other potentially contaminated equipment while on site, or exposed to trace amounts of thermite or other compounds
while being handled, while in storage, or while being
transferred from Ground Zero to memorial sites.[82] Dave
Thomas of Skeptical Inquirer magazine, noting that the
residue in question was claimed to be thermitic because
of its iron oxide and aluminum composition, pointed out
that these substances are found in many items common
to the towers. Thomas stated that in order to cut through
a vertical steel beam, special high-temperature containment must be added to prevent the molten iron from dropping down, and that the thermite reaction is too slow for
it to be practically used in building demolition. Thomas
pointed out that when Jesse Ventura hired New Mexico
Tech to conduct a demonstration showing nanothermite
slicing through a large steel beam, the nanothermite produced copious ame and smoke but no damage to the
beam, even though it was in a horizontal, and therefore
optimal position.[83]
Preparing a building for a controlled demolition takes
considerable time and eort.[84] The tower walls would
have had to be opened on dozens of oors.[7] Thousands of pounds of explosives, fuses and ignition mechanisms would need to be sneaked past security and
placed in the towers[7][85] without the tens of thousands of people working in the World Trade Center
noticing.[1][49][84][85][86][87] Referring to a conversation
with Stuart Vyse, a professor of psychology, an article
181
in the Hartford Advocate asks, How many hundreds of

people would you need to acquire the explosives, plant
them in the buildings, arrange for the airplanes to crash
[...] and, perhaps most implausibly of all, never breathe
a single word of this conspiracy?"[88]
scrutiny and attack from conspiracy theorists. For a time,

he says, he was receiving one or two angry e-mail messages each week, many accusing him of being a government shill. When Mr. Joness paper came out, the nasty
messages increased to one or two per day.
World Trade Center developer Larry Silverstein said, [5]

Hopefully this thorough report puts to rest the various
9/11 conspiracy theories, which dishonor the men and
women who lost their lives on that terrible day. Upon
presentation of the NISTs detailed report on the failure
of Bldg. 7, Richard Gage, leader of the group Architects [6]
& Engineers for 9/11 Truth said, How much longer do
we have to endure the coverup of how Building 7 was
destroyed?" in which Dr. S. Shyam Sunder, the lead
NIST investigator said he could not explain why the skep- [7]
ticism would not die. I am really not a psychologist, he
said. Our job was to come up with the best science.[35]
James Quintiere, professor of re protection engineer- [8]
ing at the University of Maryland, who does not believe
explosives brought down the towers, questioned how the
agency came to its conclusions, remarking, They don't
[9]
have the expertise on explosives, though he adds that
NIST wasted time employing outside experts to consider
it.[89]
[10]
Asquith, Christina (2006-09-07). Conspiracies continue

to abound surrounding 9/11: on the eve of the fth anniversary, a group of professors say the attacks were an
inside job."". Diverse Issues in Higher Education: 12.
6.4.4
See also
Alex Jones (radio host)
6.4.5
References
[1] Clarke, Steve. Conspiracy Theories and the Internet:

Controlled Demolition and Arrested Development. Episteme, Volume 4, Issue 2, 2007, pp. 167-180.
[2] Gage, Richard; Roberts, Gregg; Chandler, David.
Conspiracy theory or hidden truth? The 9/11 enigmas...
World Architecture News. Retrieved January 11, 2014.
[3] Baant, Zdenk P.; Mathieu Verdure (March 2007).
Mechanics of Progressive Collapse:
Learning
from World Trade Center and Building Demolitions (PDF). J Engrg Mech 133 (3): 308319.
doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2007)133:3(308).
Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-09.
Retrieved August 22, 2007. As generally accepted by
the community of specialists in structural mechanics and
structural engineering (though not by a few outsiders
claiming a conspiracy with planted explosives), the failure
scenario was as follows [...]
[4] Gravois, John (June 23, 2006). Professors of Paranoia?
Academics give a scholarly stamp to 9/11 conspiracy theories. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved January 24, 2007. Thomas W. Eagar is one scientist who has
paid some attention to the demolition hypothesis albeit
grudgingly. A materials engineer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Mr. Eagar wrote one of the early
papers on the buildings collapses, which later became the
basis for a documentary on PBS. That marked him for
NISTs Investigation of the Sept. 11 World Trade Center

Disaster. NIST. August 2006. Archived from the original on 2010-05-22. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
Jim Dwyer (September 2, 2006). 2 U.S. Reports Seek
to Counter Conspiracy Theories About 9/11. The New
York Times. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
Dean, Suzanne (April 10, 2006). Physicist says heat substance felled WTC. Deseret Morning News. Retrieved
May 7, 2009.
Barber, Peter (June 7, 2008). The truth is out there.
Financial Times. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
Great Day Talks To Architect Richard Gage About
9/11. KMPH Fox 26. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
[11] Homann, Thomas (April 28, 2009). Chefredaktr

skrider efter kontroversiel artikel om 9/11. Videnskab.
Retrieved November 4, 2013. Mailen fr hende til med
det samme at smkke med dren til tidsskriftet.
[12] Oder, Norman. Hoax Article Accepted by PeerReviewed OA Bentham Journal. Retrieved November
4, 2013.
[13] Harrit, Niels H.; Jerey Farrer, Steven E. Jones,
Kevin R. Ryan, Frank M. Legge, Daniel Farnsworth,
Gregg Roberts, James R. Gourley, Bradley R. Larsen
(2009-04-03). Active Thermitic Material Discovered
in Dust from the 9/11 World Trade Center Catastrophe. The Open Chemical Physics Journal 2 (1).
doi:10.2174/1874412500902010007. Archived from the
original (PDF) on October 26, 2010. Retrieved October
11, 2010.
[14] Levin, Jay; McKenzie, Tom (September 17, 2009). The
Elements of a Great Scientic and Technical Dispute.
Santa Barbara Independent. Retrieved September 19,
2009.
[15] Harper, Jennifer (February 22, 2010). Explosive News.
Washington Times. Retrieved February 23, 2010.
[16] Reid, Sue (February 9, 2007). An explosion of disbelief
fresh doubts over 9/11. Daily Mail. Retrieved May
14, 2009.
[17] Powell, Michael (September 8, 2006). The Disbelievers. The Washington Post. Retrieved June 1, 2009. The
loose agglomeration known as the '9/11 Truth Movement'
[18] Barber, Peter (June 7, 2008). The truth is out there.
182
[19] The 9/11 Commission Report: Omissions and Distortions. C-SPAN. April 18, 2005. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
[20] Did 9/11 Justify The War In Afghanistan? David Ray
Grien for countercurrents.org June 26, 2010
[21] Rudin, Mike (July 4, 2008). The evolution of a conspiracy theory. BBC. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
[22] Walch, Tad (September 8, 2006). BYU places '9/11
truth' professor on paid leave. Deseret Morning News.
Retrieved January 4, 2009. Sullivan, Will (September
11, 2006). BYU takes on a 9/11 conspiracy professor. U.S. News & World Report (www.usnews.com). Retrieved April 26, 2009. BYU Professor Who Believes
WTC Brought Down by Explosives Resigns. Fox News.
October 21, 2006. Retrieved May 15, 2009. Walch, Tad
(October 22, 2006). BYU professor in dispute over 9/11
will retire. Deseret Morning News. Retrieved May 15,
2009. Steven E. Jones. Retired Professor. Brigham
Young University. Archived from the original on 201007-05. Retrieved May 6, 2009.
[23] McIlvain, Ryan (2005-12-05). Censor rumors quelled
(PDF). BYU NewsNet. Retrieved August 25, 2009.
[24] Shyam-Sunder, S. (2005), Federal Building and Fire
Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster:
Final Report of the National Construction Safety Team on
the Collapses of the World Trade Center Towers (NIST NCSTAR 1), National Institute of Standards and Technology,
p. xxxviii
Engineers) 134 (10): 892. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)07339399(2008)134:10(892).
[26] Potocki, P. Popular Mechanics Debunking the 9-11
Myths: Special report, 2008. Retrieved February 22,
2012.
[27] Steven E. Jones, Frank M. Legge, Kevin R. Ryan, Anthony F. Szamboti, James R. Gourley (2008). Fourteen
Points of Agreement with Ocial Government Reports
on the World Trade Center Destruction. Bentham Science Publishers.
[28] Kevin R. Ryan, James R. Gourley, Steven E. Jones (2008).
Environmental anomalies at the World Trade Center: evidence for energetic materials. Springer Netherlands,
The Environmentalist, Online First.
[29] Gourley, J. R. (2008).
Discussion of Mechanics of Progressive Collapse: Learning from World
Trade Center and Building Demolitions by Zdenk P.
Baant and Mathieu Verdure (PDF). Journal of Engineering Mechanics (American Society of Civil Engineers) 134 (10): 915916. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)07339399(2008)134:10(915).
[30] Baant, Z. K. P.; Verdure, M. (2007). Mechanics of
Progressive Collapse: Learning from World Trade Center and Building Demolitions (PDF). Journal of Engineering Mechanics (American Society of Civil Engi-
CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS
neers) 133 (3): 308319.

9399(2007)133:3(308).
doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-
[31] Baant, Z. K. P.; Le, J. L. (2008). Closure to Mechanics of Progressive Collapse: Learning from World
Baant and Mathieu Verdure (PDF). Journal of Engineering Mechanics (American Society of Civil Engineers) 134 (10): 917921. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)07339399(2008)134:10(917). The interdisciplinary interests
of Gourley, a chemical engineer with a doctorate in jurisprudence, are appreciated. Although none of the discussers criticisms is scientically correct, his discussion
provides a welcome opportunity to dispel doubts recently
voiced by some in the community outside structural mechanics and engineering.
[32] Baant, Z. K. P.; Le, J. L. (2008). Closure to Mechanics of Progressive Collapse: Learning from World
Baant and Mathieu Verdure (PDF). Journal of Engineering Mechanics (American Society of Civil Engineers) 134 (10): 917921. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)07339399(2008)134:10(917). Although everyone is certainly
entitled to express his or her opinion on any issue of concern, interested critics should realize that, to help discern
the truth about an engineering problem such as the WTC
collapse, it is necessary to become acquainted with the relevant material from an appropriate textbook on structural
mechanics. Otherwise critics run the risk of misleading
and wrongly inuencing the public with incorrect information.
[33] Politiken: Konspirationsteorier om 9/11 fr nyt liv,
Jyllands-Posten: Forskere: Sprngstof i stvet fra WTC,
Ekstra Bladet: Mystik om WTC: Nano-termit i trne,
Kristeligt Dagblad: Dansker genopliver konspirationsteori
om 11. september, Videnskab: Dansk forsker: Eksplosivt nanomateriale fundet i stvet fra World Trade Center.
The journal Videnskab is sponsored by the Danish Ministry for Science and Technology. Archived July 19, 2011
at the Wayback Machine
[34] Architects and Engineers for 9/11 Truth. Retrieved July
30, 2011.
[35] Eric Lipton (August 22, 2008). Fire, Not Explosives,
Felled 3rd Tower on 9/11, Report Says. The New York
Times.
[36] Pilkington, Ed (January 26, 2007). "'They're all forced to
listen to us". The Guardian (London). Retrieved May 6,
2009.
[37] Moskowitz, Eric (November 29, 2007). Airing of 9/11
lm ignites debate. The Boston Globe. Retrieved May
23, 2009.
[38] Mark Jacobson (March 2006). The Ground Zero Grassy
Knoll. New York Magazine.
[39] CNN.com - Transcripts. Transcripts.cnn.com. Retrieved October 30, 2008.
[40] Charlie Sheen doesn't buy 9/11 spin. The Boston Herald.
2006-03-23.
[41] Fox News

[42] Ventura Regrets Not Being More Skeptical Over 9/11.
Retrieved on April 8, 2008.
[43] Dwyer, Jim (May 30, 2007). A Notion From 9/11 Is
Kept Alive. The New York Times. Retrieved May 17,
2009.
[44] NIST NCSTAR 1-6: Structural Fire Response and Probable Collapse Sequence of the World Trade Center Towers. NIST. September 2005. pp. liv. Retrieved April 28,
2009.
[45] NIST NCSTAR 1: Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster: Final Report of the National Construction Safety Team on the Collapses of the World Trade Center Tower. NIST. September 2005. pp. xxxviii. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
[46] 9/11: Science and Conspiracy. National Geographic.
[47] Eect of Al particle size on the thermal degradation of
Al/teon mixtures (PDF). Informaworld.com. 2007-0808. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
183
[55] Narain, Jaya (September 6, 2006). Fury as academics

claim 9/11 was 'inside job'". Daily Mail. Retrieved December 8, 2009.
[56] Grossman, Lev (September 3, 2006). Why the 9/11
Conspiracy Theories Won't Go Away. Time.
the 9/11 Truth Movement, as many conspiracy believers
refer to their passion
[57] Debunking the 9/11 Myths: Special Report - Pus Of
Dust. Popular Mechanics. March 2005.
[58] Gross, John L.; McAllister, Therese P. (September 2005).
NIST NCSTAR 1-6: Structural Fire Response and Probable Collapse Sequence of the World Trade Center Towers. NIST. p. 320. Retrieved March 21, 2009.
[59] Diplomats depart as Ahmadinejad speaks Associated
Press Published by Newsday September 22, 2011
[60] Al-Qaida calls on Ahmadinejad to end 9/11 conspiracy
theories. The Guardian (UK) 28 September 2011
[61] Videos Show Building 7s Vertical Collapse. wtc7.net.
[62] 7 Facts about Building 7. rememberbuilding7.org. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
[48] NOVA | Building on Ground Zero | PBS. Pbs.org.

October 30, 2008.
[63] Webster, Stephen C. (November 14, 2010). Geraldo

'much more open minded' about 9/11 thanks to NYC television ads. The Raw Story. Retrieved July 27, 2011.
[49] Wilkinson, Tim (2006-01-14). World Trade Center Some Engineering Aspects. University of Sydney School
of Civil Engineering. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
[64] CNN Political Unit (December 1, 2010).

Fox
takes heat from left and right over analysts. politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com. Retrieved July 27, 2011.
[50] Hunt, H.E. (November 19, 2008). The 30 greatest conspiracy theories - part 1. The Daily Telegraph (London).
Retrieved May 30, 2009. Many witnesses - including remen, policemen and people who were inside the towers at
the time - say they heard explosions below the aircraft impacts (including in basement levels) and before both the
collapses and the attacks themselves.
[51] Asquith, Christina (September 5, 2006). Who really
blew up the twin towers?". The Guardian (London). Retrieved May 6, 2009.
[52] Neue Videos vom 11. September aufgetaucht. Bild.
September 10, 2010. Archived from the original on 201009-11. Retrieved September 18, 2010. Mehr als ein
Dutzend der neuen Videos ist auf der Youtube-Seite des
Zentrums zu nden. Unter den Videos stehen zum Teil
Hinweise, wo solche Explosionen zu sehen oder hren
sind. Augenzeugen hatten immer wieder von Explosionen
berichtet, bevor die beiden Trme zusammenbrachen.
[53] Blanchard, Brent (2006). A Critical Analysis of the
Collapse of WTC Towers 1, 2 & 7 from an Explosives and Conventional Demolition Industry Viewpoint
(PDF). implosionworld.com. Retrieved September 28,
2008.
[54] Seismic Spikes. Debunking the 9/11 Myths: Special
Report. Popular Mechanics. March 2005. Retrieved
September 28, 2008.
[65] Salazar, Cristian (July 30, 2011). Mystery surrounds loss

of records, art on 9/11. Associated Press. Archived from
the original on 2011-11-28. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
[66] Q&A: The Collapse of Tower 7. BBC. July 4, 2008.
[67] FEMA. World Trade Center Building Performance Study,
p. 4.
[68] BBC Sept. 11, 2001 4:54 pm - 5:36 pm (September 11,
2001)". Archive.org. 2001-09-11. Retrieved November
9, 2010.
[69] Porter, Richard. Part of the conspiracy? (2)" March
2, 2007. The Editors, BBC. Archived 2 March 2007 at
WebCite
[70] The Weekends TV: The Conspiracy Files: 9/11 The
Third Tower The Independent July 6, 2008.
[71] Identifying Misinformation: 9/11 Revealed?". usinfo.state.gov (as recorded by www.archive.org). 200509-16. Archived from the original on 2008-02-14. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
[72] Barber, Peter (2008-06-07). The Truth Is Out There Part III. Financial Times. p. 14. Retrieved August 22,
2008.
[73] Questions and Answers about the NIST 7 WTC Investigation. NIST. 2008-08-21. Archived from the original
on 2010-11-18. Retrieved August 21, 2008.
184
[74] NIST NCSTAR 1A: Final Report on the Collapse of

World Trade Center Building 7. NIST. November 2008.
World Trade Center Building 7. NIST. November 2008.
p. 15. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
[76] 9/11 Commission Report
[77] Testimony of Dr.James Harris, PhD, P.E. (PDF).
American Society of Civil Engineers. October 26, 2005.
[78] Welcome - The Institution of Structural Engineers
(PDF). Istructe.org. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
[79] Professors of Paranoia? - Faculty - The Chronicle of
Higher Education
[80] Walch, Tad (2006). Controversy dogs Y.'s Jones. Utah
news. Deseret News Publishing Company. Retrieved
September 9, 2006.
CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS

FEMA World Trade Center Building Performance
Study
NIST and the World Trade Center
Debunking 9/11 Conspiracy theories and Controlled
Demolition Myths
Journal of Debunking 9/11 Conspiracy Theories
Debunk 9/11 Myths, a Guide to 9/11 Facts, Myths,
and Theories
Answering the questions of Architects & Engineers
for 9/11 Truth
6.5 Economic eects
The economic eects arising from the September 11

[81] Brent Blanchard (February 2002). A History of Explo- attacks were initial shock causing global stock markets
sive Demolition in America. Proceedings of the Annual to drop sharply.
Conference on Explosives and Blasting Technique. Inter- The September 11 attacks themselves resulted in approxnational Society of Explosives Engineers. pp. 2744.
imately $40 billion in insurance losses, making it one of
ISSN 0732-619X.
the largest insured events ever.[1]
[82] Blanchard, Brent. A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF
THE COLLAPSE OF WTC TOWERS 1, 2 & 7
FROM AN EXPLOSIVES AND CONVENTIONAL
DEMOLITION INDUSTRY VIEWPOINT. implosionworld.com. August 8, 2006
[83] Thomas, Dave. The 9/11 Truth Movement: The Top
Conspiracy Theory, a Decade Later. Skeptical Inquirer.
July/August 2011. Pages 34-40
[84] Mol, Phil. eSkeptic Monday, September 11th, 2006.
Skeptic. Retrieved September 19, 2009.
the United States (PDF). New German Critique. 35, number 103 (1). Retrieved October 8, 2013.
[86] American Thinker: A Conspiracy of Ignorance. Retrieved September 19, 2009.
[87] The Top September 11 Conspiracy Theories. america.gov. 2009-05-05. Retrieved September 22, 2009.
[88] Abel, Jennifer (Jan 29, 2008). Theories of 9/11. Hartford Advocate. Archived from the original on April 30,
2008. Retrieved November 5, 2010.
[89] Newspapers, McClatchy (August 22, 2008). World
Trade Centre building seven not destroyed by explosives,
says US study. The Guardian (London). Retrieved April
24, 2009.
6.5.1 Financial markets

DJIA during September 11, 2001
11000
10000
9000
8000
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Stock exchanges closed between September 10, 2001 and September 17, 2001. After the initial panic, the DJIA quickly rose for
only a slight drop.
The opening of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)

was delayed after the rst plane crashed into the World
Trade Center's North Tower, and trading for the day was
canceled after the second plane crashed into the South
6.5. ECONOMIC EFFECTS

Tower. NASDAQ also canceled trading. The New York
Stock Exchange was then evacuated as well as nearly
all banks and nancial institutions on Wall Street and in
many cities across the country. The London Stock Exchange and other stock exchanges around the world were
also closed down and evacuated in fear of follow-up terrorist attacks. The New York Stock Exchange remained
closed until the following Monday. This was the third
time in history that the NYSE experienced prolonged closure, the rst time being in March 1933 and the second a
few months at the beginning of World War II.[2] Trading
on the United States bond market also ceased, with the
leading government bond trader, Cantor Fitzgerald, based
in the World Trade Center.[2] The New York Mercantile
Exchange was also closed for a week after the attacks.[3]
185
The rms with the largest losses included Berkshire Hathaway, Lloyds, Swiss Re, and Munich Re, all which are
reinsurers, with more than $2 billion each in losses.[8]
Shares of major reinsurers, including Swiss Re and
Baloise Insurance Group dropped by more than 10%,
while shares of Swiss Life dropped 7.8%.[9] Although
the insurance industry held reserves that covered the 9/11
attacks, insurance companies were reluctant to continue
providing coverage for future terrorist attacks. Only a few
insurers oer such coverage, and it is limited and very
expensive.[1]
Airlines and aviation
The Federal Reserve issued a statement, saying it was

open and operating. The discount window is available
to meet liquidity needs..[4] The Federal Reserve added
$100 billion in liquidity per day, during the three days
following the attack, to help avert a nancial crisis.[3] Federal Reserve Governor Roger W. Ferguson, Jr., the only
Governor in Washington, D.C. on the day of the attacks,
has described in detail this and the other actions that the
Fed undertook to maintain a stable economy and oset
potential disruptions arising in the nancial system.[5]
Flights were grounded in various places across the United

States and Canada that did not necessarily have the operational support in place, such as dedicated ground crews.
A large number of transatlantic ights landed in Gander
in Newfoundland and in Halifax, Nova Scotia, with the logistics handled by Transport Canada in Operation Yellow
Ribbon. To help with immediate needs for victims families, United Airlines and American Airlines both provided initial payments of $25,000.[10] The airlines were
Gold prices spiked upwards, from $215.50 to $287 also required to refund ticket purchases for anyone unable
[10]
an ounce in London trading.[2] Oil prices also spiked to y.
upwards.[6] Gas prices in the United States also briey The 9/11 attacks compounded nancial troubles that the
shot up, though the spike in prices lasted only about one airline industry already was experiencing before the atweek.[3]
tacks. Share prices of airlines and airplane manufacturers
Currency trading continued, with the United States dol- plummeted after the attacks. Midway Airlines, already
lar falling sharply against the Euro, British pound, and on the brink of bankruptcy, shut down operations almost
Japanese yen.[2] The next day, European stock markets immediately afterwards. Other airlines were threatened
fell sharply, including declines of 4.6% in Spain, 8.5% in with bankruptcy, and tens of thousands of layos were
Germany,[2] and 5.7% on the London Stock Exchange.[7] announced in the week following the attacks. To help the
Stocks in the Latin American markets also plunged, with industry, the federal government provided an aid package
a 9.2% drop in Brazil, 5.2% drop in Argentina, and 5.6% to the industry, including $10 billion in loan guarantees,
along with $5 billion for short-term assistance.[1]
decline in Mexico, before trading was halted.[2]
6.5.2
Economic sectors
In international and domestic markets, stocks of companies in some sectors were hit particularly hard. Travel
and entertainment stocks fell, while communications,
pharmaceutical and military/defense stocks rose. Online travel agencies particularly suered, as they cater to
leisure travel.
Insurance
Insurance losses due to 9/11 were more than one and a
half times greater than what was previously the largest
disaster (Hurricane Andrew) in terms of losses. The
losses included business interruption ($11.0 billion),
property ($9.6 billion), liability ($7.5 billion), workers
compensation ($1.8 billion), and others ($2.5 billion).
Tourism
Tourism in New York City plummeted, causing massive
losses in a sector which employed 280,000 people and
generated $25 billion per year. In the week following
the attack, hotel occupancy fell below 40%, and 3,000
employees were laid o. Tourism, hotel occupancy and
air travel also fell drastically across the nation. The reluctance to y may have been due to increased fear of a
repeat attack. Suzanne Thompson, Professor of Psychology at Pomona College, California conducted interviews
of 501 people who were not direct victims of 9/11. From
this, she concluded that Most participants felt more distress (65 percent) and a stronger fear of ying (55 percent) immediately after the event than they did before the
attacks.
186
CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS
Security
[5] September 11, the Federal Reserve, and the Financial

System.
Since the 9/11 attacks, substantial resources have been

put towards improving security, in the areas of homeland
security, national defense, and in the private sector.[3]
6.5.3
New York City
[6] Stevenson, Richard W., Stephen Labaton (September 12,

2001). The Financial World Is Left Reeling by Attack.
The New York Times.
[7] Shares suer biggest fall since September 11, 2001.
[8] Hubbard, R Glenn, Bruce Deal, Peter Hess (2005). The
Economic Eects Of Federal Participation In Terrorism

In New York City, approximately 430,000 job months
Risk. Risk Management & Insurance Review 8 (2): 177.
were lost and there were $2.8 billion in lost wages over
doi:10.1111/j.1540-6296.2005.00056.x.
the three months following the 9/11 attacks. The economic eects were mainly focused on the citys export
[9] Sorkin, Trimi Slade, Simon Romero (September 12,
economy sectors.[11] The GDP for New York City was
2001). Reinsurance Companies Wait to Sort Out Cost
estimated to have declined by $30.3 billion over the last
of Damages. The New York Times.
three months of 2001 and all of 2002. The Federal government provided $11.2 billion in immediate assistance [10] Zuckerman, Laurence (September 12, 2001). For the
First Time, the Nations Entire Airspace Is Shut Down.
to the Government of New York City in September 2001,
The New York Times.
and $10.5 billion in early 2002 for economic development
and infrastructure needs.[12]
[11] Dolfman, Michael L., Solidelle F. Wasser (2004). 9/11
and the New York City Economy. Monthly Labor Review

The 9/11 attacks also had great impact on small busi127.
nesses in Lower Manhattan, located near the World Trade
Center. Approximately 18,000 small businesses were destroyed or displaced after the attacks. The Small Business [12] Makinen, Gail (September 27, 2002). The Economic
Eects of 9/11: A Retrospective Assessment. CongresAdministration provided loans as assistance, while Comsional Research Service. pp. CRS5.
munity Development Block Grants and Economic Injury
Disaster Loans were other also used by the Federal Gov- [13] Khimm, Suzy (May 3, 2011). Osama bin Laden didn't
ernment to provide assistance to small business aected
win, but he was enormously successful'". The Washington
Post.
by the 9/11 attacks.[12]
6.5.4
Indirect eects
[14] Heath, Thomas (May 3, 2011). Bin Ladens war against

the U.S. economy. The Washington Post.
The September 11 attacks also led directly to the U.S. war

in Afghanistan, as well as additional homeland security 6.5.6 External links
spending. The attacks were also cited as a rationale for
Attack Gave a Devastating Shove to the Citys Teethe Iraq war, although this rationale was discredited by
tering Economy, The New York Times, September
intelligence organizations globally. The cost of the two
8, 2002
[13][14]
wars so far has surpassed $5 trillion.
Mariah Carey has suggested that the failure of her lm
Glitter was due to its soundtrack being released the same
day as 9/11 and the movies release in the wake of the
event.
6.5.5
References
[1] Makinen, Gail (September 27, 2002). The Economic

Eects of 9/11: A Retrospective Assessment. Congressional Research Service. pp. CRS4.
[2] Norris, Floyd, Jonathan Fuerbringer (September 12,
2001). Stock. The New York Times.
[3] Makinen, Gail (September 27, 2002). The Economic
Eects of 9/11: A Retrospective Assessment. Congressional Research Service. pp. CRS2.
As Companies Scatter, Doubts on Return of Financial District, The New York Times, September 16,
2002
6.6 Local health eects

There has been growing concern over the health eects
arising from the September 11 attacks in the Financial
District of Lower Manhattan. Within seconds of the
collapse of the World Trade Center, building materials,
electronic equipment, and furniture were pulverized and
spread over the area.
In the ve months following the attacks, dust from the

pulverized buildings continued to ll the air of the World
Trade Center site. Increasing numbers of New York resi[4] Federal Reserve Release. Federal Reserve. September dents are reporting symptoms of Ground Zero respiratory
11, 2001.
illnesses.[1]
6.6. LOCAL HEALTH EFFECTS
187
crystalline silica, lead, cadmium, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) are carcinogenic; other substances can trigger kidney, heart, liver and nervous system deterioration.
This was well known by the EPA at the time of collapse.[4]
A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH) funded case report performed by Mt Sinai observed carbon nanotubes in dust samples and in the lungs
of several 9/11 responders.[7]
6.6.2 Ground Zero illnesses

International Space Station image taken on show of September
11, 2001 with the smoke plume rising from lower Manhattan
and extending over Brooklyn (Expedition 3 crew)
Various health programs have arisen to deal with the ongoing health eects of the September 11 attacks. The
World Trade Center Health Program, which provides
testing and treatment to 9/11 responders and survivors,
consolidated many of these after the James Zadroga Act
became law in January 2011.[2]
6.6.1
Materials in the 9/11 cloud, and potential for creating Ground Zero illnesses
Smoke plume coming from the WTC site, seen on NEXRAD

weather radar
September 12 from space: Manhattan spreads a large smoke

plume
The dust from the collapsed towers was wildly toxic,

according to air pollution expert and University of California Davis Professor Emeritus Thomas Cahill.[3] The
thousands of tons of toxic debris resulting from the collapse of the Twin Towers consisted of more than 2,500
contaminants,[4] more specically: 50% non-brous material and construction debris; 40% glass and other bers;
9.2% cellulose; and 0.8% of the extremely toxic carcinogen asbestos, as well as detectable amounts of[5] lead,
and mercury. There were also unprecedented levels of
dioxins and PAHs from the res which burned for three
months.[6] Many of the dispersed substances (asbestos,
This has led to debilitating illnesses among rescue and

recovery workers, and the pulmonary brosis death of
NYPD member Cesar Borja.[8][9][10][11] Increasing numbers of cases are appearing in which rst responders
are developing serious respiratory ailments.[12] Health effects also extended to some residents, students, and oce
workers of Lower Manhattan and nearby Chinatown.[13]
World Trade Center exposure and excess cancer risk
A study published in December 2012 in The Journal of
the American Medical Association observed the possible
association between exposure to the World Trade Center debris and excess cancer risk. Over 55,000 individuals enrolled in the World Trade Center Health Registry, separated by rescue and/or recovery workers and
non-rescue and/or recovery workers, were observed from
2003 or 2004 to December 31, 2008. The ndings
188
CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS
showed the overall incidence of all cancers among rescue and/or recovery workers was not signicantly elevated, compared to non-rescue and/or recovery workers.
Despite this, the incidences for prostate cancer, thyroid
cancer, and multiple myeloma were signicantly elevated
among the rescue and/or recovery workers, in the nal
year of observation.[14]
or no improvements in the ensuing six years. 30 to 40

percent of workers were reporting persistent symptoms
and 1000 of the group studied were on permanent respiratory disability. Dr. Prezant noted the medications
that are being given ease symptoms but are not a cure.
Dr. Byron Thomashow, medical director of the Center
for Chest Disease and Respiratory Failure at New York
Presbyterian/Columbia hospital said that The drop-o
in lung function initially is really quite signicant and
Ground zero workers and cancer
doesn't get better. Thats not what we've generally come
to expect in people with re and smoke exposure. They
On November 28, 2006, the Village Voice reported that usually recover.[18]
several dozen recovery personnel have developed cancer as opposed to having contracted respiratory ailments, and that doctors have argued that some of these 6.6.3 Ongoing monitoring of rst responcancers developed as a result of the exposure to toxins
ders and residents health
at the Ground Zero site: To date, 75 recovery workers at ground zero have been diagnosed with blood cell
There is scientic speculation that exposure to various
cancers that a half-dozen top doctors and epidemiolotoxic products and the pollutants in the air surrounding
gists have conrmed as having been likely caused by that
the Towers after the WTC collapse may have negative ef[15]
exposure.
fects on fetal development. Due to this potential hazard, a
notable childrens environmental health center (Columbia
University Center for Childrens Health) is currently anaJudgments and statements by leading physicians
lyzing the children whose mothers were pregnant during
Dr. Larry Norton of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Hospital the WTC collapse, and were living or working near the
said Why isn't the whole nation mobilizing to take care World Trade Center towers. The sta of this study asof the chronic health impact of this disaster?". Dr. Nor- sesses the children using psychological testing every year
ton cited the 70 percent illness rate among rst responders and interviews the mothers every six months. The puras a wake up call. Dr. Nathaniel Hupert of Weill Cor- pose of the study is to determine whether there is signinell Medical College, quoted by Jill Gardiner of the Oc- cant dierence in development and health progression of
those who
tober 4, 2006 issue of the New York Sun said that prema- children whose mothers were exposed, versus
[19]
were
not
exposed
after
the
WTC
collapse.
ture deaths and other ailments of dogs in the area are our
canary in the coalmine.[16] Richard Clapp and David
Ozono, professors of environmental health at Boston
University School of Public Health; Michael Thun, director of epidemiological research at the American Cancer Society; Francine Laden, assistant professor of environmental epidemiology at Harvard School of Public
Health; Jonathan Samet, chairman of the epidemiology
department at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; and Charles Hesdorer, associate professor of
oncology at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine argue that
the cancer incidence among monitored individuals cannot
be called a coincidence. They assert that the Ground Zero
cloud was likely the cause of the illnesses.[15] The American College of Preventative Medicine is concerned that
malignant mesothelioma will develop among persons exposed to Ground Zero air.[17]
Mount Sinai Medical Center is conducting an ongoing

monitoring program, World Trade Center Worker and
Volunteer Medical Screening Program.[20] A leader of
Mt. Sinai monitoring eorts is Stephen M. Levin, Medical Director of the Mount Sinai Irving J. Seliko Center
for Occupational and Environmental Medicine.[21] First
responders met in a conference, November 11, 2006
in an eort to monitor responders health. The event
was organized by the World Trade Center Monitoring
Program.[22]
An ongoing Pennsylvania State University/Monmouth
University study reported that respiratory illnesses grew
by more than two hundred percent in the year and a half
after the September 11 attacks. (This was the rst study
that monitored police ocers at the Ground Zero site. It
was published in the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.) In this study of 471 police ofcers, 19 percent of the ocers in October 2001 experienced shortness of breath; 44 percent of the ocers experienced shortness of breath in April 2003. The
percentage of the 471 ocers coughing up phlegm increased from 14 percent in October 2001 to 31 percent
in 2003.[23]
2010 New York Fire Department Medical Oce

Study A study of 5000 rescue workers published in
April 2010 by Dr. David J. Prezant the chief medical
ocer for the Oce of Medical Aairs at the New York
City Fire Department found that all the workers studied
had impaired lung functions with an average impairment
of 10 percent. The study found the impairments pre- A 2006 medical study of re ghters reported that those
sented itself in the rst year of after the attack with little personnel who inhaled Ground Zero air essentially lost 12
189
years of lung function.[23] Additionally, a Mount Sinai re- 6.6.4 Early ndings and muted warnings
port found that 70 percent of recovery and rescue workers reported an increase in debilitated respiratory func- Dr. Edwin M. Kilbourne, a high level federal scientist,
issued a memo on September 12, 2001 to the Centers for
tion between 2002 and 2004.[23][24]
Disease Control and Prevention against the speedy return
A 2008 report by New York Citys Department of Health
to buildings in the area because of possible hazards from
indicated that up to 70,000 people might have stress disvarious toxic materials.[31]
order due to the attack. The ndings were the result of
the citys health registry of September 11 rst responders, Associate City Health Commissioner Kelly McKinney on
October 6, 2001 said that proper safety protocol for WTC
residents, and others.[25]
site workers was not being enforced.[31]
August 2007 deadline for Ground Zero-related
workers compensation
6.6.5
Political controversies
Apparently, out of at least 100,000 eligible, fewer than President George W. Bushs alleged manipulation of
14,000 have registered, as reported by the National Coun- EPA statements
cil for Occupational Safety and Health. The nal registration deadline for September 11-related workers com- Main article: EPA 9/11 pollution controversy
pensation was August 14, 2007.[26]
President George W. Bush has been faulted by the Sierra
Filing extension by Governor Eliot Spitzer On July
12, 2007, Governor Eliot Spitzer extended to August
14, 2008 the ling deadline for workers compensation
claims, for people who worked or volunteered at Ground
Zero. Individuals would register with the State Workers
Compensation Board.[27]
World Trade Center health administrators and controversies
On June 11, 2007, Mayor Bloomberg appointed Jerey
Hon as World Trade Center health coordinator. Hon had
previously worked as the spokesman for the American
Red Cross September 11 Recovery Program. People
have oered conicting statements, however, regarding
Hons role. In an interview with the New York Daily
News Hon said that his role was to correct inconsistencies in city agencies and to handle related pension issues.
Yet, Mayor Bloomberg said that Hons role would not
involve handling pension-related issues. A press release
also indicated that the coordinator will provide a central
repository of WTC health information and ensure eective communication with those who may be experiencing
9/11-related health eects.[28][29]
An Environmental Protection Agency employee checks one of the
Dr. John Howard was appointed the medical adminis- many air sampling locations set up around the site of the World
trator of the federal James Zadroga Act fund. On July Trade Center.
22, 2011, Howards report on a study of a link between Club for allegedly interfering with the United States Enviparticulate exposure in the aftermath and cancer was re- ronmental Protection Agency (EPA) interpretations and
leased. The report said that there was insucient evi- pronouncements regarding air quality.[32]
dence of a link between particulate exposure and cancer.
The reports ndings meant that many rst responders to
the attacks would be limited in their access to funds for Early statement by Christine Todd Whitman
medical treatment. Three New York Congressional delegation Representatives, Peter T. King, Carolyn B. Mal- On September 18, 2001, EPA administrator Christine
oney and Jerrold Nadler, said that they believed that fur- Todd Whitman told the public, via a press release, We
ther studies would indicate a link between exposures and are very encouraged that the results from our monitoring
cancer.[30]
of air-quality and drinking-water conditions in both New
190
CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS
York and near the Pentagon show that the public in these
areas is not being exposed to excessive levels of asbestos
or other harmful substances and that Given the scope
of the tragedy from last week, I am glad to reassure the
people of New York that their air is safe to breathe
and the water is safe to drink.[15]
Alleged government downplaying of health risks
Numerous key dierences between the draft versions and

nal versions of EPA statements were found. A recommendation that homes and businesses near ground zero
be cleaned by professionals was replaced by a request that
citizens follow orders from NYC ocials. Another statement that showed concerns about sensitive populations
was deleted altogether. Language used to describe excessive amounts of asbestos in the area was altered drastically to minimize the dangers it posed.[34]
the collapse of the World Trade Center, mayor Giuliani

said, The air is safe as far as we can tell, with respect to
chemical and biological agents.[45] Giuliani, in attempting to deate New York Daily News journalist Juan Gonzalez' reportage of the 9/11 air issue, claimed that the
problems created are not health-threatening.[46] In the
rst month after the attacks, the mayor said, The air
quality is safe and acceptable.[4]
Critics assert that government ocials notably Bush,

Christine Todd Whitman (former head of the US EPA),
and New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani downplayed
the health risks of the area and rushed to reopen the area
around Ground Zero, although this posed a grave and
immediate health risk to rst responders.[40] Many corporations were eager to hear the news of the New York
Stock Exchange being reopened only a few days after the
collapse.[41] On June 25, 2007, Whitman testied before
a House of Representatives committee chaired by Jerrold
Alleged EPA deceptions about Ground Zero air qual- Nadler. She said that a White House ocial informed her
that President Bush expected that the Financial District
ity
would reopen within three days, that is, by September 14.
She said that she replied that this would be cumbersome,
See also: United States Environmental Protection since the EPA was still judging the health situation in the
area.[41] Investigations after the attacks suggest that the
Agency September 11 attacks pollution controversy
Bush administration pressured Whitman and Giuliani to
provide health reassurances in order to keep Wall Street
An August 2003 report by the Oce of the Inspector
operating.[42][43][44]
General of the EPA said the Bush administration pressured the EPA to remove cautionary information about
the air quality at Ground Zero.[33]
Statements by Mayor Rudy Giuliani Two days after
In November 2001, Giuliani wrote to the citys Congressional delegation and urged that the citys liability for
Ground Zero illnesses be limited, in total, at $350 million. Two years after Mayor Giuliani nished his term,
FEMA appropriated $1 billion to a special insurance fund
[47]
EPA scientist Dr. Cate Jenkins said on CBS television on to protect the city against 9/11 lawsuits.
September 8, 2006 that agency ocials lied about the air In a September 18, 2006 New York Daily News article tiquality in the weeks following September 11, 2001. She tled, Rudys Black Cloud: WTC health risks may hurt
said that in her opinion the EPA knew about the toxic- Prez Bid, Sally Regenhard, mother of reghter Chrisity of the air, and that WTC dust included asbestos and tian Regenhard who died on September 11, is quoted,
disturbingly high PH levels. She said that some of the Theres a large and growing number of both FDNY famdust was as caustic and alkaline as Drano.[36] Dr. Mar- ilies, FDNY members, former and current, and civilian
jorie Clarke also warned of the consequences of breath- families who want to expose the true failures of the Giuing toxic dust and fumes. Yet, agencies did not heed her liani administration when it comes to 9/11. She told the
warnings.[37]
New York Daily News that she intends to "Swift Boat"
[43]
The New York State Department of Environmental Con- Giuliani.
In September 2006, the U.S. House Committee on
Homeland Security held a two-day hearing on illnesses
caused by post-9/11 air quality. Former EPA head Christine Todd Whitman was a frequent target of criticism.[35]
servation conducted a study of the World Trade Center Then senator Hillary Rodham Clinton contemplated callsite, but refused to release the results of its study, saying ing Giuliani to testify before a Senate committee on
they were part of a criminal investigation.[38]
whether the government failed to protect recovery work[48][49]
On September 13, 2006, Congressmen Jerrold Nadler ers from the eects of polluted Ground Zero air.
(NY), Anthony Weiner (NY), Bill Pascrell Jr. (NJ) led
a request with US Attorney General Alberto Gonzales
to investigate whether criminal charges may be brought
against Whitman for lying about air safety in the Ground
Zero area.[39]
Congressman Nadler was quoted in a March 1, 2007

New York Sun article, Potential Clinton-Giuliani Battle Brews Over 9/11 Health Issues. He said that he absolutely wishes to interview Giuliani administration ofcials regarding the environment in the aftermath of the
191
September 11 attacks. He asked, Who made decisions, who did not would be eligible for a portion of $7.4 billion
if any, that resulted unnecessarily in a lot of people get- provided by the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compenting sick?"[50]
sation Act, which the U.S. House passed in September
2010. New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg asked
the Senate to do the same. The plaintis in the settleHandling of cleanup procedure
ment would also be eligible for compensation under the
Zadroga Act.[53]
A May 14, 2007 New York Times article, Ground Zero
Illness Clouding Giulianis Legacy, gave the interpre- On December 22, 2010, the United States Senate passed
tation that thousands of workers at Ground Zero have a 9/11 Health Bill running against opposition of the
become sick and that many regard Mr. Giulianis tri- Republican Party. The measure calls for providing $1.8
umph of leadership as having come with a human cost. billion until 2015 to monitor and treat injuries stemming
The article reported that he seized control of the cleanup from exposure to toxic dust and debris at World Trade
of Ground Zero, taking control away from established Center site. There are nearly 60,000 people enrolled in
federal agencies, such as the Federal Emergency Man- health-monitoring and treatment programs related to the
agement Agency, the Army Corps of Engineers and the 9/11 attack. The bill is formally known as the James
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. He in- Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act, named afstead handed over responsibility to the largely unknown ter a New York police detective who took part in the rescity Department of Design and Construction. Documents cue eorts at ground zero and later developed breathing
[54]
indicate that the Giuliani administration never enforced complications.
federal requirements requiring the wearing of respirators. On October 28, 2007, Jim Riches reported that the City
Concurrently, the administration threatened companies of New York and litigating rst responders have shown
with dismissal if cleanup work slowed.[47]
interest in a legal settlement, to resolve lawsuits against
Workers worked without proper respirators. They wore the city. The settlement would yield a nancial settlepainters masks or no covering. Specialists claim that the ment apportioned in the following manner: forty percent
[55]
only eective protection against toxins such as airborne to lawyers, and sixty percent to litigants.
asbestos, is a special respirator. New York Committee The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
for Occupational Safety and Health industrial hygienist issued a study on July 17, 2007 indicating that the estiDavid Newman said, I was down there watching people mates for monthly costs of treating Ground Zero workers
working without respirators. He continued, Others took had increased from around $6 million per month to $20
o their respirators to eat. It was a surreal, ridiculous, million per month by the end of 2007. The causes of the
unacceptable situation.[45]
increased expense lie in the increasing numbers of workThe local EPA oce sidelined the regional EPA oce. ers getting sick and the worsening illnesses of workers.
Dr. Cate Jenkins, a whistle-blower EPA scientist, said This indicated that the planned U.S. House appropriathat on September 12, 2001, a regional EPA oce of- tion legislation (of $50 million) for the sick workers, for
fered to dispatch 30 to 40 electron microscopes to the the coming year, would be inadequate. The number of
WTC pit to test bulk dust samples for the presence of workers that have registered with area hospitals Ground
asbestos bers. Instead, the local oce chose the less Zero programs has reached 37,000. With about 500 new
eective polarized light microscopy testing method. Dr. workers registering each month, the institute estimated
Jenkins alleged that the local oce refused, saying, We that the number of registrants could reach 65,000 in two
don't want you fing cowboys here. The best thing they years. (The institute is overseen by the Department of
Health and Human Services.)[56] 40 percent of the World
could do is reassign you to Alaska.[45]
Trade Center workers being monitored by a Mount Sinai
Hospital study lack health insurance.[36]
Lawsuit, settlement, and treatment costs
In June 2008, New York City argued in federal court that
30 percent of the September 11 plaintis did not have
First responders and other individuals are suing the City
serious injuries.[57] This is part of a larger debate over the
of New York. Lawyers are criticizing the city for failnumber of people sickened by the collapse of the Twin
ing to provide proper facial ventilators to clean-up workTowers.
ers.[51] On October 17, 2006, federal judge Alvin K.
Hellerstein rejected New York Citys motion to dismiss lawsuits that requested health payments to the rst
6.6.6 Vulnerable individuals
responders.[52]
On November 19, 2010, attorneys said that plaintis accepted a settlement which should lead to $625 million Fallen rst responders, workers, volunteers and oce
being paid to more than 10,000 workers experiencing workers
problems as a result of inadequate preparation to work
Sister Cindy Mahoney, hospice volunteer
at Ground Zero. Not all aected participated, but those
192
CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS
Mark DeBiase, communications worker
1 amyloidosis (bone marrow disorder)
James Zadroga, NYPD ocer (The causes of

Zadrogas death are under dispute. He was originally
determined to have died from 9/11 dust. However,
the City medical examiner asserted that Zadroga
died from self-injection of drugs. On the other hand,
a third doctor backs the original claim of WTC dust
responsibility. James father, Joseph, said that the
medical examiner reported no track marks on his
arms or body.)[58]
1 kidney disease[64]
NYPD ocer Cesar Borja[59] (Although Ocer

Borja was referred to in the press as a rst responder, The New York Times reported in February
2007 that Borja actually did not go on duty near the
World Trade Center site until late December 2001.
He did work trac and security posts at the site, 12
hours per day.)[60]
NYPD Detective Robert Williamson
First responders
In particular, rst responders, New York Police Department and Fire Department of New York members that
reported to Ground Zero, have asserted that they are victims of diseases associated with the toxic cloud from
the pulverized buildings and equipment. (See article:
Rescue and recovery eort after the September 11 attacks.) NYPD Detective James Zadroga, 34, was the
rst 9/11 responder whose 2006 death was directly linked
with toxic Ground Zero substances.[22] Gerard Breton, a
pathologist of the Ocean County, New Jersey medical examiners oce (which conducted an autopsy), reported
that It is felt with a reasonable degree of medical certainty that the cause of death in this case was directly related to the 9/11 incident.[8][65]
Felicia Dunn-Jones, attorney (she was added to the Cesar Borja, a veteran of the NYPD, died, falling ill from
lung disease. He had spent 16 hour days at the smolocial 9/11 list of fatalities)
dering wreckage of Ground Zero.[66] Detective Robert
NYPD Ocer Kevin Hawkins
Williamson, 46, died from pancreatic and lung cancer on
May 13, 2007. He worked for 16 hour days, without tak NYPD Ocer Frank Macri[61][62][63]
ing days o, in performing recovery work at the Ground
Zero site. After the clean up eort, he was among indiThe lead researcher of a New York State Department of viduals that lobbied Governor George Pataki to sign a bill
Health study informed The New York Post of a study doc- permitting retirees suering from Ground Zero illnesses
umenting at least 204 deaths of rescue and recovery work- to have their illnesses reclassied and to receive additional
ers since September 11, 2001. The researchers for the pension benets. His family and union believe that his
study conrmed 98 deaths with death certicates. The re- cancers were directly caused by exposure to Ground Zero
searchers showed that 77 persons died of illnesses, includ- dust at the World Trade Center site.[67][68]
ing 55 from lung and various other cancers. Kitty Gelberg, New York state Bureau of Occupational Healths Twenty year veteran of the NYPD, Ocer Kevin
chief epidemiologist said, We're not saying they are all Hawkins, 41, died in May 2007 from kidney cancer, soon
World Trade Center related; we're just saying this is what after ling for a Ground Zero disability pension. He had
[69]
people are dying from. Many of the 55 responders who worked two months at the Ground Zero site.
died from cancer had cancer before September 11, 2001, On September 3, 2007, NYPD Ocer Frank Macri died
but most of the cancer patients developed the disease of lung cancer that spread throughout his body, including
afterward.[64]
to his spine.[70] Macris lungs were lled with dust when
the towers collapsed and he later spent two months workThe 98 deaths include:
ing on the site. The long hours on the site gave him vomiting spells and he was diagnosed with an already rapidly
55 cancers
progressing stage four cancer only one year after the at 21 traumatic injuries (motor-vehicle crashes, gun- tack, despite being a non-smoker and cancer free before
[62]
shots and ve homicides, including four cops killed the attacks. In 2011, a lower court ruled that 9/11 toxins were the likely cause of Macris death.[71] In 2012, the
in the line of duty)
New York Supreme Court ruled that Macris widow is en 12 heart disease, including 10 heart attacks
titled to line-of-duty death benets of his full salary.[72]
2 sarcoidosis
1 polyneuropathy (neorological disorder)
1 pneumonia
1 granuloma pneumonitis
1 alcoholism
Police Ocer Gary Mausberg, New York City Police Department, New York[73]
Police Ocer Vito Mauro, New York City Police
Department, New York[74]
Police Ocer David Mahmoud, New York City Police Department, New York[75]
193
Police Ocer Frank Macri, New York City Police

Detective Kevin A. Czartoryski, New York City Police Department, New York[98]
Detective John F. Kristoersen, New York City Police Department, New York[77]
Police Ocer Daniel C. Conroy, New York City Police Department, New York[99]
Police Ocer Louise M. Johnston, New York City

Police Department, New York[78]
Police Ocer Richard Jakubowsky, New York City
Police Ocer Richard G. Holland, New York City
Detective William J. Holfester, New York City Police Department, New York[81]
Detective Alick W. Herrmann, New York City Police Department, New York[82]
Sergeant Charles J. Clark, New York City Police

Lieutenant Steven L. Cio, New York City Police
Ocer Madeline Carlo, New York City Police Department, New York[102]
Deputy Chief Steven Bonano, New York City Police
Police Ocer Robert B. Helmke, New York City

Frank M. Bolusi, New York City Police Department, New York[104]
Detective Kevin Hawkins, New York City Police

Ronald G. Becker, Jr., New York City Police Department, New York[105]
Sergeant Claire T. Hanrahan, New York City Police

Karen E. Barnes, New York City Police Department, New York[106]
Police Ocer Robert C. Grossman, New York City

Detective John E. Goggin, New York City Police
Police Ocer James J. Godbee, New York City Police Department, New York[88]
Captain Edward C. Gilpin, New York City Police
Captain Barry Galfano, New York City Police Department, New York[90]
Detective Carmen M. Figueroa, New York City Police Department, New York[91]
Alex W. Baez, New York City Police Department,

New York[107]
Detective Sandra Y. Adrian, New York City Police
Ocer Charles D. Cole, Jr., Nassau County Police
Ocer Thomas G. Brophy, New York City Police
Special Agent William Sheldon, ATF[111]
Surviving rst responders and their advocates are assert Inspector Donald G. Feser, New York City Police
ing that their illnesses have resulted from exposure to toxDepartment, New York[92]
ins at Ground Zero. The Patrolmens Benevolent As Police Ocer Edward M. Ferraro, New York City sociation of the City of New York (PBA) led a lawsuit to secure benets for Ocer Christopher Hynes, 36.
In March 2004 he was diagnosed as having sarcoidosis.
Police Ocer Robert M. Ehmer, New York City However, the NYPD has refused to bestow line-of-duty
injury status to him. Hynes had worked for 111 hours at
Ground Zero and its vicinity. He claims that he was never
Police Ocer Renee Dunbar, New York City Police given a proper respirator for his work at Ground Zero. He
has had diculty in paying medical bills because of the
Detective Corey J. Diaz, New York City Police De- denial of line-of-duty status. One medical provider sued
him for $3,094 for medical bills. The provider eventually
partment, New York[96]
settled out of court for $1,625. The PBA noted that re Sergeant Garrett Danza, New York City Police De- ghters, by contrast, have been given line-of-duty status
partment, New York[97]
for their injuries.[112][113]
194
CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS
Various volunteers
Educators and students
Hundreds of volunteer reghters, construction workers, health professionals, clergy, and other individuals descended upon the scene in the days immediately following the attacks. These individuals volunteered directly
at the Ground Zero site or cared for traumatized responders. Among individuals in the latter group, newspaper accounts have cited South Carolinian Episcopal nun,
Sister Cindy Mahoneys death as a fatality of Ground
Zero illness. Mahoney spent several months attending to
rst responders spiritual needs. Two weeks prior to her
death, she was cut o from her insurance. She choked to
death on November 1, 2006, following ve years of lung
troubles.[9][10][114][115][116]
Students and sta at Stuyvesant High School returned to

the school which lies within one-third of a mile north of
the World Trade Center site, while res were still burning at Ground Zero. Alumni are circulating a petition for
greater attention to health problems related to the Ground
Zero air.[120][121] There is a debate over whether the 2002
Class President Amit Friedlanders developing cancer is
related to Ground Zero air.
Sen. Hillary Clinton on Sister Mahoney and Ground Zero

illness: We know that so many are now suering health
eects from breathing the toxic air at Ground Zero
Yet there are still some who doubt the link. By raising
attention to her own devastating illness, Sister Mahoney
will continue as she did in life, to help those aected by
9/11.[114]
Further information: Stuyvesant High School

In addition, the students and sta members at the Murry
Bergtraum High School returned to the building a couple
of days after the attack, with the air system in the school
severely aected and damaged from the debris and dust
from the World Trade Center site (the school is threequarters of a mile east of the site). Several teachers, particularly from the business department, and students have
developed Asthma and other breathing problems because
of the lack of unpolluted air and the failure of cleaning
the schools central air system thoroughly years after the
attack.
Communication workers
Ground Zero workers and area residents protests
Communications recovery worker Mark DeBiase, aged

41, died on April 9, 2006 from a Ground Zero illness.
He worked without protective gear for restoring communications at the site. DeBiases work was so crucial in
emergency workers to communicate that he was shuttled
between locations in a military helicopter, according to
his father, Angelo DeBiase.[10]
On January 30, 2007, Ground Zero workers and groups

such as Sierra Club and Unsung Heroes Helping Heroes
met at the Ground Zero site and urged President George
W. Bush to spend more money on aid for sick Ground
Zero workers. They said that the $25 million that Bush
promised for the ill workers was inadequate. A Long Island iron-worker, John Sferazo, at the protest rally said,
Why has it taken you 5 years to meet with us, Mr.
President?"[115]
Janitorial workers
Manuel Checo is one of many janitors that performed
cleanup work who now suer from World Trade Center
cough. He spent six months at the site. Compounding
janitorial workers troubles, three-quarters of them lack
health insurance.[1][117]
Area residents joined the protest. Mariama James, who

lives within blocks of the Ground Zero site, said that
she became ill after cleaning the Ground Zero debris
and dust from her apartment. Recovery workers aren't
the only people that were aected by this disaster, she
said. There are other people in need of treatment and
monitoring.[115]
Ground Zero workers lawsuit
Financial district personnel
Families of Ground Zero workers have led a mass lawsuit against the city. Andrew Carboy of the rm, Sulivan,
Pappain, Block, McGrath and Cannovo said of the deaths
of Cesar Borja, James Zadroga, and Mark DeBiase, If
Borja, Zadroga and now DeBiase isn't a wakeup call for
the city, I don't know what will wake them.[10]
Civil rights attorney Felicia Dunn-Jones, 42, died February 10, 2002, from sarcoidosis. The citys chief medical
examiner belatedly attributed her death to her being engulfed in the dust cloud from the collapse of the Twin
Towers, one block from her oce.[118][119]
By June 2007, the number of people ling claims against
Mayor Rudy Giuliani acted quickly to reopen Wall the city, regarding exposure to Ground Zero toxins,
Street. The Wall Street area reopened for business on reached 10,000.[42] Attorney David Worby is leading a
September 17.
class action lawsuit representing 8,000 people.[122] By

September 2007, the number of plaintis in the case
reached 10,000. I started this suit on behalf of one cop
that got sick. He continued, Nobody would touch the
case with a 10-foot pole because it was considered unpatriotic to say anything against the cleanup or the EPA.[123]
195
people suering from long-term health problems related
to the 9/11 attacks.[2][129] The WTC Health Program replaced preexisting 9/11-related health programs such as
the Medical Monitoring and Treatment Program and the
WTC Environmental Health Center program.[2]
In 2008, the National Response Team began a multiagency eort to draft guidelines for protecting the
6.6.7 Government Action
health of emergency responders in the event of future
disasters.[130] The product of this eort, the Emergency
Various bills have been introduced to the United States Responder Health Monitoring and Surveillance frameCongress to provide forms of health care to responders work, was published in 2012.[131]
and survivors of the 9/11 attacks. On February 2, 2005,
Congresswoman Carolyn Maloney introduced the Remember 9/11 Health Act, which died in committee. On
September 13, 2006, Sen. Clinton brought an amendment to a piece of ports security legislation, aiming to 6.6.8 Lawsuit by area residents
create a ve-year, $1.9 billion treatment program for sufferers of Ground Zero dust and fumes after-eects.[124]
Lower Manhattan and Brooklyn residents brought a 111page lawsuit against the EPA for purported deception of
the public about hazards of Ground Zero air and dust.
A major force behind this eort is Brooklyn resident
Jenna Orkin of the World Trade Center Environmental
Organization. On February 2, 2006 Federal Court Judge
Deborah Batts issued an 83-page statement, indicating
that there are sucient grounds for the case to proceed.
She also rejected granting Whitman immunity from the
lawsuit.[132]
President Obama signing the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and

Compensation Act of 2010 into law, January 2, 2011 at
Plantation Estate in Hawaii.
Later, in February 2009, Congresswoman Maloney introduced the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act, which eventually passed following a protracted
political battle in 2010. The U.S. House passed a new
version of the act[125] in September 2010. New York
City Mayor Michael Bloomberg asked the Senate to do
the same.[53] In a Senate vote held on December 9, 2010,
Democrats were unable to break a Republican libuster
against the bill; the vote was 57 in favor and 42 against,
but 60 votes were needed for the bill to proceed to an upor-down vote.[126] Republicans outlined concerns around
paying for the $7.4 billion bill in an appropriate way.[126]
Additionally, they also raised concerns about creating an
expansive new healthcare entitlement program and reopening the 9/11 Victims Compensation Fund.[127] Comedian Jon Stewart of The Daily Show was credited by
the White House and other media and political news outlets for bringing awareness of the Republican libuster
on the Zadroga bill.[128] The bill received nal Congressional approval on December 22, 2010,[129] and was enacted by President Obama on January 2, 2011. The act
allocated $4.2 billion to create the World Trade Center
Health Program, which provides testing and treatment for
On December 10, 2007, legal proceedings began in a case

on the question of responsibility of government ocials in
the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks. Former
EPA Director Whitman is among the defendants in the
suit; plaintis in the suit allege that Whitman is at fault
for saying that the downtown Manhattan air was safe in
the aftermath of the attacks.[133]
On April 22, 2008, the United States Court of Appeals
for the Second Circuit ruled that EPA head Whitman
could not be held liable for saying to World Trade Center area residents that the air was safe for breathing after
the buildings collapse. The appeals court said that Whitman had based her information on contradictory information and statements from President Bush. The U.S. Department of Justice had argued that holding the agency
liable would establish a risky legal precedent because future public ocials would be afraid to make public statements. Judge Deborah Batts had previously declined to
dismiss Whitman as a defendant, saying that her actions
were conscience-shocking.[134]
6.6.9 Settlement proposed in March 2009

An arbitrator has said that most of the complainants
that did not participate in an earlier fund (created by
Congress) would be granted settlement awards. The
awards would total $500 million. This resolution would
involve all but 3 of the nearly 100 litigants.[135]
196
6.6.10
CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS
Documentaries
Fallout: The Health Impact of 9/11

Dust to Dust: The Health Eects of 9/11
The Toxic Clouds of 9/11: A Looming Disaster
Toxic Legacy
6.6.11
See also
Casualties of the September 11 attacks

EPA 9/11 pollution controversy
Rescue and recovery eort after the September 11
attacks
6.6.12
References
[1] Barry, Ellen (October 14, 2006). Lost in the Dust of

9/11. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved July 2, 2012.
[3] Armour, Stephanie (June 25, 2006). 9/11 Health Troubles?". USA Today. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
[12] Depalma, Anthony (May 13, 2006). Tracing Lung Ailments That Rose With 9/11 Dust. The New York Times.
[13] Updated Ground Zero Report Examines Failure of Government to Protect Citizens. Sierra Club. 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-08.
[14] Li, J; Cone, JE; Kahn, AR; Brackbill, RM; Farfel,
MR; Greene, CM; Hadler, JL; Stayner, LT; Stellman, SD (2012). Association between World Trade
Center exposure and excess cancer risk.
JAMA
(American Medical Association) 308 (23): 247988.
doi:10.1001/jama.2012.110980. PMID 23288447. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
[15] http://villagevoice.com/news/0648,lombardi,75156,2.
html Kristen Lombardi, Death by Dust The frightening
link between the 9-11 toxic cloud and cancer, Village
Voice, November 28, 2006
[16] Top Doctors Say Trade Center Dust Could Cause Cancer
October 4, 2006 The New York Sun
[17] BBC News online Friday, April 26, 2002, 16:19 GMT
17:19 UK Ground Zero cancer fears
[18] Lung Function of 9/11 Rescuers Fell, Study Finds The
New York Times April 7, 2010
Women and Newborns. World Trade Center Pregnancy
Study. Columbia University. 2006. Retrieved 2006-0908.
[4] Anita Gates, Buildings Rise from Rubble while Health

Crumbles, The New York Times, September 11, 2006,
reporting on the documentary by Heidi Dehncke-Fisher,
Dust to Dust: The Health Eects of 9/11
[20] World Trade Center Medical Monitoring and Treatment

Program: Index
[5] What was Found in the Dust. The New York Times.
[22] T.W. Farnam, 9/11 responders seek options for care,

Newsday, November 12, 2006 http://www.newsday.
com/news/health/ny-nywtcvr4972450nov12,0,7496420.
story?coll=ny-health-print
[6] Dr. Dennis Charney, in the September 2006 edition of

Environmental Health Perspectives, the journal of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
[7] Wu M; Gordon RE; Herbert R; Padilla M; Moline J et
al. (2009). Case Report: Lung Disease in World Trade
Center Responders Exposed to Dust and Smoke: Carbon
Nanotubes Found in the Lungs of World Trade Center Patients and Dust Samples. Environmental Health Perspectives 118 (4): 499504. doi:10.1289/ehp.0901159. PMC
2854726. PMID 20368128.
[8] Schapiro, Rich (April 12, 2006). WTC air doomed excop. New York Daily News. Retrieved 2006-09-08.
[21] Testimony of Stephen Levin, Feb. 11, 2002
[23] Carl Campanile, 9/11 is Still Taking Cops Breath

Away, New York Daily News, April 16, 2007, p. 2
[24] ABC News: 9/11 First Responders Gravely Ill
[25] Study: 70,000 may suer post-9/11 stress disorder
September 10, 2008 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/
2008/09/11/study-70000-may-suffer-po_n_125552.
html
[26] 3 Months Remain for 9/11-Related Workers Compensation Program | Tortdeform
[9] NOTE: sons name spelt dierently -ASSOCIATED

PRESS, Bush May Meet With Dead Ocers Son, The
New York Times, January 30, 2007
[27] Anthony DePalma, Albany: Extension for 9/11 Compensation, The New York Times, July 13, 2007
[10] Carl Campanile, Kin Suing City over 'WTC toxin'

Death New York Post January 29, 2007, p. 2
[28] Jordan Lite and Michael Saul, Daily News, June 12, 2007,
p. 4
[11] Je Stier, The Mystery of Lung Disease, New York Sun',

February 20, 2007
[29] Media-Newswire.com Press Release Distribution PR

Agency
197
[30] Anemona Hartocollis, Scant Evidence to Link 9/11 to [48]

Cancer, U.S. Report Says The New York Times, July
26, 2011 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/27/nyregion/
not-enough-evidence-to-link-911-and-cancer-report-finds.
[49]
html?scp=2&sq=Dr.%20John%20Howard,%20the%
20medical%20administrator%20attacks&st=cse
Wallsten, Peter (April 8, 2007). Giuliani foes plan to use

9/11 against him. Los Angeles Times. Archived from the
original on June 21, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
Potential Clinton-Giuliani Battle Brews Over 9/11 Health
Issues March 1, 2007 The New York Sun
[31] Juan Gonzalez, Clearing the Air with Truth, New York
Daily News, September 5, 2001.
[50] Russell Berman, Potential Clinton-Giuliani Battle Brews

Over 9/11 Health Issues, New York Sun', March 1, 2007
[32] Ground Zero Report > Sierra Club.
[51] Anthony DePalma, 9/11 Suit Tests New York Stand on

Immunity New York Times June 23, 2006 http://www.
nytimes.com/2006/06/23/nyregion/23responders.html
[33] EPAs Response to the World Trade Center Collapse:

Challenges, Successes, and Areas for Improvement, Report No. 2003-P-00012, August 21, 2003
[34] Laurie Garrett (August 23, 2003). EPA Misled Public
on 9/11 Pollution. Newsday.
[35] Devlin Barrett (September 8, 2006). EPA, NYC Blamed
for 9/11 Health Problems. Associated Press.
[36] Insider: EPA Lied About WTC Air.
September 8, 2006.
CBS News.
[37] World Trade Center Environmental Organization
[52] Anthony DePalma, Ruling Opens a Door for Thousands

of Ground Zero Lawsuits, The New York Times, October
18, 2006, B1.
[53] Solomon, Jesse (November 19, 2010). 9/11 workers approve settlement with New York City. CNN. Retrieved
2010-11-23.
[54] Hernandez, Raymond (December 22, 2010). Senate
Passes 9/11 Health Bill as Republicans Back Down. The
New York Times. Retrieved 2010-12-23.
[38] Juan Gonzalez, Fallout: The Hidden Consequences of

9/11, In These Times, September 10, 2002 http://www.
alternet.org/911oneyearlater/14073/
[55] Jim Riches Ducking WTC Air Blame? October 28,

2007 http://www.freemarketnews.com/WorldNews.asp?
nid=50810
[39] Press Release of Representative Jerrold Nadler
[56] Anthony DePalma, Big Cost Increase Is Predicted to

Treat Ground Zero Workers The New York Times, July
18, 2007 with graphic on anticipated costs http://www.
nytimes.com/2007/07/18/nyregion/18treatment.html
[40] Persons interviewed in Dust to Dust:The Health Eects of

9/11.
[41] Juan Gonzalez, Former head of EPA Whitman doesn't
second guess opening up lower Manhattan after 9/11,
New York Daily News, June 26, 2007, p. 5
[42] Andrew Stephen, The poisonous legacy of 9/11: New
Yorkers were told their air was safe to breathe after 9/11.
It wasn't. As the citys rst toxic dust-related death we
report on the lies and the cover-up,New Statesman, June
4, 2007
[43] Ben Smith, Rudys Black Cloud: WTC Health Risks May
Hurt Prez Bid. New York Daily News, September 18,
2006, p. 14
[44] Wayne Barrett, Rudy Giulianis 5 Big Lies About 9/11:
On the Stump, Rudy Can't Help Spreading Smoke and
Ashes About His Dubious Record, Village Voice August 814, 2007, p. 35-36. http://www.villagevoice.com/
news/0732,barrett,77463,6.html
[45] Michael Mason, The 9/11 Cover-Up, Discover Magazine, October 2007, p. 24 http://discovermagazine.com/
2007/oct/the-9-11-cover-up
[46] Dishonorable Non-Mention: Juan Gonzalez and the
Daily News 9/11 Pulitzer, by Keach Hagey Village Voice,
April 24, 2007 or http://www.villagevoice.com/nyclife/
0717,hagey,76442,15.html
[47] Anthony DePalma, Ground Zero Illness Clouding
Giulianis Legacy, The New York Times, May 14,
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/14/nyregion/
2007
14giuliani.html?hp
[57] Anthony dePalma,"City Questions 9/11 Workers Claims of Illness New York Times, June 25,
2008
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/25/nyregion/
25health.html?_r=1&ref=nyregion&oref=slogin
[58] City says drug use, not dust killed 9/11 hero James
Zadroga.
"New York Daily News" http://www.
nydailynews.com/news/2007/10/26/2007-10-26_city_
says_drug_use_not_dust_killed_911_h-2.html
[59] http://www.odmp.org/officer/
19093-police-officer-cesar-a-borja
[60] Sewell Chan and Al Baker, Weeks After a Death,
Twists in Some 9/11 Details, The New York Times,
13 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/13/nyregion/
13health.html?_r=1&oref=login&pagewanted=all
[61] Police Oce Frank Macri. Ocer Down
Memorial Page.
http://www.odmp.org/officer/
19455-police-officer-frank-macri
[62] SHAPIRO, RICH, Cancer ends his tness life after
toil at the Pit, New York Daily News, September 10,
2007, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2007/09/10/
2007-09-10_cancer_ends_his_fitness_life_after_toil_
.html
[63] Another of the Forgotten Victims, PBA Magazine, https:
//www.nycpba.org/publications/mag-08-12/macri.html
[64] Susan Edelman, Charting post-9/11 deaths, New York
Post, January 6, 2008, p. 2
198
[65] http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_
20060421/ai_n16153072 or Devlin Barrett, Ground
Zero workers seek answers: Autopsy links cops death to
dust, Chicago Sun-Times, April 21, 2006.
[66] ADAM LISBERG, NICOLE BODE and DAVID
SALTONSTALL, Look me in the eye & save
WTC heroes New York Daily News January 25,
2007
http://www.nydailynews.com/news/local/story/
491657p-414162c.html
CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS
19959-police-officer-robert-b-helmke
19117-detective-kevin-hawkins
19960-sergeant-claire-t-hanrahan
20857-police-officer-robert-c-grossman
[67] Reuven Blau, "'Hero Times 2' Detective A Cancer Victim, The Chief, May 25, 2007, p. 1
21238-detective-john-e-goggin
[68] SARAH NETTER, Nanuet man dies at 46; Ground

Zero-link suspected, The Journal News, May 15, 2007,
http://www.thejournalnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?
AID=/20070515/NEWS03/705150364/1019/NEWS03
19087-police-officer-james-j-godbee
[69] New York police ocer died from Ground Zero illness:
report : Health
[70] SHAPIRO, RICH, Cops ray of hope in ght with
cancer, New York Daily News, May 15, 2007,
http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/
ray-hope-fight-cancer-article-1.251701
19955-captain-edward-c-gilpin
21250-captain-barry-galfano
22346-detective-carmen-m-figueroa
20854-inspector-donald-g-feser
[71] McShane, Larry, Court nds 9/11 toxins likely

caused NYPD Ocer Frank Macris fatal can- [93] http://www.odmp.org/officer/
cer, New York Daily News, December 28,
21237-police-officer-edward-m-ferraro
2011,
http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/
widow-nypd-lucrative-benefits-city-failed-prove-lung-cancer-caused-world-trade-center-toxins-court-article-1.
997405
21245-police-officer-robert-m-ehmer
[72] Post Sta, NY top court extends 9/11 bene- [95] http://www.odmp.org/officer/
20408-police-officer-renee-dunbar
ts for 3 police ocers, New York Post, December 13, 2012, http://nypost.com/2012/12/13/
ny-top-court-extends-911-benefits-for-3-police-officers/ [96] http://www.odmp.org/officer/
20858-detective-corey-j-diaz
20437-police-officer-gary-mausberg
21904-sergeant-garrett-danza
20278-police-officer-vito-mauro
21246-detective-kevin-a-czartoryski
21244-police-officer-david-mahmoud
20273-police-officer-daniel-c-conroy
19455-police-officer-frank-macri
21239-sergeant-charles-j-clark
22343-detective-john-f-kristoffersen
22345-lieutenant-steven-l-cioffi
20274-police-officer-louise-m-johnston
19095-police-officer-madeline-carlo
20853-police-officer-richard-jakubowsky
22341-deputy-chief-steven-bonano
22328-police-officer-richard-g-holland
20860-police-officer-frank-m-bolusi
19958-detective-william-j-holfester
22329-police-officer-ronald-g-becker-jr
21902-detective-alick-w-herrmann
22330-police-officer-karen-e-barnes
199
20850-sergeant-alex-w-baez
[125] H.R. 847: James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2010. govtrack.us. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
19954-detective-sandra-y-adrian
[126] Hernandez,
Raymond (December 10,
2010).
Republicans Block U.S. Health Aid for 9/11 Workers.
The New York Times. pp. A28. Retrieved 2010-12-11.
21255-police-officer-charles-d-cole-jr
[127] Coburn (December 21, 2010). The James Zadroga 9/11

Health and Compensation Act of 2010. Retrieved 201011-21.
19088-police-officer-thomas-g-brophy
22402-special-agent-william-sheldon
[128] Madison, Lucy (December 21, 2010). White House

Lauds Jon Stewart for Pushing Passage of 9/11 Health
Bill. CBS News.
[112] David Seifman, PBA Sues to Boost 9/11 Air Victim,

New York Post, June 2, 2007 or http://www.nypost.com/ [129] Bloomberg urges passage of 9/11 health bill. CNN. Deseven/06022007/news/regionalnews/pba_sues_to_boot_
cember 20, 2010.
9_11_air_victim_regionalnews_david_seifman.htm
[113] Police Union Sues City Seeking Compensation For 9/11
Responder, ny1.com, June 1, 2007 or http://www.ny1.
com/ny1/content/index.jsp?stid=6&aid=70319
[130] NIOSH develops tool to monitor disaster responders

health. Industrial Safety & Hygiene News (ISHN). August
10, 2012. Retrieved March 10, 2014.
[114] Dave Goldiner, Lung illness take an Angel of Ground [131] Emergency Responder Health Monitoring and Surveillance Document. National Response Team. Retrieved
Zero. New York Daily News. November 3, 2006, p. 4
March 10, 2014.
[115] Emi Endo, Sick 9/11 workers protest at Ground Zero
Newsday, January 31, 2007 http://www.newsday. [132] village voice > news > No one can argue that people aren't
com/news/nationworld/nation/am-groundzero0201,0,
getting sick.: Bad Air After 9-11? EPA Is Sued for An1528416.story?coll=ny-main-bigpix
swers by Kristen Lombardi
[116] SEWELL CHAN, Ocer Who Epitomized Ills of [133] Thomas Zambito, Christie Whitman lied about
Ground Zero Workers Dies, January 24, 2007, A, Page
Ground Zero air quality, 9/11 victims lawyers say
17
New York Daily News December 11, 2007 http://
www.nydailynews.com/news/2007/12/11/2007-12-11_
[117] Ellen Barry, Lost in the Dust of 9/11 From sochristie_whitman_lied_about_ground_zero_.html
cietys margins, janitors were drafted for an epic
cleanup around ground zero.
Then 'the cough'
racked their lives. October 14, 2006 Los Angeles [134] The Associated Press April 22, 2008 http://www.
nytimes.com/aponline/us/AP-EPA-Sept-11-Lawsuit.
Times October 14, 2006 article, republished at: http:
html?_r=1&scp=2&sq=whitman&st=nyt&oref=slogin
//www.jonesreport.com/articles/141006_dust_911.html
Also republished at: http://listserv.fsl.com/pipermail/
[135] ny1.com Most September 11th Lawsuits Setwtcrc/2006-October/000368.html
tled For $500 Million, March 5, 2009 http:
//www.ny1.com/content/news_beats/politics/95030/
[118] Maggie Haberman, Post-9/11 death is a homicide, New
most-september-11th-lawsuits-settled-for-$-$500-million/
York Post, May 24, 2007, 4
Default.aspx
[119] Maggie Westfeldt, One more 9/11 victim to be named on
6th anniversary of attacks, Newsday, September 8, 2007
http://www.newsday.com/news/local/wire/newyork/
ny-bc-ny--anothervictim0908sep08,0,7252878.story
[120] AsthmaMoms World Trade Center:
Health Articles 2001
Environmental
[121] StuyHealth: March 2006

[122] Congresswoman Carolyn Maloney October Job Statistics Do Not Erase Dismal Bush Economic Record for
Middle Class and Working Americans
[123] Michael Mason, The 9/11 Cover-Up, Discover Magazine, October 2007, p. 22 http://discovermagazine.com/
2007/oct/the-9-11-cover-up
[124] Sick Ground Zero Workers Need $2 Billion in Treatment, Sen. Clinton Says. Fox News. September 15,
2006. Archived from the original on May 12, 2011.
Ground Zero environmental advocacy organizations

Asthma Moms has a thorough World Trade Center
site covering articles and resources since September
11, 2001. It is written by a downtown mother who
lives a block from the former WTC towers.
9/11 Environmental Action
World Trade Center Environmental Organization
Beyond Ground Zero a group of communitybased organizations assisting low-income residents
and workers.
200
Worker organizations
Feal Good Foundation, a non-prot organization,
whose aim is to disseminate information about the
health problems of September 11 responders
9/11 Health Now
Books
Wayne Barrett and Dan Collins, Grand Illusion: The
Untold Story of Rudy Giuliani and 9/11 (2006),
ISBN 0-06-053661-6
Juan Gonzalez, Fallout: The Environmental Consequences of the World Trade Center Collapse (2002),
ISBN 1-56584-754-7
Steve Centore, One of Them: A First Responders
Story (2008), ISBN 0-9801274-0-8;
Documentaries
Fallout: The Health Impact of 9/11 produced by
Linda Sills and the BBC, aired in May 2006 on BBC
World.
911: Dust and Deceit at the WTC produced by
Penny Little and People to People TV.
Sicko produced by Michael Moore and Dog Eat
Dog Films, theatrically released on June 29, 2007
by The Weinstein Company.
Related links
Beyond Ground Zero a group of communitybased organizations assisting low-income residents
and workers
Surveillance for World Trade Center Disaster Health
Eects Among Survivors of Collapsed and Damaged
Buildings Centers for Disease Control
World Trade Center Response National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health
Centers for Disease Control press release, First Reports of Health Eects in World Trade Center Rescue and Recovery Workers Find High Rates of Respiratory and Mental Health Problems
Families of September 11 Resources page
Mount Sinai Hospital's screening program
http://healthandenergy.com/ground_zero_air_
pollution.htm
CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS
CBC website accompanying documentary, Toxic
Dreams. Includes graphics of 9/11 dust and
video interview with the New York Times reporter,
Anthony DePalma.
Transcript of Rep. Jerrold Nadlers opening statement for the rst Congressional hearings on the
health eects of September 11
Natural Resources Defense Council site on the Environmental Impacts of the World Trade Center Attacks
http://clinton.senate.gov/issues/911/
http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/
0823-03.htm
http://www.sierraclub.org/groundzero/
http://www.thenation.com/blogs/actnow?pid=
120368
Katie Courics September 2006 60 Minutes report
on Ground Zero illness
Transcript of Living on Earth radio program on
health eects of the cleanup
http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/
03/11/1538253
Juan Gonzalez story with archive of older articles
http://healthresources.caremark.com/topic/wtc
WTC environmental health news, archive by
Asthma Moms
Dust to Dust excerpt
World Trade Center Residential Dust Cleanup
Program: Final Report Environmental Protection
Agency
Boseley, Sarah (September 2, 2011). World Trade
Centre rescuers at higher risk of cancer, Lancet reveals | World news | The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
Chapter 7
Aftermath
7.1 Immediate aftermath
The September 11 attacks transformed the rst term of
President George W. Bush and led to what he has called
the Global War on Terrorism. The accuracy of describing it as a war and the political motivations and consequences are the topic of strenuous debate. The US government increased military operations, economic measures and political pressure on groups it accused of being terrorists, as well as on governments and countries
accused of sheltering them. October 2001 saw the rst
military action initiated by the US. Under this policy,
the NATO invaded Afghanistan in order to remove the
Taliban regime (which harbored al-Qaeda) and to capture al-Qaeda forces. The war, however, is ongoing and
has not been won. Critics point out that the Afghan
conict has contributed to the destabilization of neighbouring Pakistan[1] and Afghanistan itself is far from at
peaceLord Ashdown, British diplomat and former international High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, has gone as far as to describe the country as a
failed state".[2] The US government has also asserted that
the US invasion of Iraq is connected to 9/11.[3]
7.1.1
Security
See also: Airport security repercussions due to the

information the IAO would gather includes Internet activity, credit card purchase histories, airline ticket purchases, car rentals, medical records, educational transcripts, drivers licenses, utility bills, tax returns, and
other available data. Critics of the IAO believe it goes too
far in the sacrice of civil liberties and privacy, putting in
place an Orwellian infrastructure prone to abuse. Many
major events the United States has hosted since September 11, 2001 have been designated National Special Security Events (NSSE), because of concerns of terrorism. Metropolitan Police Department of the District of
Columbia Chief Charles Ramsey made the point clear before the state funeral of former US president Ronald Reagan: In a post 9/11 world we have to be very concerned
about that and aware of the potential for something to
happen.
In the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the United States and other countries around the
world were placed on a high state of alert against potential follow-up attacks. Civilian air travel across the US
and Canada wasfor the rst time everalmost completely suspended for three days with numerous locations
and events aected by closures, postponements, cancellations, and evacuations. Other countries imposed similar security restrictions. In the United Kingdom, for instance, civilian aircraft were forbidden to y over London
for several days after the attack.
7.1.2 International reaction

The September 11 attacks also precipitated a focus on domestic security issues and the creation of a new cabinetlevel federal agency, the Department of Homeland Security. The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 was passed
soon after the attacks, giving law enforcement agencies
sweeping search and surveillance powers over US citizens without a warrant. This led to the creation in 2002
of the Information Awareness Oce (IAO), led by John
Poindexter. The IAO has initiated a program called Total Information Awareness, amended in May 2003 to Terrorist Information Awareness (TIA), with the aim of developing technology that would enable it to collect and
process massive amounts of information about every individual in the United States, and trace patterns of behavior that could help predict terrorist activities. The
Main article: Reactions to the September 11 attacks

The attacks had major worldwide political eects. Many
other countries introduced tough anti-terrorism legislation and took action to cut o terrorist nances, including
the freezing of bank accounts suspected of being used to
fund terrorism. Law enforcement and intelligence agencies stepped up cooperation to arrest terrorist suspects
and break up suspected terrorist cells around the world.
The attack prompted numerous memorials and services
all over the world. In Berlin, 200,000 Germans marched
to show their solidarity with America. The French newspaper of record, Le Monde, ran a front-page headline
reading "Nous sommes tous Amricains", or We are all
Americans. A national day of mourning was held in
201
202
CHAPTER 7. AFTERMATH
seen in Peterborough, where teenager Ross Parker was
murdered by a gang of up to ten Muslims of Pakistani
background who had sought a white male to attack.[7] [8]
[9] [10]
7.1.3 US public reaction
Part of the North Towers antenna mast displayed at the

Newseum in Washington, D.C., behind it a panel of September
12 front pages from around the world
Ireland on Friday, September 14, the only country other

than the US to do so. In London, the US national anthem
was played at the Changing of the Guard at Buckingham
Palace. (To mark the Queens Golden Jubilee, New York
City lit the Empire State Building in purple and gold, to
say thank you for this action.) In the immediate aftermath, support for the United States right to defend itself
was expressed across the world, and by United Nations
Security Council Resolution 1368.[4] Australian Prime
Minister John Howard was in Washington D.C at the time
of the attacks and invoked the ANZUS military alliance
to pledge Australian assistance to America.
September 13, 2001: A New York City reghter looks up at what

remains of the South Tower.
Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, George W.

Bushs job approval rating soared to 86%.[11] On September 20, 2001, the president spoke before the nation and
a joint-session of Congress, regarding the events of that
day, the intervening nine days of rescue and recovery efforts, and his intent in response to those events in going
after the terrorists who orchestrated the attacks. In the
speech, he characterized the speech itself as being akin
to the Presidents customary State of the Union address.
Reaction to the attacks in the Muslim world was mixed.

Also, shortly after the attack, the media picked up on a
number of celebrations of the attacks in the Middle East
with images of these celebrations being broadcast on television and published in print. Less publicized were pub- The attacks also had immediate and overwhelming eects
lic displays of sympathy, including candlelight vigils in upon the United States population. People began rallycountries like Iran.[5]
ing around the popularized phrase, United We Stand, in
hopes of being resilient and keeping the American spirit
alive in the face of a devastating attack. The majority
Hate crime
of the US population rallied behind President Bush and
the Federal government in widespread support to the reAn increase in racial tensions was seen in countries such covery and the expectant reaction to the attacks. Many
as England, with a number of violent crimes linked to the people joined together to help the victims. Gratitude toSeptember 11th attacks.[6] The most severe example was ward uniformed public-safety workers, and especially to-
7.1. IMMEDIATE AFTERMATH

ward reghters, was widely expressed in light of both
the drama of the risks taken on the scene and the high
death toll among the workers. Many people paid tribute to the police ocers and re ghters who died during the attacks by wearing NYPD and FDNY hats. The
number of casualties among the emergency service personnel was unprecedented. The highly visible role played
by Rudy Giuliani, the Mayor of New York City, won him
high praise nationally and in New York City.[12] He was
named Person of the Year by Time magazine for 2001,
and at times had a higher prole in the US than President
George W. Bush.
Blood donations saw a surge in the weeks after 9/11.
According to a report by the Journal of the American
Medical Association, "...the number of blood donations
in the weeks after the September 11, 2001, attacks was
markedly greater than in the corresponding weeks of
2000 (2.5 times greater in the rst week after the attacks;
1.31.4 times greater in the second to fourth weeks after
the attack).[13]
Two major public reactions to the attacks were a surge
of public expressions of patriotism not seen since World
War II, marked most often by displays of the American ag; and an unprecedented level of respect, sympathy, and admiration for New York City and New Yorkers as a group by Americans in other parts of the United
States. Some criticized this particular reaction, noting
that not everyone who died was from New York (for example, some of the passengers on the planes), and that
the Arlington, Virginia community also suered in the
attacks. At the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show that
took place in New York in February 2002, a tribute was
paid to the search and rescue dogs who not only assisted
in locating survivors and bodies from the rubble, but were
also inside the World Trade Center buildings before they
collapsed.
203
tions of Arabs and Arab Americans were conducted by
the various government organizations, including the FBI,
often with insucient evidence to connect them to terrorism; that some were incarcerated indenitely without
notifying the detainees relatives, as if they had just disappeared. Bayoumi maintains deportation of Arabs and
Arab-Americans signicantly increased following 9/11,
often at short notice, saying in one case a man was deported without his clothes.
On July 20, 2011 Mark Stroman was executed for killing
a Dallas store clerk during a shooting spree taken in revenge for the 9/11 attacks.[19]
Park51
Main article: Park51
Park51 (originally named Cordoba House) is a planned
13-story Muslim community center to be located two
blocks from the World Trade Center site[20][21] in Lower
Manhattan. The majority of the center will be open to
the general public and its proponents have said the center
will promote interfaith dialogue. It will contain a Muslim prayer space that has controversially[22][23] been referred to as the Ground Zero mosque, though numerous commentators noted that it was neither a mosque nor
at Ground Zero.
It would replace an existing 1850s Italianate-style building that was being used as a Burlington Coat Factory before it was damaged in the September 11 attacks. The
proposed multi-faith aspects of the design include a 500seat auditorium, theater, a performing arts center, a tness center, a swimming pool, a basketball court, a childcare area, a bookstore, a culinary school, an art studio, a
food court, and a memorial to the victims of the September 11 attacks. The prayer space for the Muslim community will accommodate 1,0002,000 people.[20][24]
Backlash and hate crimes

See also: Islamophobia
7.1.4 9/11-related plots and attacks within

the US
In the weeks following the attacks, there was a surge in

See also: List of unsuccessful terrorist plots in the United
incidents of harassment and hate crimes against South
States post-9/11
Asians, Middle Easterners, and anyone thought to be
Thwarted attacks include:
Middle Eastern-looking peopleparticularly Sikhs,
because Sikh males usually wear turbans, which are
A similar al-Qaeda plan to crash airplanes into the
stereotypically associated with Muslims by many AmeriUS Bank Tower (aka Library Tower) in Los Angeles
cans. Balbir Singh Sodhi, a Sikh man, was one of the rst
and in other buildings elsewhere in the US as part
victims of this backlash; he was shot dead on September
of a 'Second Wave' of aircraft hijackings by martyr
15 at the gas station he owned in Mesa, Arizona. In many
(suicide) squads to be in the spring or summer of
cities there were reports of vandalism against mosques
2002
and other Islamic institutions, including some cases of
2001 shoe bomb plot in which a passenger carried
arson.[14][15][16][17]
shoes that were packed with two types of explosives
In 2008, author Moustafa Bayoumi released the book
2003 plot by Iyman Faris to blow up the Brooklyn
How Does It Feel to Be a Problem?: Being Young and Arab
Bridge in New York City
in America.[18] The author says mass arrests and deporta-
204
NASDAQ did not open on September 11 attacks and remained closed until September 17. New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) facilities and remote data processing
sites were not damaged by the attack, but member rms,
customers and markets were unable to communicate due
to major damage to the telephone exchange facility near
the World Trade Center. When the stock markets reopened on September 17, 2001, after the longest closure
since the Great Depression in 1933, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) stock market index fell 684 points,
or 7.1%, to 8920, its biggest-ever one-day point decline,
which would not be matched until the Financial Crisis
of 20072009 where on September 29, 2008 it lost 777
Cons of soldiers killed in the 2009 Fort Hood shooting being points or 7.0%. By the end of the week, the DJIA had
loaded aboard an aircraft for ight to Dover Air Force Base
fallen 1369.7 points (14.3%), its largest one-week point
drop in history. US stocks lost $1.2 trillion in value for
2004 Financial buildings plot which targeted the the week.
International Monetary Fund and World Bank buildings in Washington, DC, the New York Stock Ex7.1.6 Health eects
change and other nancial institutions
2004 Columbus Shopping Mall Bombing Plot
See also: Health eects arising from the September 11

2006 transatlantic aircraft plot which was to involve attacks
liquid explosives
The thousands of tons of toxic debris resulting from the
2006 Sears Tower plot
collapse of the Twin Towers contained more than 2,500
contaminants, including known carcinogens.[28][29] Sub2007 Fort Dix attack plot
sequent debilitating illnesses among rescue and recov2007 John F. Kennedy International Airport attack ery workers are said to be linked to exposure to these
carcinogens.[30][31] The Bush administration ordered the
plot
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to issue reas2009 Northwest Airlines Flight 253 in which a pas- suring statements regarding air quality in the aftermath
senger tried to set o plastic explosives sewn to his of the attacks, citing national security; however, the EPA
underwear
did not determine that air quality had returned to preSeptember 11 attacks levels until June 2002.[32]
2010 Times Square car bombing attempt
Successful attacks include:

October 2002 sniper attacks in Washington, D.C.,
Maryland, and Virginia. Ten people were killed
and three others were critically wounded in those
shootings.[25]
June 1, 2009, Little Rock recruiting oce shooting.
One person was killed and another was wounded.[26]
November 5, 2009, Fort Hood shooting in Texas. 13
people were killed and 30 others were wounded.[27]
Boston Marathon bombings. 3 killed and over 200
wounded.
7.1.5
Economic aftermath
Health eects also extended to residents, students,

and oce workers of Lower Manhattan and nearby
Chinatown.[33] Several deaths have been linked to the
toxic dust, and the victims names will be included in the
World Trade Center memorial.[34] Approximately 18,000
people have been estimated to have developed illnesses
as a result of the toxic dust.[35] There is also scientic
speculation that exposure to various toxic products in
the air may have negative eects on fetal development.
A notable childrens environmental health center is currently analyzing the children whose mothers were pregnant during the WTC collapse, and were living or working nearby.[36] A study of rescue workers released in April
2010 found that all those studied had impaired lung functions, and that 3040% were reporting little or no improvement in persistent symptoms that started within the
rst year of the attack.[37]
Years after the attacks, legal disputes over the costs of illnesses related to the attacks were still in the court system.
The attacks had signicant economic repercussions for On October 17, 2006, a federal judge rejected New York
the United States and world markets. The New York Citys refusal to pay for health costs for rescue workers,
Stock Exchange, the American Stock Exchange and allowing for the possibility of numerous suits against the
205
city.[38] Government ocials have been faulted for urg- all coincidentally innocuous and not the result of insider
ing the public to return to lower Manhattan in the weeks trading by parties with foreknowledge of the 9/11 attacks:
shortly after the attacks. Christine Todd Whitman, adHighly publicized allegations of insider
ministrator of the EPA in the aftermath of the attacks,
trading in advance of 9/11 generally rest on
was heavily criticized by a U.S. District Judge for incorreports of unusual pre-9/11 trading activity in
rectly saying that the area was environmentally safe.[39]
companies whose stock plummeted after the
Mayor Giuliani was criticized for urging nancial indusattacks. Some unusual trading did in fact octry personnel to return quickly to the greater Wall Street
cur, but each such trade proved to have an inarea.[40]
nocuous explanation. For example, the volume
of put optionsinstruments that pay o only
when a stock drops in pricesurged in the par7.1.7 Claims
ent companies of United Airlines on September 6 and American Airlines on September
The attack on the World Trade Center led to huge insur10highly suspicious trading on its face. Yet,
ance claims, with many insurance companies throughout
further investigation revealed that the trading
the world having to disclose the impact of the attack in
had no connection with 9/11. A single UStheir nancial statements. In April 2004, a jury of the
based institutional investor with no conceivable
United States District Court for the Southern District of
ties to al Qaeda purchased 95 percent of the
New York rejected claims by World Trade Center leaseUAL puts on September 6 as part of a tradholder Larry Silverstein that two planes hitting the Twin
ing strategy that also included buying 115,000
Towers should, within the terms of his insurance polishares of American on September 10. Simicies, be considered two separate incidents, which would
larly, much of the seemingly suspicious trading
have entitled him to $7 billion in insurance reimbursein American on September 10 was traced to
ments. The insurers, Swiss Reinsurance Co. and others,
a specic US-based options trading newsletter,
initially argued successfully that the attacks in New York
faxed to its subscribers on Sunday, September
were one incident and that Silverstein was only entitled
9, which recommended these trades. The SEC
to $3.5 billion. In December 2004, a federal jury deand FBI, aided by other agencies and the secided that the September 11 attacks attack on the World
curities industry, devoted enormous resources
Trade Center was, for insurance purposes, two occurto investigating this issue, including securing
rences, which means that Silverstein stood to collect up
the cooperation of many foreign governments.
to $4.6 billion.[41]
These investigators have found that the apparIn 2003, Judge Alvin Hellerstein of the United States Disently suspicious consistently proved innocuous.
trict Court for the Southern District of New York agreed
9/11 Commission Report[42]
to hear a consolidated master case against three airlines,
ICTS International NV and Pinkerton's airport security
rms, the World Trade Center owners, and Boeing Co.,
the aircraft manufacturer. The case was brought by peo- 7.1.9 Rescue and recovery
ple injured in the attacks, representatives of those who
died, and entities that suered property damage. In Rescue and recovery eorts took months to complete. It
September 2004, just before the three-year statute of lim- took weeks simply to put out the res burning in the rubitations expired, the insurers for the World Trade Cen- ble of the WTC, and the clean-up was not completed unter led suit against American Airlines, United Airlines, til May 2002. Many relief funds were immediately set
and Pinkertons airport security rm, alleging their negli- up to assist victims of the attacks. The task of providgence allowed the planes to be hijacked. Because the Air ing nancial assistance to the survivors and the families
Transportation Act, which was passed after September of victims is still ongoing.
11 attacks, limits the liability of airlines aircraft manufacturers, and airports to the amount of their insurance LiveLeak.com posted a video online showing a large milcoverage, this case will likely be combined with the con- itary presence in New York City shortly after the attacks
and US troops taking part in the clean-up operations.[43]
solidated master case led in 2003.
A small number of survivors and surprisingly few intact
victims remains were found in the rubble of the WTC.
7.1.8 Market activity investigations
The forces unleashed by the towers disintegration were
so great that many of those trapped in the buildings were
The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the pulverized in the collapse. Some victims had to be idenUnited States (also known as the 9/11 Commission) in- tied by a few scraps of esh or individual teeth. Most
vestigated these rumors and found that although some un- bodies were never found, presumably because the heat of
usual (and initially seemingly suspicious) trading activity the res incinerated them. On January 18, 2002, the last
did occur in the days prior to September 11 attacks, it was hospitalized survivor of the World Trade Center attack
206
was released from the hospital. As late as April 2006,[44]

small fragments of human remains were still being found
on adjacent buildings in New York.
Fires burned amidst the rubble of the World Trade Center for
weeks after the attack.
Emma E. Booker Elementary School in Sarasota, Florida became

a part of history because of the presence of President George W.
Bush at the time of the attacks.
In Sarasota, Florida, Emma E. Booker Elementary

Over 1.5 million tons of debris produced by the collapse School became a part of history because President
of the WTC posed unique problems for the cleanup ef- George W. Bush was reading to a classroom of children
fort. A fully occupied skyscraper had never collapsed be- when the attacks happened.
fore, and the environmental and health consequences of When asked for her thoughts on the attacks, the then rst
such an event were unknown. About 100 tons of asbestos lady, Laura Bush, a former school librarian, gave a very
used in the construction of the WTC had not yet been strong warning to parents: don't let your children see the
fully removed. The attacks released dense clouds of dust pictures over and over, especially young children. She
containing pulverized cement, glass bers, asbestos, and felt it was too frightening for them and warned parents
other airborne contaminants.
to turn o the televisions so that children don't see the
By 2004, nearly half of more than 1,000 screened rescueand-recovery workers and volunteers reported new and
persistent respiratory problems, and more than half reported persistent psychological symptoms.[45] Because of
the long latency period between exposure and development of asbestos-related diseases, exposed Manhattan
residents, especially rescue-and-recovery workers, may
suer future adverse health eects. The January 6, 2006
death of NYPD James Zadroga was ruled by a New Jersey
coroner as directly due to clean-up at the WTC site.[46]
This ruling was unequivocally rejected in October 2007
by the New York City Chief Medical Examiner, Dr.
Charles Hirsch, and Medical Examiner Michele Slone.[47]
Six months after the attack, the 1.5 million tons of debris had been removed from the WTC site, and work
continued below ground level, despite concerns that the
slurry wall encompassing the site foundationknown as
the Bathtubmight collapse. Ceremonies marking the
completion of debris removal took place at the end of
May 2002.
replays over and over.[48] She gave the warning based on

how children reacted to the Oklahoma City bombing. She
also composed open letters to children, which she distributed through state education ocials. A Dear Students letter went to middle and high school students,[49]
while elementary school students received one beginning
Dear Children.[50]
7.1.11 See also

9/11 conspiracy theories
Class of 9/11
Fahrenheit 9/11 a documentary by Michael Moore
Health eects of September 11, 2001 attacks
War games in progress on September 11, 2001
7.1.10
Eects on children
Patriot Day
The attacks were regarded by some as particularly dis- 7.1.12 References

turbing to children, in part because of the frequency with
which the images were replayed on television. Many [1] Coughlin, Con (2009-03-05). If we win the war in
schools closed early, especially those with children whose
Afghanistan, we could lose a battle in Pakistan. Telegraph. Retrieved 2010-03-18.
parents worked in Washington, D.C. and NYC.
207
[2] Programmes | Andrew Marr Show | Afghanistan 'is a

failed state'". BBC News. 2008-02-10. Retrieved 201003-18.
[19] Mark Stroman Executed: Texas Man Received Death

Penalty For Killing Store Clerk Associated Press Printed
by AOL News July 20, 2011
[3] President Bush said The battle of Iraq is one victory in

a war on terrorism that began on September 11, 2001...
, and the disco dancer Vice President Dick Cheney suggested that Iraq was involved in the September 11 attacks
attack during a Meet the Press interview: Iraq is the
geographic base of the terrorists who had us under assault now for many years, but most especially on 9-11
(Knight-Ridder October 3, 2003, archived at ). Also, the
US government has continued to maintain that the war on
Iraq is critical to the American War on Terrorism. In
the war on terrorism, Iraq is now the central front... said
President Bush on December 14, 2005.
[20] Joe Jackson and Bill Hutchinson. Plan for mosque near
World Trade Center site moves ahead. NY Daily News.
May 6, 2010 [Retrieved August 1, 2010].
[4] UN Security Council Resolution 1368 (2001)
[21] Javier C. Hernandez. Vote Endorses Muslim Center Near

Ground Zero. The New York Times. May 25, 2010 [Retrieved August 1, 2010].
[22] Olbermann: There is no Ground Zero Mosque MSNBCs
Keith Olbermann questions Americ's religious tolerance
[23] The Ground Zero mosque is not a mosque Hungton
Post article
[5] Scholars of Islam & the Tragedy of Sept. 11
[24] Blog.Park51.org. Proposed Facilities for the Community

Center at Park51 [Retrieved September 13, 2010].
[6] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1551868.stm
[25] http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/law/sniper/
[7] Reville, Alan (22 September 2011). Murdered Ross

Parker remembered 10 years on. Peterborough Evening
Telegraph. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
[26] Funeral held for soldier killed in Ark. attack. Seattle

Times. June 8, 2009.
[8] Her Majestys Court Service (24 November 2006),

Minimum Terms, High Court setting of minimum terms for
mandatory life sentences under the Criminal Justice Act
2003, retrieved 27 December 2011
[9] Morris, Steven (20 December 2002). Three get life in
jail for racist killing. The Guardian (London). Retrieved
28 July 2011.
[10] Sta (20 December 2002). Three Asians get life in jail
for racial killing. Redi.com. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
[11] Benedetto, Richard and Patrick O'Driscoll (September
16, 2001). Poll nds a united nation. USA Today.
[12] Rudolph Giuliani Rudy the Rock. The Scotsman (UK).
September 22, 2001. p. 14.
[13] Glynn, Simone A. "Eect of a National Disaster on Blood
Supply and Safety: The September 11 attacks Experience. Journal of the American Medical Association, 289,
22462253.
[27] http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/us/2009/November/
Retired-Army-Gen-Ft-Hood-Was-Worst-Terrorism-Since-911/
[28] Gates, Anita (September 11 attacks, 2006). Buildings
Rise from Rubble while Health Crumbles. The New
York Times. Retrieved 2011-09-04. Check date values
in: |date= (help)
[29] What was Found in the Dust. New York Times. September 5, 2006. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
[30] New York: 9/11 toxins caused death. CNN. May 24,
2007. Archived from the original on June 18, 2007. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
[31] DePalma, Anthony (May 13, 2006). Tracing Lung Ailments That Rose With 9/11 Dust. The New York Times.
2011-09-04.
[14] Hate crime reports up in wake of terrorist attacks. CNN.

September 17, 2001. Archived from the original on July
17, 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-21.
[33] Updated Ground Zero Report Examines Failure of Government to Protect Citizens. Sierra Club. 2006. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
[15] Many minority groups were victims of hate crimes after

9-11. Ball State University. October 9, 2003. Archived
from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-21.
[34] Smith, Stephen (April 28, 2008). 9/11 Wall Of Heroes

To Include Sick Cops. CBS News. Retrieved 2011-0904.
[16] American Backlash: Terrorists Bring War Home in More

Ways Than One (PDF). SAALT. 2003. Retrieved 201107-21.
[17] Thayil, Jeet (October 12, 2001). 645 racial incidents
reported in week after September 11 attacks. India
Abroad.
[18] How Does It Feel To Be A Problem by Moustafa Bayoumi. Alwan For The Arts. 2008-09-10. Archived from
the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-21.

of 9/11 plagues thousands of people. BBC News. Retrieved September 11 attacks, 2011. Check date values
in: |accessdate= (help)
Women and Newborns (PDF). World Trade Center Pregnancy Study. Columbia University. 2006. Archived
(PDF) from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved
2011-09-04.
208
[37] Grady, Denise (April 7, 2010). Lung Function of 9/11

Rescuers Fell, Study Finds. New York Times. Retrieved
2011-09-04.
[39] Neumeister, Larry (February 2, 2006). Judge Slams ExEPA Chief Over Sept. 11. San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 24,
2008. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
[40] Smith, Ben (September 18, 2006). Rudys black cloud.
WTC health risks may hurt Prez bid. Daily News (New
York). Retrieved 2011-09-04.
Ten Years After 9/11 2011: Hearings before the

Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental
Aairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Twelfth
Congress First Session - Washington, D.C.: U.S.
G.P.O., 2012.
7.2 Entertainment
See also: List of cultural references to the September 11
attacks
The September 11 attacks in the United States in 2001

had an important impact on broadcast and venue enter[41] Chalmers, Rachel.
Guru of the Unix gurus.
tainment businesses, prompting cancellations, postponeDir.salon.com. Retrieved 2010-03-18.
ments, and changes in content. In the United States and
United Kingdom, planned television screenings of lms
[42] The 9/11 Commission Report (p. 499)
and ctional programs where terrorism, plane crashes,
[43] Military Presence During the Aftermath of 9/11. Live- bombs, or other related disaster were the primary subject
Leak.com. Retrieved 2010-03-18.
were postponed or cancelled.
[44]
[45] http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/pressrel/r040909.htm
7.2.1 Films
[46]
Numerous lms were cancelled that were in production,

and many lms were edited. The most common way of
editing was to delete or obscure shots of the World Trade
[48] CNN.com Transcripts. CNN. 2001-09-13. Retrieved Center. There were various reasons given for the alter2010-03-18.
ations, including keeping material up-to-date, as a ges[49] Middle and High School Students. Web.archive.org. ture of respect for those who died, and to avoid trauma
Archived from the original on 2001-09-15. Retrieved for those emotionally aected by the attack. There are
also many lms which notably did not edit their lms.
2010-03-18.
[47]
[50] Elementary School Letter. Web.archive.org. Archived

In all, roughly 45 lms were edited or postponed because

of the 9/11 attacks.[1]
7.1.13
Edited lms
Further reading
Roach, Kent (2003). September 11 attacks: con- With the World Trade Center removed
sequences for Canada. McGill-Queens University
Press. ISBN 0-7735-2584-X. Retrieved 2011-06 Trailers for the lm Spider-Man were edited so a
26.
scene (not in the lm) showing Spider-Man capturing a helicopter between the towers was deleted. In
the actual lm, a shot of the World Trade Center
was deleted. The scene of Spider-Man hanging onto
a agpole with a large American ag, seen in later
The Arab and Iranian Reaction to 911
trailers and at the end of the lm, was added in response to the attacks.
Complete 911 Timeline from Nov 2001 through
present Provided by the Center for Cooperative Research.
Environmental impact of 911 attacks Provided
by the Center for Cooperative Research.
In the lm Zoolander, the WTC was digitally

deleted.[2] Coincidentally, a trailer for Zoolander
was rolling and was cut into when the rst report
of the plane crash came up.
How 9/11 changed America: In statistics. 11

September: Five years on (BBC). 2006-09-01. Retrieved 2006-09-06.
The WTC was removed from the poster for

Sidewalks of New York, though the buildings were
kept in the lm.[3]
7.2. ENTERTAINMENT
209
Shots of the WTC in Serendipity were digitally removed.
The 2005 lm Rent, set in 1989 and 1990, includes

a shot of the World Trade Center.
In the 2001 lm Spy Game, the level of smoke shown

following a bombing was reduced because of its similarity to the smoking WTC wreckage.[4]
World Trade Center and United 93 (2006) take place

on the day of the attacks and feature the buildings,
with real footage of the second World Trade Center
impact in United 93.
The 2002 lm Men in Black II featured a climax that

included the World Trade Center. The building was
changed to the Statue of Liberty.[5]
A scene in The Time Machine, in which debris from
the moon crashes into a building, was edited for its
resemblance to the towers.[6]
Shots of the WTC in Kissing Jessica Stein were removed before its release.[7]
The ending to the 2002 animated lm Lilo and Stitch
was edited from Stitch taking a 747 on a joyride and
swerving around buildings, to Stitch taking a spaceship on a joyride and swerving around mountains.
The original ending was included on the special edition DVD.
The 2002 lm The Bourne Identity had to be extensively edited due to the involvement of terrorism in
the storyline. On the special edition DVD are descriptions of how and why the lm was changed.
Scenes of the WTC were removed from People I
Know.[8]
Early versions of the 2004 lm The Incredibles featured a scene where a frustrated Mr. Incredible
vents his emotions on an abandoned building, but
ends up accidentally damaging a neighboring building as well. This was considered too reminiscent of
the World Trade Center collapse, and was replaced
with a scene where Mr. Incredible and Frozone rescue trapped civilians from a burning building.
Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa (2008) contains a segment when the animals arrive in New York City,
and the original World Trade Center twin towers are
seen in the distance.
The 2008 lm The Wackness concludes with a scene
depicting the Twin Towers in 1994.
The 2009 lm Watchmen, which takes place in the
mid-1980s, features the twin towers in several of the
scenes. Ironically the towers are depicted as two of
the only buildings still standing after a scene featuring the destruction of New York City.
The 2010 lm Remember Me, which has an ending
that takes place on September 11, 2001, shows digitally re-built World Trade Center towers in the last
scene of the lm.
The episode "Adrift" from the ABC series Lost
added the World Trade Center in the second airing
of the episode in order to establish the timeframe of
the ashback.
The ABC series Life On Mars, with a storyline
that took place in 1973, showed a digitally inserted
World Trade Center in several episodes.
The Fox series Fringe depicted an intact World
Trade Center in a parallel universe. The buildings
were revealed in the nale of season one. Season
two explains that in the parallel universe, the 9/11
attacks resulted in damage to the White House instead of the towers.
With the World Trade Center added Some lmmakers have added the World Trade Center to lms and television series that are set during periods when the build- Delayed lms
ings were still standing.
The release of View from the Top was originally
scheduled for Christmas 2001, but due to the fact
The 2002 TV lm Its a Very Merry Muppet Christthat the story revolves around a ight attendant on
mas Movie features the twin towers in an alternate
numerous planes, the release was pushed back to
reality where an angel shows Kermit the Frog what
March 21, 2003.
the world would be like had he never been born.
The 2003 American miniseries Angels in America, set in 1985, had the WTC towers digitally reinserted for historical accuracy.
The 2004 lm Miracle, set in 1980, has a digital
World Trade Center on the New York skyline.[9]
The 2005 lm Munich, set in 1973, features a
computer-generated World Trade Center.
The release of Arnold Schwarzenegger's Collateral

Damage was postponed for four months. The lm
featured a terrorist bombing in front of an L.A.
building.[10]
The 2002 version of The Time Machine was held
back three months because of a scene where a meteor shower destroys New York. This scene was also
removed.[11]
210
The lm Big Trouble was postponed seven months not wanted by the reader given the gravity of the 9/11
because it involved a nuclear bomb being smuggled story. These changes may also have been done to reon board an aircraft.[10]
duce the bandwidth needed to load a page. CNN.com and
MSNBC.com all but removed the photos, video, or audio
The 2002 action-comedy lm Bad Company had its features once heavily featured as a means to cope with
release date pushed back several months because the the extreme trac demands placed on their servers. Ads
plot involved a criminal mastermind planning to det- were also largely removed out of respect of the attacks
onate a bomb in the Grand Central terminal.
and as a further means to reduce bandwidth demands.
Cancelled lms
Over time the news sites returned to a state of normality,

but most would go on to feature stories on the attacks and
on the resulting War on Terror in sidebars or boxes.
A Jackie Chan lm called Nosebleed, about a window washer on the WTC who foils a terrorist plot,
was said to have been cancelled due to the attacks, 7.2.3
but the veracity of the claim has been questioned.[12]
Television
News coverage
Non-altered lms
Television coverage of the terrorist attacks on September
Some lms kept scenes of the World Trade Center in 11, 2001, and their aftermath was the longest uninterrupted news event in the history of U.S. television. The
them.
major U.S. broadcast and cable networks suspended all
In Vanilla Sky, producers wanted director Cameron commercial advertising and entertainment programs and
Crowe to remove shots of the WTC.[13] He did not, were on the air for days with uninterrupted coverage from
the moment news rst came that the rst plane hit the
and they remain in the lm.
World Trade Center. Millions of shocked television view In Donnie Darko, which was released a month af- ers watching live pictures of the World Trade Center saw
ter the attacks, parts of a plane fall from the sky. Its the second plane hit and both buildings come down. In
suggested that the darker themes of the lm were re- order to keep up with the constant ood of information, at
sponsible for its poor box oce,[14] but it nonethe- 10:49 a.m. EDT (14:49 UTC), Fox News Channel began
less went on to become a cult classic in the years running continuous updates in the form of a news ticker
that crawled along the bottom of the screen. This was so
following.
well received by viewers that it became a permanent fea In A.I.: Articial Intelligence, released less than ture on the channel and was adopted by many other news
three months before the attacks, a scene set thou- channels.
sands of years in the future prominently featuring
a badly damaged World Trade Center (albeit half This was the rst time since the assassination of John
submerged in water), was not edited for its video re- F. Kennedy that the television networks announced that
there would be no commercials or entertainment prolease.
grams for an indenite time several hours after the at The lm Corky Romano did not have the World tacks, because of the feelings of a shocked nation. It was
Trade Center removed despite being released in Oc- also felt that it was not a time for fun and entertainment
tober 2001.
when so much death and destruction was being seen live
on television. During the week of the attacks, network
Both Changing Lanes and World Traveler retained evening news broadcasts nearly doubled its average viewthe buildings.[7]
ership audience. The average coverage on the major U.S.
broadcast and cable networks lasted for 90 continuous
hours, with many networks not returning to regular pro7.2.2 Internet
graming until the following Saturday.[15]
Most mainstream news sites were deluged with trac on
September 11th as users sought out information on the
attacks. As a result many sites had to radically alter their
layouts. Partly this was done to provide the most ecient means to inform the reader. Emphasis was placed
on showing the chronology of the attacks, list statements
by President George W. Bush and others, and to give updates to federal closers and responses. All other news stories and sections that once appeared on the sites were temporarily removed as they were irrelevant and most likely
During the day of the attacks, and in the days following,

news broadcasters scrambled to report accurate information. Occasionally erroneous information was broadcast.
An examination of CNNs coverage of September 11,
2001 (which was replayed online, virtually in its entirety,
on the fth anniversary of the attacks on September 11,
2006) reveals that following the attack on the Pentagon,
CNN also reported a re had broken out on the National
Mall and that according to a wire report, a car bomb had
exploded in front of the State Department. It also broad-
7.2. ENTERTAINMENT
cast an interview with a witness to the Pentagon attack
who said it was a helicopter that hit the building, not a
plane. CNN was not alone in airing these or similar inaccurate reports, as subsequent examination of coverage
by other networks has shown.[16]
Reaction of various networks
The major broadcast networks ABC, CBS, Fox, and
NBC suspended all network programming to air live
coverage of the attacks and the aftermath of the
attacks. ABC, CBS, and NBC were in the middle of airing their morning programs: Good Morning America (ABC), The Early Show (CBS), and
Today (NBC) respectively at the time of the rst attack. Following the second attack, the networks suspended all programming to air coverage from their
respective news divisions: ABC News, CBS News,
and NBC News. Fox suspended network programming to air coverage from the Fox News Channel.
Smaller broadcast networks also altered their schedules. Aliates of The WB Television Network
simulcast coverage from CNN. In general, the majority of UPN aliates also carried CBS News coverage of the events; however, nine of the 10 UPN
stations owned by Fox Television Stations Group,
including KCOP in Los Angeles and WPWR in
Chicago, along with other UPN aliates that did not
air CBS News coverage, aired coverage from Fox
News instead (WWOR-TV, based out of Secaucus,
New Jersey but serving the New York metropolitan
area, provided local coverage). PAX TV (later i:
Independent Television, now ION Television) aired
coverage from NBC News, which had a close relationship with many of the networks aliates at the
time through news share agreements with local NBC
aliates.
The major cable and satellite television networks in
the United States reacted in three ways: Some networks suspended their program lineup and simulcast the news coverage of their aliated broadcast
networks. Examples include Walt Disney Company-owned ESPN, ESPN2, and SoapNet, which
aired coverage from ABC News; Viacom's MTV,
VH1, CMT, BET, and TNN, which aired coverage
from CBS News; Time Warner networks TBS, TNT,
Shop at Home, Court TV, CNNfn, and CNNSI,
which aired CNN coverage; and News Corporation's Fox Movie Channel, FX, The Health Network, Speedvision, and Fox Family, which aired
Fox News Channel's coverage. The Home Shopping
Network simulcast coverage from Canadian broadcaster CBC's U.S. cable news channel NewsWorld
International, a sister network to HSN at the time.
TLC aired coverage from BBC News. Tribune
Broadcasting's Superstation WGN simulcast coverage from their New York sister station WPIX-TV.
211
Other networks stopped airing programs altogether;
these included Food Network, HGTV, and DIY (all
of them were owned by The E.W. Scripps Company), as well as QVC.
Still, other outlets continued their regular programming anyway; these included Nickelodeon, Disney
Channel, Cartoon Network, Boomerang, Toon Disney, Comedy Central, A&E, The History Channel,
Game Show Network, Sci Fi Channel, and Bravo.
Several PBS member stations and networks, such as
Wisconsin Public Television, decided to go with an
all-PBS Kids lineup, even in primetime, outside of
The NewsHour and other regular public aairs programming to provide children a safe harbor from
continuous news coverage of the attacks.
In the other countries such as the United Kingdom,
the BBC and ITV suspended their programming for
in-depth coverage of the attacks. In Iceland, RUV
suspended their programing for in-depth coverage
of the attacks as well as TV stations in several other
countries throughout Europe.
Use of pictures When asked for her thoughts on the attacks, First Lady Laura Bush stated that we need to be
very careful about our children. She warned parents not
to let their children see the frightening images of destruction over and over, recommending that parents turn o
the television and do something constructive, reassuring
and calming with their kids.[17] She gave the very strong
warning based on how children reacted to the Oklahoma
City bombing in 1995..
The last image received from the WTC mast
Long-term television and radio transmitter damage

The transmitter facilities of WPIX as well as six other
New York City television stations and several radio stations were destroyed as the WTC collapsed. WPIXs
satellite feed froze midway into the live footage; the image remained on the screen for much of the day, broadcasting continent-wide, until WPIX was able to set up alternate transmission facilities; as mentioned above, Su-
212
perstation WGN was used to provide a national outlet for
the stations programming when transmission resumed.
Eventually, adequate analog broadcast transmissions resumed several weeks later.
Programming
The most immediate impact to television was the loss
of David Angell, a co-creator and co-executive producer
from the NBC show Frasier, who was among the passengers on American Airlines Flight 11.
In the United States, the start of the 2001-2002 television
season was put on hold due to the extensive news coverage
(several series, such as NBCs Crossing Jordan, were originally scheduled to debut on September 11), with midSeptember premieres delayed until later in the month.
Late night talk shows such as The Tonight Show and Late
Show with David Letterman were also o the air; Letterman had been scheduled to be in reruns that week. Even
after regular programming resumed, several talk shows
remained o the air for several more days as writers and
hosts determined how best to approach the sensitive situation. David Letterman was quoted on CNN as questioning whether he would even continue hosting his show.
Ultimately, Letterman, Jay Leno, Jon Stewart, and other
talk show hosts based in New York and Los Angeles returned to the airwaves with emotional initial broadcasts,
with Letterman breaking network language guidelines by
asking his audience how the attacks made any goddamn
sense.
Several TV series, most notably The West Wing and Third
Watch, produced special episodes addressing the attacks.
Law & Order began its fall season premiere with a tribute
to the victims. Shows such as the military based JAG and
Third Watch (a series about New York City rst responders) made major changes to their ongoing storylines in
order to incorporate the events aftermath.
Afghanistan on October 7, and the Emmy Awards
were again postponed. They nally aired on November 4, with a somewhat somber atmosphere after surviving rumors of cancellation. Due to the
delay, the event was relocated from the originally
scheduled Shrine Auditorium venue to the smaller
Shubert Theatre.
The 2nd annual Latin Grammy Awards, scheduled
for September 11, never aired. The awards were
presented in an October 30, 2001, press conference.
Some of the winners were acknowledged at the 44th
Grammy Awards. Furthermore, the attacks inuenced the NARAS to hold the 2003 ceremony in
New York as part of the healing process.
The postponements and cancellations of various entertainment programs sparked rumors that the Academy
of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences were postponing
or even canceling the 74th Academy Awards ceremony.
However, in a written statement released by president
Frank Pierson, he denied any rumors that the attacks
would aect the scheduling of the awards presentation
saying that the terrorists will have won if they canceled
it. Nevertheless, the show went on as planned on March
24, 2002. The security was much tighter than in previous
years, and the show had a more somber tone. According
to New York Magazine, there were 26 references to the
attacks during the telecast.[23] On October 16, 2006, the
awards event itself was designated a National Special Security Event by the United States Department of Homeland Security.
Reecting the signicant and enduring impact of
September 11th on popular culture, months and years
after the attacks, events were still impacted, with
Blockbuster Entertainment cancelling its Spring 2002
Awards Show and the 2003 Grammy Awards being held
at Madison Square Garden instead of Staples Center as
planned.
On Politically Incorrect's September 17, 2001 show, Mahers guest Dinesh D'Souza disputed President Bushs label of the terrorists being cowards, saying the terrorists Other changes
were warriors.[18] Maher agreed, and according to a tran On the TV series Friends, in episode 8x03 ("The
script replied We have been the cowards, lobbing cruise
One Where Rachel Tells..."), Chandler and Monmissiles from 2,000 miles away. Thats cowardly. Staying
ica could not get on their ight for their honeymoon
in the airplane when it hits the building, say what you want
because Chandler joked about bombing in the air[18]
about it, its not cowardly. The show was canceled the
port. After the attacks, the story was rewritten and
following June, which Maher and many others saw as a
re-shot.[24]
result of the controversy, although ABC denied that the
controversy was a factor, and said the program was can New material was quickly added to Sesame Street
celed due to declining ratings.[19][20][21] Maher said that
following the attacks addressing issues raised. The
the show struggled for advertisers in its nal months.[22]
rst episode of the season involved a grease re
at Hoopers Store which traumatized Elmo until he
meets some real life reghters. Big Bird has to deal
Delayed entertainment awards shows
with his pen pal Gulliver, who does not believe birds
should be friendly to other species.[25]
The 53rd Annual Primetime Emmy Awards, sched Before 9/11, the syndicated version of the Married...
uled for September 16, 2001, were delayed to
with Children episode Get Outta Dodge[26] feaOctober 7. However, the U.S. began to bomb
7.2. ENTERTAINMENT
tured a scene of two Arabs with a ticking bomb at
the front door of Al Bundys house oering to buy
his Dodge for $40 and asking for directions to the
Sears Tower. The scene was cut from the syndicated
re-airings of the episode after 9/11. The episode is
intact on DVD releases.
The television series Law and Order: Special Victims Unit originally included an image of the World
Trade Center; this was removed for episodes broadcast after 9/11.
An episode of The Simpsons entitled "The City of
New York vs. Homer Simpson", which was partially
set at the World Trade Center, was pulled from syndication by some carriers, though many are now
showing it again.[27] Some individual carriers have
removed World Trade Center scenes on their own,
while the distributor of The Simpsons still releases
the episode in full for syndication.
An episode of SpongeBob SquarePants entitled "Just
One Bite", when originally aired on October 5, featured a scene in which Squidward Tentacles tries
to get to the Patty Vault but it was guarded by a
bucket of gas and a match eventually burns him. The
footage was removed after broadcast, though it can
be seen on YouTube.[28]
An episode of Jay Jay The Jet Plane that depicted a
plane crash was canceled.[29]
Power Rangers Time Force had a number of changes:
The episode "Ransik Lives" was edited to remove Ransiks television broadcast due to its
similarity to Osama Bin Ladens speeches.
The shows opening titles were altered to remove a shot of the Time Shadow Megazord
standing on top of two towers.
Some of the shows building destruction sequences were removed from select episodes
following the attacks, as they were very similar to the World Trade Center collapse.
Two episodes of Pokmon were temporarily taken
o the air:
The episode "Tentacool and Tentacruel ", due
to scenes where a giant Tentacruel destroys a
town called Porta Vista. Interestingly, a scene
of the giant Tentacruel smashing a skyscraper
was never removed from the opening credits
of the rst season, though it seems likely it was
because that the season had already ended and
the anime had already advanced by more than
three seasons.
The other is "The Tower of Terror", and
episode where Ash, Misty, and Brock was in
Lavender Town in order to catch a Ghost-type
213
Pokmon so that Ash would have an advantage
over Saron Citys Gym Leader, Sabrina, who
uses Psychic-type Pokmon... While no explanation has been given, it most likely has something to do with the name.
An episode of Mobile Suit Gundam was skipped on
September 11 but the next one lined up aired the
next day. After that, Cartoon Network and other
TV stations began taking o and editing war themed
content, including Mobile Suit Gundam. However
the nal episode aired on New Years Eve that same
year and the rest of the series aired in reruns in 2002.
Cartoon took an episode of Cowboy Bebop that dealt
with terrorist bombings ("Cowboy Funk") out of the
Adult Swim lineup for nearly a year afterwards.
George Carlin's 2001 HBO comedy special,
Complaints and Grievances, had the working title
of I Kinda Like It When A Lot Of People Die, but
was renamed after the events of 9/11.
The airing of the third season of Survivor was delayed and the planned location of the fourth season
was changed.
The "Door To Door" episode of Invader Zim was
delayed from airing in the United States and edited
to remove some scenes of a burning city post Irken
invasion. The unedited version of the episode was
aired in Australia, while only the edited version has
been released on DVD. There were various other edits and changes made to the series after 9/11, like
changing the colors of explosions.
Jeopardy!'s episodes that were intended to air from
September 11th to the 14th were not aired until GSN
aired them in 2005.
Additionally, Jeopardy!'s sister show, Wheel of Fortune's episodes from the same time frame were not
shown either. Neither shows episodes that were intended to air during that time were rerun in either
the summer of 2002 or on weekends during 200203, but the contestants on the aected episodes of
both shows did receive their winnings.
Episode 2 of the rst season of The Amazing Race
was not aired on the evening of September 12 as
scheduled. The rest of the series after the rst
episode a week before was delayed one week.
The NBC reality series Lost ended up with a truncated run as the second episode of the show was to
air on the night of the 11th and subsequently edited
down from six to ve episodes airing in December
2001, with copious editing done due to the shows
nish line being shot at a pre-attacked Statue of Liberty. The program subsequently was canceled.
214
The rst airing of the anime Full Metal Panic! was

delayed because the rst episode involved a terrorist
hijacking a plane.
The anime series, Transformers: Robots in Disguise
was heavily aected by the attacks, and many of its
episodes were held back, re-edited, removed from
re-run schedules, aired late or didn't air at all in the
USA. The entire run of episodes was aired on Fox
Kids in the UK. These episodes are:
"Battle Protocol" was never re-aired in the U.S.
after its premiere due to a scene of Megatron
smashing through a skyscraper in claw mode.
"Secret of the Ruins" opening scene featured
buildings being destroyed and a reference to
terrorism, and the episode was held back to be
redubbed. The scene in question was recreated
using footage from "Battle Protocol!". Eventually, the episode aired between "Ultra Magnus" and "Ultra Magnus: Forced Fusion". It
is the episode in which Doctor Onishis microchip is introduced, so its removal left something of a hole in the series. The original version of the episode has never been broadcast,
and for international syndication, only the altered redubbed version was used.
"Attack From Outer Space", "Landll" and
"Sky-Byte Saves the Day" did not air in the US.
"Attack" would go on to air in Canada, and
all three would subsequently air in the UK.
All three episodes feature buildings being destroyed, and the plot of "Sky-Byte Rampage"
revolves around stopping a tower from falling
over. However, this is the rst episode to put
focus on the O-Parts, and its removal from the
line up disrupted the continuity of the show.
"Spy Changers To The Rescue": There were 2
versions of this episode aired before and after
9/11. The pre-9/11 episode contained references to the generator possibly exploding and
a scene with Prowls jet-claw. The post 9/11
episode had the jet-claw edited out and the
possibilities of explosions were changed to
possibilities of circuit corrosion along with
other minor dialogue changes.
7.2.4
Music & Radio
Like Television, almost all radio stations across the

United States put a halt on all programs and commercials to simulcast aliated news coverage of the
attacks.
XM Radio, a subscription-based satellite radio service headquartered in Washington, D.C., was scheduled to launch on September 12, 2001. As a direct
result of the attacks, the launch was delayed until
September 25, when the service debuted on a limited basis in San Diego, CA and Dallas, TX.
Program directors from a number of radio stations
throughout the US retooled their playlists in response to the attacks. Common changes included
the heavy rotation of songs such as "God Bless the
USA" by Lee Greenwood and Whitney Houston's
rendition of "The Star-Spangled Banner". Meanwhile, songs such as U2's "Sunday Bloody Sunday"
and Dave Matthews Band's "Crash Into Me" were
commonly deleted. Additionally, Clear Channel
came under scrutiny for distributing a list of 150 potentially sensitive songs that were not recommended
for broadcast immediately after the attacks.[30]
German heavy metal band Rammstein was to debut
their video for the song "Ich Will" which depicted
scenes of one band member dressed as a suicide
bomber. After the attacks, the video was removed
from television airplay before it premiered.
Christian metal band P.O.D. released their album
Satellite that day, which spiked sales for the album because of its uplifting message. Their single
"Alive" became the anthem of the year.
New Zealand rock band Shihad changed their name
to Pacier in response to American audiences comparing Shihad with Jihad. They have since resumed using their original name.
According to Arrogant Worms band member Trevor
Strong, the song Worst Seat on the Plane was never
performed live due to Idiot Road, the album it was
featured on, being released on September 18, 2001,
one week after the terrorist attacks.[31]
American alternative rock band Jimmy Eat World
voluntarily changed the name of their now platinum
certied fourth studio release Bleed American,
which was released on July 18, 2001, out of concern that the title may be misinterpreted. The album
was re-released as the eponymous Jimmy Eat World.
In addition, the title track was renamed Salt Sweat
Sugar. In 2008, a deluxe version of the album was
released, reverting both the album and song to their
original Bleed American title.
American pop-punk band blink 182 re-lmed the
video for their song "Stay Together for the Kids.
The original video was lmed on September 10
11 and depicted the band playing in an abandoned
house which, during the course of the video, was
struck repeatedly by a wrecking ball and eventually
destroyed. The attacks occurred following the wrapping of lming. Both the band and director Samuel
Bayer felt that the images portrayed in the video
were too similar to the attacks on the World Trade
Center and opted to re-shoot the video. The original
7.2. ENTERTAINMENT
video for the song is available on some of the bands
DVD releases as well as on YouTube.
215
Janet Jackson postponed a concert in Tampa,
Florida, scheduled for the day. She also canceled
the entire European leg of her All for You Tour due
travel concerns after the attacks.
Michael Jackson, along with other musicians, performed the songs "What More Can I Give" and
"Man in the Mirror" at the United We Stand benet concert at the RFK Memorial Stadium on Octo- 7.2.5 Theme parks
ber 21, 2001, as a tribute to the victims of the 9/11
attacks.
The Walt Disney World attraction The Timekeeper,
a 360-degree lm presentation that features a
The Hungarian composer Robert Gulya, who was
panoramic view of New York City, including the
living in the USA from 2000 to 2002, started to
Twin Towers, closed on September 11, 2001 and
work on a guitar concerto in autumn 2001, shortly
updated the scene of New York City so that the titafter the September 11 attacks. Gulya chose a theme
ular character was sent to 2000, a time prior to the
[32]
for the concertos rst movement, which reminds
attacks. The attraction closed ve years later.
[33]
of the terror attacks. The world premiere of this
concerto was lmed and released on the DVD Live
Movie World on the Gold Coast in Queensland Ausin Budapest by the Austria guitarist Johanna Beistralia, immediately after the attack, (which was late
teiner.
evening in Australia time wise), received word from
the CEO of Village Roadshow Entertainment (the
Ben Folds was giving an interview about his album
company that owned the park), that he wanted all
"Rockin' the Suburbs" (released on Sept. 11) but
attractions and video games that were gun based
was cut short, due to the plane crashes.
shutdown or removed before they opened the park
The song New York City Cops was replaced
the following morning. Several coin op shooting
with When it Started on the U.S. version of The
games such as Point Blank were removed from the
Strokes' debut album Is This It.
video game section, and the old timey shooting
gallery from the western area was removed too. Gun
Dream Theater's Live Album Live Scenes from New
based video games have now made a reappearance
York, released on September 11, 2001, had an alseveral years later, however the western shooting
bum cover that depicted the skyline of New York
gallery is gone for good.
City in ames. The album was recalled and later rereleased, with a dierent cover.
English rock band Bush changed the name of the 7.2.6 Sports
lead single o their 2001 album Golden State from
Speed Kills to "The People That We Love". Also Major sporting events cancelled in the North America inchanged was the original cover art for the album, cluded:
which featured a commercial airplane.[34]
Major League Baseball (MLB): Major League Base The tribute concert Come Together: A Night for
ball Commissioner Bud Selig called o games for
John Lennons Words and Music, a fundraiser for the
one day,[36] extending cancellations for three days,
Robin Hood Foundation dedicated to the music of
then all games through September 16 were postJohn Lennon, took place in early October 2001 in
poned. The games were tacked onto the end of the
New York. Due to its timing, much of the concert
regular season, delaying the postseason until Octoalso became a tribute to the city of New York and
ber 4. As a result, the 2001 World Series became the
particularly its emergency services.
rst to ever extend into November.[37] This was the
third time in MLB history that games were canceled
Singer Madonna postponed a concert performance
due to war or national security reasons.[36] Games
in Los Angeles, California.
were cancelled on D-Day, and the 1918 season was
Rock band Aerosmith canceled three shows origishortened due to World War I.[36]
nally scheduled for September 11th, 13th, and 15th,
Minor League Baseball (MiLB): All championship
all on the Eastern Seaboard, during their Just Push
series were cancelled. Teams that had led their rePlay Tour. They resumed their tour on September
spective series were awarded league championships,
17 in Atlanta.
or teams which were scheduled to play in such series
The San Francisco Symphony continued with a
were awarded co-championships.
previously planned program of Mahlers 6th Sym The National Football League (NFL) postponed its
phony, the Tragic, on September 12-15. The subsequent recording was highly acclaimed and garweekly schedule of football games on September
nered the 2003 Grammy Award for Best Orchestral
16 and the Monday night game the following night.
Performance.[35]
Those games and the playos were pushed back at
216
the end of the regular season. Super Bowl XXXVI
its wrestling program SmackDown as it was origwas then moved to February 3, the rst time the
inally supposed to be taped on the day of the atgame had been played in that month. The followtacks. Two days later on September 13, a speing year, Super Bowl XXXVII was held at the end
cial tribute show was held in Houston, Texas and
of January, but the Super Bowl was moved back to
was broadcast live on UPN. The special contained
February (to place it within that months sweeps pewrestling matches and interviews with wrestlers who
riod for televisions Nielsen ratings system) the folwere deeply aected by the attacks.
lowing year and has been held in that month ever
since. In addition, the logo for Super Bowl XXXVI The following overseas sports events were delayed:
was changed from one reecting its host city, New
Orleans, to a patriotic design.
Games scheduled by UEFA, the European governing body of association football, that were scheduled
NASCAR postponed the September 16 Winston
for September 12 and 13 were postponed (games
Cup New Hampshire 300 race at Loudon until
had been played on the 11th as the rst plane strike
November 23. Qualifying for the race was cancelled
took place at 2:46 PM CET).
outright, and the starting grid was based on owner
The 2001 Ryder Cup of golf, held at The Belfry in
points as of September 10.
England, was postponed a year. Subsequent Ryder
The IRL Chevy 500 at Texas Motor Speedway was
Cup tournaments were moved from odd-numbered
moved from September 16 to October 6.
to even-numbered years to retain the two-year gap
between stagings. The Presidents Cup and Solheim
NCAA Division I college football games originally
Cup, staged in o-years of the Ryder Cup, were
scheduled to be played on September 13 and 15
moved from even-numbered to odd-numbered years
were called o.[38] This was not an insignicant debeginning in 2003.
cision; in 1988, Syracuse University was severely
criticized for allowing a basketball game be played
hours after 35 of its students were killed in the 7.2.7 Video games
bombing of Pan Am Flight 103. Some games were
The video game Grand Theft Auto III, released in
played in early December; others were cancelled.
October 2001, was delayed almost a month to make
Other games were added as a result of teams being
last-minute changes, since the producers oces
unable to nd makeup dates.
were near Ground Zero, and since the game was set
The PGA golf tour cancelled the World Golf Chamin a city loosely based on New York City. The paint
pionships at the Bellerive Country Club in St. Louis,
scheme of the citys police cars was also changed
Missouri. This was the rst time in ve years the
from a blue-and-white NYPD design[41] to a blackPGA cancelled a tournament. In 1996, the PGA
and-white LAPD design[42] during game developTour cancelled the AT&T Pebble Beach National
ment. One mission which referenced terrorists was
Pro-Am because of weather conditions, and subsecompletely removed.[43] Other changes which were
quently added a new rule that a tournament would
relatively minor included altering the ight path of
not be ocial unless 54 holes were played. This
an AI plane that went near skyscrapers, and reevent was not made up and purse monies were domoving a few lines of pedestrian dialogue and talk
nated to charities.
radio.[44]
USA Cycling canceled the BMC Software Tour of

Houston scheduled for September 16, which was a
key event in that years Pro Cycling Tour, involving
elite domestic and international cyclists.[39] The decision was made despite the fact that athletes, sta,
and equipment were actively en route to Houston
from the inaugural San Francisco Grand Prix, which
had been held on September 9, 2001.[40]
The Army Ten-Miler road race at The Pentagon
scheduled for October was canceled.
The Canadian Football League (CFL) scrapped all
games for the ensuing week.
World Wrestling Entertainment, then known as
World Wrestling Federation, cancelled the taping of
The video game Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty was released as scheduled in November 2001
despite the plot centering around terrorists in New
York City and a scene in which a giant battleship
crashes into Federal Hall; however, a scene in which
Arsenal Gear, a futuristic mobile fortress, destroys
the Statue of Liberty and much of Manhattan's
nancial district was removed, as was live-action
footage of the Twin Towers originally slated to be
used in the ending.
Microsoft removed the World Trade Center from
Microsoft Flight Simulator beginning with the 2002
edition. Also, Microsoft removed Crash Damage
from the games. That meant that when a plane
crashed, it did not catch alight. There were, however, third-party mods bringing crash damage back.
7.2. ENTERTAINMENT
217
The 2000 computer game Command & Conquer: 7.2.8 Other

Red Alert 2, depicting an alternate history where
NPR weekly news quiz show Wait Wait... Don't Tell
the Soviet Union launches an invasion of the United
Me! was not broadcast on September 15.
States, changed its box art after the attacks. The
original art was a fold-out cover. The inside de The 2001 Boshears Skyfest was cancelled due to
picted the New York skyline on re including a ruclosed airspace following the attacks.[48]
ined Twin Towers with ames and smoke emitting
out. The cover depicted a Soviet soldier who was
Broadway theater did no shows at all until
wearing an eyepiece with crosshairs on the AmeriSeptember 13, when they resumed with dimmed
can ag. The altered cover merely depicted the Somarquees.[49]
viet soldier wearing the eyepiece with crosshairs on
a nuclear bomb explosion. The release of its 2001
expansion pack, Command & Conquer: Yuris Re- 7.2.9 References
venge, was postponed because of this. Controversial in-game levels, including ones where players had [1] Uncle Sam wants Hollywood. CNN. November 9, 2001.
to destroy the Pentagon and attack the World Trade
Center area, were not changed, however the land- [2] Germain, David (20 April 2002). Images of trade cenmarks and level names like Operation: Big Apple
ter preserved in fresh lms shot before Sept. 11. The
were no longer mentioned in walkthroughs on the
Berkeley Daily Planet. Associated Press. Retrieved 16
games website.
December 2014.
The Dreamcast game Propeller Arena was canceled. It was an air combat game which featured
modern-day dog ghting with planes in cities that
had skyscraper buildings.[45] A leaked and completed version has since made it to the Internet.
The PlayStation 2 game Mobile Suit Gundam: Journey to Jaburo's release date in the United States was
delayed due to the opening scene where a space
colony was dropped on a city that resembles New
York.
The PlayStation 2 game Shinobi originally had a
scene in which the main character jumps out of a
helicopter and sticks his sword into the side of a
skyscraper to slow his fall. When this character hit
the ground, the building was supposed to shatter.
The scene was removed.
The PlayStation game Syphon Filter 3's cover art was
changed before release.[46] It originally had Gabe
Logan, viewed from an angle, pointing a gun at the
camera with a look of anger while Lian swung into
frame guns ablazing. The American ag was prominently displayed as well. It was changed to a generic
head-view of Gabe and Lian looking serious. A level
in the game that takes place in Kabul, Afghanistan
(albeit in the 1980s when it was under Soviet occupation) remained.
The PlayStation game Spider-Man 2: Enter Electro's nal level was changed.[47] Originally it was
a showdown between Spider-Man and Electro atop
the World Trade Center. This was changed to the
top of another generic skyscraper. The New York
City skyline was also obscured by a storm so that
the World Trade Center was not visible.
[3] Sidewalks of New York - Trivia. IMDb. Retrieved 1

October 2014.
[4] Spy Game DVD commentary
[5] Lauren, Amanda (11 September 2014). 10 Ways Entertainment Was Aected by 9/11. therichest.com. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
[6] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3ftPGOKV-c
[7] Images of trade center preserved in fresh lms shot before
Sept. 11
[8] Prince, Stephen (2009). Firestorm: American Film in the
Age of Terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press.
p. 79. ISBN 9780231520089. Retrieved 16 December
2014.
[9] Miracle - Trivia. IMDb. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
[10] Script Check - EW. EW.com. Retrieved 1 October
2014.
[11] Trying Times for Time Machine The Daily Mail.
[12] Jackie, Oh!". Snopes. March 8, 2008.
[13] Vanilla Sky (2001) - Trivia
[14] Danny Leigh (July 30, 2004). Donnie Darko: the rabbit
rides again | Film. London: The Guardian. Retrieved
2013-09-04.
[15] Carter, Bill; Rutenberg, Jim (September 15, 2001).
Viewers Again Return To Traditional Networks. New
York Times. p. A14.
[16] Carter, Bill; Rutenberg, Jim (September 15, 2001).
Viewers Again Return To Traditional Networks. New
York Times. p. A14.
[17] America Under Attack: Talk with First Lady Laura
Bush. CNN. September 13, 2001. Retrieved May 8,
2010.
218
[18] Bohlen, Celestine. (2001-09-21.) Think tank; In new

war on terrorism, words are weapons, too. The New York
Times online archive. Retrieved on 2007-10-09.
[39] 2001 BMC Software Cycling Grand Prix (Press release). USA Cycling / BMC Software. March 9, 2001.
[19] (2003-05-05.) Maher: Politically incorrect on broadway. CBS News website. Retrieved on 2007-10-09.
[40] Hatchitt, Ann (October 12, 2001). Each employee looks

for ways to reach out (BMC Software Inc.'s community
service strategy)". Austin Business Journal. Retrieved
November 4, 2009.
[20] Kirn, Walter. (2002-05-26.) The way we live now: 526-02; The end of the aair. The New York Times online
archive. Retrieved on 2007-10-09.
[21] Associated Press. (2002-06-29.) Maher tapes nal
episode of 'Politically Incorrect'". USA Today online, retrieved on 2007-10-09.
[22] Maher, Bill. (2006-09-10) When can we nally be funny
again?" The Los Angeles Times via latimes.com. Retrieved
on 2007-10-09.
[23] Giovanni, Joseph: 9/11 by the Numbers, New York
Magazine, 16 September 2002, page 54.
[24] Friends Airport Security (deleted scene) on YouTube
[25] Muppet Central News - 9/11 echoes on Sesame Street.
Muppetcentral.com. 2002-01-04. Retrieved 2013-09-04.
[41] http://www.gouranga.com/images/gta3/gta3_07.jpg
[42] http://img203.imageshack.us/img203/3852/
gtaiiilcpdcar1ik.jpg
[43] Dan Houser reveals GTA 3s forced 9/11 changes. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
[44] How 9/11 changed Grand Theft Auto 3. Retrieved 11
July 2012.
[45] IGN: Propeller Arena Release To Be Determined
[46] Game Rave Presents: Syphon Filter 3 - September 11th
Version. Game-rave.com. Retrieved 2013-09-04.
[26] Bundyology - Episode Get outta Dodge
[47] Game Rave Presents: Spider-Man 2: Enter Electro September 11th Version. Game-rave.com. Retrieved
2013-09-04.
[27] alt.tv.simpsons - List of Inquiries and Substantive Answers: Miscellany
[48] Aviator of the Year
[28] Just One Bite - Deleted Scene (published 9-29-01)".

YouTube. 2009-01-29. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
[49] McKinley, Jesse (September 15, 2001). Lights On,

Broadway Dispels The Dark. The New York Times. p.
B9.
[29] Crum, Steve (2001-09-28). ROTTEN TOMATOES:

Nightmares for the American Dream Factory (published
9-28-01)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
[30] Radio stations retool playlists after attacks.
7.3 Closings and cancellations
CNN.
Many closings and cancellations followed the

September 11 attacks, including major landmarks,
buildings, restrictions on access to Lower Manhattan,
and postponement or cancellation of major sporting and
[32] Video of the world premeiere of Gulyas guitar concerto,
other events. Landmarks were closed primarily because
rst movement. Gramy Records, 2010.
of fears that they may be attacked. At some places,
[33] Interview with Robert Gulya Robert Gulya talks about his streets leading up to the institutions were also closed.
collaboration with Johanna Beisteiner and the Concerto he When they reopened, there was heightened security.
wrote for her. Video, Gramy Records, 2010. (Hungarian Many states declared a state of emergency.
[31] Trevor Talks it Through - Episode Eighteen. Trevor
Strong. Humour. Story. Song. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
with English subtitles)
[34] http://www.inlander.com/spokane/bushwhacked/
Content?oid=2136000 Bushwhacked
7.3.1 Lower Manhattan
Speaking at a press conference at 11:02am on the morning of the attacks, Mayor Giuliani told New Yorkers: If
you are south of Canal Street, get out. Walk slowly and
[36] Chass, Murray (2001-09-12). Selig, in a Sense of
Mourning, Cancels Baseball Games. The New York carefully. If you cant gure what else to do, just walk
north.[1] The neighborhood was covered in dust and deTimes. p. C15.
bris, and electrical failures caused trac light outages.
[37] Bob Kimball (November 3, 2009). Tracking the other Emergency vehicles were given priority to respond to onNovember World Series. USA Today. Retrieved going res, building collapses, and expected mass casualSeptember 23, 2013.
ties. Over a million workers and residents south of Canal
[38] Litsky, Frank; Williams, Lena (2001-09-12). Many Street evacuated, and police stopped pedestrians from enSporting Events Called O or Postponed. The New York tering lower Manhattan. With subways shut down, vehiTimes. p. C18.
cle trac restricted, and tunnels closed, they mainly ed
[35] San Francisco Symphony Online Store - Mahler: Symphony No. 6. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
7.3. CLOSINGS AND CANCELLATIONS
219
on foot, pouring over bridges and ferries to Brooklyn and and Rector Street, was the most crippled. Sections of
New Jersey.[1]
the tunnel as well as Cortlandt Street were badly damOn September 12, vehicle trac was banned south of aged and had to be rebuilt. Service was immediately sus14th Street, subway stations south of Canal Street were pended south of Chambers Street and then cut back to
bypassed, and pedestrians were not permitted below 14th Street. There was also subsequent ooding on the
Chambers Street. Vehicle trac below Canal Street was line south of 34th Street Penn Station. After the ood
was cleaned up, express service was able to resume on
not allowed until October 13.[1]
September 17 with 1 trains running between Van CortThe New York Stock Exchange did not open on Septem- landt Park 242nd Street and 14th Street, making lober 11 even as CNBC showed futures numbers early in cal stops north of and express stops south of 96th Street,
the day. As Wall Street was covered in debris from the while 2 and 3 trains made all stops in Manhattan (but byWorld Trade Center and suered infrastructure damage, passed all stations between Canal Street and Fulton Street
it remained closed until September 17.
until October 1). 1/9 skip-stop service was suspended.
Bridges and tunnels
After a few switching delays at 96th Street, service was

changed on September 19. The 1 train resumed local service in Manhattan, but was extended to New Lots Avenue
in Brooklyn (switching onto the express tracks at Chambers Street) to replace the 3, which now terminated at
14th Street as an express. The 2 train continued to make
local stops in Manhattan and service between Chambers
Street and South Ferry as well as skip-stop service remained suspended. Normal service on all four trains
was restored September 15, 2002, but Cortlandt Street
will remain closed while the World Trade Center site is
redeveloped.[2]
For at least a full day after the attacks, bridges and tunnels to Manhattan were closed to non-emergency trafc in both directions. Among other things, this interrupted scheduled deliveries of food and other perishables,
leading to shortages in restaurants. From September 27,
2001, one-occupant cars were banned from crossing into
Lower Manhattan from Midtown on weekday mornings
in an eort to relieve some of the crush of trac in the
city (the morning rush hour lasts from 5:30 a.m. to 12:00
p.m.), caused largely by the increased security measures Service on the BMT Broadway Line was also disrupted
and closure of major vehicle and transit crossings.
because the tracks from the Montague Street Tunnel run
adjacent to the World Trade Center and there were concerns that train movements could cause unsafe settling
Mass transit
of the debris pile. Cortlandt Street station, which sits
under Church Street, sustained signicant damage in
the collapse of the towers. It was closed until September 15, 2002 for removal of debris, structural repairs,
and restoration of the track beds, which had suered
ood damage in the aftermath of the collapse. Starting
September 17, 2001, N and R service was suspended and
respectively replaced by the M (which was extended to
Coney Island Stillwell Avenue via the BMT Montague
Street Tunnel, BMT Fourth Avenue Line, and BMT Sea
Beach Line) and the J (also extended via Fourth Avenue
to Bay Ridge 95th Street). In Queens, the Q replaced
the R while the W replaced the N. All service on the
BMT Broadway Line ran local north of Canal Street except
for the <Q>, which ran normally from 57th Street
The Cortlandt Street IRT station, which was directly below the
to Brighton Beach via Broadway and Brighton Express.
World Trade Center, after the September 11 attacks
J/Z skip-stop service was suspended at this time. NorNew York City Subway The tracks and station under mal service on all seven trains resumed on October 28.
the WTC were shut down within minutes of the rst plane
crash. All remaining New York City Subway service was
suspended from 10:20am to 12:48pm.[1] Immediately after the attacks and more so after the collapses of the Twin
Towers, many trains running in Lower Manhattan lost
power and had to be evacuated through the tunnels. Some
trains had power but the signals did not, requiring special
operating procedures to ensure safety.
The IRT Broadway Seventh Avenue Line, which ran
below the World Trade Center between Chambers Street
The only subway line running between Midtown and

Lower Manhattan was the IRT Lexington Avenue Line,
which was overcrowded before the attacks and at crush
density until the BMT Broadway Line reopened. Wall
Street was closed until September 21.
The IND Eighth Avenue Line, which has a stub terminal serving the E train under Five World Trade Center
was not damaged, but covered in soot. E trains were extended to Euclid Avenue, Brooklyn, replacing the then
220
suspended C train (the A and D trains replaced it as the local north of 59th Street Columbus Circle on nights and
weekends, respectively. The B train, which ran normally
from 145th Street or Bedford Park Boulevard to 34th
Street Herald Square via Central Park West Local, also
replaced C trains on weekdays). Service was cut back
to Canal Street when C service resumed on September
21, but Chambers Street and Broadway Nassau Street
remained closed until October 1. World Trade Center
remained closed until January 2002.
There were no reported casualties on the subway or loss of
train cars, but an MCI coach bus was destroyed. Another
bus was damaged, but repaired and is back in normal service with a special commemoration livery.
PATH PATH started evacuating passengers from its

Manhattan trains and tracks within minutes of the rst
plane crash.[1] The PATH station at World Trade Center was heavily damaged (a train parked in the station
was crushed by debris and was removed during the excavation process in January 2002) and all service there
was suspended. For several hours, PATH did not run
any trains to Manhattan, but was able to restore service
on the midtown line by the afternoon.[1] Exchange Place
was unusable since the switch conguration at the time
required all trains to continue to World Trade Center. As
a result, PATH ran a modied service: Hoboken-Journal
Square, Hoboken-33rd Street, and Newark-33rd Street.
Exchange Place reopened with modications on June 29,
2003; a temporary station replacing World Trade Center
opened on November 23.
7.3.2 North American airspace
See also: Operation Yellow Ribbon

The entire airspaces of the United States and Canada[3]
were closed ("ground stop") except for military, police,
and medical ights. (The unprecedented implementation
of Security Control of Air Trac and Air Navigation
Aids (SCATANA) was the rst unplanned closure in the
U.S.; military exercises known as Operation Skyshield
had temporarily closed the airspace in the early 1960s.)
Domestic planes were diverted to the nearest available
airport. All non-military ights needed specic approval
from President Bush and FAA. There were only a few
dozen private aircraft which received the approval in that
time period. United Airlines cancelled all ights worldwide temporarily. Grounded passengers and planes were
searched for security threats. Amtrak was closed until
6pm on September 11, but by September 13 it had increased capacity 30% to deal with an inux of stranded
plane passengers.[1]
Many incoming international ights were diverted to

Atlantic Canada to avoid proximity to potential targets
in the U.S. and large cities in Canada. Some of the international ights that departed from South America were
diverted to Mexico as well, however, its airspace was not
shut down. On Thursday night, the New York area airports (JFK, LaGuardia, and Newark) were closed again
and reopened the next morning. The only trac from
LaGuardia during the closure was a single C-9C governFerries Liberty Water Taxi and NY Waterway had a ment VIP jet, departing at approximately 5:15 p.m. on
ferry terminal at the World Financial Center. As the area the 12th.
around the terminal was in the restricted zone, NY Water- Civilian air trac was allowed to resume on September
way suspended service to the terminal with alternate ser- 13, 2001, with stricter airport security checks, disallowvice going to Midtown and Wall Street and Liberty Wa- ing for example the box cutting knives that were used by
ter Taxi service was suspended. Free ad-hoc ferry service the hijackers. (Reinforcement of cockpit doors began
to New Jersey, Brooklyn, and Queens began by evening, in October 2001, and was required for larger airlines by
with about half a million evacuees transported by Circle 2003.[4] ) First, the stranded planes were allowed to go to
Line Tours, NY Waterway, privately owned dining boats, their intended destinations, then limited service resumed.
tug boats, and at least one re boat.[1]
The backlog of delayed passengers took several days to
clear.
Buses MTA buses were temporarily suspended south
of Canal Street, and MTA and NJ Transit buses were rerouted to serve passengers arriving in Brooklyn and New
Jersey by walking and taking ferries out of Manhattan.
Intercity transit The Port Authority Bus Terminal was

closed until September 13. Amtrak suspended all of its
rail service nationwide until 6pm. Greyhound Bus Lines
cancelled its bus service in the Northeast, but was running
normally by September 13.[1]
Due to a translation error controllers believed Korean Air

Flight 85 might have been hijacked. Canadian Prime
Minister Jean Chrtien and U.S. authorities ordered the
United States Air Force to surround the plane and force
it to land in Whitehorse, Canada and to shoot down the
plane if the pilots did not cooperate. Alaska Governor
Tony Knowles ordered the evacuation of large hotels and
government buildings in Anchorage. At nearby Valdez,
(also in Alaska), the U.S. Coast Guard ordered all tankers
lling up with oil to head out to sea. Canadian ocials
evacuated all schools and large buildings in Whitehorse
before the plane landed safely.[5][6][7][8]
7.3. CLOSINGS AND CANCELLATIONS
7.3.3
Precautionary building closings and

evacuations
Many businesses across the United States closed after the

intentional nature of the events became clear, and many
national landmarks and nancial district skyscrapers were
evacuated out of fear of further attacks.
221
Most skyscrapers in New York City, Chicago and
Philadelphia
Sears Tower in Chicago[12]
John Hancock Tower in Boston.[12]
Several skyscrapers in downtown Houston
Transamerica Pyramid in San Francisco
United States
U.S. Steel Tower in Pittsburgh
Headquarters of the United Nations in New York

City.
Renaissance Center in Detroit
Empire State Building in New York City was evacuated several times on September 11 and after due
to false reports of potential threats.
Bank of America and Wachovia headquarters towers in Downtown Charlotte
Chrysler Building in New York City

The Washington Monument in Washington, D.C.
The Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island, and ferries to
both in New York City.
All state capitols and many government buildings
surrounding the capitols.
Many landmarks in the United States, including
the Space Needle and Columbia Center in Seattle,
Washington, and the Mall of America outside of
Minneapolis, Minnesota.
IDS Tower in Minneapolis
The World Trade Center in St. Paul

OneAmerica Tower in Indianapolis
Government Plaza, Binghamton in Binghamton,
New York
HSBC Tower in Bualo, New York
AXA Towers in Syracuse, New York
Sunset Bronson Studios in Hollywood evacuated in
the wake of the attacks for a few hours.
AOL Headquarters in Dulles, Virginia
All federal buildings in Washington, D.C., includ- International

ing the White House, the United States Capitol, the
Toronto: CN Tower, Toronto-Dominion CenUnited States Supreme Court Building, and the Blair
tre, Toronto Stock Exchange
House.Across the country approximately one million federal workers were sent home.
Ottawa: Parliament Hill

D.C. Department of Motor Vehicles (although all
London: Canary Wharf, Lloyds of London,

other D.C. government oces remained open)[9]
Stock Exchange Tower
The United States Patent and Trademark Oce[10]
Kuala Lumpur: Petronas Towers

NASA, including all eld centers and the agencys
headquarters in Washington[11]
Resorts and vacation spots including:
7.3.4 Government and cultural cancellations and postponements
Disneyland and Knotts Berry Farm (only on See also: List of entertainment aected by the SeptemSeptember 11)[12]
ber 11 attacks
Walt Disney World (only on September 11)
Universal Studios Florida
In an atmosphere reminiscent of the assassination of John

F. Kennedy in 1963, everyday life in the United States
Universal Studios Hollywood
came to a standstill in the days after the September 11
SeaWorld
attacks. There was a widespread perception immedi All television and movie studios in Hollywood, Los ately following the attacks that recreational events and
sports were not appropriate out of respect for the dead
Angeles, California.
and wounded. For this reason, as well as for reasons of
All Westeld shopping centers, malls and shopping- perceived threat associated with large gatherings, many
towns nationwide, as they owned the underground events were postponed or cancelled. Other events were
shopping mall at the World Trade Center.
also cancelled, postponed, or modied:
222
Voting on September 11 in the City of New York

Mayoral Primary Election was halted. Elections in
Syracuse, New York and Bualo, New York were
also delayed.
[9] Washington area evacuation and closures. The Washington Post. 2001-09-11. Retrieved 2010-09-12.
[10] Emergency Closure - September 11, 2001 (Press release). United States Patent and Trademark oce. 11
September 2001. Retrieved 2010-09-12.
The Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting

(CHOGM), with the Heads of Government of the [11] O'Brien, Miles (September 11, 2001). NASA shuts
Commonwealth of Nations to be held in Brisbane,
down in wake of attacks. Cnn.Com. Retrieved 2010-09the state capital of Queensland, Australia, was post12.
poned. The organizers of the meeting claimed it
was not so much a fear of terrorist attack on the [12] Abelson, Reed (2001-09-12). Absorbing a Blow to the
Heart of Americas Financial Center. The New York
meeting itself, but a desire by many Commonwealth
Times. p. C1.
leaders to stay at home in case of any further crisismaking world events (such as the commencement of [13] Stuart Elliott, Bowing to Nations Mood, Retailer Canovert military action in Afghanistan or elsewhere).
cels Issue of Racy Catalog, New York Times, October 17,
2001.
The CHOGM was eventually convened at Coolum
Beach, Queensland.
The Mexican Independence Parade scheduled for
7.4 Cultural references
September 16 in Mexico City was delayed one day
in a show of compassion, many other Independence
celebrations were held on the 16th without re- See also: List of entertainment aected by the September 11 attacks
works.
Clothing retailer Abercrombie & Fitch canceled its
Christmas 2001 issue of A&F Quarterly because the
company felt the tone of the publication was not suitable for the mood at that time.[13]
7.3.5
References
This list of cultural references to the September 11 attacks and to the post-9/11 sociopolitical climate, includes
works of art, music, books, poetry, comics, theater, lm,
and television.
7.4.1 Art and design
[1] U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special

Programs Administration, Volpe National Transportation
Systems Center (April 2002). EFFECTS OF CATASTROPHIC EVENTS ON TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS: NEW
YORK CITY- SEPTEMBER 11. Retrieved 2013-1105.
[2] Kennedy, Randy. Tunnel Vision; With Stations Reopening, Even Commuters Smile, The New York Times,
September 17, 2002. Accessed October 6, 2007.
[3] September 11, 2001. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
[4] Press Release FAA Sets New Standards for Cockpit
Doors. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
[5] Second Controller Speaks About Korean Airliner Incident
on 9/11
[6] SHAWN MCCARTHY OTTAWA BUREAU CHIEF
(September 12, 2002). PM says U.S. attitude helped fuel
Sept. 11. Bell Globemedia Interactive Inc. Retrieved
2009-03-19.
[7] Patty Davis (August 14, 2002). Korean jet in 9/11 'hijack' scare. CNN News. Retrieved 2009-03-19.
[8] Attack on the U.S.A.: Canadian Service of Remembrance (DOCUMENTARY). CBC News. 2002. Retrieved 2009-03-19.
Ground Zero by Bobb Vann
A Garden Stepping into the Sky[1] (2002-3) by Ron

Drummond is a design for a World Trade Center
Memorial built out of the clay of functional interior space suitable for commercial, cultural, or residential uses. Praised by New York novelist and critic
Samuel R. Delany and architecture critic Herbert
Muschamp, Drummonds design was the focus of
a documentary by the award-winning independent
lmmaker Gregg Lachow and was featured on CNN
and KOMO-TV News.
7.4. CULTURAL REFERENCES
223
John Corigliano - One Sweet Morning
Anthony Davis - Restless Morning
David Del Tredici - Missing Towers (Perpetual
Canon), the third movement of Gotham Glory for
solo piano
Jed Distler - 110 for 911, for speaking pianist, to
the text of Word Tower Two, a collective poem
initiated by Citylore, curated by Bob Holman
9/11 Flipbook by Scott Blake
9/11 Flipbook[2] (2005present) by Scott Blake allows viewers to watch a continuous reenactment of
United Airlines Flight 175 crashing into the South
Tower of the World Trade Center. Accompanying
the images are essays written by a wide range of participants, each expressing their personal experience
of the September 11th attacks. In addition, the authors of the essays were asked to reect on, and respond to, the ipbook itself.
Moroccan artist Mounir Fatmi produced a series of
works named Save Manhattan. Three Installations
show Manhattan as if the attacks did not take place,
and a light is projected to create a sharply dened
shadow of the pre-9/11 skyline of the city. Save
Manhattan 1 is made with books, Save Manhattan
with videotapes and Save Manhattan 3 is a sound
installation with speakers.[3] In the Save Manhattan
Video, the skyline progressively dissolves and becomes the memory and the ghost of something that
was but that is not anymore.[4]
A New-York based Polish artist, Leokadia
Makarska-Cermak, who was in Lower Manhattan
during the attacks, completed her Golden Angels
Over Lower Manhattan painting in 2011 and presented it at the Sanctuary Still remembrance event
held at the St. Ann and the Holy Trinity Church on
September 11, 2011.[5]
Gerhard Richter - September
7.4.2
Classical music
For rock and related music with references to the

attacks, see List of songs about the September 11
attacks
Michael Gordon - The Sad Park, written for the Kronos Quartet
The Hungarian composer Robert Gulya, who was
living in the USA from 2000 to 2002, started to
work on a guitar concerto in autumn 2001, shortly
after the September 11 attacks. Gulya chose a theme
for the concertos rst movement, which reminds
of the terror attacks.[6] The world premiere of this
concerto was lmed and released on the DVD Live
in Budapest by the Austria guitarist Johanna Beisteiner.
Adolphus Hailstork - Armageddon and As Falling
Leaves
Lance Hulm - Threnody for the Victims of September 11, 2001
Aaron Jay Kernis - Sarabanda in memoriam, an arrangement for string orchestra of a movement from
his Second String Quartet (1998)
Wojciech Kilar - September Symphony
Phil Kline - September 22 Vigil, a walking vigil performed in Manhattan on the evening of 22 September 2001, between Union Square and Washington
Square.
Elodie Lauten - S.O.S.W.T.C.
Kevin Malone - E pluribus unum, Angels and Fireies, Eighteen Minutes, Vox humana, vox populi,
Tacet al ne, Requiem77, Gently Tread
Ingram Marshall - September Canons
Robert Moran - Trinity Requiem
Stephen Paulus - Prayers and Remembrances
Krzysztof Penderecki - Piano Concerto 'Resurrection' (dedicated to the victims of 9/11)
John Adams - On the Transmigration of Souls
George Quincy - Voices from Ground Zero
James Adler - Reections upon a September morn
Steve Reich - WTC 9/11, written for the Kronos

Quartet
Lera Auerbach - Violin Sonata no.2 September 11

Richard Blackford - Not in Our Time
Terry Riley - Sun Rings, written for the Kronos

Quartet
224
Ned Rorem - Aftermath

Gary Schocker - A Fond Farewell: Meditations on
September 11
Tolibhon Shakhidi - 11th of September
Christopher Theofanidis - Death of a Soldier
Joan Tower - In Memory
Karen Walwyn - Reections on 9/11
Julius P. Williams - Midnight Tolls
Charles Wuorinen - September 11, 2001
Ellen Taae Zwilich - Clarinet Concerto
Gloria Coates - String Quartet No. 8
Bechara El-Khoury - New York, Tears and Hope
Mohammed Fairouz - Symphony No. 4 In the
Shadow of No Towers
Leonardo Balada - Symphony No. 5 American
Stephen Hartke - Symphony No. 3
7.4.3
Film
International
11'09"01 September 11, a 2002 international
anthology lm composed of contributions from
Iran, France, Egypt, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Burkina
Faso, United Kingdom, Mexico, Israel, India, USA,
Japan, each exploring reactions to 9/11.
North America
Video, television, and theatrical release: documentaries
Answering the Call: Ground Zeros Volunteers, a

2005 American documentary lm.
Beyond Belief, a 2007 American independent lm
about the post-9/11 experiences of two women who
lost their husbands on 9/11 and who set up a humanitarian program for war widows in Afghanistan.
Bowling for Columbine, a 2002 American documentary lm by Michael Moore that refers to the events
of 9/11 in its Wonderful World montage.
The Cats of Mirikitani, a 2006 American documentary about the painter Jimmy Mirikitani who lived
in New York at the time of 9/11.
The Concert for New York City, documentary of the
ve hour benet concert at Madison Square Garden.
Countdown to Ground Zero, a 2006 American madefor-television History Channel documentary which
covers a 9/11 timeline.
United States of Banana, 2011 series of art lms
by photographer Michael Somoro, based on the
9/11 novel United States of Banana by HispanicAmerican author Giannina Braschi.
Dixie Chicks: Shut Up and Sing, a 2006 American
independent lm about the backlash experienced by
the country music band, Dixie Chicks during the
Post-9/11 climate.
Dust to Dust: The Health Eects of 9/11, a 2006
American documentary broadcast on the Sundance
Channel.
Fahrenheit 9/11, a 2004 American documentary
lm by Michael Moore.
FahrenHYPE 9/11, reaction to the above lm
Flight 175: As the World Watched, a 2006 American made-for-television The Learning Channel documentary about United Airlines Flight 175.
102 Minutes That Changed America, a 2008 American made-for-television History Channel documentary which follows the events of 9/11 through raw
footage.
The Flight That Fought Back, a 2005 American

made-for-television Discovery Channel documentary about United Airlines Flight 93.
9/11, a 2002 Franco-American made-for-television

CBS documentary.
Grounded on 9/11, a 2005 American made-fortelevision History Channel documentary.
911: In Plane Site, a 2004 American documentary

lm which advocates 9/11 conspiracy theories.
Hijacking Catastrophe: 9/11, Fear & the Selling of

American Empire a 2004 documentary
9/11: Press for Truth, a 2006 American independent

lm which investigates the events of 9/11.
The Heart of Steel, a 2006 American independent

lm about the post 9/11 experiences of a group of
volunteers.
9/11: The Twin Towers, a 2006 American

made-for-television Discovery Channel documentary about the events of 9/11.
Hotel Ground Zero, a 2009 American made-fortelevision History Channel documentary.

I Missed Flight 93, a 2006 American made-fortelevision History Channel documentary about people who missed Flight 93.
Inside 9/11, a 2005 American made-for-television
National Geographic Channel documentary about
the events before, during, and after 9/11.
The Love We Make, a 2011 American documentary
about Paul McCartney's experiences in New York
City after the September 11, 2001 attacks, following
him as he prepared The Concert for New York City
October 2001 benet event.
The Man Who Predicted 9/11, a 2002 American
made-for-television History Channel documentary.
Metal of Honor: The Ironworkers of 9/11, a 2006
American documentary.
Native New Yorker, a 2005 American documentary.
On Native Soil: the Documentary of the 9/11 Commission Report, a 2005 American documentary.
Rebirth, a 2011 American documentary about ve
individuals impacted by 9/11.
225
A Broken Sole, a trilogy of 2007 American short
lms that use 9/11 as a backdrop.
A Few Days in September, a 2006 lm about a CIA
agent with advanced intelligence of the September
11 attacks.
The Conspirator, a
directed by Robert
to the assassination
ics have cited it as
atmosphere.[8][9]
2010 historical drama lm

Redford about the response
of Abraham Lincoln. Critan analogy to the post-9/11
DC 9/11: Time of Crisis, a 2003 American madefor-television Showtime drama, re-enacting the
events of 9/11 from the point of view of President
George W. Bush.
Dear John, a 2010 American lm that uses 9/11 as
a backdrop.
The Dictator, a 2012 lm, a joke about 9/11.
Diverted a Canadian made-for-television Canadian
Broadcasting Corporation lm about the town of
Gander, Newfoundland hosting thousands of travelers after the United States shut down its airspace.
The Second Day, a 2011 documentary by a man who

as a boy lived through 9/11 and relates his real-life
experience.[7]
Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close, a 2011 American lm based on the novel by Jonathan Safran Foer.
The Secret History of 9/11, a 2006 American documentary.
Flight 93, a 2006 American made-for-television

A&E Network drama about United Airlines Flight
93.
The Tillman Story, a 2010 American independent

lm about the death of football star and Army
Ranger Pat Tillman during the Post-9/11 climate.
Toxic Clouds of 9/11, a 2006 American documentary.
Toxic Legacy, a 2006 Canadian documentary.
Twin Towers (lm), a 2003 American documentary.
Where in the World Is Osama Bin Laden?, a 2008
American documentary directed by Morgan Spurlock
Video, television, and theatrical release: feature lms
25th Hour, a 2002 American lm by Spike Lee that
is set in post-9/11 New York and puts Ground Zero
in the background of a pivotal scene.
The 9/11 Commission Report, a 2006 drama based
upon the 9/11 Commission Report.
Airborne, a 2012 independent lm about a hijacked
airliner. The lm introduces its story by pretending
since 9/11 there would be a so-called Firelight Protocol which had been designed to protect those on
the ground.
The Great New Wonderful, a 2005 American lm

following a group of New Yorkers one year after the
attacks.
The Guys, a 2002 American lm that adapts the
Anne Nelson play.
Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay,
a 2008 American comedy about the impact of the
post-9/11 atmosphere on Harold and Kumar.
Into the Fire a 2005 American lm about the aftermath of 9/11 for three New Yorkers.
Julie and Julia, a 2009 American lm in which the
main character works in a call center for 9/11 victims, leading her to nd an escape.
Mooz-lum, a 2010 American independent lm that
documents the lives of an African American Muslim family whose lives are changed by 9/11 and its
aftermath.
The Path to 9/11, a 2006 American made-fortelevision ABC mini-series about events preceding
9/11.
Postal, a 2007 American lm that opens with the
9/11 attacks.
226
Reign Over Me, a 2007 American comedy-drama
about the post-9/11 experiences of Charlie Fineman
who lost his wife and children in the attacks.
Remember Me, a 2010 American drama in which the
events lead up to 9/11.
Rudy: The Rudy Giuliani Story, a 2003 American
made-for-television USA Network drama which includes Giulianis response to the events of 9/11.
The Space Between, a 2010 American drama about
a ight attendant who nds herself responsible for a
Muslim minor in the wake of the attack.
Divided We Fall: Americans in the Aftermath, a
2006 American documentary made in response to
the murder of a Sikh man as a result of the post9/11 atmosphere.[13][14]
Its My Country Too: Muslim Americans, a 2005
documentary that follows the journey of the South
Asian rock music band Junoon during their tours to
post-9/11 America.
Stand Up: Muslim-American Comics Come of
Age, a 2009 American documentary about ve
stand-up comedians who respond to the post-9/11
atmosphere.[15][16]
Stairwell: Trapped in the World Trade Center, a Video, television, and theatrical release: feature lms
2002 American independent lm about a group of
people trapped in a sub-basement of the World
AmericanEast, a 2007 American drama about ArabTrade Center after the two towers collapse.
Americans living in Post-9/11 Los Angeles.
Tiger Cruise, a 2004 American made-for-television
Disney Channel Original Movie which intertwines a
ctional storyline with the events of 9/11.
United 93, a 2006 American drama about United
Airlines Flight 93.
World Trade Center, a 2006 American drama by
Oliver Stone.
WTC View, a 2006 American independent lm
about the eect of 9/11 on a photographer who
placed an ad for potential roommates on September
10, 2001.
Internet
Loose Change, an American series of internet documentaries which advocates the 9/11 conspiracy theories.
Zeitgeist: The Movie, a 2007 documentary which advocates 9/11 conspiracy theories.
South Asia, Middle East, and diasporas
Video, television, and theatrical release: documentaries
Arabs and Terrorism, a 2007 American documentary in six languages, lmed in 11 countries, and includes 120 interviews with experts/politicians and
hundreds of street interviews in the United States,
Europe, and the Arab world.[10][11][12]
Being Osama, a 2004 Canadian documentary that
explores the Post-9/11 lives of six Montreal Arab
men, all with the rst name Osama.
Amreeka, a 2009 American/Canadian independent

lm that documents the lives of a Palestinian American family and their experiences in Post-9/11 suburban Chicago.
The Baby Doll Night, a 2008 Egyptian lm set in
Cairo post-9/11.
Bandhak, a 2003 American lm that explores the
theme of racism against South Asian Americans
post-9/11.
Brick Lane, a 2007 British lm tells the story of
Nazneen, a Bengali who grew up in Bangladesh. It
follows her experiences after she moves to London
before, during, and after 9/11.
Hope and a Little Sugar, a 2006 Indian lm that explores the impact of the post 9/11 atmosphere on a
Sikh family and their Muslim friend.
I Am Singh, a 2011 Bollywood lm about the murder
of Ranveer Singhs younger brother (who was living
in the United States when it happened) as a result of
the post 9/11 climate.
Just Your Average Arab, a 2006 American lm
in which Arab-American characters meet in the
storage room of a convenience store where they
take an 'Arab American Survival Guide post 9/11'
class.[17][18]
Khuda Kay Liye, a 2007 Pakistani lm that tells the
story of three Pakistanis and their lives before and
after 9/11 in regards to the after-eects to Muslim
Americans from the 9/11 reactions.
Kurbaan, a 2009 Bollywood lm that tells the story
of Avantika Ahuja and Ehsaan Khan in India and the
United States Post-9/11.
Madhoshi, a 2004 Bollywood lm that is about Anupama Kaul whose sister is killed during 9/11.

My Name Is Khan, a 2010 Bollywood lm that is a
Bildungsroman of the life of Rizwan Khan. It begins
with his childhood in Mumbai and progresses to his
later years living in the United States before, during
and after the events of 9/11 in regards to the aftereects to Muslim Americans from the 9/11 reactions
New York, a 2009 Bollywood lm that tells the story
of Samir, Maya, and Omar. They are three New
York college students whose lives are changed by
9/11 and its aftermath.
The Road to Guantanamo, a 2006 British
docudrama about British Pakistani and British
Bangladeshi young men who were impacted by the
Post-9/11 climate.
Tere Bin Laden, a 2010 Bollywood lm that is
a comedy about journalist Ali Hassan living in
Pakistan. Due to his desperation to migrate to the
U.S., he makes a fake Osama Bin Laden video using
a look-alike, and sells it to TV channels.
Yasmin, a 2004 German/British lm set in a British
Pakistani community in parts of Keighley, West
Yorkshire, England before and after 9/11.
227
Netherland (2008) by Joseph O'Neill. The novel
tells the story of a Dutch businessman who lives in
New York and is traumatized by the events of 9/11.
Saturday (2005) by Ian McEwan. The novel is set in
London after the September 11th attacks but before
the 7 July 2005 London bombings. The novel shows
how much the world has changed since the attacks
in America.
When God Was a Rabbit (2011) by Sarah Winman.
The protagonist and her brother are living in America at the time of the 9/11 attacks, and the main character believes her brother and his best friend have
died in the crash.
Windows on the World (2003) by Frdric
Beigbeder. The novel is set in the restaurant at the
top of the North Tower on September 11. It tells
the story of Carthew Yorston and his two sons as
they try to escape or somehow survive the attack.
Each chapter of the book represents one minute
in time between 8:30 and 10:30 on 9/11. It also
features a parallel narrative wherein the author, a
French writer sympathetic to America, discusses
the process of writing the book and his motivations
for doing so.
Yun Hota Toh Kya Hota, a 2006 Bollywood lm that

tells the story of a group of people from India who
were aboard the ill-fated ights that crashed into the North America
WTC and the Pentagon on 9/11.
American Widow (2008) by Alissa Torres A graphic
novel by Alissa Torres, who was eight months preg7.4.4 Literature and poetry
nant when her husband Eddie Torres perished in the
WTC on 9/11.
Fiction and non-ction
Between Two Rivers (2004) by Nicholas Rinaldi
Europe
A Manh do Mundo (The Morning of the World)
(2001) by Pedro Guilherme-Moreira.
Bleeding Edge (2013) by Thomas Pynchon. The

novel is a detective story which takes place between
the burst of the dot-com bubble and the aftermath
of the September 11 attacks.
Brick Lane (2003) by Monica Ali. The novel tells the

story of Nazneen, a Bangladeshi woman who moves
to England and her life before and after 9/11.
The Book of Ten Nights and a Night (2004).

Shocked by the 9/11 attack, a writer tells stories over
the next eleven nights.
Burnt Shadows (2009) by Kamila Shamsie[19]
Brooklyn Follies (2005) by Paul Auster
Dead Air (2002) by Iain Banks. An early chapter is set in London on September 11, 2001. The
main protagonist is a left-wing radio shock jock
attending a wedding when news of the attacks lters
through (Tuesday afternoon British time).
The Dark Tower VI: Song of Susannah (2004) by

Stephen King. Two characters place an artifact
known as Black Thirteen in a coin-op storage unit in
the World Trade Center in 1999, intending to leave it
there forever. After leaving, they half-jokingly discuss what would happen if the towers were to collapse on the object.
Eleven (2006) by David Llewellyn. The novel takes

place in Cardi and London on September 11th and
deals with the impact the terrorist attacks have on the
lives of people in the UK.
False Impression (2005) by Jerey Archer. The
novel is a thriller that takes place during and immediately after 9/11.
A Disorder Peculiar to the Country (2006), by Ken

Kalfus. The novel follows the lives of New Yorkers
Joyce and Marshall Harriman who are in the middle
of a nasty divorce. In the early morning hours of
September 11, Marshall leaves for the World Trade
Center and Joyce for the airport.[20][21]
228
The Emperors Children (2006), by Claire Messud.
The novel traces the lives of three NYC friends before and after the events of 9/11.
Everyman (2006), by Philip Roth. The protagonist
of the novel moves to the New Jersey shore as a result of the fear he feels in the wake of the 9/11 attacks.
Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (2005) by
Jonathan Safran Foer. The novel follows the narrator, 9-year-old Oskar Schell, whose father was on
the upper oors of the World Trade Center when the
jets crashed into the Twin Towers. To ght his grief
and quell his imagination, Oskar embarks on a quest
to nd what he hopes is his fathers most illuminating secret. In service of this quest, Oskar conquers
many of his irrational fears and comforts other damaged souls.
Falling Man (2007), by Don DeLillo. The novel features a protagonist who survives the attacks on the
World Trade Center.
Forever (2003) by Pete Hamill. The novel tells the
story of an Irish immigrant who is granted immortality, provided that he never leaves the island of Manhattan. Hamill completed his manuscript at 11:20
pm on the evening of September 10, 2001; he was
about to deliver it to his editor when the attacks occurred. He spent another year revising the book.
As a result, the 9/11 attacks form the culmination
of 250 years of New York history described in the
novel.[22]
The Good Life (2006) by Jay McInerney. The novel
takes place immediately before, during, and after the
events of 9/11.
Home Boy (2009) by H. M. Naqvi. The novel tells
the story of three Pakistani college students, AC,
Jimbo and Chuck, before and after 9/11.
In Spirit, a science ction novella by Pat Forde,
published in Analog in September 2002 and nominated for a Hugo Award. A time travel story in
which a form of spiritual time travel is perfected
in the middle of the 21st century and the aged children of 9/11 victims are given the opportunity to go
back in time and be with their loved ones in spirit
in their nal moments.
Last Night in Twisted River (2009) by John Irving. Portions of the end of the novel take place on
September 10 and 11, 2001, and deal with several
characters reactions to learning about the attacks.
The Last Illusion (2014) by Porochista Khakpour
"Let The Great World Spin" (2009) by Colum McCann. The novel focuses on Philippe Petits 1974
tightrope crossing of the Twin Towers, and the effects it has on New Yorkers in 1974. At the end, the
novel jumps to 2005, in which one of the characters daughters deals with living in a post-9/11 world,
connecting the destruction of the towers to Petits
1974 walk.
The Man Who Wouldn't Stand Up (2012) by Jacob
Appel. The novel depict the life of ctional botanist
Arnold Brinkman, a New Yorker falsely branded a
terrorist-sympathizer in the aftermath of the 9/11
attacks.
"The Mutants" (2004) a short story by Joyce Carol
Oates in I Am No One You Know: Stories.
Night Fall (2004) by Nelson DeMille. The novel
connects TWA 800 to twin tower crash.
Once in a Promised Land (2007) by Laila Halaby.[23]
Patriot Acts: Narratives of Post-9/11 Injustice (2011,
non-ction) edited by Alia Malek.[24]
Pattern Recognition (2003) by William Gibson. The
rst novel to address the attacks; the main character
is a marketing consultant whose father disappeared
in Manhattan on the morning of September 11.
Saron Dreams (2009) by Shaila Abdullah.[25]
Small Wonder, a collection of 23 essays on environmentalism and social justice by novelist and biologist Barbara Kingsolver, published in 2002 and written in response to the aftermath of the September 11
attacks.
The Submission (2011) by Amy Waldman. The
novel is about an American Muslim architect Mohammed Khan whose design is chosen for the
memorial site at Ground Zero.[26][27]
The Suering Channel (2004) a short story by
David Foster Wallace in Oblivion: Stories. It tells
the story of a writer for Style magazine (headquartered in the World Trade Center) trying to complete
an article before deadline, on September 10, 2011.
Sons and Other Flammable Objects (2007) by
Porochista Khakpour
Terrorist (2006) by John Updike. The novel explores
post 9/11 America through the eyes of a radical
Muslim youth and his Jewish guidance counselor.
"The Things They Left Behind" (2005) by Stephen
King. A short story about survivor guilt.
Theater of the Stars: A Novel of Physics and Memory
(2003) by N. M. Kelby. The novel centers on two
women, a mother and daughter. Both of them are
physicists - and both of them have dizzying gaps in
their memories of their pasts.

United States of Banana (AmazonCrossing 2011) by
Giannina Braschi is a dramatic novel in which the
collapse of the Twin Towers marks the fall of the
American empire on September 11, 2001.[28]
United We Stand (2009) a novel that focuses on the
aftermath of the attacks on September 11, 2001.
229
Out of the Blue (2005) by Simon Armitage[39]
The Names (2002) by Billy Collins[40]
Last Words (sequence) (2002) by Michael Symmons
Roberts[41]
Villa Incognito (2003) by Tom Robbins. The novel 7.4.5 Television

features several scenes of Military and CIA ocials
reacting to news of the attacks.
12 Days That Shocked the World - a History channel
twelve-part special, featuring events that shocked the
We All Fall Down (2006) by Eric Walters. Septemworld as voted by viewers
ber 11, 2001 was Bring Your Kids to Work Day,
and the main protagonist, Will was going to meet
Aliens in America (20072008) - an American telewith his father in his oce in the World Trade Cenvision series about a high school foreign exchange
ter. This novel focuses on how Will and his relationstudent from Pakistan who lives with an American
ship with his father changes on the day of the 9/11
family in Wisconsin in a post-9/11 climate.
attacks.
All-American Muslim, a 2011-2012 American
The Zero (2006) by Jess Walter is a novel about
reality show set in Dearborn, Michigan in a postBrian Remy, a New York City cop suering mem9/11 climate.
ory gaps in the wake of 9/11.[29]
Arrested Development (20032006) - In the episode
"Best Man for the Gob", after Michael Bluth (Jason
Australia
Bateman) sarcastically asks Tobias Fnke (David
Cross) why his marriage is suering, Tobias re The Caribou Herd by Miles Hitchcock won The
sponds Well, I don't want to blame it all on 9/11,
Age Short Story Award in 2003. The narrator is
but it certainly didn't help.
an elderly English man with dementia ying to New
York on the day of the attacks, and reminiscing
Becker (19982004) - In the episode Subway
about the 20th Century.
Story, Becker skips dinner with an old friend because he accompanies the mother of a 9/11 victim
to Ground Zero.
Poetry
Anything Can Happen (2004) by Seamus Heaney (a
loose translation of Horace's Ode 1.34) is a response
to the attacks.[30]
Photograph from September 11 (2002) by Wisawa
Szymborska[31]
Curse (2002) by Frank Bidart[32]
Didactic Elegy by Ben Lerner[33]
Fallacies of Wonder (2001) by Richard Howard is
poem about the dicult task of trying to remember
the Twin Towers as they actually were now that they
are gone.[34]
Inventory (2006) by Dionne Brand is a collection of
poems written about the importance of witnessing
in a globalized post-9/11 world.[35]
Routine Procedure(s) 2: Prayer Beads of Cold Sweat
or Driving While Izlaamic (2006) by Ismail Khalidi
(writer)[36]
The Hudson Remembers (2008) by Pascale Petit[37]
September 2001, New York City (2013) by Sharon
Olds[38]
Criminal Minds (2005present) - 9/11 is mentioned

occasionally throughout the show. Main character
Kate Callahan also lost her sister and brother-in-law
to the attacks; they were employees in the Pentagon.
CSI: NY (20042013) - Mac Taylor (Gary Sinise)
lost his wife Claire, who was working in the World
Trade Center at the time of the attacks.
Family Guy (19992002, 2005-present) - In the
episode "It Takes a Village Idiot, and I Married
One", Lois Grin repeatedly chants Nine-eleven
to gain voters at a rally while running for mayor.[42]
In a deleted scene from "Meet the Quagmires",
when Brian and Peter Grin go back in time, Brian
gets into a ght, and instructs the bar patron to meet
on top of the World Trade Center on September
11, 2001.[43] In the episode "Baby Not on Board",
the family stops at Ground Zero at their way to
the Grand Canyon to pay their respects. Peter remarks Ground Zero, so this is where the rst guy
got AIDS". Brian corrects Peter telling him it was
the site of the 9/11 attacks. Then, Peter believes
Iraq (under Saddam Hussein) had something to do
with the attacks, but those were untrue. Also, in
Back to the Pilot, Stewie and Brian travel back in
230
time to the pilot episode which took place on January 31, 1999. While in the past, Brian informs
his former self about 9/11. This causes it never
to happen and when they travel back to the present
the United States is in the middle of a second civil
war due to the fact George W. Bush never won the
2004 Presidential election. Then on Big Man on
Hippocampus, during Fast Money round on Family
Feud, when Lois was asked to name a favorite holiday, Stewie answered 9/11. In the episode Back
to the Woods, Peter attempts to get revenge on actor James Woods by going on The Late Show with
David Letterman and, pretending to be Woods, tells
the world that he is starring in an HBO comedy
putting a positive light on 9/11, called September
11th 2000-FUN!, about a window washer who has
just nished cleaning the last window of the twin
towers; when he turns to get o the scaolding he
sees an airplane and screams Oh come on!" Peter then makes several evil 9/11 remarks to add to
his speech. In the straight-to-DVD never-shown-ontelevision episode Partial Terms of Endearment, a
special feature shows a storyboarded scene that was
never made part of the episode; in the scene, Peter
attempts to kill Loiss unborn fetus by using boxing
gloves attached to remote-controlled planes. Two
of these glove-planes end up demolishing two sand
towers that Stewie is building, causing him to exclaim This is no accident; we're under attack!", and
a third glove-plane is shown to land in a part of the
yard labeled 'Shanksville'; all of this is a clear parody
of the events of 9/11. These episodes are an example for 9/11 humor, though it may also be a reference
to the fact that the shows creator Seth McFarlane
nearly became a victim of the attacks since he was
originally scheduled to board one of the planes, but
a hangover caused him to oversleep.
Fringe (20082013) - The show repeatedly references the 9/11 attacks, as well as depicts an alternate
reality, in which the show explicitly shows the World
Trade Center attack having been averted in the
episode Theres More Than One Of Everything,
but the Pentagon and White House were attacked
instead, as stated in the episode Jacksonville.
Homeland (2011-present) - The show centers on
the characters of Carrie Mathison (Claire Danes),
a bipolar Central Intelligence Agency ocer, and
Nicholas Brody (Damian Lewis), a homecoming
U.S. Marine. Mathison has come to believe that
Brody, who was held captive by al-Qaeda as a prisoner of war, was turned by the enemy and now
supposedly poses a serious threat to the security of
the United States. The series rst season in particular plays with the steadily-shifting equilibrium of
not-knowing who-is-who and thrillingly depicts the
aftermath of 9/11 as a national trauma and the fragile state the nations collective mind has been left
with.[44]
Law & Order (19902010) - 9/11 is frequently referenced from season 12 (20012002) to the end of
the series. The season 13 episode The Ring depicts the murder investigation of a woman who was
reported killed in the World Trade Center but is
found a year later buried in a vacant lot in Hells
Kitchen. It is later determined that that some of her
remains were dumped in the rubble of the twin towers to hide the fact that she was killed the night before.
The Oce (U.S. TV series): "E-mail Surveillance"
(2005) - Michael Scott (Steve Carell) initially mistakes the companys tech support employee, Sadiq
(Omi Vaidya), for a terrorist as a result of the Post
9-11 atmosphere.
Rescue Me (20042011) - A television series about
the professional and personal lives of a group of reghters in the ctional Ladder 62 / Engine 99 rehouse in New York City, post 9/11. Flashbacks of
9/11 are prominent throughout the series.
The Sarah Silverman Program (20072010) - In the
episode Patriot Tact (a pun of the Patriot Act), after Sarah is criticized for running over men with her
car which she mistakes for Osama bin Laden, she
tries to raise awareness for 9/11 by putting on a play
where her neighbors Brian and Steve dress up as the
towers of the World Trade Center.
South Park (1997present) - The Season 5 episode
"Osama bin Laden Has Farty Pants", which was the
rst episode to air after the attacks, is almost entirely
based around the attacks and the American Invasion
of Afghanistan. September 11 was also referenced
in "A Ladder to Heaven", where Alan Jackson's
"Where Were You (When the World Stopped Turning)" and Saddam Hussein are the main references
in the show. In Season 10, the episode "Mystery of
the Urinal Deuce" takes on 9/11 conspiracy theories.
Star Trek: Enterprise (20012005) - In the Season 4
episode Stormfront, Part 2, images of the World
Trade Center Towers burning can be seen in the
'time stream' while Captain Archer and Crewman
Daniels are talking about the Temporal Cold War
and how history is restoring itself.
Third Watch (1999-2005) was a series about rst
responders in New York City. The events of 9/11
dominated much of its 2001-2002 season, which began with an episode entitled In Their Own Words
which broke the fourth wall and featured real-life
rst responders discussing 9/11. The rst two
scripted episodes of the season were also directly
tied to the event, with the rst set the day before
9/11 and the second some 10 days after.

Touch (2012-2013) was series about a former reporter, Martin Bohm, and his mute 11-year-old son
who communicates through numbers. In the pilot
episode, Martin is still struggling to cope with the
death of his wife, who was killed in the Twin Towers on 9/11. He later learns of a reghter who tried
to save her, who is still struggling with her death as
well.
The West Wing (1999-2006), about a ctional US
presidential administration, was one of the rst
scripted TV series to respond to the attacks with
a special standalone (and, according to statements
made by the cast introducing it, non-continuity)
episode "Isaac and Ishmael" featuring the aftermath
of a similar attack. It was written and lmed within
two weeks of the real-life attack.
231
Omnium Gatherum (2003) by Theresa Rebeck and
Alexandra Gersten-Vassilaros. The play involves
a sophisticated dinner party of characters talking
about and who perished in the 9/11 attacks.
Truth Serum Blues (2005) by Ismail Khalidi. The
play tells of the story of Kareem a young ArabAmerican whose life is changed by the Post-9/11
atmosphere.[47]
United States of Banana (2011) by Giannina
Braschi is a mixed-genre dramatic work conjuring a
post-9/11 world in which Hamlet, Zarathustra, and
Giannina are on a quest to liberate Segismundo who
is trapped in the dungeon of the Statue of Liberty after the fall of the World Trade Center on September
11, 2001.[48]
Good Morning Gitmo (2014) by Mishu Hilmy and

The Wire (2002-2008) -- In the pilot episode of
Eric Simon is a one-act dark comedy. The play takes
the series, Detective Jimmy McNulty visits a friend
pace decades into the future, where the warden creof his who is an agent in the FBI, Terrence Fitz
ates a deranged morning talk show for the sta and
Fitzhugh, with the intention of seeing if the FBI can
detainees stuck on Camp Delta. The play devolves
assist him in his investigation of the Barksdale drug
when actual visitors from the mainland arrive. [49]
ring. Fitzhugh, however, informs him that the FBI
is ending most of its drug investigations, diverting
those resources to anti-terrorist activity in the wake
7.4.7 References
of 9/11.
7.4.6
Theater
The Domestic Crusaders (2005) by Wajahat Ali.

The play is about a Pakistani-American Muslim
family grappling with their own internal trials and
tribulations, the changing dynamics of American society and a globalized, post-9/11 world.
[1] World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
[2] http://www.911Flipbook.com
[3] 07. Save Manhattan 03. Mounir Fatmi. Retrieved 23
January 2012.
[4] Gregory Buchakjian. 32. Save Manhattan. Mounir
Fatmi. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
The God of Hell (2004) by Sam Shepard. The play

was written in part as a response to the post-9/11
atmosphere.
[5] Richardson, Clem (September 9, 2011). Artists painting

'Golden Angels is a tribute to 9/11, a 10-year project.
New York Daily News. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
The Guys (2001) by Anne Nelson. The play explores

the memories and emotions of a surviving re captain and a writer who helps him write eulogies for
his lost comrades.
[6] Interview with Robert Gulya Robert Gulya talks about his
collaboration with Johanna Beisteiner and the Concerto he
wrote for her. Video. Gramy Records. 2010. (Hungarian
with English subtitles)
The Mercy Seat (2002) by Neil LaBute. The play is

about a protagonist who considers faking his death
after having coincidentally survived the attacks.
[7] The Second Day. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
Recent Tragic Events (2003) by Craig Wright. The

play takes place on September 12, 2001, and deals
with a blind date between a man and a woman who is
trying to reach her sister, who lives in New York.[45]
Bystander 9/11: A Theatre Piece Concerning the
Events of September 11, 2001 (2001) by Meron
Langsner. An impressionistic but wholly authentic
response to the catastrophe as it unfolded and in the
days following. This play is included in The Methuen
Drama Anthology of Testimonial Plays.[46]
[8] "The Conspirator is a Compelling Allegory. Retrieved

27 March 2015.
[9] Owen Gleiberman (April 23, 2011). "'The Conspirator' is
a post-9/11 message movie. Are you as tired of post-9/11
message movies as I am?".
[10] Arabs and Terrorism: Ocial website
[11] Arabs and Terrorism (2007)". IMDb. 18 September
2007. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
[12] Arabs and Terrorism: New York Times
[13] Divided We Fall Ocial Website
232
[14] tjwaccountmail (14 September 2006). Divided We Fall:

Americans in the Aftermath (2006)". IMDb. Retrieved
27 March 2015.
[40] The Names. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
[15] goleafs84 (3 April 2009). Stand Up: Muslim-American

Comics Come of Age (2009)". IMDb. Retrieved 27
March 2015.
[42] Haque, Ahsan (2007-05-14). Family Guy: It Takes a

Village Idiot and I Married One Review. IGN. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
[16] America at a Crossroads . Stand Up: Muslim American

Comics Come of Age - PBS. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
[43] MacFarlane, Seth (2008-10-21). Family Guy Volume Six

Audio Commentary (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
[17] Just Your Average Arab - A Film by Raouf Zaki. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
[44] Steiner, Tobias. Dealing with a Nations Trauma.

Academia.edu. Retrieved May 18, 2013.
[18] Just Your Average Arab (2006)". IMDb. 27 March 2015.

Retrieved 27 March 2015.
[45] Talkin' Broadway O-Broadway - Recent Tragic Events

- 9/28/03. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
[19] Maya Jaggi. Review: Burnt Shadows by Kamila Shamsie. the Guardian. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
[46] http://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/
the-methuen-drama-anthology-of-testimonial-plays-9781408176528
[20] Mark Lawson. Review: A Disorder Peculiar to the

Country by Ken Kalfus. the Guardian. Retrieved 27
March 2015.
[47] Truth Serum Blues a Play by Ismail Khalidi and Bassam

Jarbawi - Illinois Humanities Council. Illinois Humanities Council. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
[21] A Disorder Peculiar to the Country - New York Magazine Book Review. NYMag.com. Retrieved 27 March
2015.
[48] Madelena Gonzales and Helene Laplace-Claverie, editors, Minority Theatre on the Global Stage: Challenging
Paradigms from the Margins, 2012.
[22] http://www.petehamill.com/foreverone.html
[49] Hayford, Justin Review: Good Morning Gitmo. Chicago

Reader. Retrieved on November 15, 2014.
[23] New Fiction and the Post 9/11 Arab-American Experience - Al Jadid Magazine. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
[24] Patriot Acts Review (San Francisco Chronicle)
[25] That Page Was Not Found. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
[26] Could 'Submission' Be Americas Sept. 11 Novel?".
NPR.org. 6 September 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
[27] A Novel of Grief, Memorials and a Muslim Architect in
Post-9/11 America
[28] Evergreen Review. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
[29] USATODAY.com - 'Zero' sums up our paranoid moment. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
[30] ". . . With Both Hands. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
[31] Photograph from September 11. Retrieved 27 March
2015.
[32] Threepenny: Bidart, Curse. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
[33] Typo Magazine Issue Two. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
[34] Fallacies of Wonder
[35] Books. Penguin Random House Canada. Retrieved 27
March 2015.
[36] Mizna: Prose, Poetry, and Art Exploring Arab America. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
[41] Last Words. Retrieved 5 April 2015.

The Collected Works: How artists, writers, musicians, lmmakers, video-game designers, and quilters responded to the attacksa selection - New
York Magazine, August 27, 2011.
Rebuilding NYC: 9/11 in Art and Culture: September 11 Film and Video Documentaries; a lengthy list
of September 11-related documentaries. The site
also has lists of books, songs, theater and works in
other media inspired by September 11.
For literary re-interpretations of the 9/11-incident,
one may access Pinaki Roy's Rereading Walt Whitmans Construction of American Identity in Post9/11 Milieu, in Dierent Americas: Resituating
American Identity in the Post-9/11 Third Worldian
Classroom (eds. Purakayastha, A.S., M. Alam, and
D. Chakraborty), New Delhi: Authors Press, 2014
(ISBN 978-81-7273-751-1), pp. 81-92.
7.5 Detentions
Soon after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the United

States Government began detaining people who t the
prole of the suspected hijackers: mostly male, Arabic or
[38] This poem by Sharon Olds from Stags Leap. Retrieved
Muslim noncitizens. By late November 2001, more than
5 April 2015.
1,200 people had been detained and held incommunicado
[39] Out of the Blue. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
(Without the means or right to communicate).
[37] The Hudson Remembers. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
7.5. DETENTIONS
Those opposed of the detentions labeled these detentions
secret, as such detentions are contrary to American
democratic principles of openness and freedom. The government was also criticized for singling out Arabs, Muslims or foreigners, implying that this was "racial proling"
at its worst.
At that time, the government announced that it suspected
10 to 15 of the detainees as being al Qaeda sympathizers,
but said that no evidence links them directly to the attacks. Most of these people are being held in New York
on material witness warrants. Opponents of the detentions claimed that the government had no valid grounds
for such a massive number of detentions, especially those
held without any evidence.
233
cut, where he planned to study at Southern Connecticut State University that fall. Hughes, a member of the
United States National Guard, wanted to enlist in the U.S.
Army. On September 13, while wearing a head scarf, she
picked up her military orders in Massachusetts to go to
Fort Campbell, Kentucky. While Al-Maqtari drove her
there, her photograph was posted at the Fort Campbell
guardhouse. Upon their arrival on September 15, he was
taken to Memphis, Tennessee for questioning. Two box
cutters and postcards of New York City were found in
the car. They were both administered polygraph tests;
Hughes was informed that the tests showed that she and
her husband had lied, and that the results were being sent
to the Pentagon.
About 500 detainees are in federal custody on immigra- Guards followed Hughes around the base, while other soldiers openly asked her if she was a spy. On October 28,
tion charges.
she took an honorable discharge, as encouraged by base
About 70 Israelis have been detained, but were later re- ocers.
leased.
Al-Maqtaris detention began on September 17 at the
West Tennessee Detention Center in Mason, Tennessee.
He was allowed to speak on telephone with his wife once
7.5.1 Detainees
a week. On October 1, an immigration judge agreed to
release him on US$50,000 bond, but the Immigration and
Osama Awadallah wrote about one of the hijackers in a Naturalization Service appealed to the Board of Immigration Appeals, claiming he was a danger to the commucollege exam book.
nity. The board said the service could continue to hold
Mohdar Abdallah's name was found on a slip of paper
Mr. Maqtari, but asked for additional proof.
in a rental car one of the hijackers parked at Dulles InOn October 11, Michael E. Rolince, the FBIs interternational Airport.
national terrorism section chief, submitted an adavit
Hady Hassan Omar, an Egyptian antiques dealer from
which asserted, What may seem trivial to some may
Arkansas, made plane reservations on a computer at
appear of great moment to those within the F.B.I. or
Kinkos about the same time one of the hijackers did so
the intelligence community. The adavit also asserted
at the same place.
that the bureau was unable to rule out the possibility alOsama Elfar (November 9, 1971- ), an Egyptian from Maqtari was linked to the September 11 attack, and that
Alexandria, Egypt, went to the United States in 1996 to he might be part of a terrorist mosaic. No further eviattend Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Daytona dence was submitted. In mid-November, the board said
Beach, Fla. He worked as a ight mechanic for Trans he could be released.
States Airlines at Lambert-St. Louis International AirIn June 2002, they will have to appear before court to
port for several years. On September 24, he was arprove that their marriage is for real, and not for a Green
rested by FBI agents, who also seized his address book,
Card.
phone bills and computer. On October 5, he was administered a lie detector test. He has been detained at He is being represented by Michael J. Boyle of New
Mississippi County Correctional Facility in Charleston, Haven.
Missouri since. In early November, he received a volun- Ahmed Abou el-Kheir, 28, of Egypt, went to the United
tary departure, which forces one to leave the country but States on a tourist visa on September 7, staying at a hotel
does not forbid a later return. On November 23, he was in suburban Maryland. Mr. Kheir was arrested the week
scheduled to depart, but he was not released. He began of the attack and charged with trespassing in the hotel.
a hunger strike that day; as he was already fasting during He was detained in the Passaic County jail in New Jerthe day for Ramadan, he now only drinks a single glass sey, shown photographs of the hijackers, and was adminof water at sunset. He is being represented by Dorothy istered a lie detector test. In late September, while still in
Harper.
custody, Mr. Kheir was charged in sealed documents as a
Ali al-Maqtari, 26, was born in Yemen, studied in
France and went to the United States on a tourist visa in
2000 hoping to become a French teacher. In June 2001,
he married Tiany Hughes, a native of North Carolina
and a convert to Islam, whom he met through an online chat room. They moved to New Haven, Connecti-
material witness. On October 11, investigators dismissed

the material witness order.
Within twenty-four hours, before he was released, he was
served with an arrest warrant charging that he had failed
to pay a US$250 ne for a 1998 disorderly conduct charge
234
in the Bronx. On October 12, he appeared before a judge identied the ngerprint as belonging to another man.
in the Bronx. The warrant was vacated, and he was given
a conditional discharge.
Then the Immigration and Naturalization Service re- 7.5.2 Alleged abuses as a result of detentions
quested to detain him, charging that he had held jobs (he
had worked as a dishwasher) while on a tourist visa on his
two previous visits to the United States. His deportation See also: Detainee abuse
was ordered, but the INS will not deport him without his
passport, which is in the FBIs custody.
Holding some detainees for prolonged periods withHe is being represented by Martin R. Stolar.
out charges
Yael Antebi, 21, a red-headed woman from Haifa, Israel, went to the United States in late September to visit
Impeding their access to counsel
her boyfriend, also Israeli, on a tourist visa. Both worked
Coercive interrogations
selling toys in shopping mall kiosks, a violation of the
visa. While leaving a message on the telephone for her
Overriding judicial orders to release them on bond
father, she was arrested by INS agents at 2:30 AM CST
during immigration proceedings.
November 1 from her apartment in Columbia, Missouri.
She was detained until November 19.
Some detainees were physically and verbally abused
Hady Hassan Omar was held without trial and placed
because of their national origin or religion.
in solitary connement for 73 days. For a long period after his arrest, he was not allowed access to an attorney.
Violating the IV Amendment of the Bill Of Rights.
One of prison guards told him, The attorney general just
signed a new law today. We can keep you here as long as White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales in a January
we like. He was subjected to repeated interrogations. He 2002 memorandum to president Bush recommended that
threatened hunger strikes, but was told by prison ocials the Bush administration not apply the Geneva Conventhat they would just strap him to a gurney and force-feed tions to al-Qaida and Taliban detainees. In this way, the
him through a tube up his nose. After 73 days, he threat- president and other U.S. ocials could also avoid potenened suicide, and nally ocials decided that he was in- tial prosecution under the War Crimes Act of 1996, a fednocent and released him.
eral law that makes it a crime, in some cases punishable
Ali K. Steitiye, 41, was arrested October 24, 2001 while by death, to mistreat detainees in violation of the Geneva
[1]
driving in Portland, Oregon on charges related to being Conventions.
part of an alleged terror cell. This followed an episode
on September 29, when a sheris deputy happened upon
Steitiye and ve others ring guns at a gravel pit near 7.5.3 References
Washougal, Washington. He was convicted in June, 2002
for weapons and fraud charges, and sentenced to two and [1] Free archived version. Chicago Sun-Times. September
23, 2006. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
one half years in prison. He was also listed in an indictment against the Portland Seven as an unindicted coconspirator.
Although his sentence was nished in December 2003,
Steitiye was being held pending his deportation to
Lebanon, where he planned to join his family. In March
2004, a secret indictment hand up new charges against
Steitiye, stating that he illegally possessed a machine gun,
and being an ex-convict in possession of a weapon.
Earnest James Ujaama was arrested July 22, 2002 on
a material witness charge, and later indicted for providing material resources to al-Qaeda. He later pled guilty
and received a two-year sentence, and in return provided
information on terrorist activities.
Brandon Mayeld was arrested May 6, 2004 on a material witness charge, on the basis of a ngerprint found after the 11 March 2004 Madrid attacks. Although Spanish
authorities were doubtful that the identication was correct, he was held for two weeks until they conclusively
THE DETAINEES: Swept Up in a Dragnet, Hundreds Sit in Custody and Ask, 'Why?', The New
York Times, November 25, 2001
United States: Abuses Plague Sept. 11 Investigation, Human Rights News, August 15, 2002
7.6 Post-9/11
The post-9/11 period is the time after the September 11,
2001 terrorist attacks, characterized by heightened suspicion of non-Americans in the United States, increased
government eorts to address terrorism, and a more aggressive American foreign policy.
7.6. POST-9/11
7.6.1
235
Political consequences
of Homeland Security has advised citizens to be vigilant,

take notice of your surroundings, and report suspicious
The attacks led to signicant and widespread changes in items or activities to local authorities immediately.[6]
U.S. politics and foreign policy. Domestically, both parties rallied around President George W. Bush after the attacks, passing the PATRIOT Act and supporting the War Discriminatory backlash
in Afghanistan.
Since the September 11 attacks, Arab, Muslim, Sikh, and
There has been a rise in prosecutions under new or
South-Asian Americans as well as those perceived to be
strengthened anti-terrorism legislation. Much of this legmembers of these groups have been victims of threats,
islation has been funded by western countries. Since 9/11
vandalism and arson in the United States.[7]
and as of 2011, there have been 119,044 anti-terror arrests and 35,117 convictions in 66 countries. By contrast,
before 9/11 there were only a few hundred terrorism conSafety concerns
victions each year.[2]
In recent years, the war in Afghanistan, once viewed Some Americans are afraid of traveling by plane and
largely as a "just war", has lost popularity. As of 2011, therefore they are instead traveled by car. This resulted
more than 60% of Americans oppose the war.[3]
in an estimated 1,595 additional highway deaths in the
ensuing year.[8]
Department of Homeland Security
Censorship
Main article: United States Department of Homeland
Security
Further information: List of entertainment aected by
the September 11 attacks
The United States government created the Department of
Homeland Security (DHS) in response to the September Films and television programs produced before 2001 that
11 attacks. DHS is a cabinet-level department of the feature the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center or
federal government of the United States charged with events similar to 9/11 have been edited in re-airings on
protecting the territory of the United States from terrorist television. One such example is an episode of The Simpattacks and responding to natural disasters.
sons, "The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson, the
With approximately 184,000 employees, DHS is the
third-largest cabinet department in the U.S. federal government, after the Department of Defense and the
Department of Veterans Aairs. Homeland security policy is coordinated at the White House by the Homeland
Security Council. Other agencies with signicant homeland security responsibilities include the Department of
Health and Human Services, the Department of Justice,
and the Department of Energy.
7.6.2
Societal consequences
Suspicion
In the U.S., many activities of foreigners or American
citizens, which, prior to 9/11, would be viewed innocently (or as just eccentric), are now viewed with suspicion, especially in regards to the behavior of anyone
who looks Arab in terms of clothing or skin color.[4]
Six Muslim imams were removed from a U.S. airliner
when they prayed before the ight and showed suspicious behavior.[5] Various government agencies and police forces in the U.S. have asked people to watch people around them and report unusual behavior, and signs
posted in all public places request citizens to report anything out of the ordinary. The United States Department
main setting of which is the World Trade Center.[9][10]

After 9/11, Clear Channel Communications (an owner
of over 1,000 radio stations in the U.S.) released a list
of songs deemed inappropriate. The songs were not
banned outright, but stations were advised not to play
them.[11]
The New York-based band Dream Theater released a live
album titled "Live Scenes from New York" on September
11, 2001. The cover art depicted the Manhattan skyline,
including the World Trade Center towers in ames. It was
immediately recalled, and the artwork altered.
Another New York-based band, The Strokes, originally
had New York City Cops as the ninth track on their
2001 breakthrough debut album Is This It. The album,
initially released in June of that year in Australia, was
released stateside on October 9, with New York City
Cops removed and replaced with the newer "When It
Started" as a result of the September 11 attacks.
In an act of self-censorship, American rock band Jimmy
Eat World changed the title of their third album, Bleed
American, to a self-titled album, after the September 11
attacks.
British band Bush were forced to change the name of their
single 'Speed Kills to The People That We Love. They
also changed the original artwork for their album Golden
236
State before it was released which originally depicted a The attacks were widely condemned by the governments
picture of a plane in mid-air.
of the world, including those traditionally considered hosThe music video for a song called 'Piece By Piece' by tile to the United States, such as Cuba, Iran, Libya, and
British band Feeder was also changed. The original video North Korea. However, in a few cases celebrations of the
depicted animated characters of the band playing in a attacks were also reported, and some groups and individNew York skyscraper with the world trade center in the uals accused the United States in eect of bringing the
background and planes ying near by. The band later attacks on itself.
jump from the window of the building.[12]
7.6.3
See also
List of foiled global terrorist plots in the post-9/11

United States
7.6.4
References
[1] President Bush Outlines Iraqi Threat, Cincinnati, Ohio,

October 7, 2002
Many countries introduced anti-terrorism legislation[1]

and froze the bank accounts[2] of businesses and individuals they suspected of having connections with al-Qaeda
and its leader Osama bin Laden, the accused perpetrators
of the attacks.
7.7.1 United States

See also: US military response and US government
response
[2] AP IMPACT: 35,000 worldwide convicted for terror.

Yahoo News. 4 September 2011.
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
In the immediate aftermath of the attacks, the Bush administration declared a war on terrorism, with the stated
CNN Poll: U.S. opposition to Afghanistan war remains goals of bringing Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda to jushigh. CNN.
tice and preventing the emergence of other terrorist networks. These goals were to be accomplished by means
Poll: Suspicion of Arabs, Arab-Americans deepen.
including economic and military sanctions against states
USA Today. September 16, 2001.
perceived as harboring terrorists and increasing global
Muslims pulled from ight may sue passengers News surveillance and intelligence sharing. Within hours after
MSNBC.com
the September 11 attacks, Defense Secretary Rumsfeld
speculated on possible involvement by Saddam Hussein
DHS | Report Incidents
and ordered his aides to make plans for striking Iraq;[3] alCivil Rights Division National Origin Working Group Ini- though unfounded, the association contributed to public
acceptance for the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The secondtiative to Combat Post-Terrorism Discrimination
biggest operation of the US Global War on Terrorism
Gardner, Daniel (2008). The Science of Fear: Why outside of the United States, and the largest directly conWe Fear the Things We Shouldn'tand Put Ourselves in
nected to terrorism, was the overthrow of the Taliban rule
Greater Danger. Dutton Adult. p. 3. ISBN 0-525-95062from Afghanistan, by a US-led coalition.
1.
[9] Oakley, Bill (2006). The Simpsons season 9 DVD commentary for the episode The City of New York vs. Homer
Simpson (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
Muslim Americans
[10] Weinstein, Josh (2006). The Simpsons season 9 DVD commentary for the episode The City of New York vs. Homer
Simpson (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
In a Joint Statement by the American Muslim Alliance,

American Muslim Council, Association of Muslim Scientists and Engineers, Association of Muslim Social Sci[11] http://www.snopes.com/rumors/radio.htm Urban Leg- entists, Council on American-Islamic Relations, Islamic
ends Reference Pages: Radio, Radio. Published Septem- Medical Association of North America, Islamic Circle of
ber 18, 2001. Accessed February 10, 2008.
North America, Islamic Society of North America, Ministry of Imam W. Deen Mohammed, Muslim American
[12] Feeder FAQ.
Society and Muslim Public Aairs Council, stated:[4]
7.7 Reactions
Reactions to the September 11 attacks included condemnation from world leaders, other political and religious representatives and the international media, as well
as numerous memorials and services all over the world.
American Muslims utterly condemn the vicious and cowardly acts of terrorism against innocent civilians. We join with all Americans in
calling for the swift apprehension and punishment of the perpetrators. No political cause
could ever be assisted by such immoral acts.
7.7. REACTIONS
Controversial Christian Americans
237
France: The French newspaper of record, Le

Monde, ran a front-page headline reading "Nous
sommes tous Amricains", or We are all Americans. Following the attacks, French president
Jacques Chirac released a statement: It is with great
emotion that France has learned of these monstrous
attacksthere is no other wordthat have recently
hit the United States of America. And in these appalling circumstances, the whole French peopleI
want to say hereis beside the American people.
France expresses its friendship and solidarity in this
tragedy. Of course, I assure President George Bush
of my total support. France, you know, has always
condemned and unreservedly condemns terrorism,
and considers that we must ght against terrorism
by all means.
Belgium: In Belgium, hundreds of people held

hands to form a human chain showing solidarity in
front of the Brussels World Trade Center.[10]
Germany: In Germany, Chancellor Gerhard

Schrder described the attacks as a declaration of
war against the civilized world. Authorities urged
Frankfurt, the countrys nancial capital, to close
all its major skyscrapers. The new Jewish museum
in Berlin canceled its public opening.[8] In Berlin,
200,000 Germans marched to show their solidarity
with America.
Two days following the attacks, on the Christian television program The 700 Club, television evangelist Jerry
Falwell called the event a punishment from God and
laid the blame on paganists, abortionists, feminists
and gays and lesbians, claiming that they helped this
happen. Host Pat Robertson concurred with the statements. Both evangelists came under attack from President George W. Bush for their statements,[5] Falwell subsequently apologized.[6][7]
7.7.2
Western world
After the attacks many governments and organizations in

the western world expressed shock and sympathy, and
were supportive of burgeoning eorts to combat terrorism. Among them:
Canada: Operation Yellow Ribbon was commenced by Transport Canada and Nav Canada in response to the rst plane hitting the rst World Trade
Center, allowing all commercial ights entering the
U.S. to land at Canadian airports and remain there.
NATO: NATO held an emergency meeting of

the alliances ambassadors in Brussels. The secretary general, Lord Robertson, promised the United
States that it could rely on its allies in North America
and Europe for assistance and support, and pledged
that those responsible would not get away with it.[8]
European Union: European foreign ministers

scheduled a rare emergency meeting the next day of
the attacks to discuss a joint response, as ocials
expressed solidarity with the United States. The external relations commissioner, Chris Patten, called
the attacks the work of a madman.[8]
Poland: In Poland, reghters and other professional rescue workers sounded their vehicle sirens,
letting loose a collective wail one warm afternoon.
Many Poles also expressed their sympathy by lighting hundreds of candles in front of the U.S. embassy
in Warsaw.[10][11]
Italy: In Italy, race car drivers preparing for

the Italian Grand Prix silenced their engines out of
respect for the victims of the attacks.[10]
Czech Republic: The Czech Republic declared

National Days of Mourning.[10]
Austria: Church bells across Austria tolled in

unison.[12]
Hungary: Fireghters in Hungary tied black

ribbons to their trucks in honor of the victims.[10]
Croatia: Many school children in Dubrovnik

took time to observe a moment of silence, and declared a National Day of Mourning.[10]
Greece: Greek Prime Minister Costas Simitis

expressed his dismay of the attacks on the United
States. quoting Greece condemns, most categorically, these horric acts. We hope that the culprits be located and brought to justice immediately.
Many Greek citizens called the U.S. embassy to offer their support and express their outrage over the
Australia: Australian Prime Minister John

Howard was in Washington D.C on the morning of
the attacks and invoked the ANZUS Treaty, saying
it demonstrated Australias steadfast commitment
to work with the United States.[9]
Greenland: People gathered in Nuuk, and other
town squares to light candles and oer prayers.[10]
Sweden: Trams and busses in Sweden came to

a halt out of respect for the victims.[10]
Norway: Trams and busses also halted in

Norway out of respect.[10]
Finland: Busses and other public transportation

in Finland came to a stop to pay tribute to the victims
of the attacks.[10]
238
attacks. Security was also ramped up at American
and other European embassies in Athens. Opposition cadidate Kostas Karamanlis was in the United
States at the time, attending the opening of a Greek
Studies Department at Tufts University in Boston.
Karamanlis also condemned the attacks.[13]
Bulgaria: People in Bulgaria also gathered in

A museum panel showing headlines on September 12 in America
town squares to light candles and pray.[10]
and around the world. Most of the images on the headlines are
images of United Airlines Flight 175 hitting the South Tower.
Ireland: A National Day of Mourning was held

in Ireland on Friday, September 14 and remembrance mass on 12 September 2001, one of few 7.7.3 United Nations
countries held a service day. Taoiseach Bertie Ahern and President Mary McAleese were both in at
United Nations: In the following day of the attendance.
tacks, the United Nations Security Council members
condemned the terrorist attacks on the United States
Israel: The day after the attacks, Israeli Prime

and adopted resolution 1368 (2001), by which they
Minister Ariel Sharon urged the world to ght terexpressed readiness to take all necessary steps to rerorism and declared a national day of mourning in
spond to the attacks of September 11 and to combat
solidarity with the United States.[8] To remember
all forms of terrorism in accordance with their Charand honor the victims of terror attacks, the 9/11 Livter responsibilities.[19]
ing Memorial Plaza Cenotaph was built in Ramot,
Jerusalem.
Then-Secretary General of the UN Ko Annan, said:
We are all traumatized by this terrible tragedy.[8]
New Zealand: New Zealand Prime Minister

Helen Clark stated Its the sort of thing the worst
movie scenario wouldn't dream up,[14] and a New
7.7.4 Islamic world
Zealand Herald DigiPoll revealed that after the attacks 2/3 of New Zealanders supported a NZ pledge
Almost all Muslim political and religious leaders conof troops to Afghanistan.[15]
demned the attacks. The leaders vehemently denouncing the attacks included the leaders of Egypt (Hosni
In 2003, New Zealand began administering a Mubarak), the Palestinian Authority (Yasser Arafat),
Pacic Security Fund to vulnerable nations Libya (Muammar Gadda), Syria (Bashar al-Assad),
in the Pacic region aiming at securing and Iran (Mohamed Khatami) and Pakistan (Pervez Musharpreventing terrorism from entering the region, raf).[4][20] The sole exception was Iraq, when the thenthere is an annual fund of NZD$3 million that president Saddam Hussein, said of the attacks that the
is paid by the New Zealand Ministry of For- American cowboys are reaping the fruit of their crimes
eign Aairs and Trade (MFAT) and is used to against humanity.[21] Saddam would later oer sympaprovide support to Pacic Island countries.[16] thy to the Americans killed in the attacks.[22]
United Kingdom: British security forces across

the world were placed on maximum alert. Prime
Minister Tony Blair pledged that Britain would stand
full square alongside the U.S. in the battle against
terrorism. Queen Elizabeth expressed growing disbelief and total shock.[8] In London, the U.S. national anthem was played at the Changing of the
Guard at Buckingham Palace under orders from
Her Majesty, and trac on The Mall came to a
halt during the tribute.[17] A Service of Remembrance was held at St. Pauls Cathedral attended
by the Queen, the Prince of Wales, Prime Minister
Tony Blair, U.S. Ambassador William Farish, and
a congregation of thousands inside and outside the
cathedral.[18]
Bangladesh: People gathered in mosques in

prayer, and clerics condemned the attacks.[23]
Indonesia: Many Indonesians gathered on

beaches to pray for the victims of the attacks.[23]
Kazakhstan: Kazakhstan oered the use of its

airspace for relief and oered its condolences.[10]
Kyrgyzstan: The government of Kyrgyzstan

oered its condolences, as well as the use of its
airspace.
Tajikistan: People gathered in squares to light

candles, prayed and oered good wishes.
7.7. REACTIONS
Turkey: Turkish president Ahmet Necdet

Sezer and prime minister Blent Ecevit condemned
the attacks. The Turkish government then ordered
all of its ags at half-mast for one day of mourning.
Turkmenistan: Turkmenistan oered its condolences and oered the use of its airspace for relief.
Uzbekistan: Leaders in Uzbekistan called the

White House to oer its condolences and also offered the use of its airspace.
Azerbaijan: Azerbaijanis gathered in town

squares to light candles, pray and oered good
wishes.
Sudan: Leaders and Clerics in Sudan denounced the attacks.
Pakistan: Some Islamic clerics in Pakistani

mosques condemned the attacks.[23]
Yemen: Some clerics in Yemini mosques heavily denounced the attacks and labelled them as cowardly and un-Islamic.[23]
Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabian government and

the royal Saudi family condemned and denounced
the attacks and oered to provide nancial aid to the
victims.
Egypt: Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak vehemently denounced the attacks.
Libya: Muammar Gadda condemned the attacks.
Syria: Bashar al-Assad also condemned the attacks.
Iraq: After rst justifying the 9/11 attacks,

Saddam Hussein, a few months later, oered his
sympathy for the victims and Americans killed in
the attacks.
Jordan: King Abdullah II condemned the 9/11

attacks. Many Jordanians signed letters of sympathy.
239
Iran: Both Iranian president Mohamed

Khatami and Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei
comdemned and denounced the attacks and the terrorists who carried the attacks out. Iranians who
gathered for a soccer match in Tehran two days after the 9/11 attacks observed a moment of silence.
There was also a candle light vigil.
Lebanon: Lebanese president mile Lahoud

and prime minister Rac Hariri both condemned the
9/11 attacks. Lebanese generals signed and sent letters of sympathy.
Renowned Muslim scholar Yusuf al-Qaradawi denounced the attacks and the unprovoked killings
of thousands of American civilians as a heinous
crime and urged Muslims to donate blood to the
victims. He did, however, criticize the United
States biased policy towards Israel and also
called on Muslims to concentrate on facing the
occupying enemy directly, inside the Palestinian
territories.[24] The alleged Hezbollah spiritual mentor and Lebanese Shia cleric Mohammed Hussein
Fadlallah condemned the attacks.
Ahmed Yassin, the spiritual leader of Hamas,
harshly condemned and denounced the attacks and
also stated that he was not interested in exporting
such attacks to the United States, however he criticized the unfair American position.[25]
Afghanistans Taliban rulers condemned the attacks,
but vehemently rejected suggestions that Osama bin
Laden, who had been given asylum in Afghanistan,
could be behind them.[25]
Huge crowds attended candlelit vigils in Iran, and
60,000 spectators observed a minutes silence at
Tehrans soccer stadium.[26][27]
The Sahrawi national liberation movement Polisario
Front condemned the criminal attacks against
the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in the
USA and, particularly, against defenceless innocent
civilians.[28]
Kuwait: The Kuwaiti government condemned

and denounced the 9/11 attacks. Some Kuwaitis
Polls taken several years later by Saudi-owned Al Arabiya
lined up at local Red Crescent hospitals to donate
and Gallup suggest some support for the September 11
blood.
attacks within the Islamic world, with 38% believing the
Qatar: Emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani con- attacks to be not justied, while 36% believing them to
[29]
demned the 9/11 attacks and denounced the terror- be justied when Saudis were polled in 2011. A 2008
study, produced by Gallup, found similar results with 7%
ists who carried them out.
of the sample of Muslims polled believing the 9/11 at
Bahrain: King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa contacks were at least 'completely justied', while 23.1% bedemned the 9/11 attacks.
lieved them to be 'somewhat justied'.[30]
240
Palestinian celebrations
A group of Palestinians were lmed celebrating in the
street in celebration of the attacks on the World Trade
Center and the deaths of Americans. Fox News reported
that in Ein el-Hilweh, Lebanons largest Palestinian
refugee camp, revelers red weapons in the air, with similar celebratory gunre heard at the Rashidiyeh camp near
the southern city of Tyre as well.[25] The Palestinian National Authority (PNA) condemned the attacks and attempted to censure and discredit broadcasts and other
news reports.[25] with many newspapers, magazines, websites and wire services running photographs.[31][32] The
PNA claimed such celebrations were not representative
of the sentiments of the Palestinian people, and the Information Minister Yasser Abed Rabbo said the PNA
would not allow a few kids to smear the real face of
the Palestinians. In an attempt to quash further reporting, Ahmed Abdel Rahman, Arafats Cabinet secretary,
said the Palestinian Authority could not guarantee the
life of an Associated Press (AP) cameraman if footage
he lmed of post-9/11 celebrations in Nablus was broadcast. Rahmans statement prompted a formal protest from
the AP bureau chief, Dan Perry.[33][32]
Annette Krger Spitta of the ARD's (German public
broadcasting) TV magazine Panorama states that footage
not aired shows that the street surrounding the celebration
in Jerusalem is quiet. Furthermore, she states that a man
in a white T-shirt incited the children and gathered people together for the shot. The Panorama report, dated
September 20, 2001, quotes Communications Professor
Martin Lelholz explaining that in the images one sees
jubilant Palestinian children and several adults but there
is no indication that their pleasure is related to the attack.
The woman seen cheering (Nawal Abdel Fatah) stated afterwards that she was oered cake if she celebrated on
camera, and was frightened when she saw the pictures on
television afterward.[34]
There was also rumour that the footage of some Palestinians celebrating the attacks was stock footage of
Palestinian reactions to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait
in 1990.[35] This rumour was proven false shortly
afterwards,[36] and CNN issued a statement to that
eect.[37] A poll conducted by the Fafo Foundation in the
Palestinian Authority in 2005 found that 65% of respondents supported the September 11 attacks.[38]
7.7.5
South Africa: The president of South Africa

halted all broadcasts and was left in solitude for the
rest of the day after oering nancial support to the
U.S. Masses where held everywhere and thousands
donated blood and money to support the American
people.
Cuba: The Cuban government expressed its

pain and solidarity with its longtime adversary and
oered air and medical facilities to help.[8]
Brazil: In Brazil, Rio de Janeiro put up billboards that showed the citys famous Christ the Redeemer statue embracing the New York City skyline, though it wasn't long before the billboards were
defaced with the slogan The U.S. is the enemy of
peace.[39]
India: India declared high alert across most of

its major cities and conveyed deepest sympathies
to the U.S. and condemned the attacks.[40] Children
in the country taped up signs that read, This is an
attack on all of us.[23]
Japan: Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro

Koizumi expressed great anger and said that
these acts of terrorism should not be forgiven. Special security precautions were ordered at all United
States military installations.[8]
North Korea: A spokesperson for the North

Korean Foreign Ministry was quoted by state-run
news agency KCNA as saying: The very regretful
and tragic incident reminds it once again of the gravity of terrorism. As a UN member the DPRK is opposed to all forms of terrorism and whatever support
to it and this stance will remain unchanged.[41]
South Korea: Immediately after the attacks,

South Korean President Kim Dae-jung instructed all
available ministries to assess the situation, and to ensure the safety of all South Korean citizens living in
the aected regions.[42] He later oered his condolences, stating that he would like to convey our most
sincere condolences and sympathies to the people of
America for their tremendous loss and the pain and
the suering that they suer due to the terrorist attack. He also voiced his support for President Bush
and the United States, and oered his full support
and assistance.[43]
Mongolia: Permanent Representative of Mongolia Amb. J. Enkhsaikhan condemned the attacks, calling them Barbaric and Heinous,
and claimed: The world community not only
strongly condemned these barbaric acts and reiterated its determination to ght all manifestations of
terrorism.[44]
Rest of the world
China: Chinese President Jiang Zemin said he

was shocked and sent his condolences to President
Bush, while the Foreign Ministry said China opposed all manner of terrorism.[8] In Beijing, tens of
thousands of people visited the U.S. Embassy, leaving owers, cards, funeral wreaths and hand-written
notes of condolence on the sidewalk out front.
7.7. REACTIONS
241
Philippines: Philippine President Gloria 7.7.6 See also

Macapagal-Arroyo sent a letter to President Bush assuring the safety of U.S. facilities in the Philippines. 7.7.7 References
She said that nothing can describe the shock and
horror of all humanity in the face of the unimagin- [1] Hamilton, Stuart (August 1824, 2002). September 11,
the Internet, and the eects on information provision in
able acts of terror inicted on the United States. She
Libraries (PDF). 68th IFLA Council and Conference. Readded that the Filipino people extends condolences
to all victims of the attacks. Arroyo also ordered
the Philippine consulate in New York to search and [2] G8 counter-terrorism cooperation since September 11
conrm Filipino casualties of the attacks.[45]
backgrounder. Site Internet du Sommet du G8 d'Evian.
Russia: Russian troops were put on alert in

response to the attacks. President Vladimir Putin
held an emergency meeting of security ocials and
said he supported a tough response to these barbaric acts.[8] He also informed Condoleezza Rice
by telephone that any and all pre-existing hostility between the two countries would be put aside
while America dealt with the tragedy. In Moscow,
women who spoke no English and had never been to
America were captured on lm sobbing in front of a
makeshift tribute on a sidewalk. In addition, television and radio stations went silent to commemorate
the dead.[23]
Kenya: The Maasai people in a Kenyan village

gave 14 cows to help and support the United States
after the attacks.[46]
[3] Plans For Iraq Attack Began On 9/11. CBS News.

September 4, 2002. Retrieved January 8, 2007.
[4] CrescentLife Muslim Reactions to September 11. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
[5] David John Marley, Pat Robertson: an American life
(2007) p 273
[6] Falwell apologizes to gays, feminists, lesbians. CNN.
[7] . Top Stories. NY1. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
[8] NY Times Reaction From Around the World. New
York Times (New York City; Washington (Dc)). September 12, 2001. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
[9] Johnston, Tim (November 25, 2007). Ally of Bush Is
Defeated in Australia. The New York Times. p. 8. Retrieved May 6, 2008.
[10] We Are All Americans: The Worlds Response to 9/11.
Mental Floss. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
Ethiopia: Ethiopians oered their prayers.
Mexico: Mexico increased its security, causing enormous trac jams at the United States border and ocials said they were considering closing
the entire border. President Vicente Fox expressed
solidarity and our most profound condolences.[8]
Ukraine: As a nation, Ukraine immediately declared solidarity with the United States, and oered
moral, technical and military support to the extent
of their infrastructure. The Ukrainian parliament
passed three resolutions all in favor of assisting the
United States following the attacks. Congressman
Bob Schaer expressed gratitude towards Ukraine
and its stance on terrorism, saying Ukraines condemnation of international terrorism, its muchappreciated support in the war on terrorism, its
tough newly enacted laws to combat terrorism, and
its commitment to ght at the side of the United
States and its allies for civil society and democracy
demonstrates the role Ukraine and her people intend
to play in the emerging democracy.[47]
[11] The mutilated world: 9/11 in Poland. openDemocracy.

[12] floss.com/article/28724/
we-are-all-americans-worlds-response-911
http://mental
floss.com/article/28724/
we-are-all-americans-worlds-response-911.
Missing or empty |title= (help)
[13] deTraci Regula (9/11/2001). Greece Decries Attack On
U.S.. Retrieved September 8, 2014. Check date values
in: |date= (help)
[14] World leaders united in condemnation 12 Sep 2001
NZ Herald: World / International News. The New
Zealand Herald. September 12, 2001. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
[15] Pledge NZ forces says poll 01 Oct 2001 NZ Herald:
New Zealand National news. The New Zealand Herald.
October 1, 2001. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
[16] Pacic Security NZ Ministry of Foreign Aairs and
Trade. Mfat.govt.nz. November 12, 2010. Retrieved
September 11, 2011.
[17] Graves, David (Sep 14, 2001) Palace breaks with tradition
in musical tribute The Telegraph. Retrieved August 24,
2011
242
[18] Thousands mourn at UK cathedral. CNN. 14 September 2001.

[19] Security Council Condemns, In Strongest Terms, Terrorist Attacks On United States. United Nations. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
'Palestinian Authority has muzzled coverage of Palestinian celebrations (MIDDLE EAST NEWSLINE)
'Israel to AP: Release lm of Palestinian celebrations
(Jerusalem Post/The Associated Press)
'Bin-Laden Poster Seen at Gaza Rally' (The Associated
Press).
[20] Webmanship. International Reaction The 09-11-2001

Attacks on the USA With Archived News, Images, Photos, & Newspapers from the September 11, 2001 Terrorist
Attacks on New York City & the Pentagon. September
11 News.com. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
[34] 'Pictures, reports, embarrassment the media and the disaster' by Annette Krger Spitta for Panorama (ARD, Germany) (Babelsh translated), (Google translated), (source
article)(German)
[21] Attacks draw mixed response in Mideast.

CNN.
[35] 'The power of the TV-pictures, What is the truth?' by Lisa

Erdmann (Der Spiegel) (Google Translated), (translation
original) (source article)(German)
[22] Whitaker, Brian (October 22, 2001). Saddam Hussein

oers sympathy in email to US. The Guardian (London).
[36] "'Claim: CNN used old footage to fake images. Status:

False.'". Snopes.com. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
[23] We Are All Americans: The Worlds Response to 9/11.

Mental Floss. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
[24] Islam Online- News Section
[25] Arafat Horried by Attacks, but Thousands of Palestinians Celebrate; Rest of World Outraged. Fox News.
September 12, 2001.
[26] Corera, Gordon (September 25, 2006). Irans gulf of
misunderstanding with US. BBC News. Retrieved May
22, 2010.
[27] Iran mourns Americas dead Time Inc.
[28] The Polisario Front National Secretariats Bureau, meeting under the chairmanship of Mohamed Abdelaziz, head
of state and secretary-general of the Polisario Front, condemned the criminal attacks against the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in the USA and, particularly, against
defenceless innocent civilians. It expressed the Saharan
peoples solidarity with the people of the USA and their
government.(Sahrawi national radio) ARSO, September
12, 2001
[29] Arab polling, Al Arabiya
[30] Just Like Us! Really?, Washington Institute for Near East
Policy
[31] BBC: In pictures: Atrocities aftermath. BBC News.
[32] Donaldson,
Catherine (September 13,
2001).
"'Palestinian Ocials Quash Pictures of Arab Celebrations by Catherine Donaldson-Evans. Fox News.
[33] Personal website at Tripod.com:
'Attacks celebrated in West Bank' by The Times, UK
'Palestinians in Lebanon Celebrate Anti-US Attacks by
Ain-al-Helweh, Lebanon (AFP)
'Palestinians Celebrate Attacks with Gunre' by Joseph
Logan (Reuters)
'AP protests threats to freelance cameraman who lmed
Palestinian rally' (The Associated Press)
'Foreign journalists 'deeply concerned' by PA harassment'
(The Associated Press)
[37] CNN statement about false claim it used old video, CNN.
[38] Table 2.22(2) - Support to Al Qaedas actions like bombings in USA and Europe (PDF). September 18, 2007.
[39] http://www.history.com/topics/reaction-to-9-11. Missing or empty |title= (help)
[40] Indian Newspaper Highlights Sept 12, 2001. AsiaPulse News. September 12, 2001.
[41] DPRK stance towards terrorist attacks on U.S.. Korean
Central News Agency. September 12, 2001. Retrieved
November 7, 2010.
[42] Politics. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
[43] http://avalon.law.yale.edu/sept11/president_065.asp
[44] http://www.roadtopeace.org/whatcanwedo.php?itemid=
617
[45] FATF sanctions to result in P34M daily losses for. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
[46] Kenyan Masai donate cows to US. BBC News. 3 June
2002.
[47] Congressman Schaer Commends Ukraine for 9/11
Support. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
Chapter 8
Response
8.1 U.S. military response
cort aircraft to reach the hijacked ights.Notication of

the hijacking of Flight 11 prompted the scrambling of
two ghter jets from Otis Air National Guard Base, but
Main article: September 11 attacks
On September 11, 2001, four commercial airliners were they were not in the air until after Flight 11 had hit the
North Tower. An erroneous FAA report of a hijacked
plane heading towards Washington (phantom Flight 11)
prompted the scrambling of three more ghters from the
1st Fighter Wing at Langley Air Force Base, which due to
poor communications, ended up ying eastward, out to
sea, instead of heading toward Washington, signicantly
delaying their arrival on the scene.[2]
8.1.1 Radar tracking

The hijackers of the four planes switched o the
transponders or changed their codes upon taking control,
making it dicult to track them on radar. Northeast Air
Defense Sector/NORAD personnel stated they had difThis temporary ight restriction map from the Federal Aviation culty identifying and tracking the aircraft, though they
Administration shows the boundaries of the regions controlled were at times able to locate them:
by the Area Control Centers within and adjoining the contiguous
United States, as well as the FAA location identier of each such
Center operated by the United States.
NEADS technicians spotted American Airlines

ight 11 twenty miles north of Manhattan, just two
or three minutes before it crashed into the north
tower of the World Trade Center.[3]
hijacked and deliberately crashed. American Airlines

Flight 11, departing from Boston, was own into the
North Tower of World Trade Center at 8:46 a.m. United
Airlines Flight 175, also departing from Boston, was
own into the South Tower at 9:03. American Airlines
Flight 77, departing from Washington, was own into the
Pentagon at 9:37. United Airlines Flight 93, departing
from Newark, crashed near Shanksville, Pennsylvania at
10:03.
Standing orders on September 11 dictated that, upon receiving a request for assistance from the Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA), the North American Aerospace
Defense Command (NORAD) would normally order escort aircraft to approach and follow an aircraft that was
conrmed to be hijacked in order to assure positive ight
following, report unusual observances, and aid search and
rescue in the event of an emergency.[1] The 9/11 Commission determined that on the morning of September
11, the FAA did not adequately notify NORAD of the
hijackings of Flights 11, 175, 77 or 93 in time for es-
Looking at the general capitol area, one of the

[NEADS] tracker techs thinks he spots the plane on
radar.[4]
The 9/11 Commission Report: Radar techs at
NEADS/Rome are tracking Flight 77 near Washington, D.C.[5]
As the transponders in three of the four hijacked aircraft were switched o, and the remaining aircraft had
changed its transponder code twice, the FAA had difculty relaying the current aircraft positions to NORAD/NEADS by phone, so even though they had access
to the same radar data, NEADS was unable to locate most
of the ights. This intermittent data was of some use to
the US Secret Service. Barbara Riggs, then Deputy Director of the Secret Service stated, Through monitoring
radar and activating an open line with the FAA, the Secret
243
244
CHAPTER 8. RESPONSE
Service was able to receive real time information about Base in Falmouth, Massachusetts were ordered to battle
other hijacked aircraft. We were tracking two hijacked stations (seated in their aircraft, engines not yet started).
aircraft as they approached Washington, D.C.[6]
At 8:46, just at the time the rst tower was hit, Nash
and Duy were ordered to scramble (an order that begins
with engine start-up, a process that takes about ve minutes), and radar conrmed they were airborne by 8:53.[13]
8.1.2 Flight 11
By that time, however, the World Trade Centers North
Tower had already been hit.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20]
American Airlines ocials did not conrm loss of Flight
11 until some time after 10:00 A.M. on September
11.[4][21][22]
At that time, NEADS personnel were still trying to pinpoint the location of Flight 11, but were unable. Without having a specic target located, military commanders were uncertain where to send the ghters.[4] Boston
Center controllers were still tracking Flight 11 as a primary target but were unable to communicate its location
to NEADS by phone.[3] Colin Scoggins, the military liaison at the FAAs Boston Center, later said I was giving
NEADS accurate location information on at least 5 instances where AA11 was yet they could never nd them.
I originally gave them an F/R/D, which is a xed radial
An F-15 from the 102nd Fighter Wing ies a patrol mission over distance from a known location; they could not identify
New York after September 11th
the target. They requested latitudes/longitudes, which I
gave them; they still could not identify AA11. I gave them
At 8:14, the pilot of Flight 11 failed to respond to an 20 south of Albany heading south at a high rate of speed,
instruction to ascend issued from Boston Center, the 600 knots, then another call at 50 south of Albany.[23]
FAAs Air Trac Control (ATC) center which controls
After the news of an aircraft hitting the World Trade Centhe airspace. The pilot was, at that time, ying oppoter, no decision was made to alter the course of the F-15s
site Boston arrivals, and as Flight 11 began to pose an air
of the 102nd Fighter Wing.[4][11] A decision was made
hazard, air trac controllers began to reroute arriving airto send the Otis ghters south of Long Island rather than
craft for adequate separation.[7] Boston Center ight conto just north of New York City, as originally ordered by
troller Tom Roberts said We had pretty much moved all
Maj. Nasypany of NEADS.[4]
the airplanes from Albany, New York to Syracuse, New
York out of the way because thats the track he was going One of the pilots, Lieutenant Colonel Timothy Duy,
on.'"[7][8] At 8:20 EDT, Betty Ong, an American Airlines would later state he had already heard about the suspected
ight attendant on Flight 11, called the American Airlines hijacking (attributed to a phone call from the FAAs
reservation desk to report the Flight as hijacked.[9] After Boston Center) as he was supervising training exercises at
08:21 EDT, American Airlines Flight 11 no longer trans- Otis ANG base.[13] Claiming to have a bad feeling about
mitted transponder altitude or identication information. the suspected hijacking, he and his wingman, Major
Daniel Nash, decided to use their F-15s afterburners.[11]
At 8:21, the aircraft (now visible only on primary radar)
began to veer radically o course. At 8:25, the controller Flying supersonically, the F-15s were just south of Long
heard what he believed was the voice of a hijacker in Island when United Airlines Flight 175 smashed into the
a radio transmission from Flight 11. The Boston Cen- World Trade Centers south tower. NEADS wanted to diter called the FAA Command Center at Herndon at 8:28 rect the ghters over Manhattan, but FAA air controllers,
to report the hijacking. At 8:32, Herndon called FAA fearing collisions with civilian aircraft, told NEADS to
Headquarters in Washington. At 8:34, Boston Center hold o. According to the FAA, there is an average of
contacted Otis Air National Guard (ANG) base to notify 200 ights per 24 hours over the Hudson River in the
them of the hijacking.[10] The controller at Otis directed vicinity of NYC.[24] The ghters were then ordered in a
Boston to contact NORADs Northeast Air Defense Sec- holding pattern o the coast of Long Island (in militarytor (NEADS), and then informed the Otis Operations controlled airspace), where they remained from 9:09 to
Center to expect a call from NEADS ordering a scram- 9:13. After the airspace was cleared, the Otis ghters
ble. At this time two pilots began to suit up and drove to were directed towards Manhattan, where they arrived at
their waiting F-15 ghter jets.[11][12][13] At 8:38, Boston 9:25 and established a combat air patrol (CAP).[4][5][25]
Center contacted NEADS in Rome, New York. This was Two F-16s from the 177th Fighter Wing were away from
the rst report of a hijacking that reached NORAD.[5]
base performing a training mission in the Pine Barrens
The two F-15 alert aircraft at Otis Air National Guard of New Jersey. The two ghter jets were unarmed and
8.1. U.S. MILITARY RESPONSE

performing practice bombing runs over a section of the
Pine Barrens in New Jersey that is designated for military
drills. Pilots from the 177th routinely train for interception of hostile aircraft, and military pilots had anticipated
having to use their unarmed planes as air-to-air missiles
if unarmed.[26][27][28] About an hour after the Sept. 11
attacks began, the 177th received orders to send up fully
armed F-16s in response.[29]
245
8.1.4 Phantom Flight 11
At 9:21, NEADS received another call from Colin Scoggins, who reported erroneously that Flight 11 was not, in
fact, the aircraft that hit the North Tower at 8:46, as had
been previously believed, but that it was still in the air and
heading towards Washington. NEADS responded to this
report by giving a scramble order to three ghters from
the 1st Fighter Wing on alert at Langley Air Force Base at
The 9/11 Commission report stated The center tried to
9:24, and by 9:30 they were in the air.[4] According to the
contact a former alert site in Atlantic City, unaware it had
9/11 commission, the Langley pilots were never briefed
been phased out.
by anyone at their base about why they were being scrambled, so, despite Langley ocials having been given the
order from NEADS to y to Washington, the unbriefed
pilots ended up following their normal training ight plan,
8.1.3 Flight 175
due east, out to sea. The ghters then ew north-west towards Washington, arriving around 10:00.[5]
At 8:41 at the New York en route center in Islip, Long Island, United Flight 175 entered controllers Dave Bottiglia
and Curt Applegates airspace. The aircrafts transponder was at that time transmitting the assigned code. Its
last radio transmission was at 8:42.[30] As Bottiglia and
other controllers searched the radar, looking for American 11, he suddenly noticed that United Flight 175,
which moments before helped him locate American 11,
had changed its transponder code twice at 8:47.[7][30]
He asked another controller to take over all of his other
planes.[7]
8.1.5 Flight 77
American Airlines Flight 77 took o from Dulles International Airport outside Washington D.C. at 8:20 AM. The
ight proceeded normally until 8:55 AM, when the aircraft deviated from its assigned course by initiating a turn
to the south. The transponder of Flight 77 was switched
o at 8:56 AM, and its primary radar track was lost.[33]
Later, after hearing about the hijacked planes hitting the
World Trade Center, Indianapolis Center suspected that
Flight 77 may also have been hijacked, and shared this
information with FAA Command Center at Herndon,
where sta contacted FAA Headquarters in Washington
at 9:25AM.
Bottiglia tried six times to contact ight 175 between 8:51

and 8:55, with no response.[30] The aircraft deviated from
its assigned altitude at 8:51, and began its turn toward
New York City at 8:52.[31] At 8:55 Bottiglia told a manager at FAA New York Center that he thought Flight
NEADS learned that the ight was lost at 9:34 during a
175 had been hijacked. According to the 9/11 Comphone call with the FAA Headquarters.
mission report, this manager then tried to contact regional managers but was told that they were discussing
9:34:01 Washington Center: Now let me
hijacked aircraft (presumably American 11) and refused
tell
you this. I I'll we've been looking.
to be disturbed.[2] At around this time, United Flight 175
We're also lost American 77 ... They lost
ew within about 200 feet of Delta Flight 2315, bound
contact with him. They lost everything. And
from Bradley to Tampa, Florida.
they don't have any idea where he is or what
In the nal moments before impact, according to eyewithappened.[4]
ness and Newark air trac controller Rick Tepper, the
plane executed ".. a hard right bank, diving very steeply The FAA did not contact NEADS to make this report.
and very fast. As he was coming up the Hudson River, This phone call was initiated by NEADS in an attempt to
he made another hard left turn...[7] One or two minutes locate Phantom Flight 11 (see previous).
before it crashed into the World Trade Center, Flight 175 At 9:35, Colin Scoggins from the FAAs Boston Center
narrowly avoided a mid-air collision with Midwest Air- again called NEADS to inform them that they had located
lines Flight 7 (Midex 7).[32] At 9:01, a New York Cen- an aircraft, which later turned out to be American Airter manager called FAA Command Center at Herndon. lines ight 77, heading toward Washington DC at a high
NEADS was notied at 9:03, when the New York Cen- rate of speed. Two minutes later, a NEADS radar techter manager called them directly, at about the time that nician spotted a target he believed to be ight 77. This
Flight 175 hit the South Tower.[5] The F-15s were still 71 radar target was in fact ight 77 near Washington, DC,
miles away from Manhattan when United Airlines Flight but the target vanished as soon as it was discovered.[4][5]
175 smashed into the WTCs south tower.
NEADS ocials urgently ordered the ghters from LanAlthough NORAD knew of no other hijacked aircraft, a gley to be sent to Washington immediately, but ight 77
precautionary measure was taken by ordering ghters at had already struck the Pentagon at 9:37:45. The Langley
Langley Air Force Base to battle stations.[2]
ghters were still 150 miles away.[4][33]
246
CHAPTER 8. RESPONSE
Transportation Secretary at the time Norman Mineta testied before the 9/11 Commission that the vice president
Cheney ordered not to shoot down the plane.
Concerning Col. Scotts statements to the

Commission. From Vanity Fair, August, 2006,
page 5 of 9:
Within three or four minutes, probably,

of when it happened, I asked if the military was advised yet. Had anybody called
the military? They said, don't worry, thats
been taken care of, which I think to them
meant they had called the command center in
Washington.[5][35]
In the chronology presented to the

9/11 commission, Colonel Scott put
the time NORAD was rst notied about United 93 at 9:16 a.m.,
from which time, he said, commanders tracked the ight closely.
(It crashed at 10:03 a.m.) If it
had indeed been necessary to take
lives in the air with United 93,
or any incoming ight to Washington, the two armed ghters from
Langley Air Force Base in Virginia
would have been the ones called
upon to carry out the shootdown. In
Colonel Scotts account, those jets
were given the order to launch at
9:24, within seconds of NEADSs
receiving the F.A.A.'s report of the
possible hijacking of American 77,
the plane that would ultimately hit
the Pentagon. This time line suggests the system was starting to
work: the F.A.A. reports a hijacking, and the military reacts instantaneously. Launching after the report of American 77 would, in theory, have put the ghters in the air
and in position over Washington in
plenty of time to react to United 93.
Dennis Fritz, director of the municipal airport in Johnstown, Pa., said the FAA called him several times as the
plane approached his city, and even warned him to evacuate the tower for fear the jet would crash into it.[36]
Concerning Gen. Arnolds statements to

the Commission. From Vanity Fair, August,
2006, page 5 of 9:
8.1.6
Flight 93
At 9:28, FAA Cleveland Center controller John Werth

heard sounds of possible screaming coming from Flight
93 and noticed that the plane had descended 700 feet,
transponder turned o. At the time, Werth knew that
some passenger jets were missing and that one had hit
a World Trade Center tower in New York.[34] At 9:32,
he heard a voice saying We have a bomb on board and
told his supervisor who then notied FAA Headquarters.
At 9:36, FAA Cleveland called FAA Command Center at
Herndon to ask whether the military had been notied FAA Command Center told Cleveland that FAA personnel well above them in the chain of command had to make
the decision to seek military assistance and were working
on the issue. At 9:49, the decision about whether to call
the military had still not been made, and no one from the
FAA did call them until 10:07, four minutes after Flight
93 had crashed near Shanksville, PA. Werth later commented:
Had Flight 93 made it to Washington, D.C., Air National

Guard pilots Lieutenant Colonel Marc H. Sasseville and
Lieutenant Heather Lucky Penney were prepared to
ram their unarmed F-16 ghters into it, perhaps giving
their lives in the process.[37]
8.1.7
NORAD timeline
On September 18, 2001, NORAD issued a press release containing a timeline of the events of the September 11, including when they were contacted by the FAA.
This page has been removed, but a copy can be found
at archive.org.[38] However, in 2004, the 9/11 Commission, after listening to tapes of communications, found
that portions of this timeline were inaccurate.[5] The NORAD timeline had served as the ocial account of the
military response, and appeared in the book Air War over
America, and was given in testimony to the 9/11 Commission by NORADs Major General Larry Arnold (retired),
and Colonel Alan Scott (retired) in 2003.[4][39]
Major General Arnold explained

to the commission that the military had been tracking United 93
and the ghters were in position if
United 93 had threatened Washington. It was our intent to intercept United Flight 93, Arnold testied. I was personally anxious to
see what 93 was going to do, and
our intent was to intercept it.
In testimony a few minutes [following Col Scotts testimony], however, General Arnold added an unexpected twist: We launched the
aircraft out of Langley to put them
over top of Washington, D.C., not
in response to American Airlines
77, but really to put them in position in case United 93 were to head
that way.

Problems with the ocers statements to
the Commission. From Vanity Fair, August,
2006, page 5 of 9:
As the tapes [of F.A.A. and military communications on 9/11]
reveal in stark detail, parts of
Scotts and Arnolds testimony
were misleading, and others simply
false. At 9:16 a.m., when Arnold
and [NEADS commander Colonel
Robert] Marr had supposedly begun their tracking of United 93, the
plane had not yet been hijacked.
In fact, NEADS wouldn't get word
about United 93 for another 51
minutes.
And while NORAD
commanders did, indeed, order
the Langley ghters to scramble at
9:24, as Scott and Arnold testied,
it was not in response to the hijacking of American 77 or United
93. Rather, they were chasing a
ghost [Flight 11]. NEADS was
entering the most chaotic period of
the morning.
The Washington Post reported in its August 3, 2006 edition that:
Some sta members and commissioners
of the Sept. 11 panel concluded that the
Pentagons initial story of how it reacted to the
2001 terrorist attacks may have been part of
a deliberate eort to mislead the commission
and the public rather than a reection of the
fog of events on that day, according to sources
involved in the debate.
Suspicion of wrongdoing ran so deep that
the 10-member commission, in a secret meeting at the end of its tenure in summer 2004,
debated referring the matter to the Justice Department for criminal investigation, according
to several commission sources. Sta members
and some commissioners thought that e-mails
and other evidence provided enough probable
cause to believe that military and aviation ofcials violated the law by making false statements to Congress and to the commission, hoping to hide the bungled response to the hijackings, these sources said.[40]
In their 2007 book, Without Precedent, 9/11 Commission
chairmen Thomas Kean and Lee H. Hamilton wrote that
9/11 conspiracy theories had grown primarily because of
problems in the previous story about the planes:
247
If the military had had the amount of time
they said they had... and had scrambled their
jets, it was hard to gure out how they had
failed to shoot down at least one of the planes...
In this way, the FAAs and NORADs inaccurate reporting after 9/11 created the opportunity for people to construct a series of conspiracy theories that persist to this day.[39]
The tapes recordings... from the day were extremely important - they provided a real-time
record of what was happening that enabled our
sta to relive the day, instead of relying solely
on peoples memory or their hurried notes of
what took place.[39]
The NORAD timeline showed that the FAA had notied NORAD earlier than the taped evidence indicated,
and the 9/11 Commission Report faulted the FAA for not
contacting NORAD quickly enough. The NORAD timeline showed notication of the hijacking of Flight 175
at 8:43, while the tapes show NORAD was notied after Flight 175 hit the South Tower at 9:03. According to
Scoggins, however, With American Airlines, we could
never conrm if [Flight 11] was down or not, so that left
doubt in our minds.[4]
According to the 9/11 Commission report, at approximately 8:32 the FAAs Herndon Command Center established a teleconference between Boston, New York,
and Cleveland Centers so that Boston Center could help
the others understand what was happening.[5] Controllers
at the Boston Center knew American Airlines Flight 11,
which departed at 7:59 a.m. ET from Boston for its
ight to Los Angeles, was hijacked 30 minutes before
it crashed. They tracked it to New York on their radar
scopes. 'I watched the target of American 11 the whole
way down,' said Boston controller Mark Hodgkins.[41]
Several Boston controllers tracked American 11 for its
entire ight.[42]
The FAA mistakenly thought Flight 11 was still possibly airborne, in part because American Airlines did not
conrm that they had lost all contact with Flight 11 until
some time after 10:00 AM.[21][22] The NORAD timeline
showed that the ghters scrambled from Langley at 9:24
were in response to a 9:21 FAA report of the hijacking
of Flight 77; NORAD never mentioned phantom Flight
11.
From Michael Bronner of Vanity Fair:
The problem, Scoggins told me
later, was that American Airlines
refused to conrm for several hours
that its plane had hit the tower. This
lack of conrmation caused uncertainty that would be compounded in
a very big way as the attack continued. (Though airlines have their
own means of monitoring the loca-
248
CHAPTER 8. RESPONSE
tion of their planes and communicating with their pilots, they routinely go into information lockdown
in a crisis.)
within FAA-controlled airspace the FAA is in charge of

controlling and vectoring hijack intercept aircraft.[1]
The radar systems at NEADS had been scheduled to be

upgraded in a contract awarded in 1997, but the project
cost had been revised upwards by 700% causing the Air
In October 2003, the 9/11 Commission issued a subForce to cancel the contract and begin plans to re-open
poena to the FAA to turn over documents after the Comthe bidding process.[49]
missions investigators determined that material had been
withheld.[43] A tape was made of oral statements of New 84th Squadron had planned on tracking transponder-less
York air trac controllers, intended to be used as an aid aircraft at some point prior to 9-11. Planning for terrorist
in their making written statements, then destroyed. A use of hijacked airplanes as missiles had been considered
quality assurance manager at the FAAs New York Center for some military exercises prior to 9/11, though all but
denied the sta access to the tape and later destroyed it. one of those exercises considered only aircraft originating
Its existence came to light in 2003 interviews with FAA from other countries.[50]
sta. The Commission subpoenaed the tape and other The US and Canadian militaries, particularly NORAD
records from the FAA on Oct. 16, 2003.[44] In Novem- and the US Air National Guard, have been tasked with
ber 2003, the Commission issued a subpoena to NORAD; interception duties concerning hijacked aircraft. Their
its second subpoena issued to a federal agency for failure primary duty was assistance to law enforcement. Quotto turn over documents.[45]
ing Maj.Gen. Larry Arnold: We always viewed an attack from within our borders as a law enforcement issue,
....[51] Military aircraft were to be used to assure positive ight following, report unusual observances, and aid
search and rescue in the event of an emergency.[1] Jamie
Gorelick of the 9-11 Commission had taken part in those
security measures as Deputy Attorney General, and deCommission sta believes there is suscribed the measures in Commission hearings. In April
cient evidence that the false statements made
2001, NORAD considered an exercise in which an airto the commission were deliberately false.
craft of foreign origin was hijacked by terrorists and own
[John Farmer, Jr., the commissions senior
[4]
into the Pentagon, like a missile, but rejected the scecounsel]
nario as implausible.[50] Five months later, a similar sceThe DoD Inspector Generals report was released to the nario occurred.[52] However, in January 2002 Maj.Gen.
New York Times in August 2006 under a FOIA request. Larry Arnold, stated "...we did not honestly think about
According to the report, military ocials were exoner- hijacked airliners being used in suicide attacks.[51]
ated of intentionally misleading the 9/11 Commission in
their testimony.[46] A summary of the report called for
more steps to improve the Defense Departments ability Eorts post-9/11
to investigate a future signicant air event, including
more eective event logging methods[47]
In April 2003, a contract was awarded to upgrade the
Control Systems, operational date by summer
The US Transportation Departments Inspector Generals Battle[53]
2006.
investigation report was released on August 31, 2006.
In July 2004, the 9/11 commission made referrals to the
Inspectors General of both the US Department of Transportation and the Defense Department to further investigate whether witnesses had lied.
FAA personnel were also exonerated of knowingly mis- Later systems, such as the Joint-Based Expeditionary
leading the 9/11 Commission.[48]
Connectivity Center (JBECC), merge civil and military
radar data. Once deployed, the JBECC can fuse and correlate target data covering about 400 miles (640 km) of
8.1.8 Air Sovereignty Alert (ASA) pre- coastline from disparate airborne, land- and sea-based
paredness
sensors creating re-control-quality tracks that can guide
interceptors to engagement.
Background
Major General Larry Arnold, USAF, ret. stated in May,
In January 1982, the FAA unveiled the National Airspace 2001, that JBECC will provide "... more time to scramble
and see any target, whether small, large, low or
System (NAS) Plan. The plan called for more advanced ghters
[54]
high.
systems for Air Trac Control, and improvements in
ground-to-air surveillance and communication with new
Doppler Radars and better transponders. Better computers and software were developed, air route trac control
centers were consolidated, and the number of ight service stations reduced. There is no overlap of responsibility between DoD and FAA within the NAS: this is why
General Arnold also stated In the immediate aftermath

of 9/11 we had to hook up to FAA radars throughout the
country, install compatible radios for nationwide coverage between our command and control agencies and our
airborne assets, and purchase a new command and control computer system to integrate radar and communica-

tions. The initial investment was for $75 million, and this
number has grown to nearly $200 million.[32]
Organizations outside the FAA (e.g., the airlines, Department of Defense, NASA, and international sites) also
have access to the FAAs Enhanced Trac Management
System (ETMS) software and/or data for purposes of
ight management and tracking.[55]
2009 Government Accountability Oce report on
ASA
In January 2009, the Government Accountability Oce
(GAO) published Homeland Defense: Actions Needed
to Improve Management of Air Sovereignty Alert Operations to Protect U.S. Airspace[56] on the Air Forces Air
Sovereignty Alert mission. According to the report:
The Air Force has not implemented ASA
operations in accordance with DOD, NORAD,
and Air Force directives and guidance, which
instruct the Air Force to establish ASA as a
steady-state (ongoing and indenite) mission.
The Air Force has not implemented the 140 actions it identied to establish ASA as a steadystate mission, which included integrating ASA
operations into the Air Forces planning, programming, and funding cycle. The Air Force
has instead been focused on other priorities,
such as overseas military operations. While
implementing ASA as a steady-state mission
would not solve all of the challenges the units
must address, it would help them mitigate some
of the challenges associated with conducting
both their ASA and warghting missions.
The report further stated:
The GAO analysis also showed that none
of the Air Forces key homeland defense
documentsthe Air Force homeland defense
policy directive, the Air Force homeland operations doctrine, and the Air Force homeland
defense concept of operationsfully denes
the roles and responsibilities for, or accurately
articulates the complexity of, Air Sovereignty
Alert operations.
249
ASA operations.
We recommend that the Secretary of Defense
direct the military services with units that consistently conduct ASA operations to formally
assign ASA duties to these units and then ensure that the readiness of these units is fully
assessed, to include personnel, training, equipment, and ability to respond to an alert.
We recommend that the Secretary of Defense
direct the Secretary of the Air Force to take the
following ve actions:
Establish a timetable to implement ASA as a steady-state mission.
Implement ASA as a steadystate mission according to NORAD, DOD, and Air Force guidance by
updating and implementing the ASA program action directive;
updating the Air Force
homeland defense policy,
homeland
operations
doctrine, and concept of
operations to incorporate
and dene the roles and
responsibilities for ASA
operations; and
incorporating the ASA
mission within the Air
Force submissions for the
6-year Future Years Defense Program.
Develop and implement a plan
to address any projected capability gaps in ASA units due to the
expected end of the useful service
lives of their F-15s and F-16s.
Develop and implement a formal method to replace deploying
units that still provides unit commanders exibility to coordinate
replacements.
8.1.9 See also

The report made the following recommendations to improve ASA operations:
We recommend that the Secretary of Defense direct the Commander of the U.S. command element of NORAD to routinely conduct risk assessments to determine ASA requirements, including the appropriate numbers
of ASA sites, personnel, and aircraft to support
United States government operations and exercises

on September 11, 2001
8.1.10 References
[1] Order 7610.4,
Special Military Operations.
News.ndlaw.com. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
250
CHAPTER 8. RESPONSE

United States. Govinfo.library.unt.edu. Retrieved 200910-26.
[22] Attack on America. WTOC.com (Worldnow and

WTOC). Associated Press. September 11, 2001. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
[3] Lynn Spencer, Touching History, p.40
[23] David Ray Grin, Debunking 9/11 Debunking: An Answer to Popular Mechanics and Other Defenders of the Ofcial Conspiracy Theory, 2007
[4] Bronner, Michael (August 2006). 9/11 Live: The NORAD Tapes. Vanity Fair. Retrieved 2009-03-19.
[5] Chapter 1, We Have Some Planes"". The 9/11 Commission Report, Final Report of the National Commission
on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. W. W. Norton & Company. July 22, 2004. ISBN 0-393-32671-3.
[6] PCCW eNewsletter.
trieved 2009-10-26.
Pccw.alumni.cornell.edu.
Re-
[7] The skies over America. MSNBC. September 9, 2006.

[8] http://www.ntsb.gov/info/Flight_%20Path_%20Study_
AA11.pdf
[9] "> Betty Ongs Call from 9/11 Flight 11. The Memory
Hole. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
[10] U.S. Dept. of Transportation, OIG Memo (PDF). Retrieved 2009-10-26.
[11] Scott, William B. (June 3, 2002). Exercise Jump-Starts
Response to Attacks. Aviation Week & Space Technology. Archived from the original on September 17, 2002.
[12] Spencer, Lynn (June 3, 2008). Touching History: The Untold Story of the Drama That Unfolded in the Skies Over
America on 9/11. New York, NY: Free Press. p. 360.
ISBN 1-4165-5925-6.
[24] Aero-News Network: The Aviation and Aerospace

Worlds Daily/Real-Time News and Information Service.
Aero-news.net. 2009-07-29. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
[25] 9/11 recordings chronicle confusion, delay. CNN. June
17, 2004. Retrieved 2009-03-19.
[26] Goodnough, Abby (1997-02-08). Military Pilots Mission: To Intercept the Enemy - The New York Times.
Nytimes.com. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
[27] F-16 Pilots Considered Ramming Flight 93. Aviation
Week. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
[28] Lynn Spencer, Touching History
[29] 22,000 feet above NYC, F-16s keep wary eye out. Usatoday.Com. 2001-11-20. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
[30] Gregor, Joseph A. Air Trac Control Recording (UAL
175). National Transportation Safety Board. December
21, 2001
[31] Ritter, Jim. Flight Path Study - United Airlines Flight 175.
National Transportation Safety Board. February 29, 2002
[32] Spencer, Touching History
[33] Ritter, Jim. Flight Path Study - American Airlines Flight
77. National Transportation Safety Board. February 19,
2002
[13] Viser, Matt (2005-09-11). Two pilots revisit their 9/11.

Boston Globe. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
[34] Levin, Alan (2008-09-11). For air controller, terror still

vivid 7 years later. Usatoday.Com. Retrieved 2009-1026.
[14] Release 12-00 LTG Anderson Nominated. Archived

[35] Flight 93 Controller Looks Back. CBS News. 2006-0910. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
[15]
[36] Lane, Charles; Mintz, John (2001-09-13). Calls tell of

heroics on board Flight 93. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
[16] John Pike. 158th Fighter Wing [158th FW]". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
[17] NATO Lends a Hand With U.S. Sky Patrol. washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
[18] Tulsa World. Tulsa World. 2007-12-29. Retrieved
2009-10-26.
[19] Morris Digital Works and the St. Augustine Record.
Archive. staugustine.com. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
[20] Homeland Patrol. Web.archive.org. 2002-06-02.
2009-10-26.
[21] Timeline of events. The Augusta Chronicle (Chronicle
Media). Associated Press. September 11, 2001. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
[37] Hendrix, Steve. F-16 pilot was ready to give her life on
Sept. 11. The Washington Post, 8 September 2011.
[38] FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE July 7, 1997.
Web.archive.org.
Archived from the original on
2002-04-08. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
[39] Thomas Kean and Lee Hamilton, Without Precedent
[40] Eggen, Dan (August 2, 2006). 9/11 Panel Suspected
Deception by Pentagon Allegations Brought to Inspectors
General. The Washington Post. Retrieved October 29,
2009. Some sta members and commissioners of the
Sept. 11 panel concluded that the Pentagons initial story
of how it reacted to the 2001 terrorist attacks may have
been part of a deliberate eort to mislead the commission and the public rather than a reection of the fog of
events on that day, according to sources involved in the
8.2. U.S. GOVERNMENT RESPONSE
debate. Suspicion of wrongdoing ran so deep that the 10member commission, in a secret meeting at the end of
its tenure in summer 2004, debated referring the matter
to the Justice Department for criminal investigation, according to several commission sources. Sta members
and some commissioners thought that e-mails and other
evidence provided enough probable cause to believe that
military and aviation ocials violated the law by making
false statements to Congress and to the commission, hoping to hide the bungled response to the hijackings
[41] Ross, Brian; Jill Rackmill (2002-09-06). Controllers
Watched Sept. 11 Attacks. ABC News. Retrieved 200910-31.
[42] The skies over America - Dateline NBC- msnbc.com.
MSNBC. 2006-09-09. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
[43] Shenon, Philip (2003-10-16). Commission on 9/11 Attacks Issues Subpoena to the F.A.A.. New York Times.
[44] 9/11 air trac controller statements destroyed. The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press. May 10,
2004. Retrieved 2009-10-26. At about 11:40 a.m. on
Sept. 11, the manager of the FAAs New York Center
called six air trac controllers into a conference room
known as the Bat Cave. The controllers, who had just
tracked the hijacked planes, gave 5-10 minute statements
that were recorded on a single hour-long audiotape. According to the report, the manager was concerned that the
controllers would take stress-induced leave time and be
unavailable to provide written statements. The controllers
union representative agreed to the audio recording, but
only on the condition that the tape would be destroyed after it had been used to make written statements.
[45] Frank, Thomas (2003-11-08). NORAD Subpoenaed by
Sept. 11 Commission. Newsday. Archived from the
[46] Shenon, Philip (2006-08-05). Agency Says Military Did
Not Lie to 9/11 Panel. New York Times. Retrieved
2009-10-26.
[47] Ocials Didn't Lie to Sept. 11 Panel, Pentagon Says.
washingtonpost.com. 2006-08-06. Retrieved 2009-1026.
[48] Results of OIG Investigation of 9/11 Commission Sta
Referral. Oig.dot.gov. 2006-08-31. Retrieved 2009-1026.
251
[53] http://www.ngaus.org/ngaus/files/ccLibraryFiles/
Filename/000000003350/C-11.doc
[54] USAF develops cruise missile tracking vehicle - Janes
Land Forces News. Janes.com. 2001-05-04. Retrieved
2009-10-26.
[55] ETMS. Hf.tc.faa.gov. 2009-03-20. Retrieved 200910-26.
[56] Report to Congressional Requesters:HOMELAND
DEFENSE:Actions Needed to Improve Management
of Air Sovereignty Alert Operations to Protect U.S.
Airspace.
US Government Accountability Oce.
January 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
8.2 U.S. government response

See also: U.S. military response during the September
11 attacks
The response of the U.S. government to the
September 11 attacks sparked investigations into
the motivations and execution of the attacks, as well
as the ongoing War on Terrorism in Afghanistan The
response included funds for aected families, plans
for the War on Terrorism, rebuilding of Lower-East
Manhattan, and the invasion and investigation of Iraq
and Afghanistan.
8.2.1 Rescue, recovery, and compensation

Main article: Rescue and recovery eort after the
September 11, 2001 attacks
Within hours of the attack, a massive search and rescue (SAR) operation was launched, which included over
350 search and rescue dogs.[1] Initially, only a handful of
wounded people were found at the site, and in the weeks
that followed it became evident that there weren't any survivors to be found.
Rescue and recovery eorts took months to complete.

It took several weeks to simply put out the res burning
[49] Litton loses USAF air defence radar upgrade contract- in the rubble of the buildings, and the clean-up was not
13/10/1999-Flight International.
Flightglobal.com. completed until May, 2002. Temporary wooden viewing platforms were set up for tourists to view construc1999-10-13. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
tion crews clearing out the gaping holes where the towers
[50] Komarow, Steven (2004-04-19). NORAD had drills of once stood. All of these platforms were closed on May
jets as weapons. Usatoday.Com. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
30, 2002.
[51] Conversation With 1st Air Force Commander, Maj.
Gen. Larry Arnold January 2002. Code One Magazine. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
[52] Shenon, Philip (2004-04-25). 9/11 Panel Set To Detail Flaws In Air Defenses - The New York Times. Nytimes.com. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
Many relief funds were immediately set up to assist victims of the attacks, with the task of providing nancial assistance to the survivors and the families of victims. By
the deadline for victims compensation, September 11,
2003, 2,833 applications had been received from the families of those killed.[2]
252
8.2.2
CHAPTER 8. RESPONSE
War on Terrorism
8.2.4 Domestic response
Main article: War on Terrorism

In the aftermath of the attacks, many U.S. citizens held
the view that the attacks had changed the world forever.
The Bush administration announced a war on terrorism,
with the goal of bringing Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda
to justice and preventing the emergence of other terrorist
networks. These goals would be accomplished by means
including economic and military sanctions against states
perceived as harboring terrorists and increasing global
surveillance and intelligence sharing. Immediately after the September 11 attacks U.S. ocials speculated
on possible involvement by Saddam Hussein.[3] Although
unfounded, the association contributed to public support
for the 2003 invasion of Iraq. On October 7, 2001, the
War in Afghanistan began when U.S and British forces
initiated aerial bombing campaigns in Afghanistan targeting Taliban and Al-Qaeda camps, then later invaded
Afghanistan with ground troops of the Special Forces.
This was the second-largest operation of the U.S. Global
War on Terrorism outside of the United States, and the
largest directly connected to terrorism, resulting in the
overthrow of Taliban rule in Afghanistan, by a U.S.-led
coalition. The U.S. was not the only nation to increase its
military readiness, with other notable examples being the
Philippines and Indonesia, countries that have their own
internal conicts with Islamist terrorism.
Because the attacks on the United States were judged to
be within the parameters of its charter, NATO declared
that Article 5 of the NATO agreement was satised on
September 12, 2001, making the US war on terrorism the
rst time since its inception that NATO would actually
participate in a hot war.[4]
8.2.3
Arrests
Following the attacks, 762 suspects were taken into custody in the United States.[5] On December 12, 2001, Fox
News reported that some 60 Israelis were among them.
Federal investigators were reported to have described
them as part of a long-running eort to spy on American government ocials. A handful of these Israelis
were described as active Israeli military or intelligence
operatives.[6]
Bush speaks on the phone with Governor George Pataki and

Mayor Rudolph Giuliani in a televised telephone conversation.
Immediately after opening the hunt on Osama bin Laden,

President Bush also visited the Islamic Center of Washington and asked the public to view Arabs and Muslims
living in the United States as American patriots.[8]
Congress passed and President Bush signed the
Homeland Security Act of 2002, creating the Department
of Homeland Security, representing the largest restructuring of the U.S. government in contemporary history.
Congress passed the USA PATRIOT Act, stating
that it would help detect and prosecute terrorism and
other crimes. Civil liberties groups have criticized the
PATRIOT Act, saying that it allows law enforcement
to invade the privacy of citizens and eliminates judicial
oversight of law-enforcement and domestic intelligence
gathering. The Bush Administration also invoked 9/11
as the reason to have the National Security Agency
initiate a secret operation, to eavesdrop on telephone
and e-mail communications between the United States
and people overseas without a warrant.[9]
On June 6, 2002, Attorney General Ashcroft proposed
regulations that would create a special registration program that required males aged 16 to 64 who were citizens of designated foreign nations resident in the U.S. to
register with the Immigration and Naturalization Service
(INS), have their identity veried, and be interviewed,
photographed and ngerprinted. Called the National
Security Entry-Exit Registration System (NSEERS), it
comprised two programs, the tracking of arrivals and departures on the one hand, and voluntary registrations of
those already in the U.S., known as the call-in program.
The DOJ acted under the authority of the Immigration
and Nationality Act of 1952, which had authorized a registration system but was allowed to lapse in the 1980s because of budget concerns.[10][11] Ashcroft identied those
required to register as individuals of elevated national
security concern who stay in the country for more than
30 days.[12][13]
In a letter to the editor, Ira Glaser, former head of the

ACLU, claimed that none of those 762 detainees were
charged with terrorism. The Justice Department inspector generals report implies more than the violation of the
civil liberties of 762 non-citizens. It also implies a dysfunctional and ineective approach to protecting the public after Sept. 11, 2001.... No one can be made safer by The processing of arrivals as part of their customs screening began in October 2002. It rst focused on arrivals
arresting the wrong people.[7]
253
from Iran, Iraq, Libya, Sudan,and Syria.[14] It handled

127,694 people before being phased out as universal
screening processes were put in place.[11]
99th oor
85th oor
93rd oor
77th oor
[14]
About 0.79 H
About 0.87 H
The call-in registrations began in December. It initially applied to nationals of ve countries, Iran, Iraq,
Syria, Libya and Sudan, who were required to register
by December 16. On November 6, the Department of
South
North
Justice set a deadline of January 10 for those from anFace
Face
other 13 countries: Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Eritrea, Lebanon, Morocco, North Korea, Oman, Qatar,
WTC 2: Hit at 9:02:59 a.m.
WTC 1: Hit at 8:46:30 a.m.
Somalia, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
Collapsed after 56 minutes
On December 16, it set a deadline of February 21 for
those from Armenia, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia.[15] It
later included those from Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, In- An illustration of the World Trade Center 9-11 attacks with a
vertical view of the impact locations. Many architects and strucdonesia, and Bangladesh.[14] It eventually included cittural engineers have analyzed the collapse of the Twin Towers.
izens of 23 nations with majority Muslim populations,
as well as Eritrea, which has a large Muslim population,
and North Korea.[11] Failure to register at an INS oce
resulted in deportation.[16] Those found in violation of
their visa were allowed to post bail while processed for
deportation.[11] The program registered 82,880 people,
of whom 13,434 were found in violation of their visas.[11]
Because nationality and Muslim aliation are only approximations for one another, the program extended to
such non-Muslims as Iranian Jews.[12] The program was
phased out beginning in May 2003.[11]
View from the East
Government ocials pronounced the program a success.

They said in the course of the combined programs, registration upon entry and that of residents, they had arrested
11 suspected terrorists, found more than 800 criminal
suspects or deportable convicts, and identied more than
9,000 illegal aliens. DOJ general counsel Kris Kobach
said: I regard this as a great success. Sept. 11th awakened the country to the fact that weak immigration enforcement presents a huge vulnerability that terrorists can
exploit. DOJ ocials said fewer than 5% of those who
came in to INS oces to register were detained.[14] James
W. Ziglar, former head of INS who left the agency early
in 2002, said his objections to the program were proven
correct: The people who could be identied as terrorists
weren't going to show up. This project was a huge exercise and caused us to use resources in the eld that could
have been much better deployed.[17]
8.2.5
Investigations

A federal technical building and re safety investigation
of the collapses of the Twin Towers was conducted by the
United States Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The goals of
this investigation, completed on April 6, 2005, were to
investigate the building construction, the materials used,
September 13, 2001: A New York City reghter looks up at what

remains of the South Tower.
and the technical conditions that contributed to the outcome of the WTC disaster. The investigation was to serve
as the basis for:
Improvements in the way in which buildings are designed, constructed, maintained, and used
Improved tools and guidance for industry and safety
ocials
Revisions to building and re codes, standards, and
254
CHAPTER 8. RESPONSE
For more details on this topic, see 9/11 Commission
Report.
The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the
United States (9/11 Commission), chaired by former New
Jersey Governor Thomas Kean, was formed in late 2002
to prepare a full and complete account of the circumstances surrounding the attacks, including preparedness
for, and the immediate response to, the attacks. On July
22, 2004, the report was released. The commission has
been subject to criticism.
8.2.6 Civilian aircraft grounding
9/11 Report
practices
Improved public safety
The report concludes that the reproong on the Twin
Towers steel infrastructures was blown o by the initial
impact of the planes and that, if this had not occurred, the
towers would likely have remained standing. The res
weakened the trusses supporting the oors, making the
oors sag. The sagging oors pulled on the exterior steel
columns to the point where exterior columns bowed inward. With the damage to the core columns, the buckling
exterior columns could no longer support the buildings,
causing them to collapse. In addition, the report asserts
that the towers stairwells were not adequately reinforced
to provide emergency escape for people above the impact
zones. NIST stated that the nal report on the collapse of
7 WTC will appear in a separate report.[18]
For the rst time in history, all nonemergency civilian

aircraft in the United States and several other countries
including Canada were immediately grounded, stranding tens of thousands of passengers across the world.[20]
The order was given at 9:42 by Federal Aviation Administration Command Center national operations manager
Ben Sliney. According to the 9/11 Commission Report,
This was an unprecedented order. The air trac control
system handled it with great skill, as about 4,500 commercial and general aviation aircraft soon landed without
incident.[21]
See also: Airport security repercussions due to the
September 11, 2001 attacks, Operation Yellow Ribbon
and Closings and cancellations following the September
11, 2001 attacks Travel eects
8.2.7 Invocation of the continuity of government

Contingency plans for the continuity of government and
the evacuation of leaders were implemented almost immediately after the attacks.[20] Congress, however, was
not told that the US was under a continuity of government status until February 2002.[22]
8.2.8 See also

9/11 Commission
Internal review of the CIA
Guantanamo Bay
Bush Doctrine
The Inspector General of the CIA conducted an internal review of the CIAs performance prior to 9/11, and
War in Afghanistan (2001present)
was harshly critical of senior CIA ocials for not doing
everything possible to confront terrorism, including failing to stop two of the 9/11 hijackers, Nawaf al-Hazmi 8.2.9 References
and Khalid al-Mihdhar, as they entered the United States
and failing to share information on the two men with the [1] PICTURE GALLERY: The World Trade Centers
Heroic Rescue Dogs. Canine Nation. September 15,
FBI.[19]
255
2001. Retrieved 2006-09-18.

[2] Barrett, Devlin (December 23, 2003). 9/11 Fund
Deadline Passes. CBS News. Retrieved 2006-09-08.
Check date values in: |date= (help)
[16] Amaney Jamal, Civil Liberties and the Otherization of

Arab and Muslim Americans, in Amaney Jamal and
Nadine Naber, eds., Race and Arab Americans Before
and After 9/11:From Invisible Citizens to Visible Subjects
(Syracuse University Press, 2008), 114
[3] Plans For Iraq Attack Began On 9/11. CBS News.

[17] New York Times: Rachel L. Swarns, Programs Value

in Dispute as a Tool to Fight Terrorism, December 21,
2004, accessed July 13, 2012
[4] Statement by the North Atlantic Council.

[18] Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of

the World Trade Center Disaster. National Institute of
Standards and Technology. October 26, 2005. Retrieved
2006-09-08.
NATO.
[5] Bernstein, Nina (April 3, 2006). 9/11 Detainees in New

Jersey Say They Were Abused With Dogs. The New York
Times. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
[6] Cameron, Carl (December 21, 2001). Archive.org link
to Fox News.com: Suspected Israeli Spies Held by U.S..
Archived from the original on 2001-12-14.
[7] Arrests After 9/11: Are We Safer?". The New York
Times. June 8, 2003. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
[8] unlike Franklin D. Roosevelt after the attack on Pearl
Harbor, he would not intern or in any way collectively punish innocent American citizens who happened to share a
religion or ethnicity with foreign foes. - Six Days After
9/11, Another Anniversary Worth Honoring
[9] VandeHei, Jim; Dan Eggen (January 5, 2006). Cheney
Cites Justications For Domestic Eavesdropping. Washington Post. Retrieved September 8, 2006.
[10] Heidee Stoller, Tahlia Townsend, Rashad Hussain and
Marcia Yablon, Developments in Law and Policy: The
Costs of Post-9/11 National Security Strategy, Yale Law
& Policy Review, vol. 22, no. 1 (Winter 2004), 197-233,
esp. 217
[11] Louise Cainkar, Thinking Outside the Box, in Amaney
Jamal and Nadine Naber, eds., Race and Arab Americans
Before and After 9/11:From Invisible Citizens to Visible
Subjects (Syracuse University Press, 2008), 55-6. The
program made exceptions for permanent residents, those
who had applied for permanent residency status, those on
diplomatic passports and employees of international organizations.
[12] Naber, "'Look, Mohammed the Terrorist is Coming!'", in
Amaney Jamal and Nadine Naber, eds., Race and Arab
Americans Before and After 9/11:From Invisible Citizens to
Visible Subjects (Syracuse University Press, 2008), 287-8
[13] New York Times: Eric Schmitt, Ashcroft Proposes Rules
for Foreign Visitors, June 6, 2002, accessed July 13,
2012
[14] >New York Times: Rachel L. Swarns, Fearful, Angry or
Confused, Muslim Immigrants Register, April 25, 2003,
accessed July 13, 2012
[15] New York Times: John M. Broder, Men From Muslim Nations Swamp Immigration Oce, December 17,
2002, July 13, 2012
[19] Deep Background. American Conservative. 2005-0401. Retrieved 2007-03-29.

[20] Wartime. National Commission on Terrorists Attacks
upon the United States. U.S. Congress. Retrieved 200609-08.
[21] 9/11 Commission Report, p29
[22] "'Shadow Government' News To Congress. CBS News.
March 2, 2002. Retrieved 2006-09-08.

TURF BATTLES: Conicting Visions of How to
Rebuild Lower Manhattan, New York Times, 21
September 2001
brieng by Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, 19
September 2001
THE MILITARY: Scarcity of Afghan Targets
Leads U.S. to Revise Strategy, New York Times, 19
September 2001
MILITARY ANALYSIS: A New War and Its Scale,
New York Times, 17 September 2001
THE WHITE HOUSE: Bush Warns of a Wrathful,
Shadowy and Inventive War, New York Times, 17
September 2001
MILITARY ANALYSIS: U.S. Force vs. Terrorists: From Reactive to Active, New York Times, 14
September 2001
NEWS ANALYSIS: No Middle Ground, New York
Times, 14 September 2001
MOBILIZATION: Rumsfeld Asks Call-Up of Reserves, as Many as 50,000, New York Times, 14
September 2001
When Journalists Report for Duty, 20 September
2001
NIST reports on WTC, to be released tomorrow: 23
June 2005
CBS News article - 'Shadow Government' News to
Congress March 2, 2002
256
CHAPTER 8. RESPONSE
8.3 Rescue and recovery eort
proceeded to evacuate the South Tower[1] (most notably,

Rick Rescorla, Morgan Stanley Security Director, evacuated 2687 of the 2700 Morgan Stanley employees in the
building). All people evacuating were ordered through a
door on the mezzanine level that led to a bridge to another building, and everyone was evacuated through the
neighboring building. The reghters in charge did not
want anyone going through the front doors at rst due to
falling debris, and then because of falling people who had
jumped from the towers.
Standard evacuation procedures for res in the World
Trade Center called for evacuating only the oors immediately above and below the re, as simultaneous evacuation of up to 50,000 workers would be chaotic.[1]
8.3.2 Emergency response

See also: Emergency workers killed in the September 11
attacks
Fireghters
A bucket brigade works to clear rubble and debris on September

14, 2001
The local, state, and federal agency reaction to the

September 11 attacks was unprecedented. The equally
unsurpassed events of that day elicited the largest response of local emergency and rescue personnel to assist
in the evacuation of the two towers and also contributed
to the largest loss of the same personnel when the towers
collapsed. After the attacks, the media termed the World
Trade Center site "Ground Zero", while rescue personnel
referred to it as The Pile.
In the ensuing recovery and cleanup eorts, personnel
related to metalwork and construction professions would
descend on the site to oer their services and remained
until the site was cleared on May 2002. In the years
since, investigations and studies have examined eects
upon those who participated, noting a variety of aictions attributed to the debris and stress.
8.3.1
Building evacuation
After American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the North

Tower (1 WTC) of the World Trade Center, a standard announcement was given to tenants in the South
Tower (2 WTC) to stay put and that the building was
secure. However, many deed those instructions and
A reghter looks up at the remains of the South Tower. (September 13, 2001)
Fireghters from the New York City Fire Department

rushed to the World Trade Center minutes after the rst
8.3. RESCUE AND RECOVERY EFFORT

plane struck the north tower. Chief Joseph Pfeifer and his
crew with Battalion 1 were among the rst on the scene.[2]
At 8:50 a.m., an Incident Command Post was established
in the lobby of the North Tower. By 9:00 a.m., shortly
before United Airlines Flight 175 hit the South Tower,
the FDNY chief had arrived and took over command of
the response operations. Due to falling debris and safety
concerns, he moved the incident command center to a
spot located across West Street, but numerous re chiefs
remained in the lobby which continued to serve as an operations post where alarms, elevators, communications
systems, and other equipment were operated. The initial response by the FDNY was on rescue and evacuation
of building occupants, which involved sending reghters up to assist people that were trapped in elevators and
elsewhere. Fireghters were also required to ensure all
oors were completely evacuated.[3]
Numerous staging areas were set up near the World Trade
Center, where responding re units could report and get
deployment instructions. However, many reghters arrived at the World Trade Center without stopping at the
staging areas. As a result, many chiefs could not keep
track of the whereabouts of their units. Numerous reghters reported directly to the building lobbies, and were
ordered by those commanding the operating post to proceed into the building.[3]
Problems with radio communication caused commanders
to lose contact with many of the reghters who went into
the buildings. The repeater system in the World Trade
Center, which was required for portable radio signals to
transmit reliably, was malfunctioning after the impact of
the planes.[3] As a result, reghters were unable to report to commanders on their progress, and were unable
to hear evacuation orders. Also, many o-duty reghters arrived to help, without their radios.[4] FDNY commanders lacked communication with the NYPD, who had
helicopters at the scene, or with Emergency Medical Service (EMS) dispatchers. The reghters on the scene also
did not have access to television reports or other outside
information, which could help in assessing the situation.
When the South Tower collapsed at 9:59 a.m., reghters
in the North Tower were not aware of exactly what had
happened. The battalion chief in the North Tower lobby
immediately issued an order over the radio for reghters
in the tower to evacuate, but many did not hear the order,
due to the faulty radios. Because of this, 343 reghters
died in the collapse of the towers.[3][5]
257
the buildings collapsed.[1] This included a total of 121
engine companies, 62 ladder companies, and other special units.[6] The FDNY also received assistance from re
departments in Nassau, Suolk, Westchester County, and
other neighboring jurisdictions, but with limited ability to
manage and coordinate eorts.[3] Besides assisting with
recovery operations at Ground Zero, volunteer reghters from Long Island and Westchester manned numerous
rehouses throughout the city to assist with other re and
emergency calls.
Doctors, EMTs, and other medical sta

FDNY Emergency medical technicians (EMTs), along
with 9-1-1 system ambulances operated by voluntary hospitals and volunteer ambulance corps, began arriving at
8:53 a.m., and quickly set up a staging area outside the
North Tower, at West Street, which was quickly moved
over to the corner of Vesey and West Streets. As more
EMTs responded to the scene, ve triage areas were set
up around the World Trade Center site. EMS chiefs experienced diculties communicating via their radios, due
to the overwhelming volume of radio trac. At 9:45, an
additional dispatch channel was set aside for use by chiefs
and supervisors only, but many did not know about this
and continued to operate on the other channel. The communication diculties meant that commanders lacked
good situational awareness.[7]
Dispatchers at the 9-1-1 call center, who coordinate EMS
response and assign units, were overwhelmed with incoming calls, as well as communications over the radio
system. Dispatchers were unable to process and make
sense of all the incoming information, including information from people trapped in the towers, about conditions on the upper oors. Overwhelmed dispatchers
were unable to eectively give instructions and manage
the situation.[7]
EMS personnel were in disarray after the collapse of the
South Tower at 9:59 a.m. Following the collapse of the
North Tower at 10:28 a.m., EMS commanders regrouped
on the North End of Battery Park City, at the Embassy
Suites Hotel. Around 11:00 a.m., EMS triage centers
were relocated and consolidated at the Chelsea Piers and
the Staten Island Ferry Terminal.[7] Throughout the early
afternoon, the soundstages at the pier were separated into
two areas, one for the more seriously injured and one
for the walking wounded. On the acute side, multiple
makeshift tables, each with a physician, nurse, and other
health care and civilian volunteers, were set up for the
arrival of mass casualties.
The command post located across West Street was taken

out when the South Tower collapsed, making command
and control even more dicult and disorganized . When
the North Tower collapsed, falling debris killed Peter
Ganci, the FDNY chief.[3] Following the collapse of the Supplies, including equipment for airway and vascuWorld Trade Center, a command post was set up at a re- lar control, were obtained from neighboring hospitals.
house in Greenwich Village.
Throughout the afternoon, local merchants arrived to doThe FDNY deployed 200 units (half of all units) to the nate food. Despite this, few patients arrived for treatsite, with more than 400 reghters on the scene when ment, the earliest at about 5 p.m., and were not seriously
injured, being limited to smoke inhalation. An announce-
258
ment was made around 67 p.m. that a second shift of
providers would cover the evening shift, and that an area
was being set up for the day personnel to sleep. Soon
after, when it was realized that few would have survived
the collapse and be brought to the piers, many decided to
leave and the area was closed down.
Police
CHAPTER 8. RESPONSE
Coast Guard, maritime industry, individual boat
owners
Immediately after the rst attack, the captains and crews
of a large number of local boats[11] steamed into the attack zone to assist in evacuation.[12] These ships had responded by a request from the U.S. Coast Guard to help
evacuate those stranded on Manhattan Island.[13] Others,
such as the John J. Harvey, provided supplies and water,
which became urgently needed after the Towers collapse
severed downtown water mains.[14] Estimates of the number of people evacuated by water from Lower Manhattan
that day in the eight-hour period following the attacks
range from 500,000 to 1,000,000.[15] Norman Mineta,
Secretary of Transportation during the attacks, called the
eorts the largest maritime evacuation conducted in the
United States.[16] The evacuation was the largest maritime evacuation in history by most estimates, passing the
nine-day evacuation of Dunkirk during World War II.[17]
As many as 2,000 people injured in the attacks were evacuated by this means.[18]
Amateur radio
Amateur radio played a role in the rescue and clean-up
eorts. Amateur radio operators established communications, maintained emergency networks, and formed
bucket brigades with hundreds of other volunteer personnel.
Approximately 500 amateur radio operators volunteered their services during the disaster and
recovery.[19][20]
The New Jersey Legislature honored the role of Amateur Radio operators in a proclamation on December 12,
2002.
Temporary NYPD headquarters at 106 Liberty Street, set up near

the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001.
I would like to take this opportunity to

commend you for your hard work and eorts,
said Assembly Speaker Albio Sires. During
times of disaster, your group has displayed superior service and dedication to the safety of
our citizens. I applaud the eorts of the independent radio operators and thank you for
your seless actions on September 12, 2001.
Allow me to express my sincere gratitude for
your participation with the New Jersey General
Assembly on this day, December 12, 2002.[21]
The New York City Police Department quickly responded with the Emergency Service Units (ESU) and
other responders after the crash of American Airlines
Flight 11 into the North Tower.[8] The NYPD set up
its incident command center at Church Street and Vesey
Street, on the opposite side of the World Trade Center
Chart of reghters, paramedics, and chaplains
from where the FDNY was commanding its operations.[9]
killed
NYPD helicopters were soon at the scene, reporting on
the status of the burning buildings. When the buildings

collapsed, 23 NYPD ocers were killed, along with 37
Port Authority police ocers. The police department
helped facilitate the evacuation of civilians out of Lower

Manhattan, including approximately 5,000 civilians evac
uated by the Harbor Unit to Staten Island and to New Jersey.[8] In ensuing days, the NYPD worked alternating 12- Note: Government exhibits are from the trial of Zacarias
hour shifts to help in the rescue and recovery eorts.[10] Moussaoui
8.3.3
Search and rescue eorts
259
Organization
On the day following the attacks, 11 people were rescued from the rubble, including six reghters and three
police ocers.[22] One woman was rescued from the rubble, near where a West Side Highway pedestrian bridge
had been.[23] Two PAPD ocers, John McLoughlin and
Will Jimeno, were also rescued. Discovered by former
U.S. Marines Jason Thomas and Dave Karnes, McLoughlin and Jimeno were pulled out alive after spending nearly
24 hours beneath 30 feet of rubble.[24][25] Their rescue
was later portrayed in the Oliver Stone lm, World Trade
Center.
New York City Oce of Emergency Management was

the agency responsible for coordination of the Citys response to the attacks. Headed by then-Director Richard
Sheirer, the agency was forced to vacate its headquarters, located in 7 World Trade Center, within hours of
the attack. The building later collapsed due to re.
OEM reestablished operations temporarily at the police
academy, where Mayor Giuliani gave many press conferences throughout the afternoon and evening of September 11. By Friday, rescue and reliefs were organized and
administered from Pier 92 on the Hudson River.[32]
Some reghters and civilians who survived made cell

phone calls from voids beneath the rubble, though the
amount of debris made it dicult for rescue workers to
get to them.[26]
Volunteers quickly descended on Ground Zero to help in

the rescue and recovery eorts. At Jacob Javits Convention Center, thousands showed up to oer help, where
they registered with authorities.[33] Construction projects
around the city came to a halt, as workers walked o the
jobs to help at Ground Zero.[34] Ironworkers, welders,
steel burners, and others with such skills were in high demand. By the end of the rst week, over one thousand
ironworkers from across North America had arrived to
help, along with countless others.[35]
By Wednesday night, 82 deaths had been conrmed by

ocials in New York City.[27]
Rescue eorts were paused numerous times in the days

after the attack, due to concerns that nearby buildings, including One Liberty Plaza, were in danger of
collapsing.[28]
The New York City Department of Design & Construction oversaw the recovery eorts. Beginning on September 12, the Structural Engineers Association of New
York (SEAoNY) became involved in the recovery eorts,
8.3.4 Recovery eorts
bringing in experts to review the stability of the rubble,
evaluate safety of hundreds of buildings near the site, and
designing support for the cranes brought in to clear the debris. The City of New York hired the engineering rm,
LZA-Thornton Tomasetti, to oversee the structural engineering operations at the site.[36]
To make the eort more manageable, the World Trade
Center site was divided into four quadrants or zones.
Each zone was assigned a lead contractor, and a team
of three structural engineers, subcontractors, and rescue
workers.[36]
AMEC - North Tower along West Street
Fireghter watches debris removal at the World Trade Center on
September 28th
The search and rescue eort in the immediate aftermath

at the World Trade Center site involved ironworkers,
structural engineers, heavy machinery operators, asbestos
workers, boilermakers, carpenters, cement masons, construction managers, electricians, insulation workers,
machinists, plumbers and pipetters, riggers, sheet metal
workers, steelworkers, truckers and teamsters, American
Red Cross volunteers, and many others.[29] Lower Manhattan, south of 14th Street, was o-limits, except for rescue and recovery workers.[30] There were also about 400
working dogs, the largest deployment of dogs in the nations history.[31]
Bovis Lend Lease - South Tower along Liberty

Street
Tully Construction Company, Inc. - Eastern portion
of the WTC site
Turner/Plaza Construction Joint Venture - Northern
portion and 7 World Trade Center
The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA),
the United States Army Corps of Engineers, the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA),
and the New York City Oce of Emergency Management (OEM) provided support.[36] Forestry incident management teams (IMTs) also provided support beginning
in the days after the attacks to help manage operations.[37]
260
A nearby Burger King restaurant was used as a center for
police operations.[38] Given that workers worked at the
site, or The Pile, for shifts as long as twelve hours, a specic culture developed at the site, leading to workers developing their own argot.[39]
CHAPTER 8. RESPONSE
The United States Customs Service, which was housed
in 6 World Trade Center, had 1.2 million rounds of ammunition and weapons in storage in a third-oor vault, to
support their ring range.[29]
Morale
Debris removal
The Pile was the term coined by the rescue workers to
describe the tons of wreckage left from the collapse of the
World Trade Center.[38] They avoided the use of "ground
zero", which describes the epicenter of a bomb explosion.
Numerous volunteers organized to form bucket
brigades, which passed 5-gallon buckets full of debris
down a line to investigators, who sifted through the debris
in search of evidence and human remains. Ironworkers
helped cut up steel beams into more manageable sizes for
removal. Much of the debris was hauled o to the Fresh
Kills Landll on Staten Island where it was searched and
sorted.[38]
Steel from the World Trade Center is poured for construction of

USS New York
President George W. Bush speaking at Ground Zero with Bob

Beckwith beside him.
In the hours immediately after the attacks on the World

Trade Center, three reghters raised an American ag
over the rubble. The ag was taken from a yacht, and
the moment, which was captured on a well-known photograph, evoked comparisons to the iconic Iwo Jima photograph.[43][44] Morale of rescue workers was boosted on
September 14, 2001 when President George W. Bush
paid a visit to Ground Zero. Standing with retired reghter Bob Beckwith, Bush addressed the reghters and
rescue workers with a bullhorn and thanked them.[45][46]
Bush remarked, I'm shocked at the size of the devastation, Its hard to describe what its like to see the gnarled
steel and broken glass and twisted buildings silhouetted
against the smoke. I said that this was the rst act of
war on America in the 21st century, and I was right, particularly having seen the scene.[47] After some workers
shouted that they could not hear the President, Bush famously responded by saying I can hear you! The rest of
the world hears you. And the people who knocked these
buildings down will hear all of us soon!"[48]
Reuse of steel Some of the steel was reused for memorials. New York City reghters donated a cross made
of steel from the World Trade Center to the Shanksville
Volunteer Fire Company.[40] The beam, mounted atop a
platform shaped like the Pentagon, was erected outside
the Shanksville's rehouse near the crash site of United
At some point, rescue workers realized that they were not
Airlines Flight 93.[41]
going to nd any more survivors. After a couple of weeks,
Twenty-four tons of the steel used in construction of the conditions at Ground Zero remained harsh, with linUSS New York (LPD-21) came from the small amount gering odors of decaying human remains and smoke.
of rubble from the World Trade Center preserved for Morale among workers was boosted by letters they reposterity.[42]
ceived from children around the United States and the
world, as well as support from thousands of neighbors in
[49]
Hazards Hazards at the World Trade Center site in- TriBeCa and other Lower Manhattan neighborhoods.
cluded a diesel fuel tank buried seven stories below.[29]
Approximately 2,000 automobiles that had been in the
parking garage also presented a risk, with each containing, on average, at least ve gallons of gasoline. Once recovery workers reached down to the parking garage level,
they found some cars that had exploded and burned.[29]
This support continued to spread and eventually led to the

founding of over 250 non-prot organizations of which
raised almost $700 million within their rst two years of
operation.[50] The purpose behind founding these organizations was to ensure that morale continued to rise just as
it had when the children wrote their letters. The founders

knew that the reghters leading the rescue eorts among
the rubble were far from the only individuals that were
feeling the despair of the situation. Citizens and families all over the United States were hurting and something
needed to be done to honor the fallen while recognizing
that funding and donations were going to be needed in
order to begin the cleanup and rebuilding of the city.Jay
Winukne, founder of the nonprot MyGoodDeed,further
explains what the founders experienced after establishment, the amazing spirit of compassion and community
service that grew out of 9/11 was so natural and evident
immediately after the attacks. [51]
261
National Guard
Elements of the New York Army National Guards 1101st Cavalry (Staten Island), 258th Field Artillery, and
69th Infantry Regiment based in Manhattan were the rst
military force to secure Ground Zero on September 11th.
The 69th Infantrys armory on Lexington Avenue became
the Family Information Center to assist persons in locating missing family members.[54]
By 2012, many of the 250 plus organizations had disbanded due to lack of funding as the years progressed.
Of the ones that remain, a handful stand proud knowing that they are still needed and therefore, are continuously working to ensure they can stay established for
those who remain in need. One of these organizations,
Tuesdays Children, was founded the day after September 11 in hopes of supporting the children immediately
aected by the attacks. The founder of this non-prot,
David Weild IV, now calls them one of the last men
standing in that they are now one of the few remaining organizations who provide direct services for what
social-service groups and survivors of the attacks call the
9-11 Community.[52]
Other notable non-prots who are still standing include:
1. VOICES of September 11 who are built on the
mission of providing a voice for those who died
in the attacks and provide case management services, focus groups, depression and anxiety screenings, among other help for victims families.
2. New York Says Thank You which is based on the
idea of reaching out and giving back to the communities who helped the city when it needed it the
most[53]
Two members of the New York Army National Guard standing
3. Windows of Hope Family Relief Fund who pro- at the World Trade Center site.
vides nancial aid, health insurance, and educational
help to the familys of hospitality-industry workers The National Guard supplemented the NYPD and
FDNY, with 2,250 guard members on the scene by the
killed in the attack.[50]
next morning.[32] Eventually thousands of Soldiers and
Airmen from the NY National Guard participated in the
8.3.5 Military support
rescue/recovery eorts. They conducted site security at
the WTC, and at other locations. They provided the
Civil Air Patrol
NYPD with support for trac control, and they participated directly in recovery operations providing manImmediately following the attacks, members of the power in the form of bucket brigades sorting through
Civil Air Patrol (CAP) were called up to help respond. the debris by hand.
Northeast Region Commander Colonel Richard Greenhut placed his region on alert mere moments after he Additionally service members provided security at a valearned of the attack. With the exception of CAP, civil- riety of location throughout the city and New York State
ian ights were grounded by the Federal Aviation Admin- to deter further attacks and reassure the public.
istration. CAP ew aerial reconnaissance missions over Members of the Air National Guards 109th Airlift Wing
Ground Zero, to provide detailed analysis of the wreck- out of Scotia, and Syracuses 174th Fighter Wing image and to aide in recovery eorts, including transporta- mediately responded to New York City, setting up camp
tion of blood donations.
at places such as Fort Hamilton. Mostly civil engineers,
262
CHAPTER 8. RESPONSE
reghters and military police, they greatly aided in the 8.3.6 Handling of cleanup procedure
clean-up eort. F-16s from the 174th Fighter Wing also
ramped up their ying sorties and patrolled the skies.
See also: United States Environmental Protection
Agency September 11 attacks pollution controversy
U.S. Marine Corps
A May 14, 2007, New York Times article, Ground Zero

Illness Clouding Giulianis Legacy, gave the interpretation that thousands of workers at Ground Zero have become sick and that many regard Mr. Giulianis triumph
of leadership as having come with a human cost. The article reported that the mayor seized control of the cleanup
of Ground Zero, taking control away from established
federal agencies, such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. He instead handed over responsibility to the largely unknown
city Department of Design and Construction. Documents
indicate that the Giuliani administration never enforced
federal requirements requiring the wearing of respirators.
Concurrently, the administration threatened companies
with dismissal if cleanup work slowed.[56]
Workers at the Ground Zero pit worked without proper
respirators. They wore painters masks or no facial covering. Specialists claim that the only eective protection
against toxins, such as airborne asbestos, is a special respirator. New York Committee for Occupational Safety
and Health industrial hygienist David Newman said, I
was down there watching people working without respirators. He continued, Others took o their respirators to eat. It was a surreal, ridiculous, unacceptable
situation.[57]
Marine Sgt. Jason Thomas standing at the site of the ruined

World Trade Center, several days after the attacks
The local EPA oce sidelined the regional EPA oce.

Dr. Cate Jenkins, a whistle-blower EPA scientist, said
that on September 12, 2001, a regional EPA oce oered
to dispatch 30 to 40 electron microscopes to the WTC
pit to test bulk dust samples for the presence of asbestos
bers. Instead, the local oce chose the less eective
polarized light microscopy testing method. Dr. Jenkins
alleged that the local oce refused, and said, We don't
want you fucking cowboys here. The best thing they could
do is reassign you to Alaska.[57]
U.S. Marines were also present to assist in the rescue efforts. No ocial numbers of men who helped out was released but there was evidence that they were there. Films
such as 2006 docudrama World Trade Center talked of
two Marines who rescued two trapped police ocers in
the rubble. US Marines were HQ at 340 Westside Hwy
Bloomberg News Building. The Commanding Ocer
was Navy Commander Hardy, and Executive Ocer was
Maj Priester. These two oversaw 110 military personnel of various branches, various police departments and Health eects
EMTs.
Main article: Health eects arising from the September
11 attacks
U.S. Navy
U.S. Navy deployed a hospital ship USNS Comfort (TAH-20) to Pier 92 in Manhattan. Crew members provided food and shelter for more than 10,000 relief workers. Comforts 24-hour galley also provided an impressive 30,000 meals. Its medical resources were also used
to provide rst-aid and sick call services to nearly 600
people. The ships psychological response team also saw
more than 500 patients.[55]
There were many health problems caused by the toxins.

99% of exposed reghters reported at least one new respiratory problem while working at the trade center site
that they had not experienced before.[58] Chronic airway
disease is the main lung injury among reghters who
were exposed to toxins during 9/11.[59] Six years after the
attacks, among those who never smoked, approximately
13% of reghters and 22% of EMS had lungs that did
not function as well as others around the same age. Steep
263
when the ashes are still falling and takes over. But two or
three good days don't expunge an eight-year record.[65]
Sally Regenhard, said, Theres a large and growing number of both FDNY families, FDNY members, former and
current, and civilian families who want to expose the true
failures of the Giuliani administration when it comes to
9/11. She told the New York Daily News that she intends
to "Swift Boat" Giuliani.[66]
Various health programs arose after the attacks to provide
treatment for 9/11-related illnesses among responders,
recovery workers, and other survivors. When the James
Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act became federal law in January 2011, these programs were replaced
by the World Trade Center Health Program.[67][68]
8.3.7 Investigations
An EPA employee checks one of the many air sampling locations

set up around the site of the World Trade Center.
Soon after the attacks, New York City commissioned

McKinsey & Company to investigate the response of both
the New York City Fire Department and New York City
Police Department and make recommendations on how
to respond more eectively to such large-scale emergencies in the future.[69]
Ocials with the International Association of Fire Fighters have also criticized Rudy Giuliani for failing to support modernized radios that might have spared the lives of
more reghters. Some reghters never heard the evacdeclines in pulmonary lung function has been a problem uation orders and died in the collapse of the towers.[70]
since rst detected among reghters and EMS within
a year of 9/11 have persisted.[60] Increasing numbers of
Ground Zero workers are getting illnesses, such as cancer. 8.3.8 Estimated costs
Between September 11, 2001 through 2008, there were
263 new cases of cancer found in 8,927 male reghters Estimated total costs, as of October 3, 2001[71]
who responded to 9/11 attacks. This number is 25 more
than what is expected from men from a similar age group
$5 billion for debris removal
and race. There is a 19% increase in cancer overall, between reghters who responded to the attacks and those
$14 billion for reconstruction
who were not exposed to toxins from responding to the
$3 billion in overtime payments to uniformed
attacks on September 11.[61]
workers
On January 30, 2007, Ground Zero workers and groups
$1 billion for replacement of destroyed vehicles
such as Sierra Club and Unsung Heroes Helping Heroes
and equipment
met at the Ground Zero site and urged President George
(one Fire Department accident response vehiBush to spend more money on aid for sick Ground
cle costs $400,000)
Zero workers. They said that the $25 million that Bush
promised for the ill workers was inadequate. A Long Island iron-worker, John Sferazo, at the protest rally said,
Why has it taken you 5 years to meet with us, Mr. 8.3.9 Reconstruction
President?"[62]
Fireghters, police and their unions, have criticized Main article: World Trade Center New buildings
Mayor Rudy Giuliani over the issue of protective equipment and illnesses after the attacks.[63] An October study
by the National Institute of Environmental Safety and
Health said that cleanup workers lacked adequate protective gear.[64] The Executive Director of the National Fraternal Order of Police reportedly said of Giuliani: Everybody likes a Churchillian kind of leader who jumps up
Plans for the World Trade Center rebuilding started in

July 2002 which was headed by the Lower Manhattan
Development Corporation. There was many proposals
on how to build the World Trade Center back however
many lacked creativity. Several architects were chosen
throughout this construction process all of them ran into
264
CHAPTER 8. RESPONSE
many problems with the design. Then there was a nan- [11] List of 9/11 Rescue Boats. harborheroes.com. New
York Harbor Sailing Foundation, Inc. 14 August 2002.
cial crisis in 2008 which forced the construction process
Retrieved 12 September 2014.
over to the Port Authority. The Port Authority construction is not going as smoothly as planned. However, the [12] Manhattan is an island.... harborheroes.com. John J.
construction of the buildings is currently active round the
Harvey. 14 August 2002. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
clock with only days o for bad weather. City ocials are
Flockerzi, PO3 Ali (11 September 2014). News: Coast
looking for better ways to lower the problems and delays.
Guard Sector New York holds 9/11 remembrance cereThe World Trade Center completion of construction has
mony. Defense Video & Imagery Distribution System.
United States Department of Defense. Retrieved 12
been scheduled for 2016.[72][73]
8.3.10
See also
2001 anthrax attacks

Communication during the September 11, 2001 attacks
Health eects of September 11, 2001 attacks
September 11, 2001 radio communications
8.3.11
References
Notes
[1] Fritsch, Jane (September 12, 2001). A Day of Terror The Response: Rescue Workers Rush In, and Many Do
Not Return. New York Times.
[2] Eisner, Harvey (April 2002). Terrorist Attack At New
York World Trade Center. Firehouse Magazine.
[3] FDNY McKinsey Report - Executive Summary (PDF).
FDNY / McKinsey & Company. August 2002. Retrieved
2007-07-10.
[4] Lipton, Eric and James Glanz (January 23, 2002). 9/11
Inspires Call to Review Response Plan For Crises. The
New York Times.
[5] NY Fireghters attack Giuliani, BBC News, July 12,
2007 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6294198.stm
[6] Fire Apparatus Deployment on September 11 (PDF).
FDNY / McKinsey & Company. August 2002. Retrieved
2007-07-10.
[7] McKinsey Report - Emergency Medical Service response (PDF). FDNY / McKinsey & Company. August
9, 2002. Retrieved 2007-07-12.
September 2014. Following the attacks, ve Coast Guard

cutters, 12 small boats, and more than 100 public and private vessels maneuvered around the waters o Manhattan
to rescue people o the sea walls, parks, and piers.
[13] Allegretti, Thomas (11 September 2014). Remembering
the heroes of the 9/11 boatlift. The Hill. Retrieved 12
September 2014.
[14] Historic Fireboat Aids in New York City Response and
Recovery at the World Trade Center. reboat.org. 1
November 2001. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
Historic Fireboat Aids in New York City Response and
Recovery at the World Trade Center. National Register
of Historic Places. National Park Service. Retrieved 12
September 2014.
[15] Boats evacuated one million New Yorkers after WTC
attack. marinelog.com. Simmons-Boardman Publishing
Inc. 19 September 2001. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
Rosenstein, Eddie (10 November 2011). Tom Hanks
Narrates 'BOATLIFT,' Honors Untold 9/11 Story Of
Mariner Heroes (VIDEO)". Hungton Post. Retrieved
12 September 2014.
Capelotti, P.J. (2003). Rogue Wave (PDF). United States
Coast Guard. p. 21. ASIN B000KD1K38. Retrieved 12
September 2014.
[16] Hearing of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks
upon the United States day 2, civil aviation security. DIANE Publishing. 2003. p. 5. ISBN 9781428932609.
[17] LaGrone, Sam (23 July 2014). Coast Guard Led 9-11
Water Evacuation Was Bigger Than Dunkirk". USNI
News. United States Naval Institute. Retrieved 12
September 2014.
[18] Remembering
maritime
heroes
on
9/11.
MarineLog.com.
Simmons-Boardman Publishing
Inc. 11 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
Gold, Matea; Farley, Maggie (12 September 2001).
World Trade Center and Pentagon attacked on Sept. 11,
2001 (page 3 of 6)". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 12
September 2014.
[8] McKinsey Report - NYPD (PDF). August 19, 2002.

Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-15. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
[19] http://web.archive.org/web/20110727134117/http:
//www.nyc-arecs.org/ARRLWeb%20ARES-RACES%
20NYC%20Effort%20Stands%20Down;%20REACT%
20Still%20Seeking%20Amateur%20Operators.htm
[9] Dwyer, Jim and Kevin Flynn (2005). Prologue. 102

Minutes. Times Books.
[20] http://www.arrl.org/arrlletter%3Fissue%3D2001-09-21
[10] Rashbaum, William K. (September 17, 2001). Police

Ocers Swiftly Show Inventiveness During Crisis. The
New York Times.
[21] http://www.eham.net/articles/4572
[22] America Under Attack: The Aftermath, Larry King
Live. CNN. September 12, 2001.
265
[23] McFadden, Robert D. (September 13, 2001). Stunned

Rescuers Comb Attack Sites, But Thousands are Presumed Dead. The New York Times.
[38] Hamill, Denis (September 16, 2001). Rescue Workers

Keep Up Quest for Signs of Life Ruin All Over, But Not
One Unkind Word. Daily News (New York).
[24] Murphy, Dean E. (September 12, 2001). A DAY OF

TERROR: THE HOPES; Survivors Are Found In the
Rubble. The New York Times.
[39] Ground Zero Lingo :: Ground Zero Museum Workshop :

New York Tours of the Recovery at Ground Zero
[25] Filkins, Dexter (September 13, 2001). AFTER THE

ATTACKS: ALIVE; Entombed for a Day, Then Found.
The New York Times.
[26] Greene, Ronnie (September 13, 2001). Searchers Sift
Through Grim Scene. The Miami Herald.
[27] Zucchino, David (September 13, 2001). Agonizing
Search for Survivors; New York: Rescue eorts continue
on thin hopes. Residents oer aid, look for loved ones..
Los Angeles Times.
[28] Heisler, Bob (September 14, 2001). A ght vs. steel, despair & weather Rescuers press on valiantly, despite odds.
Daily News (New York).
[29] The US Congress (in concert with The Minetta Transportation Institute) has determined that in the initial weeks
after Sep11th, 60% of The Rescue & Recovery personnel
at WTC/Ground Zero were NYC Transit workers. Beginning on 9/11 thousands of NYC Transit hard hats
and members from virtually every other title responded
to the WTC site in an eort to help locate (what were
hoped to be) survivors. Due to exposure to toxins on the
pile and (many) without safety equipment, the majority
of those Transit workers have been diagnosed with severe
illness Ground Zero A Dangerous Worksite (PDF). Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
[30] McCoy, Kevin and Donna Leinwand (September 13,
2001). Digging into rubble yields bit of hope. USA
Today.
[31] Marjorie Coeyman (August 28, 2002). Canines to the
rescue!". Christian Science Monitor.
[40] GANASSI, MICHELLE (2008-08-25). NY reghter

donating steel to Shanksville. Daily American. Retrieved
2008-08-22.
[41] Gaskell, Stephanie (2008-08-25). Pa. site of 9/11 crash
gets WTC beam. New York Daily news. Retrieved 200808-26.
[42] Tom Baldwin, Warship built out of Twin Towers wreckage, Times Online, May 22, 2005.
[43] Sue City In 9-11 Flag Flap. Daily News (New York).
March 6, 2004.
[44] Chen, David W. (September 4, 2002). With 9/11 Flag,
a Mystery Unfurls. New York Times. Retrieved August
4, 2010.
[45] Bazinet, Kenneth (26 February 2002). Bush is given
WTC megaphone. New York Daily News. Retrieved 5
September 2011.
[46] President tours disaster scene; Bush calls New York rescue workers; heroes in the eyes of American public. The
Globe and Mail. September 15, 2001.
[47] Zucchino, David and Stephen Braun (September 15,
2001). Bush Tours 'The Pit,' Vows Action; Aftermath:
Rescuers are cheered by a visit thats marked by a patriotic rally. The president is shocked by the enormity of the
devastation.. Los Angeles Times.
[48] Bush visits 'ground zero' in New York. CBC News.
September 15, 2001.
[49] Sutherland, Ann DeStefano and Tim Baney (2003). Up
From Zero. Production Link LLC.
[32] Cohen, Steven, William Eimicke and Jessica Horan

(September 2002). Catastrophe and the Public Service:
A Case Study of the Government Response to the Destruction of the World Trade Center. Public Administration Review 62: 24. doi:10.1111/1540-6210.62.s1.6.
[50] Public Administration Experts Track 9-11 Nonprots.

Inside Bingham University. 26 August 2011. Retrieved
27 November 2012. |rst1= missing |last1= in Authors
list (help)
[33] Stamey, Mark (September 15, 2001). Volunteers are

Lining Up by the Thousands. The New York Post.
[51] Volunteers Honor 9/11 Victims By Helping Others On

National Day Of Service. CBS New York. 11 September
2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
[34] Blumenthal, Ralph and Charles V. Bagli (September 15,

2001). As Hard Hats Volunteer in Rubble, Citys Building Boom Falls Into Doubt. The New York Times.
[35] Hetter, Katia (September 15, 2001). Ironworkers Oer
Help at WTC. Newsday.
[52] Berkman, Jacob (25 August 2011). As Anniversary

Nears, 9/11 Charities Struggle to Raise Money. Chronicle of Philanthropy 23 (17): 25. Retrieved 27 November
2012.
[36] Domel, Jr., August (November 2001). World Trade

Center Disaster: Structural Engineers at Ground Zero
(PDF).
[53] Prois, Jessica (09/11/2011). 9/12: How Forming Nonprots Eased The Grief For Victims Families. Hungton Post. Retrieved 27 November 2012. Check date values in: |date= (help)
[37] FDNY McKinsey Report - Fire Operations Response

(PDF). FDNY / McKinsey & Company. August 2002.
[54] Flynn, Sean. The Fighting 69th: One Remarkable National

Guard Units Journey from Ground Zero to Baghdad, Penguin Books, 2007
266
CHAPTER 8. RESPONSE
[55] Ellen Maurer, National Naval Medical Center Public Affairs (September 22, 2003). The Hospital Ship Receives
Humanitarian Medal for Sept. 11 Mission. U.S. Navy.
[72] Suddath, Claire (September 10, 2011). What Took So

Long? Why The World Trade Center Is Still Not Finished.. Time. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
[56] Anthony DePalma, Ground Zero Illness Clouding

Giulianis Legacy, New York Times, May 14, 2007,
1, or http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/14/nyregion/
14giuliani.html?hp
[73] Feiden, Douglas. Why is Ground Zero rebuilding taking so long? Mayor Bloomberg pins blame on Port Authority.. New York Daily News. Retrieved 28 November
2012.
[57] Michael Mason, The 9/11 Cover-Up, Discover, October 2007, p. 24 http://discovermagazine.com/2007/oct/
the-9-11-cover-up
Bibliography
[58] 9/11 Health. Retrieved 3 December 2012.

[59] Weiden MD; Ferrier N.; Nolan A (2010). Abstract: Obstructive Airways Disease With Air Trapping Among Fireghters Exposed to World Trade Center Dust. 137 (3):
566574 http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.
aspx?articleid=1086333&issueno=3. Retrieved 3 December 2012. Missing or empty |title= (help)
[60] Aldrich, TK; Gustave, Hall (2010). Lung function
in rescue workers at the World Trade Center after
7 years.. Lung Functions in Rescue Workers at the
World Trade Center after 7 years 14 (362): 12631272.
doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0910087. PMID 20375403.
[61] Rescue and recovery workers.
[62] Emi Endo, Sick 9/11 workers protest at Ground Zero
Newsday, January 31, 2007 http://www.newsday.
com/news/nationworld/nation/am-groundzero0201,0,
1528416.story?coll=ny-main-bigpix
Bull, Chris; Sam Erman (2002). At Ground Zero:

Young Reporters Who Were There Tell Their Stories.
Thunders Mouth Press. ISBN 1-56025-427-0.
Dwyer, Jim and Flynn, Kevin. 102 Minutes: The
Untold Story of the Fight to Survive Inside the Twin
Towers Times Books (2004)

NY Times:
Fire Dept. Lapses on 9/11 Are Cited, The New
York Times, 8/3/2002
In Last Piles of Rubble, Fresh Pangs of Loss, The
New York Times, 3/17/2002
THE VOLUNTEERS: Good Intentions Lead to a
Bad Ending, New York Times, 10/18/2001
[63] Ben Smith, Rudys Black Cloud, New York Daily News,
September 18, 2006, p. 14.
THE SITE: In an Urban Underbelly, Hidden Views

of Terrors Toll, New York Times, 10/14/2001
[64] Democracy Now! | New Yorkers Tell Federal Ocials To

Stop Ignoring 9/11s Health Eects
THE BUDGET: Finances of New York City

Staggered by the Emergency, New York Times,
10/3/2001
[65] Deseret News | Giuliani will miss reghters event

[66] Ben Smith, Rudys Black Cloud: WTC Health Risks may
hurt Prez Bid. New York Daily News, September 18,
2006, p. 14.
[67] Bloomberg urges passage of 9/11 health bill. CNN. December 20, 2010.
Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
[69] Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg, Police Commissioner
Raymond W. Kelly, and Fire Commissioner Nicholas
Scoppetta Release McKinsey & Company Studies of
NYPDs and FDNYs Responses to World Trade Center
Attack (Press release). The City of New York. August
19, 2002.
Fire Dept. Asks If There Are Some Fires It

Shouldn't Fight, New York Times, 9/30/2001
UNDERGROUND: Looting Is Reported in Centers Tomblike Mall, New York Times, 9/21/2001
THE SITE: Police Commissioner Backs Poor Outlook on Survivors, New York Times, 9/19/2001 also
describes visits by political leaders
THE FIREMEN: Department Promotes 168 to Rebuild Ocer Ranks, New York Times, 9/18/2001
THE DISPOSAL: Hauling the Debris, and Darker
Burdens, New York Times, 9/17/2001
THE FUNERALS: For the Fire Department, the
First Three Farewells, New York Times, 9/16/2001
[70] Wallsten, Peter (April 8, 2007). Giuliani foes plan to use

9/11 against him. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved Sep 28,
2010.
City Loses Hundreds of Bravest, Finest, New York

Post
[71] THE BUDGET: Finances of New York City Staggered by

the Emergency, New York Times, 10/3/2001
THE FIREFIGHTERS: Departments Cruel Toll:

350 Comrades, New York Times, 9/13/2001
8.5. OPERATION SUPPORT

THE RESPONSE: Fireghters Dash Into Towers;
Many Do Not Return, New York Times, 9/12/2001
Other:
NY Fire Departments 9/11 Radio Dispatches, New
York City, 9/11/2001 Audio recordings of rst responder communications
Ground Zero Museum Workshop, virtual photo
gallery dedicated to the recovery workers at The Pile
8.4 Financial assistance
267
Arista Records re-released singer Whitney Houston's recording of "The Star Spangled Banner" as
a charity single following the attacks, with all profits going towards the reghters and victims of the
attacks. Mariah Carey also recorded a charity single, "Never Too Far/Hero Medley", released on the
Virgin Records label.
In Ireland, the National Fire Brigade Committee
opened a disaster fund to raise money for the families of those injured or killed in the attacks.[2]
Pop singer Britney Spears donated $1 to the children of reghters, police ocers and EMTs who
were killed on 9/11 from every ticket sold from her
Dream Within a Dream Tour in 2001 and 2002.
Charities and relief agencies raised over $657 million in

the three weeks following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the vast bulk going to immediate survivors and vic8.4.4
tims families.
Emergency supplies
On Thursday and Friday, September 1415 September

2001, various relief supplies for the World Trade Cen8.4.1 Government assistance
ter relief eort were collected from the New York City
area, and dropped o at the Javits Convention Center or
In the morning hours of September 21, 2001, the
at a staging area at Union Square. By Saturday morning,
[1]
Congress approved a bill to aid the airline industry and
enough supplies (and volunteers) were collected.
establish a federal fund for victims. The cost of the mostly
open-ended fund reached $7 billion (the average payout
was $1.8 million per family). Victims of earlier terror- 8.4.5 Memorial funds
ist attacks, including those linked to al-Qaida, were not
included in the fundnor were those who would not sur- Many families and friends of victims have set up memorender the right to hold the airlines legally responsible.
rial funds and projects to give back to their communities
8.4.2
American Red Cross
and change the world in honor of their loved ones lives.

Examples include:
From the donations to the Emergency Relief Fund, as

of 19 November 2001, the American Red Cross granted
3,165 checks to 2,776 families totaling $54.3 million.
Beyond the 11th
172,612 cases were referred to mental health contacts.

The 866-GET INFO number received 29,820 calls. As of
3:10 p.m. November 20, 2001, there had been 1,592,295
blood donations since September 11.
Our Voices Together
Fire Donations took charitable contributions on behalf of

reghters, EMS, and rescue workers.
8.4.3
Other charitable drives
In the Washington, D.C. area (BaltimoreWashington Metropolitan Area), Giant Food

oered to match contributions made in-store up to
$1 million.
The Peter M. Goodrich Memorial Foundation
September 11th Families for Peaceful Tomorrows

Heroic Choices (originally the Todd M. Beamer
Foundation)
Tuesdays Children
8.4.6 References
[1] http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/107/s1447
[2] RT News (Ireland)
For the families of the 79 employees of the Windows 8.5 Operation Support
of the World Restaurant: Windows of Hope Family
Relief Fund, c/o David Berdon & Company, 415 Operation SUPPORT is the name given to Canadian
Forces activities directly after the terrorist attacks of
Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10017.
268
CHAPTER 8. RESPONSE
September 11, 2001. The CF had two immediate goals:

to provide support for stranded aircrew and passengers
from diverted commercial ights, and to increase emergency preparedness. Transport Canada called their operation Yellow Ribbon.
Stranded travellers were received at several CF bases and
stations, including Goose Bay, Gander and Stephenville,
Newfoundland and Labrador, and Halifax, Shearwater
and Aldershot, Nova Scotia. Also, CF units in the
Atlantic region provided thousands of beds and ration
packs; nine CF transport aircraft delivered about 8,800
cots, 8,300 blankets and 55 support personnel to places
where commercial ights had been diverted. CF aircraft
also transported Canada Customs and Revenue Agency
ocials to those locations so stranded travellers could
clear Customs and enter Canada many of them to
accept the hospitality of the communities in which they
found themselves.
Gander International Airport in Newfoundland, Canada played

host to 38 airliners, totalling 6,122 passengers and 473 crew, as
part of Operation Yellow Ribbon.
of Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador, and British

Columbia (and also several in New Brunswick, Alberta,
Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec) where their destructive
potential could be better contained and neutralized. As
none of the aircraft proved to be a threat, Canada and
Canadians subsequently undertook to play host to the
many people aboard the aircraft during the ensuing delay in reaching their destinations.
Several steps were taken to increase emergency preparedness. Additional CF-18 ghters were assigned
to NORAD. The Disaster Assistance Response Team
(DART) was placed on stand-by at 8 Wing Trenton,
Ontario. Also, HMC Ships Preserver, Iroquois and Ville
de Qubec were put in a higher state of readiness in
case they were required to go to a U.S. port to provide
Canada commenced the operation after the U.S. Federal
humanitarian assistance.
Aviation Administration (FAA), implementing Security
Control of Air Trac and Air Navigation Aids
(SCATANA), grounded all aircraft across the United
8.5.1 See also
States. The FAA then worked with Transport Canada
Canadian Forces
to reroute incoming international ights to airports in
Canada.[1]
List of Canadian military operations
During the operation, departing ightswith the exception of police, military, and humanitarian ightswere
Operation Enduring Freedom
cancelled, marking the rst time that Canadian airspace
had been shut down. As a result of Operation Yellow Ribbon, 255 aircraft were diverted to 17 dierent airports
8.5.2 References
across the country.
8.5.3
External links
http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/Newsroom/view_
news_e.asp?id=490
http://www.canadianally.com/ca/terror/resp_
support-en.asp
8.6.1 Deployment of emergency measures

Immediately after the attacks on the World Trade Center, both Transport Canada and NAV CANADA, the
Canadian air navigation agency, activated their emergency measures.
8.6 Operation Yellow Ribbon
Transport Canada
Operation Yellow Ribbon was commenced by Canada

to handle the diversion of civilian airline ights in response to the September 11 attacks in 2001. Canadas
goal was to ensure that potentially destructive air trac
be removed from United States airspace as quickly as possible, and away from potential U.S. targets, and instead
place these aircraft on the ground in Canada, mostly at
military and civilian airports in the Canadian provinces
Transport Canada activated its Situation Centre (SitCen)

in Ottawa at 09:21 ET (13:21 UTC). The SitCen is Transport Canadas emergency operations centre (EOC), originally constructed to deal with earthquakes along the West
Coast and had been used several times prior to September
11, 2001, including during the ice storms in Ontario and
Quebec and after Swissair Flight 111 crashed in Peggys
Cove, Nova Scotia. As personnel staed the SitCen, key
8.6. OPERATION YELLOW RIBBON

organizations such as NAV CANADA, the Department
of National Defence, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
(RCMP), Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS),
Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC), and Canada
Customs and Revenue Agency (CCRA) were also involved in SitCen operations.
One of the tasks of the SitCen was to maintain contact
with other members of the Canadian aviation community, such as the Air Transport Association of Canada and
local airport authorities. Their counterparts in the FAA
(United States) and other international civil aviation authorities were also kept apprised.
NAV CANADA
NAV CANADA set up two command centres, the Strategic Command Centre (SCC) and the Tactical Command
Centre (TCC).
The SCC, located at the head oce in Ottawa and headed
by Andy Vasarins, vice-president, operations, oversaw
the entire crisis and ensured that information and resources were eectively shared amongst the TCC and
other parties.
The TCC was originally a training institute in Cornwall,
Ontario, and headed by Kathy Fox, assistant vicepresident, air trac services. Its role in the crisis was
to disseminate information amongst airports and control
towers. To facilitate this, general managers from across
Canada were present. After the immediate crisis passed,
the TCC was relocated to the head oce and its operations were merged with the SCC.
269
rst where to land the aircraft and how to screen, deplane,
and clear tens of thousands of passengers through immigration and customs. CIC and CCRA brought in extra
sta from other posts to clear the passengers.
The rst airport to receive diverted ights was CFB
Goose Bay, which received seven aircraft; fourteen other
airports from coast to coast would also receive the diverted ights. As the operation progressed, SitCen sta
maintained contact with the aected airports, Collenette,
and his deputy, Margaret Bloodworth.
Atlantic ights
The operation was a challenge for airports in Atlantic
Canada. Transport Canada asked NAV CANADA to instruct ights coming from Europe to avoid MacdonaldCartier International Airport in Ottawa, Lester B. Pearson
International Airport in Toronto and Dorval International
Airport in Montreal as a security measure, since they
are among the majorand therefore busiestairports in
Central Canada and Ottawa is the national capital. The
majority of incoming ights from Europe were received
by Atlantic airports, though some diverted ights did land
at Dorval and Pearson.
Gander International Airport, which was the rst North
American airport on the transatlantic route, took in 39
wide-body aircraft, mostly heading for U.S. destinations.
The number of passengers and crew accommodated at
Gander was about 6,600. The population of Gander at
the time was fewer than 10,000 people. Jean Chrtien,
then-Canadian Prime Minister, claimed that there were
more people at the airport than in the town.
Halifax International Airport handled 40 ights in a similar manner.[6] St. Johns International Airport, Greater
Moncton International Airport, CFB Goose Bay and
The operation ocially began at 09:45 ET (13:45 UTC), Stephenville International Airport handled the remainder
when the FAA closed down U.S. airspace as a result of of the transatlantic ights.
the attacks.
8.6.2
The operation
Pacic ights
Actions taken by Transport Canada
After learning that the FAA had closed down U.S.
airspace, David Collenette, the Canadian Transport Minister, gave orders that Canadian airports be open only for
outgoing police, military, and humanitarian ights, and
incoming U.S. bound international ights. This was the
rst time Canada had shut down its airspace.[2]
About 500 ights were en route to the U.S. at the
time of the attacks. Transport Canada instructed NAV
CANADA to give permission for ights that were at least
halfway towards their destination to land at the nearest
Canadian airport,[3][4] depending on their point of origin and remaining fuel.[5] Planes were entering Canadian
airspace at a rate of one to two planes per minute.
Most ights coming from Asia to destinations on the West

Coast of the United States and points beyond had no other
choice but to land at Vancouver International Airport, as
it was the only major Canadian airport on the West Coast
capable of handling the large aircraft used for transpacic ights.[7] Thirty-four ights, carrying 8,500 passengers ended their journeys in Vancouver.[8]
Military involvement
There were also several incidents in which the military

escorted jets into Canadian airspace. The joint U.S.Canadian North American Aerospace Defense Command used Canadian Forces Air Command and United
During the operation, SitCen sta focused on two issues, States Air Force ghter jet aircraft to intercept and es-
270
CHAPTER 8. RESPONSE
cort civilian passenger ights to Whitehorse International Calgary International Airport telling reporters: We were
Airport.[9]
going to San Francisco, but unfortunately, we've come to
One of the intercepted ights was Korean Air Flight 85 Calgary, instead. Others said that they were fortunate to
destined for John F. Kennedy International Airport with be safe but still concerned that they would be stuck in
a stopover in Anchorage, Alaska, that was believed to Canada. Zalewska said: We should be so thankful we
none
have been hijacked. Concerns about the plane being didn't perish. I'm so happy to be here alive because
[5]
of
the
people
who
died
today
had
any
warning.
crashed into Anchorage led several buildings in the city
to be evacuated. Several buildings were also evacuated in
Whitehorse as a precaution.[10] The ight ended up running low on fuel, and according to a public aairs ocial
at the airport, there was also a communication problem
with the air crew.[11] When it landed at the airport, witnesses reported that the RCMP ordered the crew out of
the plane at gunpoint.[9] The entire incident was a misunderstanding caused by a malfunctioning transponder.
The CBC also reported that the operation got thanks from
Washington. Norman Mineta, the United States Secretary of Transportation, said at a White House news briefing that we owe our Canadian neighbours a debt of gratitude for helping us as we redirected...ights and their passengers to airports in Canada.[14][15]
On the tenth anniversary of 9/11, President Barack

Obama recalled Canadas help on that day, and expressed
Global and the National Post reported that a similar in- his gratitude for Canadas friendship and solidarity.[16]
cident occurred at Vancouver International Airport.[9][12]
Two U.S. F-15s escorted an Air China Boeing 747 bound
from Beijing to San Francisco onto the airports north 8.6.3 Aftermath
runway. Ocials at the airport reported that it was purely
a communication problem.[9][12][13]
Totals
The actual number of diverted aircraft and passengers
varies from each source. Transport Canada said over
Reaction
33,000 passengers on 224 ights arrived in Canada,
whereas NAV CANADA said 239 ights. According to
Prior to landing, most pilots did not inform passengers of
Prime Minister Chrtien, the number of ights was anythe situation or the attacks in order to avoid fear and panic.
where between 225 and 250 and the number of passenOn some planes, even pilots were unaware of what had
gers between 30,000 and 45,000.
happened. Global TV quoted one pilot telling reporters:
When we were in the air, we really didn't know what Halifax International Airport received the highest number
was going on. All we heard was security measures and of ights while Vancouver International Airport received
the highest number of passengers.[6]
we were diverted. That was all we knew...[12]
Only after landing, did pilots tell passengers what had
happened, sometimes addressing passengers directly in
the cabin. On some planes, passengers videotaped the
moment when the pilots broke the news. Some passengers talked about what the pilots said before landing. DeNeen Brown of The Washington Post quoted Daria Zalewska, whose ight from Frankfurt to Dallas was diverted to Pearson as having said that three hours before
landing, the pilot announced that the plane was heading
through turbulence. Then he said we were experiencing
strong head winds and we had to land in Canada to refuel.
When we landed, he said, 'Okay, theres been a terrorist
attack.'"[5]
Passengers had to wait for hours to disembark because
Transport Canada was on high security alert. The RCMP
deployed extra personnel to airports so that they could
perform a security sweep of each aircraft, lined up on
closed runways at most airports. They also increased their
presence in the airport terminals.[12][14]
At some airports, stranded passengers watched television
coverage while others talked to the airport chaplains, as at
Pearson.[14][15] Airports had crisis support teams to help
them. Some of the passengers were surprised and unhappy to be in Canada. The CBC quoted one woman at
Transport Canada and airports involved in the operation also reported a dramatic increase in trac at their
websites for updated and current information concerning news releases, FAQs, and diverted ight information.
Transport Canada reported that on September 12, 2001,
the day after the attacks, there were more than 47,000
visits to their web site alone. Halifax International Airport reported that just in the month of September, there
were 2.1 million visits to their web site, and in October,
half a million. Both numbers are far above the average
40,000 to 50,000 visits a month.[6]
Consequences for Canada
Operation Yellow Ribbon had many consequences for
Canadians. After the initial task of diverting the ights
was over, thousands of stranded passengers and ight
crews had to be housed and fed until the crisis was over.
During the diversion of ights, some airports, including
Vancouver International, were inundated with hundreds
of telephone calls from members of the public and the
corporate community oering their support. In Ottawa,
SitCen sta were also inundated with calls from airports,
air carriers, the media, and the general public. On aver-
8.6. OPERATION YELLOW RIBBON
271
provincial and local ocials presided.[20] Chrtien addressed them: 9/11 will live long in memory as a day
of terror and grief. But thanks to the countless acts of
kindness and compassion done for those stranded visitors
here in Gander and right across Canada it will live forever
in memory as a day of comfort and of healing[21] and
closed his speech by commending Operation Yellow Ribbon, You did yourselves proud, ladies and gentlemen,
and you did Canada proud.[20]
8.6.4 References
Inline citations
Lufthansa christened an Airbus A340, registered D-AIFC, Gander Halifax to honour the two cities that received its stranded
ights during Operation Yellow Ribbon.[17]
age, SitCen sta received an estimated 5,000 calls a day.
[1] Chase, Steven (September 12, 2001). Canada rolls down

security shutters. The Globe and Mail. p. A7.
[2] Flight cancellations a Canadian rst. The Vancouver
Sun. September 12, 2001. p. A18.
When asked in a CNN interview if he was able to get food

to the passengers, the Prime Minister of Canada said that
he was able to, and that many of them have been accommodated in hotels and schools and gymnasiums and
so on. And the Canadian authorities and provincial authorities are working... (to make their visitors) in those
places as comfortable as possible.
[3] Gorham, Andrew; McArthur, Douglas (September 12,

2001). All ights from Canada halted. The Globe and
Mail. p. A14.
Public eorts to help those aected by Operation Yellow Ribbon led to positive remarks on the subject by
people such as Chrtien and his wife, Aline; the United
States Ambassador to Canada, Paul Cellucci; Collenette;
Governor General Adrienne Clarkson and her husband,
John Ralston Saul; and in the provinces, premiers, and
lieutenant governors. Airports involved in the eort received messages of thanks from passengers, airlines, residents who took in the passengers, and sta at U.S. immigration and U.S. customs. Edmonton International Airport also received a child passengers drawing of the diverted ights on the ground there, published on page 12
of their 2001 annual report.[18] Some airports also published messages of thanks on their web sites and/or annual
reports, like Halifax and Edmonton.[18][19] Many stories
of the hospitality given to stranded passengers have come
out as a result of the operation.
[5] Brown, DeNeen (September 12, 2001). International

Flights Diverted to Canada. The Washington Post. p.
E6.
[4] Baillie, Andrea (September 12, 2001). Cdn airports, ofces close; hospitals prepare for wounded from U.S. attacks. Canadian Press.
[6] Airport Acknowledges Tenth Anniversary of September

11th. Halifax/Staneld International Airport Newsroom.
[7] Reuters (September 12, 2001). Scores of U.S.-Bound
Planes Are Diverted to Canadian Airports. The New
York Times. p. A22. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
[8] Bailey, Ian; Dube, Francine (September 12, 2001).
Canadians oer homes to stranded: 400 international
jets diverted across country. The National Post. p. A7.
[9] Higgins, Michael; Smyth, Julie (September 12, 2001).
Military escorts jets to airports in Whitehorse, Vancouver after hijacking fears. The National Post. p. A9.
Some airports were cited for how they handled the crisis. The British Columbia Aviation Council presented its [10] Tobin, Chuck (September 12, 2001). Norad suspected
plane was hijacked. The Whitehorse Star. p. 2.
2001 Airport Management Award to Vancouver International Airport, citing its professional and compassionate
[11] Korean passenger jet diverted to Whitehorse treated as
handling of the situation, while the Canadian Public Rehijacking: RCMP. Canadian Press. September 11,
lations Society (Nova Scotia) presented Halifax Interna2001.
tional an Amethyst Award in the Crisis Communications
category to honour the authoritys crisis communication [12] Global National (television). Global TV. 2001-09-11.
response to the situation.
[13] NAV CANADA and the 9/11 Crisis. NAV CANADA.
On September 11, 2002, about 2,500 people gathered

2009. Archived from the original on April 18, 2012. Reat Gander International Airport for Canadas memotrieved 2009-03-19.
rial service to mark the rst anniversary of the attacks,
over which Chrtien, Collenette, and Cellucci and other [14] The National (television). CBC. 2001-09-11.
272
CHAPTER 8. RESPONSE
[15] September 11, 2001. CBC Archives. September 11,

2001. Archived from the original on June 30, 2008. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
[16] 9 September 2011: President Obamas Letter to Canada
on the 10th Anniversary of 9/11
8.7 Memorials and services

This article is about multiple 9/11 memorials. For other
uses, see 9/11 memorial (disambiguation).
The rst memorials to the victims of the September
[17] Canadian Facts. Lufthansa. Archived from the original

on August 13, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-08.
[18] Edmonton Airports Annual Report 2001 (PDF). Flyeia.com. Edmonton Airports Authority.
[19] September 11, 2001 Chronology of Events. Halifax International Airport Authority. hiaa.ca. Archived from the
original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved September 22,
2011.
[20] MacCharles, Tonda (September 12, 2002). "'Plane people' recall kindness of strangers; Gander opened heart to
stranded passengers. Toronto Star. p. A1.
[21] Martin, Don (September 12, 2002). A salute to Good
Samaritans. The Ottawa Citizen. p. A4.
2004 Tribute in Light memorial
Bibliography
11, 2001, attacks began to take shape online, as hundreds
of webmasters posted their own thoughts, links to the
Red Cross, and other rescue agencies, photos and eyewit Transport Canada (2002). 11092001 Four Days ness accounts. Numerous online September 11 memoin September (PDF). Ottawa: Her Majesty the rials began appearing a few hours after the attacks, although many of these memorials were only temporary.[1]
Queen in Right of Canada. ISBN 0-662-66832-4.
Books
Television
Attack on the USA (television). CBC News. 200109-11.
Around the world, U.S. embassies and consulates became

makeshift memorials as people came out to pay their respects. Many U.S. ambassadors have said that they will
never forget the outpouring of people as they showed their
sympathy to the American people and their opposition to
terrorism.
Global National: America Under Attack (television). The Tribute in Light was the rst major physical memoGlobal TV. 2001-09-11.
rial at the World Trade Center site. A permanent memorial and museum, the National September 11 Memorial
& Museum at the World Trade Center, are being built
Newspapers
as part of the design by overall WTC site redevelopment.
The Memorial consists of two massive pools set within
Higgins, Michael; Smyth, Julie (September 12, the original footprints of the Twin Towers with 30-foot
2001). Military Escorts Jets to Airports After Hi- (9.1 m) waterfalls cascading down their sides. The names
jacking Fears. The National Post. p. A9.
of the victims of the attacks have been inscribed around
the edges of the waterfalls.
8.6.5
External links
Permanent memorials are being constructed around the

world.
CNN Interview with Prime Minister Jean Chrtien One of the places that saw many memorials and candlethe day after the attacks (Archived version at the light vigils was Pier A in Hoboken, New Jersey, where
Wayback Machine)
many people saw the events of September 11 (Pier A had
a good view of the World Trade Center.) There was also
11-09-2001 Four Days in September
a memorial service on March 11, 2002, at dusk on Pier
2001: Air trac halted after four planes hijacked in A when the Tribute in Light rst turned on, marking the
half-year anniversary of the terrorist attack. A permanent
U.S.
September 11 memorial for Hoboken, called Hoboken Is Norad and September 11
land, was chosen in September 2004.
8.7. MEMORIALS AND SERVICES
8.7.1
List
Temporary memorials
273
over 300,000 visitors over its run. The Project provided a venue for the display of photographs accompanied by captions by anyone who wished to participate. The exhibit aimed to preserve a record of the
spontaneous outdoor shrines that were being swept
away by rain or wind or collected by the city for historical preservation. The Project was also made into
a book titled The September 11 Photo Project in
May 2002. It has sold over 60,000 copies to date.
On March 11, 2002, the damaged Sphere sculpture
formerly in the World Trade Center was dedicated
by the city as a temporary memorial in Battery Park
City.[2]
Permanent memorials
The World Trade Center cross was a temporary memorial at

Ground Zero
Bronze wall mural dedicated to the fallen reghters, South of

the WTC site
Soon after the attacks, temporary memorials were set up Structures

in New York and elsewhere.
Flight 93 National Memorial, Shanksville, Pennsylvania
On October 4, Reverend Brian Jordan, a Franciscan
priest, blessed the World Trade Center cross, two
broken beams at the crash site which had formed a
cross, and then had been welded together by ironworkers.
On October 13, the North Charleston Coliseum
raised a special banner featuring the retired number
of Mark Bavis, who was on United Airlines Flight
175. Bavis had played for the ECHLs South Carolina Stingrays, and his retired number hangs in a
special corner, independently from the Stingrays retired numbers (#14, #24) and awards banners (1997
and 2001 Kelly Cup Championships), with the years
he played for the team (199496), the date of his
death (September 11, 2001), and an American ag.
Also on October 13, The September 11 Photo
Project was founded. The Project was a not-forprot community based photo exhibit in response
to the September 11 attacks and their aftermath. It
toured seven cities over two years, collected photographs from more than 700 participants, and had
Pentagon Memorial, The Pentagon, Arlington

County, Virginia
Tribute in Light, World Trade Center site (temporary/periodic)
9/11 Memorial, Wesley Bolin Memorial Plaza,
Phoenix, Arizona
Postcards, Staten Island, New York
Memorial, Eisenhower Park, East Meadow, New
York
Rockland County September 11th Memorial,
Haverstraw, New York
Honolulu September 11 Memorial. Dedicated
November 11, 2001. A monument bearing an eternal ame (placed on top) and a Twin Towers likeness (etched in front) located outside Honolulu Hale
(Honolulu Municipal Building) in Downtown Honolulu, Hawaii.
274
To the Struggle Against World Terrorism, a memorial given to the

U.S. from Russia.
CHAPTER 8. RESPONSE
A grati tribute to 9/11 in Melbourne, Australia that reads Evil

never wins
Series of hand-painted tiles, dedicated to the victims of the

September 11 attacks, on the fence of a car-lot in New York City
Twin Towers Memorial in Israel
Garden of Reection, Yardley, Pennsylvania

Beverly Hills 9/11 Memorial Garden, Beverly Hills,
California[3]
Seaford 9/11 Memorial, Seaford, New York[4]
Freedom Plaza, Metuchen, New Jersey
Semper Memento, Heisler Park, Laguna Beach,
California[5]
Project 9/11 Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
September 11 Memorial Park, Westeld, New Jersey[6]

9/11 Memorial Fairview, New Jersey
To the Struggle Against World Terrorism, Bayonne,
New Jersey
Samuel Oitice Memorial, Peekskill, New York
9/11 Flight Crew Memorial, Grapevine, Texas
September 11 Memorial, Vista Verde Cemetery,
Rio Rancho, New Mexico
September 11 Memorial, Patriots Park, Venice,
Florida
275
Flight 93 temporary memorial in Pennsylvania
View of a Memorial from Jersey City, New Jersey, that faces the
former location of the Twin Towers
Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery for victims of the

September 11, 2001, terrorist attack on the Pentagon.
September 11 Memorial at the Texas State Cemetery with two

girders removed from the WTC wreckage
Steel from the World Trade Center is poured for construction of

USS New York (LPD-21)
9/11 Memorial, Naperville, Illinois

Heros Memorial, University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown, Richland Township, Pennsylvania
King of Prussia Vol. Fire Company 9/11 Memorial
King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
Appleton 9/11 Memorial, Appleton, Newfoundland
and Labrador, Canada
The Texas State Cemetery has a memorial to the
Steel recovered from the World Trade Center displayed on USS
September 11 victims. It is composed to symbolize New York (LPD-21)
the damaged Twin Towers, made with two twisted
iron girders that had been part of the WTC and salvaged from the Ground Zero wreckage.[7][8]
276
CHAPTER 8. RESPONSE
Monroe Community College September 11 Memorial

Memorial in Ocean City, Maryland honoring the New York City
reghters who lost their lives in the attacks, complete with a
piece of the World Trade Center
Logan Airport September 11 memorial in Boston
Clyde, North Carolinas WTC monument
The city of Coral Springs, Florida has its own

memorial dedicated to the victims of the attacks. It
is located outside the Northwest Regional Library,
the citys only public library.[9]
The Garden of Reection 9-11 Memorial is located
in Memorial Park in Lower Makeeld Township,
Pennsylvania. Designed by Yardley architect Liuba
Lashchyk, it is intended to symbolize light that follows darkness.[10]
Parco 11 Settembre 2001, a large public park in
Bologna, Italy.
Myrtle Beach 9/11 Unity Memorial
Colts Neck, New Jersey, which lost ve members

of their community,[11] commissioned sculptor Jim
Gary, a lifetime resident, to create a memorial garden featuring his central sculpture of brass, copper,
and stained glasswhere each victim is represented
by a colorful buttery among plants in a water garden. The contemplative garden was dedicated at the
municipal center of Colts Neck on November 10,
2002.[12][13]
Recovering Equilibrium, at Los Angeles Inter-
277
national Airport's Theme Building, unveiled on

September 9, 2003 and designed by BJ Krivanek
and Joel Breaux. Three of the four hijacked planes
were originally bound for Los Angeles.[14]
U.S. delegation attending the ceremony dedicating

the monument. They were joined by Israeli Cabinet ministers, Knesset members, families of the
victims.[25][26]
In July 2004, a Boston memorial to the 206 citizens

of Massachusetts that died on September 11, 2001,
was dedicated at the Arlington & Newbury St. entrance to the Boston Public Garden.
In September 2008, a $3.5 million 9/11 memorial in

the form of a glass cube was dedicated at Logan International Airport in Boston. The two jets that destroyed the World Trade Center had departed from
Logan, and the memorial commemorates the 147 innocent victims aboard those ights.[27]
"The Rising", dedicated in Westchester County,

New York on September 11, 2006 in memory of
the residents of that county killed during the 9-11
attacks.[15]
The FDNY memorial wall, a 56-foot-long (17 m)
bronze wall of cast bas-relief bronze that honors the
343 reghters who gave their lives in service to the
public during the attacks. Commissioned by FDNY
and unveiled in 2006 as a memorial to the fallen reghters, it lists all of the fallen reghters names,
and is installed in the west wall of Engine Company
10 Ladder Company 10 on Greenwich Street between Albany Street and Liberty Street, just across
from Ground Zero.[16][17][18]
On September 11, 2009, the Defense Intelligence

Agency dedicated a permanent memorial to the
seven DIA ocers who died on 9/11 while working at the Pentagon. The memorial is part of the
Defense Intelligence Analysis Center on Bolling Air
Force Base in Washington, DC, the largest of DIAs
facilities.[28]
In September 2011, the Fireghters from Clyde,
North Carolina, unveiled a monument dedicated to
the victims of the attacks. It is composed of sections
of steel from the World Trade Center, with fencework designed to look like the lobbies in 1 and 2
WTC. It is located in front of the Clyde re department.
In Union City, New Jersey, which lost four of its residents during the attacks, the rst 9/11 memorial was
"Empty Sky", the ocial New Jersey memorial to
a sculpture placed in Doric Park, in whose court9/11 victims, dedicated on September 11, 2011, in
yard citizens gathered on September 11, 2001 to
Liberty State Park, New Jersey,[29]
[19]
view the attacks aftereects.
On September 11,
2007, the city dedicated its Liberty Plaza to com On September 11, 2013, the City of Yuma, Arizona
memorate the event. The Plaza, which serves as a
unveiled a memorial at Yuma Fire Station No.1.
transit hub through which commuters pass on their
The memorial composed a section of steel I-beam
way to and from Manhattan, includes two memofrom one of the towers of the World Trade Center
rial markers.[20][21] In subsequent years, citizens of
and on the base holding the steel beam has 4 plaques
neighboring towns have been honored at Liberty
remembering the victims of 9/11[30]
Plaza, including North Bergen resident David Le On September 11, 2014, the City of Ybor, Florida
magne, a Port Authority police ocer who grew up
unveiled a permanent memorial including a group of
[22]
in Union City, and perished during the attacks.
stainless steel gures and actual 9/11 debris.
Doric Park was later rebuilt as Fireghters Memorial Park, which opened in August 2009. A new
memorial to local reghters who gave their lives Other designations
in the line of duty now stands in the entrance to the
parks entrance,[23] whose popularity has attracted
The New Britain Museum of American Art comvisitors from Manhattan and Staten Island.[24]
missioned painter Graydon Parrish to create the allegorical painting The Cycle of Terror and Tragedy
On November 12, 2009, a 9/11 Living Memorial
in memory of New Britain native Scott O'Brien, who
monument was dedicated in Israel, in Jerusalem's
was killed in the attacks.[31]
Arazim Park. Designed by Israeli artist Eliezer
Weisho, the 30-foot high bronze sculpture is com The LeRoy W. Homer Jr. Foundation, established
posed of a waving American ag transformed into
in memory of United 93 First Ocer LeRoy Homer
a memorial ame, which rests upon a base of gray
by his widow Melodie Homer. The Foundation
granite, part of which is from the original Twin
awards up to three scholarships annually from appliTowers. The sculpture is surrounded by a circular,
cants ages 16 23 residing within the United States
crater-like plaza and reection area tiled in stone.
as citizens or resident aliens. The scholarship proAs of November 2009, it is the only monument outgram is funded through private donations, corposide of New York which lists the names of all of
rate contributions and grant requests. The Founthe victims. U.S. Ambassador to Israel James Cundation also promotes awareness of aviation as a caningham and U.S. Congressman Erik Paulsen led a
reer choice, with a focus on providing information
278
CHAPTER 8. RESPONSE
to women and minorities who are underrepresented
in the US pilot population.[32]
The US Navy named three ships, New York,[33]

Arlington[34] and Somerset,[35] in commemoration of
the places the planes used in the attack came down:
New York State, Arlington, Virginia, and Somerset
County, Pennsylvania.
A bus that was heavily damaged in the collapse of
the World Trade Center was repainted with a special
American ag scheme on its sides and rear.[36]
8.7.2
Performances and benets
2001 events
Thursday, September 20, the New York Philharmonic performed a memorial concert of Brahms'
Ein Deutsches Requiem in Avery Fisher Hall. The
concert was led o by the national anthem, and on
the stage was a ag which appeared on stage during
all Philharmonic World War II concerts. All proceeds went to disaster relief. At the request of the
Philharmonic director, all applause was held, and
the audience led out in silence.
Friday, September 21, America: A Tribute to
Heroes:A two-hour live telethon entitled America:
A Tribute to Heroes, with musical performances
and spoken tributes by top American performers,
was simultaneously broadcast on nearly every single network. Celebrities such as Al Pacino, George
Clooney and Jack Nicholson manned the phones.
October 20
The Concert for New York City
Volunteers for America, a benet concert held
on October 20, in Atlanta Georgia and October 21 at the Smirno Music Center in Dallas, Texas. The concerts were held in tribute to the victims of the September 11, 2001
attacks. Styx band members, Tommy Shaw,
James Young along with others put the benet concert together in a short period of time.
The Concert was in Atlanta Georgia October
20 and moved overnight to Dallas, Texas for
the October 21 show. Proceeds from the concerts went to Families of Fireman killed in the
9-11 Terror attacks.
October 21, United We Stand: What More Can I Give
The Raoul Wallenberg Award was given to New York
City in 2001 For all of its citizens who searched for the
missing, cared for the injured, gave comfort to loved ones
of the missing or lost, and provided sustenance and encouragement to those who searched through the rubble at
Ground Zero.
2002 and later events
On February 3, 2002, during the Halftime Show of Super
Bowl XXXVI, rock group U2 performed Where the
Streets Have No Name, while the names of the victims
were projected onto banners. Bono opened his jacket to
reveal a U.S. ag pattern sewn in the inside lining.
On February 23, 2003, the 45th Annual Grammy Awards

were held at Madison Square Garden and paid tribute to
AMF National Bowl-a-thon, a national eort to those who died during the 9/11 attacks, to whom the cerraise $3 million for the Twin Towers Fund
emony was dedicated. Ceremony host Bruce Springsteen
Free Brooklyn Philharmonic concert con- performed "The Rising" at the Awards.
ducted by Robert Spano at the Brooklyn American country singer Darryl Worley paid tribute to
Academy of Music with music from Ameri- the people with his 2003 single, "Have You Forgotten?"
can composers, including George Gershwin, from the album of the same name.
Leonard Bernstein, and Aaron Copland. The
was renamed Newark Libconcert was rebroadcast on WNYC at 8 p.m. Newark International Airport
erty International Airport.[37][38]
Monday, October 8 and 15: Haircut for Life.
On September 11, 2002, representatives from over 90
Roberto Novo and his stylists cut hair to benecountries came to Battery Park City as New York City
t WTC victims at the Roberto Novo Salon, 192
Mayor Michael Bloomberg lit an eternal ame to mark
Eighth Avenue.
the rst anniversary of the attacks. Leading the digni Tuesday, October 9: Benet for WTC Disaster taries were Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrtien, U.N.
Fund: Celebration of John Lennons BirthdayThe Secretary General Ko Annan, Bloomberg, and SecreEast Village Antifolk scene play John Lennon's and tary of State Colin Powell. The same day, the Victims
their own songs to raise money. Performances of Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon Memorial was dedifrom The Voyces, Joie DBG, Amos, Bionic Fin- cated at Arlington National Cemetery near the Pentagon.
ger, Laura Fay, Barry Bliss, Tony Hightower, Linda The memorial is dedicated to the ve individuals at the
Draper, Pat Cisarano, Lach, Testosterone Kills, Pentagon whose remains were never found, and the parKenny Davidsen, Jude Kastle, Bree Sharp, Erica tial remains of another 25 victims are buried beneath the
Smith, Fenton Lawless, Grey Revell, at the Sidewalk memorial.[39] The names of the 184 victims of the PenCafe, 94 Ave. A.
tagon attack are inscribed on the memorials side.
Sunday, October 7
8.7.3
10th anniversary memorial services
279
8.7.5 Memorial ags
Many organizations held memorial services and events for

The National 9/11 Flag was made from a tattered remains
the 10th anniversary of the attacks.
of a 30-foot (9.1 m) American ag found by recovery
workers in the early morning of September 12, 2001. It
The ocial New York City observance of the 10th was hanging precariously from some scaolding at a conanniversary of September 11 took place at the World struction site next to Ground Zero. Because of safety reaTrade Center site at 8:40am 12:30pm Sunday, sons the ag could not be taken down until late October
September 11, 2011. Zuccotti Park, Liberty Street 2001. Charlie Vitchers, a construction superintendent for
between Broadway and Church Streets. Four mo- the Ground Zero cleanup eort, had a crew recover the
ments of silence were observed to commemorate the ag. It was placed in storage for seven years.[46]
times when each plane hit and each tower fell, startThe ag has made a number appearances across the couning at 8:46 a.m.
try including a Boston Red Sox Game, a New York Giants Home Opener, and the USS New York Commis At sunset, the "Tribute in Light" dual search light sioning Ceremony. It also appeared on the CBS Evening
lit the skies above New York City for the night of News and on ABC World News Tonight Persons of the
9/11/11.
Week.[47]
Liquid Church[40] held Memorial worship services in three cities in New Jersey: Montclair,
Morristown, and New Brunswick on 9/11/11 at
9:30am and 11:30am in each city. The church also
commissioned and recorded a tribute song written
by Dave Pettigrew & Frank Di Minno called, There
is Hope.
The ag began a national tour on Flag day, which was

on June 14, 2009. It will visit all 50 states where service heroes, veterans, and other honorees will each add
stitching and material from other retired American ags
in order to restore the original 13 stripes of the ag. The
ag will have a permanent home at the National September 11 Memorial and Museum.[48]
The 9-11 Remembrance Flag was created to be a permanent reminder of the thousands of people lost in the
September 11 attacks. The purpose of keeping the memories of September 11 alive is not to be forever mourning, but for learning from the circumstances and making
every eort to prevent similar tragedies in our future.
The ag is also meant to be a reminder of how the people of this country came together to help each other after
the attacks. The red background of the ag represents the
blood shed by Americans for their country. The stars represent the lost airplanes and their passengers. The blue
rectangles stand for the twin towers and the white pentagon represents the Pentagon building. The blue circle
symbolizes the unity of this country after the attacks.
In Radcli Kentucky at the Kentucky Veterans

Cemetery Central, a committee of local citizens
worked on a memorial eort taking only 8 weeks
from the time of receipt of a piece of steel from
the World Trade Center to the Tenth Anniversary
remembrance ceremony. In that time they developed a concept design, found companies willing to
donate time, labor, technical expertise, and material, and began a fund raising eort which allowed
a memorial to be erected solely on private funding.
This memorial completed phase I in these 8 weeks
and now enters phase II. Hundreds of citizens assembled during the remembrance ceremony held for
the Tenth Anniversary on Sunday, September 11.
The 9/11 National Remembrance Flag was designed by
Stephan and Joanne Galvin soon after September 11,
2001. They wanted to do something to help and were
inspired by a neighbors POW/MIA ag. They wanted
8.7.4 Annual commemorations
sell the ag so people would remember the September
Every year on September 11 a commemoration is held at 11 attacks and in order to raise money for relief eorts.
the National September 11 Memorial. Family members The blue represents the colors of the state ags that were
read the names of victims of the attacks, as well as vic- involved in the attacks. The black represents sorrow for
tims of the 1993 World Trade Center truck bombing.[41] innocent lives lost. The four stars stand for the four planes
Elected ocials and other dignitaries attend, but since the that crashed and the lives lost, both in the crash and in the
rescue eorts, as well as the survivors. The blue star is
2012 event they have not given speeches.[42]
a representation of American Airlines Flight 77 and the
Pentagon. The two white stars represent American Air The Tribute in Light project consists of 88 search- lines ight 11 and United Airlines ight 175, as well as the
lights placed next to the site of the World Trade Cen- twin towers. The red star stands for United Flight 93 that
ter created two vertical columns of light. The trib- crashed in Shanksville, Pennsylvania and all those who
ute began in 2001, and is now made every year on sacrice their lives to protect the innocent. The colors of
September 11.[43][44][45]
the stars represent the American ag. The four stars are
280
CHAPTER 8. RESPONSE
touching each other and the blue parts of the ag in order

to symbolize the unity of the people of the United States.
The National Flag of Honor and the National Flag of
Heroes were created by John Michelotti for three main
reasons: (1)"To immortalize the individual victims that
were killed in the terrorist attacks of September 11,
2001. (2)"To give comfort to the families left behind
knowing that their loved one will be forever honored and
remembered. (2)"To create an enduring symbol, recognized by the world, of the human sacrice that occurred
on September 11, 2001.
On September 11, 2007, a virtual reality World Trade Center Memorial will
be presented to the people of the world.
The location is in Second Life, on the island we have named after the original design: Celestial Requiem NYC. We have
built this memorial because, to be blunt,
the world needed it done years ago, and
the two years longer to await the completion of the Reected Absence memorial in New York city (by Michael Arad
and Peter Walker) was in our opinion two
years too long.[53]
The Flag of Honor and the Flag of Heroes are based on

the American ag. They both have the names of all the
innocent people who were killed in the September 11 at World Trade Center Memorial (SecondLife) [54] is
tacks printed on the red and white stripes of the Amerfocused on the victims of 9/11, reminiscent of the
ican Flag. Both ags have a white space across the botMemorial Wall of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial.
tom with the name of the ag and a description printed in
black. The Flag of Honor reads: This ag contains the
names of those killed in the terrorist attacks of September Planned September 11 memorials
11. Now and forever it will represent their immortality.
We shall never forget them The Flag of Heroes reads:
Palm Harbor 9/11 Memorial, Palm Harbor, Florida
" This ag contains the names of the emergency service
This memorial broke ground on March 30, 2012.
personnel who gave their lives to save others in the terIt will be designed around a 150-pound piece of
rorist attacks of September 11. Now and forever it will
World Trade Center steel provided (and still owned)
represent their immortality. We shall never forget them.
by the Port Authority of New York and New
Jersey.[55]
The Flag of Honor and the Flag of Heroes were featured at the NYC 9/11 Memorial Field 5th Anniversary
Huntington Beach 9/11 Memorial, Huntington
in Manhattans Inwood Hill Park September 812, 2006.
Beach, California A design plan has been selected
There 3,000 ags which represented those who died in the
for this Memorial which is currently in the fundraisSeptember 11 attacks.[49] The ags were also featured on
ing stage. The Memorial was built outside the Huntthe msnbc Today Show[50] and on ABC 13 News, Norington Beach City Hall building and was dedicated
folk, VA.[51]
on September 11, 2013. The Memorial design feaThe Remembrance Flag has a white background with
tures two stainless steel towers and will incorporate
large, black Roman numerals IX/XI in the center and four
two girders from the World Trade Center provided
black stars across the top. The IX/XI are the Roman nuby the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.
merals for 9/11. The four stars represent World Trade
The words We Will Never Forget will be etched
Center North, World Trade Center South, the Pentagon,
along the base of the memorial.[56]
and Shanksville, PA.
The 10th Anniversary September 11 Memorial Flag was
designed by Carrot-Top Industries, a privately owned 8.7.7 Picture gallery
company in Hillsborough, NC. The exclusive 9/11
memorial ag was designed with the two World Trade
The Rising, Westchester, NY
Towers set inside a pentagon decorated with a ribbon to
commemorate all of the Americans that lost their lives on
Postcards 9/11 Memorial, St. George Esplanade,
September 11, 2001.
Staten Island
8.7.6
Virtual memorials
The growing popularity of virtual worlds such as

Secondlife has led to the construction of permanent virtual memorials and exhibits. Examples include:
Celestial Requiem NYC (SecondLife) [52] is a virtual
recreation of a submitted physical memorial proposal:
Memorial sign of the New York City Fire Dept.

Empty Sky: New Jersey State 9/11 Memorial (under
construction)
Arizona memorial to the events of September 11,
2001
Memorial at Liberty Plaza in Union City, New Jersey, which lost four citizens in the attacks.
8.7.8
See also
9/11 Tribute Center

Flight 93 National Memorial
National September 11 Memorial & Museum
Pentagon Memorial
World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition
8.7.9
References
281
[18] Visitor Resources. National September 11 Memorial &

Museum. accessed September 15, 2011.
[19] Rosero, Jessica. Remembering 9/11. The Union City
Reporter. September 12, 2004. Pages 1 & 23
[20] 9/11 commemorations begin tomorrow morning. Jersey
Journal/NJ.com. September 8, 2007
[21] Lucio Fernandez and Gerard Karabin. Union City in Pictures. Book Press NY. 2010. Pages 24 and 25.
[22] Roberts, Carolina. "'Patriots Day'". The Union City Reporter. page 1 and 12
[1] For an assessment of the response of webloggers to the

attacks, see When blogging came of age
[23] Zeitlinger, Ron. Union City limits use of Fireghters

park pool. Hudson Dispatch. July 15, 2010. Pages 1
&3
[2] Memorial Plaque at Battery Park, beneath The Sphere

Sculpture, now a Temporary Memorial. photo. Flickr.
May 11, 2007. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
[24] Zeitlinger, Ron. Union City limits use of Fireghters

park pool. Hudson Dispatch. July 15, 2010. Pages 1
and 3
[3] Beverly Hills 9/11 Memorial Garden. Retrieved May

28, 2012.
[25] 9/11 monument dedicated in Jerusalem. Jewish Telegraph Agency. November 12, 2009. Retrieved March 8,
2010.
[4] Seaford 9/11 Memorial. Retrieved May 28, 2012.

[5] Clay, Joanna (September 9, 2011). Remembering always. Laguna Beach Coastline Pilot.
[6] September 11 Memorial Park Committee, Inc. Westeld Today. Retrieved May 28, 2012.
[7] Monuments. Texas State Cemetery. accessed September 15, 2011.
[8] O'Connor, Hollie. Perry honors 9/11 victims, responders. My San Antonio. September 11, 2011
[9] http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2011-09-08/
news/fl-cspf-sept11-0908-20110908_1_
scholarship-winners-world-trade-center-attacks
[10] 10th Year Commemoration Information. The Garden
of Reection 9/11 Memorial, accessed September 15,
2011.
[11] 9/11 anniversary events throughout New Jersey.
NJ.com. September 9, 2011
[26] Julian, Hana Levi. Jerusalem Monument to 9/11 Victims

Unveiled by JNF. Israel National News. November 12,
2009
[27] deLuzuriaga, Tania (September 9, 2008). Memorial to
be unveiled at Logan to those lost on 9/11 ights. Boston
Globe (Boston). Retrieved February 11, 2012.
[28] Defense Intelligence Agency Memorial.
September 7, 2011.
accessed
[29] Mercogliano, Ann. Thousands Dedicate 'Empty Sky'

Memorial In Liberty State Park. CBS News. September 11, 2011
[30] http://www.yumasun.com/sections/slideshow/?id=
19168941
[31]
[32] The LeRoy Homer Foundation. accessed September 7,
2011.
[33] USS New York (LPD 21) Brief History. Navy.mil
[12] Benz, Ka. Artist Jim Gary news, links, and more
photographs. Ka Benz Productions. December 12,
2010
[34] Future USS Arlington Launched. Navy News Service.

United States Navy. November 24, 2010. Retrieved
November 28, 2010.
[13] Terry, Ellen. COLTS NECK HISTORICAL PRESERVATION COMMITTEE. August 15, 2006
[35] 9/11 steel poured for USS Somerset, Kirk Swauger, The
Tribune-Democrat, August 6, 2008
[14] http://www.lawa.org/welcome_lax.aspx?id=1612
[36] MTA New York City Transit (Bus): MCI 102-DLW3SS

/ D4500'. The Bergen Network. accessed September 15,
2011.
[15] The Rising: Westchester Countys September 11th

Memorial. WestchesterGov.com. accessed September
15, 2011.
[16] The FDNY memorial wall The Environment. The
FDNY Memorial Wall. accessed September 15, 2011.
[17] The Design. The FDNY Memorial Wall. accessed
September 15, 2011.
[37] Wilson, Michael (August 22, 2002). Governors Seek a

Name Change for Newark Airport. The New York Times.
[38] Smothers, Ronald (August 30, 2002). Port Authority Extends Lease of a Renamed Newark Airport. The New
York Times. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
282
CHAPTER 8. RESPONSE
[39] Cass, Connie. Cremated Remains of Pentagon Victims

September 13, 2002.
[40] liquidchurch.com
[41] 9/11 commemoration ceremony to limit access to World
Trade Center area. Daily News (New York).
[42] Oh, Inae (September 10, 2013). 12 Years Later. Huington Post.
[43] Chan, Sewell (September 11, 2007). Will Tribute in
Light Go Dark After 08?". New York Times. Retrieved
May 26, 2010.
[44] " September 11th Tribute Lights Up Again. NY1.com.
[45] Dunlap, David W. (September 10, 2010). "Tribute in
Light Will Keep Shining, This Year and the Next. New
York Times. Retrieved Sep 11, 2010.
[46] Shapiro, Julie. Patchwork Flag Symbolizing 9/11 Recovery Unfurled Over Ground Zero. DNAinfo.com. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
[47] Flag Facts. The National 9/11 Flag. September 11,
2008. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
[48] Andrew Beam (September 11, 2001). All 50 states helping to repair 9/11 ag. Legislativegazette.com. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
[49] FDNY Powered by Chris A. Kenner & DAEMAG.
NYC 911 Memorial Field. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
[50] allDAY TODAYs Talk: Remembering 9/11, ags
of honor and what makes a good friend?".
Allday.msnbc.msn.com. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
[51] Va. Beach couple raises money for Flight 93 national
memorial | 13NEWS / WVEC.com | Raw | wvec.com |
News for Hampton Roads, Virginia. wvec.com. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
[52] Celestial Requiem NYC, 11, 120, 21.
[53] Announcement of Celestial Requiem NYC.
[54] World Trade Center Memorial, World Trade Center 181,
76, 26.
[55] Horchy, Eric. Groundbreaking for planned Palm Harbor
9/11 Memorial. The Suncoast News. Retrieved March
22, 2012.
[56] Katapodis, Jim. Huntington Beach 9/11 Memorial.
8.7.10
External links
Project 2,996 A grassroots eort by bloggers to

remember the victims on the 5th anniversary of the
attacks
September 11 Memorial Tattoos in the Staten Island
Historical Society Online Collections Database
9/11 Museum Design Unveiled-NY Times article

addressing 2012 Memorial Museum Complex
National September 11 Memorial & Museum- permanent Memorial and Museum at the World Trade
Center site
9-11 Garden of Reection
NYC Memorials and Monuments A growing collection of photographs of NYC 9/11 memorials and
monuments
Chapter 9
Perpetrators
9.1 Responsibility
the hijacking of United Airlines Flight 93, Jeremy Glick

identied the hijackers as Arabic-looking and carrying
[11]
Two weeks after the September 11 attacks, the Federal box-cutters.
Bureau of Investigation connected the hijackers to al- Mohamed Atta's luggage did not make the connection
Qaeda,[1] a global, decentralized terrorist network. In a from his Portland ight to American Airlines Flight 11.
number of video, audio, interview and printed statements, In his suitcase, authorities found a handwritten letter in
senior members of al-Qaeda have also asserted responsi- Arabic. As well, a handwritten letter was found at the
bility for organizing the September 11 attacks.[2][3][4] It crash site of United Airlines Flight 93 near Shanksville,
is believed that Osama Bin Laden, Khalid Sheikh Mo- Pennsylvania, and another in Hazmis vehicle.[12] When
hammed, and Mohammed Atef were the ones who plot- examining Mohamed Atta's left-behind luggage, the FBI
ted the attacks after meeting together in 1999.[5] It is found important clues about the hijackers and their plans.
also believed Khalid Sheikh Mohammad was the one who Attas luggage contained instructional videotapes for yplanned the attacks[5] and that Atef was the one who or- ing large aircraft, a fuel consumption calculator, and a
ganized the hijackers.[5]
ight plan, along with a copy of the Quran.[13] His luggage also contained papers that revealed the identity of
all 19 hijackers, along with a copy of Attas last will and
9.1.1 Identifying the hijackers
testament.[14] The passport of hijacker Abdulaziz Alomari was also found in Mohamed Attas left-behind lugFurther information: Hijackers in the September 11 gage.
attacks
Various items of evidence were found in vehicles left
The FBI investigation into the attacks, codenamed operation PENTTBOM, was able to identify the 19 hijackers within days, as they made little eort to conceal their
names on ight, credit card, and other records.[6] By
checking ight manifests and comparing them with other
information, like watch lists, customs ocials were able
to nd the names of all 19 hijackers quickly.
Passengers and crew aboard the ights provided information about the hijackers while the hijacking was in
progress. Two ight attendants on American Airlines
Flight 11, Betty Ong and Madeline Amy Sweeney, contacted airline personnel on the ground. Sweeney provided the seat numbers of the hijackers, and descriptions of the men, identifying Mohamed Atta as one of
the hijackers.[7][8][9] A ight attendant on United Airlines Flight 175 called a United Airlines mechanic and
reported that hijackers had killed the crew.[9] While the
hijacking was in progress on American Airlines Flight
77, several passengers, including a ight attendant, Renee May, contacted and reported details of the hijacking to persons on the ground.[10] Sales clerks identied
two individuals to whom they sold tickets on Flight 77 as
the hijackers Hani Hanjour and Majed Moqed.[9] During
behind at the airports, in luggage that did not make it

onto the ights, and at the crash scenes. A rental car
belonging to the hijackers was found at Bostons Logan
International Airport, which contained an Arabic language ight manual and documents from Human Aviation in Florida. There, investigators were able to nd
Mohamed Atta and Marwan al-Shehhi's previous address
in Hamburg, Germany.[15] Nawaf al-Hazmi's 1988 blue
Toyota Corolla was found on September 12 in Dulles
International Airports hourly parking lot. Inside the
vehicle, authorities found a letter written by Mohamed
Atta, maps of Washington, D.C., and New York City,
a cashiers check made out to a Phoenix ight school,
four drawings of a Boeing 757 cockpit, a box cutter-type
knife, and a page with notes and phone numbers.[16]
In New York City, a passport belonging to Satam alSuqami was found by a passerby before the towers collapsed, and given to a NYPD detective.[17][18] The passports of two of the hijackers of Flight 93 were also found
intact at the crash site.
On September 27, 2001, the FBI released photos of the
19 hijackers, along with information about the possible
nationalities and aliases of many.[19]
283
284
9.1.2
CHAPTER 9. PERPETRATORS
Assigning responsibility
Author Laurie Mylroie, writing in the conservative political magazine The American Spectator in 2006, argued
that Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and his family are the primary architects of 9/11 and similar attacks, that Khalid
Sheikh Mohammeds association with Osama bin Laden
is secondary, and that Al-Qaedas claim of responsibility
for the attack is after the fact and opportunistic.[28] In an
opposing point of view, former CIA ocer Robert Baer,
writing in Time magazine in 2007, asserted that George
W. Bush Administration's publicizing of Khalid Sheikh
Mohammeds claims of responsibility for 9/11 and numerous other acts was a mendacious attempt to claim that
all of the signicant actors in 9/11 had been caught.[29]
For several months after the 9/11 attacks, no one, nor any
group, claimed responsibility for the attacks, so the primary responsibility fell solely upon the hijackers, all of
whom were killed and all of whom left no message or any
claim of responsibility behind at explaining why they had
carried the attacks out. As the media covered the 9/11 attacks unfolding, many quickly speculated that bin Laden
was behind the attacks.[20] On the day of the attacks,
the National Security Agency intercepted communications that pointed to bin Laden,[21] as did German intelligence agencies.[22] This helped rule out other immediate
suspects, such as Croatian nationalists, who had bombed
9.1.3
Grand Central Terminal on September 11, 1976.[23]
Al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden
Authorities in the United States and Britain also obtained electronic intercepts, including telephone conversations and electronic bank transfers, which indicate that
Mohammed Atef, a bin Laden deputy, was a key gure in the planning of the 9/11 attacks. Intercepts were
also obtained that revealed conversations that took place
days before September 11 between bin Laden and an associate in Pakistan. In those conversations, the two referred to an incident that would take place in America
on, or around, September 11 and they discussed potential repercussions. In another conversation with an associate in Afghanistan, bin Laden discussed the scale and
eects of a forthcoming operation. These conversations
did not specically mention the World Trade Center or
Aftermath of the bomb detonation on the World Trade Center in
Pentagon, or other specics.[24]
1993
The investigators were quickly able to link the 19 men
to the terrorist organization al-Qaeda, also by accessing material in their intelligence agency les. The New
York Times reported on September 12 that: Authorities said they had also identied accomplices in several
cities who had helped plan and execute Tuesdays attacks.
Ocials said they knew who these people were and important biographical details about many of them. They
prepared biographies of each identied member of the
hijack teams, and began tracing the recent movements
of the men. FBI agents in Florida investigating the hijackers quickly descended on ight schools, neighborhoods and restaurants in pursuit of leads. At one ight
school, students said investigators were there within
hours of Tuesdays attacks.[25] The Washington Post later
reported that In the hours after Tuesdays bombings, investigators searched their les on [Satam] al-Suqami and
[Ahmed] al-Ghamdi, noted the pairs ties to [Nabil] alMarabh and launched a hunt for him.[26]
Based on the evidence, authorities in the United States
quickly asserted that Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaeda
organization were solely responsible for the attacks, and
other suspects were ruled out. The Government of the
United Kingdom reached the same conclusion.[27] Although he denied the attacks at rst, Osama bin Laden
had since claimed full responsibility.
See also: Hijackers in the September 11 attacks

Intelligence experts speak of a short list of prime
suspectsgroups that possess both the means and the
motive to carry out the crime. Two of the passengers
had been identied as al-Qaeda members and were on the
FBIs terrorist-alert list prior to 9/11: Khalid Almihdhar
and Nawaf Alhazmi. It appears certain that all hijackers
had Arab origins, and none were Afghan; moreover, both
in their immense scale, careful planning and refraining
from claiming responsibility, the attacks are reminiscent
of al-Qaedas previous attacks such as the 1998 US embassy bombings that killed over 200 people.
World Trade Center bombing of 1993
Main article: World Trade Center 1993 bombings
In the World Trade Center bombing (February 26, 1993)
a car bomb was detonated by Arab Islamist terrorists in
the underground parking garage below Tower One of the
World Trade Center in New York City. The 1,500 lb
(680 kg) urea nitrate-fuel oil device [30][31] killed six and
injured over a thousand people.[31] It was intended to dev-
9.1. RESPONSIBILITY
285
Statements of motives prior to September 11, 2001
Main articles: Motivations of the September 11 attacks,
Wikisource:Jihad Against Zionists and Crusaders,
Osama bin Laden Fatwa, Videos of Osama bin Laden
and Wikisource:Osama bin Ladens Declaration of War
Starting in 1996, Osama bin Laden stated in public
proclamations (fatwas) and in interviews with journalists
his common list of grievances which he cited as the reason for his declaration of war against the United States.
In 1998, bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri (a leader of
Egyptian Islamic Jihad) co-signed a fatwa (binding religious edict) in the name of the World Islamic Front for
Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders, declaring:
September 17, 2001 A small portion of the scene where the

World Trade Center collapsed following the September 11 attacks.
[t]he ruling to kill the Americans and their

allies civilians and military is an individual
duty for every Muslim who can do it in any
country in which it is possible to do it, in order
to liberate the al-Aqsa Mosque (in Jerusalem)
and the holy mosque (in Makka) from their
grip, and in order for their armies to move out
of all the lands of Islam, defeated and unable
to threaten any Muslim. This is in accordance
with the words of Almighty Allah, and ght
the pagans all together as they ght you all together, and ght them until there is no more
tumult or oppression, and there prevail justice
and faith in Allah.[37][38]
In an interview with journalist Rahimullah Yusufzai published in TIME Magazine, January 11, 1999, Osama bin
Laden is quoted as saying:
September 14, 2001 "The Pile", Manhattan
astate the foundation of the North Tower, causing it to

collapse onto its twin.[32]
The attack was planned by a group of conspirators including Ramzi Yousef,[33][34] Sheik Omar Abdel-Rahman,
El Sayyid Nosair, Mahmud Abouhalima, Mohammad
Salameh, Nidal Ayyad, Ahmad Ajaj, and Abdul Rahman Yasin.[35] They received nancing from al-Qaeda
member Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, Yousefs uncle, who
would later allegedly admit to planning the September 11
attacks.[36]
The International Islamic Front for Jihad

against the US and Israel has issued a crystalclear fatwa calling on the Islamic nation to
carry on jihad aimed at liberating holy sites.
The nation of Muhammad has responded to
this appeal. If the instigation for jihad against
the Jews and the Americans in order to liberate Al-Aksa Mosque and the Holy Ka'aba
Islamic shrines in the Middle East is considered a crime, then let history be a witness that
I am a criminal.[39]
Planning the 9/11 attacks
According to interviews by Al-Jazeera[40] as well as
United States interrogations of al-Qaeda members Ramzi
bin al-Shibh and Khalid Shaikh Mohammed (captured in
2002 and 2003 respectively), Khalid Sheikh Mohammed
was the instigator and prime organizer of the attacks. Bin
al-Shibh may have been picked as a hijacker but he failed
to get into the United States.[41][42]
286
Khalid Mohammed had provided funding to his nephew

Ramzi Yousef[43][44] for the World Trade Center bombing in 1993. In addition, he collaborated on Oplan Bojinka which called for ten or more airliners to be bombed
in mid-air or hijacked for use as missiles.[45] Planning for
Oplan Bojinka began in 1994, and was funded in part by
Osama bin Laden, but was thwarted by an accidental re
in 1995.[46][47][48]
In mid-1996, Khalid Mohammed presented a new plan
to the leadership of al-Qaeda[49] that called for several
airplanes on both east and west coasts[50] to be hijacked
and own into targets.
Osama bin Laden statements after 9/11

Prior to his death on May 2, 2011, the FBI listed bin
Laden as one of the "10 Most Wanted" in connection with
several incidents including the USS Cole bombing and
the 1998 United States embassy bombings in East Africa.
The FBIs "FBI Most Wanted Terrorists" poster does not
specically hang responsibility for 9/11 on bin Laden, instead it only states Bin Laden is a suspect in other terrorist attacks throughout the world.[57] FBI spokesman
Rex Tomb said, however: Theres no mystery here. They
could add 9/11 on there, but they have not because they
don't need to at this point. There is a logic to it,
namely, the long-standing practice of only putting criminal charges on the notice.[58] Bin Laden was charged with
the 1998 embassy bombings, not 9/11.[59] David N. Kelley, the former U.S. attorney in New York who dealt with
terrorism-related cases at the time of bin Ladens indictment for the 1998 bombings, explained that, It might
seem a little strange from the outside, but it makes sense
from a legal point of view. If I were in government, I'd
be troubled if I were asked to put up a wanted picture
where no formal charges had been led, no matter who it
was.[58]
According to the bin al-Shibh and Khalid Mohammed,

six of the hijackers played active parts in the planning,
including the four who became the pilots. The other two
were Khalid al-Mihdhar and Nawaf al-Hazmi.[49] CIA
operatives reportedly monitored the movements of these
two known militants when they visited the US but did
not notify the FBI or gain an inkling of what the hijackers were planning.[51] However, during a 2006 Moussaoui
trial cross-examination,[52] FBI agents stated that the bureau was aware, years before the attacks in 2001, that alQaeda planned to use planes to destroy important buildings. Philippine Chief Superintendent Avelino Razon had
noted such plans during the 1995 investigation of Oplan Immediately after September 11, 2001, bin Laden
praised the attacks,[60] but denied responsibility for
Bojinka, of which Razon said
them.[61] On September 16, 2001, an Al Jazeera news
presenter read a message purportedly signed by Osama
I didn't imagine that they would ram a 757
bin Laden, in which the following words were stated: I
aircraft into the World Trade Center. I thought
stress that I have not carried out this act, which appears
the suicide mission [would involve] a Cessna
to have been carried out by individuals with their own
light aircraft loaded with several kilos of exmotivation.[61][62]
plosives, like a Japanese Kamikaze World War
In an interview with bin Laden, published in the Pakistani
II pilot diving into a target.[53]
newspaper Ummat Karachi on September 28, 2001, he
stated: I have already said that I am not involved in the
The targets ultimately chosen were the World Trade CenSeptember 11 attacks in the United States. As a Muslim,
ter, the Pentagon, and the United States Capitol. Flight
I try my best to avoid telling a lie. I had no knowledge
93 was apparently meant to crash into the Capitol. The
of these attacks, nor do I consider the killing of innoWhite House was considered as a target; initially discent women, children and other humans as an appreciable
missed as being too dicult to locate from the air, it was
act.[63] There was reportedly no way to prove the e-mail
[54]
later included in the plans. In the communications that
published in Pakistan came from bin Laden. The Taliban
developed as the scheme took form, the Pentagons code
denied he had access to any communications.[64][65]
name was the Faculty of Arts, Capitol Hill was the Faculty of Law, and the World Trade Center was coded as In late October 2001, Al Jazeera journalist Tayseer Allouni conducted an interview with Osama bin Laden
the Faculty of Town Planning.[55]
which was videotaped. Al-Jazeera refused to broadcast it[66] and terminated its aliation agreement with
Al-Qaeda statements after 9/11
CNN[67] due to CNNs broadcasting of the interview on
January 31, 2002.[68] In the interview, bin Laden adAl-Qaedas spokesman, Sulaiman Abu Ghaith, said in a dressed the September 11 attacks, saying:
video sent to al Jazeera and broadcast in October 2001
the following:
The Americans should know that the storm
of plane attacks will not abate, with Gods permission. There are thousands of the Islamic
nations youths who are eager to die just as the
Americans are eager to live.[56]
If inciting people to do that is terrorism,

and if killing those who kill our sons is terrorism, then let history be witness that we are terrorists ... We will work to continue this battle,
God permitting, until victory or until we meet
God before that occurs.[69]
9.1. RESPONSIBILITY
In November 2001, US forces recovered a videotape from
a bombed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan which showed
a man purported to be Osama bin Laden talking to Khaled
al-Harbi. In the tape, bin Laden talks of planning the
attacks. Translations from the tape include the following
lines:
...we calculated in advance the number of
casualties from the enemy, who would be killed
based on the position of the tower. We calculated that the oors that would be hit would
be three or four oors. I was the most optimistic of them all...We had notication since
the previous Thursday that the event would
take place that day. We had nished our work
that day and had the radio on...Muhammad
[Atta] from the Egyptian family [meaning the
al-Qaeda Egyptian group], was in charge of the
group...The brothers, who conducted the operation, all they knew was that they have a martyrdom operation and we asked each of them to
go to America but they didn't know anything
about the operation, not even one letter. But
they were trained and we did not reveal the operation to them until they are there and just before they boarded the planes.[70]
287
I begin by talking about the honorable
brother Zacarias Moussaoui. The truth is
that he has no connection whatsoever with the
events of September 11th, and I am certain
of what I say, because I was responsible for
entrusting the 19 brothersAllah have mercy
upon themwith those raids, and I did not assign brother Zacarias to be with them on that
mission.[75]
Other suspects within al-Qaeda
As of 2004, several peopleincluding Mohammed,
bin al-Shibh, and Mohammed al Qahtani, the 20th hijackerwere being held by the US as illegal combatants;
however, the United States had no one on trial for the attacks. In Germany, Mounir El Motassadeq was convicted
of over 3000 counts of accessory to murder for helping
nance the hijackers but the verdict was put aside and a
new trial scheduled.[76] Abdelghani Mzoudi was acquitted
in Germany on the same charges.[77]
In May 2002, FBI Director Robert Mueller noted that his

organization had not uncovered a single piece of paper,
either here in the U.S. or in the treasure trove of information that has turned up in Afghanistan and elsewhere,
that mentioned any aspect of the September 11th plot.[71]
In late November 2002, a letter attributed to bin Laden
and translated by British Islamists surfaced, often called
bin Ladens letter to America. It states the motive behind the September 11 attacks as being: because you
attacked us and continue to attack us and justies the
selection of a civilian target. Itemizing a list of perceived
Western wrongdoings, the letter concludes that the oppressed have a right to return the aggression and hinted
at further attacks. Also included are a list of demands, advice, and a statement of grievances against the American
government and its people.[72]
On February 11, 2003, Al Jazeera broadcast an audio tape
purportedly from bin Laden.[73]
Shortly before the US presidential election in 2004, in
a taped statement, bin Laden publicly acknowledged alQaedas involvement in the attacks on the US, and admitted his direct link to the attacks. He said that the attacks
were carried out because we are a free people who do
not accept injustice, and we want to regain the freedom
of our nation.[74]
In an audio message that surfaced on the Internet in May
2006, the speaker, who is alleged to be Osama bin Laden,
defends Zacarias Moussaoui, who was undergoing a trial
for his participation in the September 11 attacks. The
voice in the audio message says
Anwar al-Awlaki
Imam Anwar al-Awlaki has been linked to Al-Qaeda and

persons involved in the attacks, though he denied any connections. In 1998 and 1999, he served as Vice President
for the Charitable Society for Social Welfare (CSSW)
in San Diego, founded by Abdul Majeed al-Zindani of
Yemen, who has since been placed on many terrorism
lists.[78] During a terrorism trial, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agent Brian Murphy testied that CSSW
was a front organization to funnel money to terrorists,
and US federal prosecutors have described it as being
288
used to support Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda.[78][79]
The FBI investigated al-Awlaki beginning in June 1999
through March 2000 for possible fundraising for Hamas,
links to al-Qaeda, and a visit in early 2000 by a close associate of the blind sheik Omar Abdel Rahman (now
in prison for his role in the 1993 World Trade Center attack). The FBIs interest was also triggered by the fact
that he had been contacted by a possible procurement
agent for bin Laden, Ziyad Khaleel, who helped purchase a satellite phone to call his Yemen communications
hub that was used in planning the attacks.[78][80] But the
FBI was unable to unearth sucient evidence for a criminal prosecution.[78][81][82][83][84][85]
While al-Awlaki was an imam in San Diego, witnesses
told the FBI he had a close relationship with two of the
hijackers in the September 11 attacks (Nawaf Al-Hazmi
and Khalid Almihdhar) in 2000, and served as their spiritual advisor.[78][84][86] The 9/11 Commission Report indicated that the hijackers also reportedly respected [him]
as a religious gure.[80] Authorities say the two hijackers
regularly attended the mosque he led in San Diego, and alAwlaki had many closed-door meetings with them, which
led investigators to believe al-Awlaki knew about the 9/11
attacks in advance.[84][85] He left San Diego in mid-2000,
traveling to various countries.[80][84][87][88][89]
of kidnapping a Shiite teenager for ransom, and involvement in an al-Qaeda plot to kidnap a U.S. military
attach.[84][94][88] Al-Awlaki blames the U.S. for pressuring the Yemeni authorities to arrest him, and says that
in approximately September 2007 he was interviewed by
FBI agents with regard to the 9/11 attacks and other subjects. Gregory Johnsen, a Yemen expert, noted that his
name was on a list of 100 prisoners whose release was
sought by al-Qaida-linked militants in Yemen.[89]
Although al-Awlaki was covered as relatively minor gure in the 9/11 attacks, his involvement was noted again
in 2009 after the Fort Hood shooting where the suspect
had been found to be communicating by e-mail to Awlaki
in Yemen, he would also be linked to several terror plots
and attacks in the US, Canada and UK, including the
Northwest Airlines Flight 253 attack by his former student Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab.
9.1.4 Taliban
On October 4, 2001, British Prime Minister Tony
Blair released information compiled by Western intelligence agencies connecting Osama bin Laden to the
Afghanistan's Taliban leadership as well as being the
leader of the al-Qaeda organization.[27] The Taliban government gave safe haven to Osama bin Laden in the years
leading up to the attack, and his al-Qaeda network may
have had a close relationship with the Taliban army and
police. On the day of 9/11, the Taliban foreign minister told the Arab television network Al Jazeera: We denounce this terrorist attack, whoever is behind it.[98]
In January 2001, he headed east and served as Imam at

the Dar al-Hijrah mosque in the metropolitan Washington, DC, area.[78][80][90] Esam Omeish hired al-Awlaki to
be the mosques imam.[91][92] Fluent in English, known
for giving eloquent talks on Islam, and with a mandate
to attract young non-Arabic speakers, al-Awlaki was the
magic bullet, according to mosque spokesman Johari
Abdul-Malik; he had everything all in a box.[93] He The United States requested the Taliban to shut down
all al-Qaeda bases in Afghanistan, open them to inspechad an allure. He was charming.[94]
tion and turn over Osama bin Laden. The Taliban reShortly after this, his sermons were attended by two of
fused all these requests. Instead they oered to extradite
the 9/11 hijackers (Al-Hazmi again, and Hani Hanjour;
Osama bin Laden to an Islamic country, for trial under Iswhich the 9/11 Commission Report concluded may not
lamic law, if the United States presented evidence of his
have been coincidental), and by Fort Hood shooter
guilt.[99] The Taliban had previously refused to extradite
[84][85][89][95]
Nidal Malik Hasan.
Furthermore, when pobin Laden to the United States, or prosecute him, after
lice raided the Hamburg, Germany, apartment of Ramzi
he was indicted by the US federal courts for involvement
bin al-Shibh (the 20th hijacker) while investigating the
in the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Kenya
9/11 attacks, his telephone number was found among
and Tanzania.[100] The Taliban deemed eyewitness testi[78][81][96]
In
bin al-Shibhs personal contact information.
mony and satellite phone call recordings entered in the
my view, he is more than a coincidental gure, said
public record in February 2001 during a trial as insuHouse Intelligence Committee member Representative
cient grounds to extradite bin Laden for his involvement
[97]
Anna Eshoo (D-CA).
in the bombings.
Writing on the IslamOnline.net website six days after the
Invoking the Bush Doctrine, which stated We will make
9/11 attacks, he suggested that Israeli intelligence agents
no distinction between the terrorists and those who harbor
might have been responsible for the attacks, and that
them, the United States and Britain invaded and overthe FBI went into the roster of the airplanes and whothrew the Taliban regime in 2001, using air power, speever has a Muslim or Arab name became the hijacker by
cial forces and the Northern Alliance as a land army.
[78]
default.
On November 29, 2007, a videotape was released that
On August 31, 2006, al-Awlaki was arrested with a group
The Central Intelligence Agency says is likely to be from
of ve Yemenis by Yemeni authorities. He claims it
bin Laden. In it the speaker claims sole responsibility for
was with regard to a secret police investigation over
the attacks and specically denies any prior knowledge of
tribal issues, but it has been reported to relate to charges
them by The Taliban or the Afghan people.[101]
9.1. RESPONSIBILITY
9.1.5
289
Financing the attacks
lowing the organization to ourish. There have been

claims that pre-9/11 investigations into al-Qaeda were deAccording to the 9/11 Commission Report, the 9/11 plot- liberately blocked via high-level interference from Washters spent between $400,000 and $500,000 to plan and ington, and that this extends to other groups outside alconduct the attack:
Qaeda, in particular individuals from Saudi Arabia. In
June 2001, a high-placed member of a US intelligence
agency told BBC reporter Greg Palast that after the
al-Qaeda funded the plotters.
KSM
[2000] elections, the agencies were told to back o in[Khalid Sheikh Mohammad] provided his opvestigating the bin Ladens and Saudi royals.[110]
eratives with nearly all the money they needed
to travel to the United States, train, and live...
In May 2002, former FBI Agent Robert Wright, Jr. delivThe US government has not been able to deered a tearful press conference apologizing to the families
termine the origin of the money used for the
who lost loved ones on 9/11. He described how his su9/11 attacks. Ultimately the question is of litperiors intentionally obstructed his investigation into altle practical signicance.[102]
Qaeda nancing.[111][112] Agent Wright would later tell
CNN and other news outlets reported in September and
October 2001 that $100,000 was wired from the United
Arab Emirates to lead hijacker Mohamed Atta prior to
the attacks, by Ahmed Omar Saeed (Syed) Sheikh, a long
time Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence asset.[103]
ABC's Brian Ross that September 11th is a direct result

of the incompetence of the FBIs International Terrorism
Unit, specically referring to the Bureaus hindering of
his investigation into Yasin al-Qadi, who Ross described
as a powerful Saudi Arabian businessman with extensive nancial ties in Chicago.[113] One month after the
attacks, the US government ocially identied al-Qadi
as one of Osama bin Laden's primary nanciers, through
his Muwafaq Foundation, and they declared him to be a
global terrorist.[114][115] A former FBI Counter Terrorism
Agent commented that for someone like al-Qadi to be involved in 9/11 is of grave concern.[116]
The report, which was later conrmed by CNN,[104]

stated that Atta then distributed the funds to conspirators in Florida... In addition, sources have said Atta sent
thousands of dollars believed to be excess funds from
the operation back to Syed in the United Arab Emirates
in the days before September 11. Syed also is described
as a key gure in the funding operation of al-Qaeda[105] In June 2009 lawyers for 9/11 victims families provided
The day after this report was published, the head of documents to The New York Times. The families of the
Pakistans Inter-Services Intelligence, Gen. Mahmood victims formed an organization called Families United to
[117]
and led a civil suit in U.S. fedAhmed, was red from his position.[103] Indian news out- Bankrupt Terrorism
eral
court
that
sought
to
hold
The Saudi Royal family relets reported the FBI was investigating the possibility that
sponsible
for
supporting
Al
Qaeda.
On June 29, 2009 the
Gen. Mahmood Ahmed ordered Saeed Sheikh to send
United
States
Supreme
Court
refused
to hear an appeal
the $100,000 to Atta, while most Western media outlets
of
a
lower
court
decision
that
held
that
the Royal Famonly reported his connections to the Taliban as the reason
[103]
ily
are
immune
from
suits
in
U.S.
courts
due to a 1976
for his departure.
law. According to The Times The documents provide
The Wall Street Journal was one of the few Western no smoking gun connecting the royal family to the events
news organizations to follow up on the story, citing the of Sept. 11, 2001. And the broader links rely at times
Times of India: US authorities sought [Gen. Mah- on a circumstantial, connect-the-dots approach to tie tomood Ahmeds] removal after conrming the fact that gether Saudi princes, Middle Eastern charities, suspicious
$100,000 [was] wired to WTC hijacker Mohammed Atta transactions and terrorist groups. According to the Royal
from Pakistan by Ahmad Umar Sheikh at the instance of families lawyer In looking at all the evidence the families
General Mahmood.[106]
brought together, I have not seen one iota of evidence that
The 9/11 Commission Report concludes: we have seen Saudi Arabia had anything to do with the 9/11 attacks.
no evidence that any foreign government or foreign gov- In February 2012, former U.S. senators Bob Graham
ernment ocial supplied any funding.[107] The dif- and Bob Kerrey made sworn statements led in federal
culty in tracking the funding is due to the traditional court as part of this litigation commenced by the 9/11
means of zakat, a Muslim form of charitable giving es- victims families in which the former senators stated that
sential to proper following of the faith [108] and hawala, the government of Saudi Arabia might have played a dianother ancient system of transferring funds based on rect role in the 9/11 attacks.[117][118] The two senators had
trust and connections, including family, clan, and regional reviewed top secret information concerning the 9/11 ataliations.[109]
tacks when they were in the Senate. I am convinced that
there was a direct line between at least some of the terrorists who carried out the September 11th attacks and
Saudi Arabia
the government of Saudi Arabia, stated former senator
There have been suggestions that Saudi Arabia has some Graham in his sworn court document. According to Graresponsibility, having helped nance al-Qaeda, and al- hams sworn statement, unanswered questions remain re-
290
garding Saudi-sponsored nancial links to Al Qaeda and

the role of Omar al-Bayoumi, a Saudi citizen living in
San Diego with ties to two of the 9/11 hijackers and to
ocials of the government of Saudi Arabia.[118] There
remains substantial unreleased documentation related to
these issues.[119][120]
factory screening of Saudi nationals who left the United

States on charter ights and that the exodus was approved by special advisor Richard Clarke after a request
by Saudi Arabia who feared for the safety of their nationals. On June 20, 2007, the public interest group Judicial
Watch released FBI documents that it says suggested that
On February 4, 2015, former al-Qaeda operative Zacarias Osama bin Laden himself may have chartered one of
Mousaoui who is imprisoned for life for his role in 9/11 the ights. Judicial Watch President Tom Fitton accused
the FBI of conducting a slapdash investigation of the
attacks, told lawyers that members of the Saudi royal
[128]
family, including former intelligence chief Prince Turki ights.
al-Faisal Al Saud, supported al-Qaeda to carry out its Author Steve Coll in his 2008 book The bin Ladens: An
attacks.[121]
Arabian Family in the American Century writes that most
members of the family barely know Osama. Richard
Clarke in a column about the book notes that because
9.1.6 Allegations of supporting Osama bin it was custom at that time for successful Muslim men to
have multiple wives this claim rings true. Clark also theoLaden and al-Qaeda
rizes that the FBI did not question the bin Ladens before
they were own out of the US and have not questioned
Bin Laden family
them since because they already had extensive knowledge
[129]
Although the wealthy bin Laden family disowned Osama about them.
in 1994 after his alleged involvement in terrorism like
the 1993 World Trade Center bombings, the events of
9/11 brought to attention connections between the bin
Laden family and the Bush family.[122] It has been alleged
that Osama was never disowned and that his family were
aware of his activities in the years preceding 9/11. The
connections between the bin Laden family and Bush family have led to conspiracy theories that President George
Bush was also aware of Osamas activities and deliberately allowed 9/11 to take place.
Iraq
Further information: Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda
Immediately after the attacks, rumors began that Iraq

could have played a role. The state-run Iraqi media
praised the attacks but denied that Iraq was responsible.
In September 2003, President Bush told the press, we've
Hussein was involved with
The movie Fahrenheit 9/11 shows some business connec- had no evidence that Saddam
[130]
September
the
11th.
tions between the Bush family and the bin Laden family. It relates how Salem bin Laden invested heavily in On June 29, 2005 Robin Hayes, a Republican CongressArbusto Energy, a company run by George W. Bush, man from North Carolina and vice chairman of the House
through his friend James R. Bath.[123] Several members Subcommittee on Terrorism at that time, stated evidence
of the Bush family are investors in the Carlyle Group, a is clear that Saddam Hussein and people like him were
defense contractor and investment fund with numerous very much involved in 9/11. Senator John McCain reinterests in the Saudi Arabia and the Middle East and acting to the Congressmans statement said I haven't
connections to the Saudi Binladen Group, run by for- seen compelling evidence of that.[131] The 9/11 Commer Reagan administration Secretary of Defense Frank mission Report stated that there is no credible evidence
Carlucci.[124] On September 10, 2001, former President that Saddam Husseins government in Iraq collaborated
George H. W. Bush and several members of his cabi- with the al-Qaeda terrorist network on any attacks on
net had been present at a Carlyle Group business con- the United States. In September 2006, the Senate Seference with Shag bin Laden, a half-brother of Osama lect Committee on Intelligence concluded that there is
bin Laden, at the Ritz-Carlton hotel located several miles no evidence that Saddam Hussein had prewar ties to alfrom the Pentagon. The conference was continuing with Qaeda and one of the terror organizations most notorious
the remaining cabinet members and bin Ladens brother members, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi and that there was no
at the time of the Pentagon attack.[125][126] George H. W. evidence of any Iraqi support of al-Qaeda or foreknowlBush remained an advisor to the Carlyle Group for two edge of the September 11th attacks.[132]
years after the attacks.
Despite this, a number of 9/11 opinion polls have shown
The New York Times reported that members of the bin
Laden family were driven or own under Federal Bureau
of Investigation (FBI) supervision to a secret assembly
point in Texas and then to Washington from where they
left the country on a private charter plane when airports
reopened three days after the attacks.[127] The 9/11 commission later concluded that the FBI conducted a satis-
that a signicant minority of the American public believe that Saddam was personally involved. In 2002,
NewsMax.com reported that people within and outside the US government believed that then Iraqi leader
Saddam Hussein conspired in the 9/11 attacks and the
Oklahoma City Bombing.[133] The theory extended from
the one advanced by investigative journalist Jayna Davis
9.1. RESPONSIBILITY
291
in her book The Third Terrorist linking Hussein to the suited for the nature of the attack, and identied operaOklahoma City Bombing. It was discussed in a 2002 op- tional failures in the emergency response.
ed piece in the Wall Street Journal.[134]
Immediately following the attacks, the Bush Administration stated that nobody in our government at least, and I
don't the think the prior government, could envisage yIran
ing air planes into buildings (George Bush) and that noone could have predicted that they would try to use an
The U.S. has long designated Iran the most active state
airplane as a missile (Condoleezza Rice). An Air Force
sponsor of terrorism.[135] The U.S. indictment of bin
general called the attack something we had never seen
Laden led in 1998 stated that al-Qaeda forged alliances
before, something we had never even thought of. FBI Di. . . with the government of Iran and its associated terrorrector Robert Mueller announced there were no warning
ist group Hezbollah for the purpose of working together
signs that I'm aware of.[144]
against their perceived common enemies.[136] On May
31, 2001, Steven Emerson and Daniel Pipes wrote in The The 9/11 Commission Report stated that the 9/11 atWall Street Journal that Ocials of the Iranian govern- tacks were a shock, but they should not have come as a
ment helped arrange advanced weapons and explosives surprise. Islamic extremists had given plenty of warnings
training for Al-Qaeda personnel in Lebanon where they that they meant to kill Americans indiscriminately and
[145]
During the spring and summer of
learned, for example, how to destroy large buildings.[137] in large numbers.
2001,
US
intelligence
agencies
received a stream of warnThe 9/11 Commission Report stated that 8 to 10 of the
ings
about
an
imminent
al-Qaeda
attack; according to
hijackers passed through Iran and their travel was facil[136][138]
George
Tenet,
Director
of
Central
Intelligence,
the sysitated by Iranian border guards.
The report also
[146]
tem
was
blinking
red.
The
warnings
varied
in their
noted that a senior operative of Hezbollah (Imad Mughlevel
of
detail
and
specicity,
and
included
warnings
from
niyah) was on the ights that convoyed the future hiboth
domestic
intelligence
operations
and
warnings
from
jackers from Saudi Arabia to Tehran, along with asso[147]
foreign
governments
and
intelligence
agencies.
ciates that Kenneth Timmerman describes as Iranian
agents.[138][139] Judge George B. Daniels ruled in a fed- In her testimony to the 9/11 Commission, Condoleezza
eral district court in Manhattan that Iran bears legal re- Rice stated that the threat reporting that we received in
sponsibility for providing material support to the 9/11 the spring and summer of 2001 was not specic as to time
plotters and hijackers in Havlish, et al. v. Osama bin nor place nor manner of attack. Almost all the reports
Laden, Iran, et al.[140][141] Included in Judge Daniels focused on al-Qaeda activities outside the United States.
ndings were claims that Iran used front companies to On August 6, 2001, the Presidents Daily Brief was titled
obtain a Boeing 757-767-777 ight simulator for train- Bin Ladin Determined To Strike in US. It warned that bin
ing the terrorists, Ramzi bin al-Shibh traveled to Iran Laden was planning to exploit his operatives access to
in January 2001, and an Iranian government memoran- the US to mount a terrorist strike: FBI information...
dum from May 14, 2001 demonstrates Iranian culpability indicates patterns of suspicious activity in this country,
in planning the attacks.[140] Defectors from Irans intel- consistent with preparations for hijackings or other types
ligence service testied that Iranian ocials had fore- of attack.
knowledge of the 9/11 attacks.[142] The extent of Iranian involvement has been questioned due to major dif- The 9/11 Commission Report outlined the following opferences between the religious ideologies of Iran and al portunities that were not or could not be exploited by the
Qaeda;[142] according to the 9/11 Commission report, organizations and systems of the time":
Mughniyahs presence on ights carrying the hijackers
to Iran may have been a remarkable coincidence.[138]
After the commission called for further investigation
into a possible Iranian role in the attacks, President Bush
reiterated his view that There was no direct connection
between Iran and the attacks of September 11.[139]
9.1.7
United States advance knowledge
See also: September 11 intelligence before the attacks

and 9/11 advance-knowledge debate
The 9/11 Commission Report concluded that both
Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush were not
well served by the FBI and CIA prior to 9/11.[143] It also
explained that the military response protocols were un-
not watchlisting future hijackers Hazmi and Mihdhar, not trailing them after they traveled to Bangkok,
and not informing the FBI about one future hijackers US visa or his companions travel to the
United States;
not sharing information linking individuals in the
Cole attack to Mihdhar;
not taking adequate steps in time to nd Mihdhar or
Hazmi in the United States;
not linking the arrest of Zacarias Moussaoui, described as interested in ight training for the purpose of using an airplane in a terrorist attack, to the
heightened indications of an attack;
not discovering false statements on visa applications;
292
not recognizing passports manipulated in a fraudulent manner;
[7] The last moments of Flight 11. BBC News. September

21, 2001. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
not expanding no-y lists to include names from terrorist watchlists;
[8] Calm Before the Crash. ABC News. July 18, 2002.
Archived from the original on September 21, 2002.
not searching airline passengers identied by the

computer-based CAPPS screening system; and

not hardening aircraft cockpit doors or taking other

measures to prepare for the possibility of suicide
hijackings.[148]
[10] Investigating 911 The doomed ights. San Francisco

Chronicle. July 23, 2004. Archived from the original on
July 12, 2005. Retrieved September 25, 2013.
With regard to the failures of the US air defense system

on the morning of the attacks, the Report explains that:
Existing protocols on 9/11 were unsuited in
every respect for an attack in which hijacked
planes were used as weapons. What ensued
was a hurried attempt to improvise a defense
by civilians who had never handled a hijacked
aircraft that attempted to disappear, and by
a military unprepared for the transformation
of commercial aircraft into weapons of mass
destruction.[149]
[11] Flight 93: Forty lives, one destiny. Post-gazette. October 28, 2001.
[12] Congressional Testimony of J. T. Caruso, Deputy Assistant Director. Federal Bureau of Investigation. October
3, 2001. Archived from the original on July 9, 2008. Retrieved August 31, 2008.
[13] Willing, Richard and Kevin Johnson (September 13,
2001). US targets cells tied to bin Laden. USA Today.
[14] Dorman, Michael (April 17, 2006). Unraveling 911
was in the bags. Newsday (New York).
[15] Sep 14: Day the unthinkable struck at Americas heart
(Part III)". Financial Times. September 14, 2001.
The Report explains that the emergency response was [16] Lichtblau, Eric (September 27, 2001). Authorities
Dragnet Snags More Suspects. Los Angeles Times.
also necessarily improvised": there were weaknesses in
preparations for disaster, failure to achieve unied inci- [17] Chronology. Monograph on 9/11 and Terrorist Travel
dent command, and inadequate communications among
responding agencies... At the Pentagon, [there were]
the United States. p. 40. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
problems of command and control.[150]
[18] Hijackers Timeline (PDF). Federal Bureau of Investigation / 911myths.com. Retrieved May 26, 2008.
9.1.8
See Also
9/11 conspiracy theories
9.1.9
References
[1] Wright, Lawrence (2006). The Looming Tower: al-Qaeda

and the Road to 9/11. Alfred P. Knopf. pp. 362367.
Abu Jandal conceded that he knew Shehhi and gave his
Qaeda name, Abdullah al-Sharqi. He did the same with
Mohammed Atta, Khaled al-Mihdhar, and four others
Terror. Arcade Publishing. pp. 113116.
[3] Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11. Canadian
Broadcasting Corporation. October 29, 2004. Retrieved
August 30, 2008.
[4] The self-portrait of an al-Qaeda leader. The Christian
Science Monitor. March 16, 2007. Retrieved August 30,
2008.
[19] Press Release.

Federal Bureau of Investigation.
September 27, 2001.
[20] NBC News (9:00 10:00 a.m.)".
Archive. September 11, 2001.
NBC / Internet
[21] Blackhurst, Chris, and Paul Lashmar (September 30,

2001). Piece by Piece, The Jigsaw of Terror Revealed.
Independent on Sunday (London).
[22] Tagliabue, John, and Raymond Bonner (September 29,
2001). A NATION CHALLENGED: GERMAN INTELLIGENCE; German Data Led US to Search For
More Suicide Hijacker Teams. The New York Times.
[23] Katz, Samuel M. Relentless Pursuit: The DSS and the
manhunt for the al-Qaeda terrorists, 2002
[24] The proof they did not reveal. Sunday Times. October
7, 2001. Archived from the original on November 16,
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[5] ABC News. 9/11 Perpetrators: Where Are They Now?".

ABC News.
[25] Canedy, Dana; Sanger, David E. (September 13, 2001).

AFTER THE ATTACKS: THE SUSPECTS; Hijacking
Trail Leads F.B.I. to Florida Flight School. The New
York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
[6] FBI Facts and Figures, 2003
[26] NucNews, Sep 21, 2001.
9.1. RESPONSIBILITY
[27] Responsibility for the Terrorist Atrocities in the United

States, September 11, 2001. 10 Downing Street, Oce
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[28] Al Qaedas Hidden Roots, by Laurie Mylroie, September 20, 2006
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[30] Lawrence Freedman (August 22, 2002).
Out of
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[32] Lawrence Freedman (August 22, 2002).
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[44] The Mastermind. CBS News. March 5, 2003. Retrieved October 16, 2006.
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[46] Suicide-pilot plan uncovered six years ago in Philippines. Taipei Times. September 14, 2001. p. 3.
[47] Terror plot echoes 1995 Pacic planes scheme. Taipei
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[48] Johnna Villaviray (September 11, 2002). The downside to glossing over intelligence data. Manila Times.
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[49] The Secret History of 9/11: Planning 9/11. Canadian
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[33] Swansea student links to bin Laden. BBC. September

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[50] Paul Martin (March 30, 2004). Chicago, L.A. towers

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[34] Benjamin Weiser (April 5, 2003). Judges Uphold Convictions In '93 Bombing. New York Times. pp. Section
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[36] Arabic network claims taped 9/11 confessions. CNN.
[37] Shaykh Usamah Bin-Muhammad Bin-Ladin; Ayman alZawahiri, Abu-Yasir Rifa'i Ahmad Taha, Shaykh Mir
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Fatwa Statement (in Arabic). al-Quds al-Arabi. Retrieved September 10, 2006.
[38] Shaykh Usamah Bin-Muhammad Bin-Ladin; Ayman alZawahiri, Abu-Yasir Rifa'i Ahmad Taha, Shaykh Mir
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English language version of the fatwa translated by the
Federation of American Scientists of the original Arabic
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(London, UK) on February 23, 1998, p3
[39] Yusufzai, Rahimullah (January 11, 1999). Conversation
With Terror. TIME Magazine. Retrieved September 28,
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[52] Barakat, Matthew (March 8, 2006). Moussaoui Jury

Watches Video Testimony. The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 16, 2007.
[53] Suicide-pilot plan uncovered six years ago in Philippines. Taipei Times. September 14, 2001. p. 3. Retrieved October 16, 2006.
[54] 9/11 commission sta statement No. 16. MSNBC.
June 16, 2004. Retrieved October 16, 2006.
[56] In full: Al-Qaeda statement. Sulaiman Abu Ghaith, a
spokesman for Osama bin Ladens al-Qaeda group, has
called on Muslims to join in a holy war against the United
States.. BBC News. October 10, 2001. Retrieved
September 29, 2006.
[57] Most Wanted Terrorist Usama bin Laden. FBI.
[58] Eggen, Dan (28 August 2006). Bin Laden, Most Wanted
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[40] Arabic network claims taped 9/11 confessions. CNN.

September 6, 2002. Retrieved October 16, 2006.
[59] Bray, Chad (17 June 2011). U.S. Formally Drops

Charges Against bin Laden. wsj.com. Retrieved 16
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September 12, 2002.
[60] Day of Infamy. Time. 2001-09-12. ISSN 0040-781X.

[42] Paul Martin (March 30, 2004). Chicago, L.A. towers

were next targets. Washington Times. Retrieved October
16, 2006.
[61] Bin Laden says he wasn't behind attacks. CNN. September 17, 2001. Retrieved July 6, 2006.
[43] Khalid Shaikh Mohammed: life of terror. CNN.

September 23, 2003. Retrieved October 16, 2006.
[62] Pakistan to Demand Taliban Give Up bin Laden as Iran

Seals Afghan Border. Fox News. September 16, 2001.
294
[63] Usama bin Laden Says the Al-Qa'idah Group had Nothing to Do with the September 11 Attacks. Ummat
Karachi. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008.
[64] Associated Press (September 16, 2001). Bin Laden
denies being behind attacks. Retrieved September 29,
2006.
[65] Bin Laden says he wasn't behind attacks. CNN. September 17, 2001. Retrieved September 29, 2006.
[66] Kurtz, Howard (February 7, 2002). Interview Sheds
Light On Bin Ladens Views. The Washington Post. pp.
A12. Retrieved September 28, 2006.
[67] Mohammed Jassim Al-Ali (Director General Al-Jazeera)
and CNN (January 31, 2002). Al-Jazeera statement and
CNN response on bin Laden interview. CNN. Retrieved
September 28, 2006.
[68] Mohammed Jassim Al-Ali (Director General Al-Jazeera)
and CNN (February 5, 2002). Bin Ladens sole postSeptember 11 TV interview aired. CNN. Retrieved
September 28, 2006.
[69] Transcript of bin Ladens October interview. CNN.
February 5, 2002. Retrieved September 28, 2006.
[70] TRANSCRIPT OF USAMA BIN LADEN VIDEO
TAPE (PDF). September 13, 2001. Retrieved July 4,
2006.
[71] United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary (8 May
2002). Reforming the FBI in the 21st Century: Reorganizing and Refocusing The Mission: Testimony of Robert
S. Mueller. fas.org. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
[72] Full text: bin Ladens 'letter to America'". London:
Guardian Unlimited. November 2002. Retrieved January
6, 2007.
[73] Bin Laden tape: Text. BBC. February 12, 2003. Retrieved October 16, 2006.

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[81] Sperry, Paul E. (2005). Inltration: how Muslim spies
and subversives have penetrated Washington. Thomas
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[82] The NEFA Foundation (February 5, 2009). Anwar al
Awlaki: Pro Al-Qaida Ideologue with Inuence in the
West (PDF). Retrieved December 2, 2009.
[83] Helms, Harry, 40 Lingering Questions About The 9/11 Attacks, p. 55, ISBN 1-4382-9530-8. Retrieved November
11, 2009.
[84] Rhee, Joseph (November 30, 2009). How Anwar Awlaki
Got Away; U.S. Attorneys Decision to Cancel Arrest
Warrant Shocked Terrorism Investigators. ABC News.
[85] Thornton, Kelly (July 25, 2003). Chance to Foil 9/11
Plot Lost Here, Report Finds. San Diego Union Tribune.
[86] Eckert, Toby, and Stern, Marcus, 9/11 investigators
baed FBI cleared 3 ex-San Diegans, ''The San Diego
Union'', September 11, 2003, November 30, 2009.
Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. September 11, 2003. Retrieved
January 24, 2010.
[87] Cantlupe, Joe, and Wilkie, Dana (October 1, 2001).
Muslim leader criticizes arrests; Cleric knew 2 men from
S.D. mosque. pqarchiver.com. The San Diego Union
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[88] Sharpe, Tom (November 14, 2009). Radical imam
traces roots to New Mexico; Militant Islam clerics father
graduated from NMSU. The Santa Fe New Mexican. Retrieved December 1, 2009.
[74] Transcript: Translation of Bin Ladens Videotaped Message. The Washington Post. November 1, 2004.
[89] Allam, Hannah (November 22, 2009). Is imam a terror

recruiter or just an incendiary preacher?". Kansas City
Star. Archived from the original on November 24, 2009.
[75] "http://abcnews.go.com/International/Terrorism/story?
id=1995630&page=1". May 23, 2006. Retrieved
September 12, 2006.
[90] Imam Anwar Al Awlaki A Leader in Need;

Cageprisoners, November 8, 2006. Retrieved June
7, 2007.
[76] Germany releases terror suspect. BBC. February 7,

[91] The Great Al-Qaeda 'Patriot'". aina.org. Assyrian International News Agency. April 9, 2007. Retrieved Jan 24,
2010.
[77] Acquittal of 9/11 suspect upheld. BBC News. June 9,

[78] Schmidt, Susan; Imam From Va. Mosque Now Thought
to Have Aided Al-Qaeda; The Washington Post, February
27, 2008. Retrieved November 20, 2009.
[79] Hays, Tom, FBI Eyes NYC Charity in Terror Probe,
Associated Press, February 26, 2004, accessed November
11, 2009
[92] Muslim Maa, p. 257, P. David Gaubatz, Paul Sperry,

WND Books, 2009, ISBN 978-1-935071-10-5, accessed
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[93] Raghavan, Sudarsan; Miller&, Greg. Murphy, Caryle,
Facing New Realities as Islamic Americans, ''Washington Post'', September 12, 2004, accessed December
9, 2009. Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved January 24,
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[94] Keath, Lee; Al-Haj, Ahmed (January 19, 2010). Tribe [114] Fact Sheet: Updated State Dept List of Identied Terrorin Yemen protecting US cleric. The Seattle Times. Reists and Groups. Oce of the Coordinator for Counterttrieved September 25, 2013.
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[95] Sherwell, Philip, and Spillius, Alex, Fort Hood shooting: [115] Schwartz, Stephen (April 8, 2002). Wahhabis in the Old
Texas army killer linked to September 11 terrorists; MaDominion 7 (29). Retrieved April 27, 2006.
jor Nidal Malik Hasan worshiped at a mosque led by a
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[117] Hungton Post, 5 March 2012, New Vernon Woman
[96] Al-Haj, Ahmed, and Abu-Nasr, Donna, US imam who
Optimistic of Lawsuit After 9/11 Revelations,
communicated with Fort Hood suspect wanted in Yemen
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on terror suspicions, Associated Press, November 11,
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[97] Shannon, Elaine; Burger, Timothy J.; Calabresi, Massimo [118] New York Times, 29 Feb.
2012, Saudi
(August 9, 2003). FBI Sets Up Shop in Yemen. Time.
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graham-and-kerrey-see-possible-saudi-9-11-link.
[98] World shock over U.S. attacks. CNN. September 11,
html?_r=1
[99] Taliban Won't Turn Over bin Laden. CBS News.
[119] Documents Back Saudi Link to Extremists New York

Times June 24, 2009
[100] Taliban conrms bin Laden is missing. CNN. Archived [120] Supreme Court Refuses Case by Sept. 11 Victims Families. nytimes.com. June 30, 2009.
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[121] http://mobile.reuters.com/article/
idUSKBN0L81TM20150204?irpc=932
[101] Bin Laden urges Europe to quit Afghanistan.
reuters.com. November 29, 2007.
[102] [9/11 Commission Report, pp169, 172]
[122] bin Laden, Osama. The History Channel website. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
[103] Sept. 11s Smoking Gun: The Many Faces of Saeed [123] http://www.michaelmoore.com/_media/images/
documents/salem-bath-trust-agreement.jpg
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[104] India wants terror spotlight on Kashmir. CNN. October [124] Greg Schneider (March 16, 2003). Connections and
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Then Some: David Rubenstein Has Made Millions Pairing the Powerful With the Rich. The Washington Post.
[105] Suspected hijack bankroller freed by India in '99. CNN.
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[125] Prole: Carlyle Group.
[106] The Wall Street Journal Online Best of the Web Today
[107] 9/11 Commission Report, p172
[126] Dark heart of the American dream June 16, 2002
[108] [National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the [127] Fearing Harm, bin Laden Kin Fled From US, by Patrick
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[110] NEWSNIGHT Greg Palest report transcript. BBC
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[111] Crogan, Jim (July 31, 2002). Another FBI Agent Blows
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[131] GOP lawmaker: Saddam linked to 9/11. CNN. June

29, 2005.
[132] Mark Mazzetti (September 8, 2006). Senate Panel Releases Report on Iraq Intelligence. New York Times.
[112] Cooperative Research search result for 'Robert Wright'".
[133] Wes Vernon (September 9, 2002). Iraq Linked to 911
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[134] Micah Morrison (September 5, 2002). The Iraq Connection: Was Saddam involved in Oklahoma City and the
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[135] Chapter 3 - State Sponsors of Terrorism Overview.

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[136] Zagorin, Adam, and Joe Klein, 9/11 Commission Finds

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[137] Emerson, Steven, and Daniel Pipes, Terrorism on Trial,
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[139] Timmerman, Ken, Lawsuit: Iran Knew About 9/11 Attack, Newsmax, May 19, 2011.

Has someone been sitting on the FBI? BBC Newsnight
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[140] U.S. District Court Rules Iran Behind 9/11 Attacks,

PRNewswire, December 23, 2011.
[141] Timmerman, Ken, Federal judge: Iran shares responsibility for 9/11 terror attacks, The Daily Caller, December 16,
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9.2 Motives
[142] Weisner, Benjamin, and Scott Shane, Court Filings Assert

Iran Had Link to 9/11 Attacks, The New York Times, May
19, 2011.
[143] AM - 9/11 Commission nds 'deep institutional failings". abc.net.au.
[144] The Public Education Center
[145] 9/11 Commission Report Executive Summary, p2
[147] Complete 911 Timeline: Key Warnings
[148] 9/11 Commission Report Executive Summary, pp8-9
The 9/11 attacks have been described as a global symbolic

event[1]
The attacks of September 11, 2001 in the northeast

United States were an organized terrorist act carried out
Stranger than Fiction investigation by Dr Albert Pa- by 19 hijackers, and organized by numerous members of
store
al-Qaeda. Motives for the attacks were stated before and
after the attacks in several sources, Osama bin Ladens
declaration of a holy war against the United States, and
a fatw signed by bin Laden and others calling for the
McDermott, Terry (2005). Perfect Soldiers: The killing of Americans in 1998,[2]are seen by investigators
9/11 Hijackers: Who They Were, Why They Did It. as evidence of his motivation.
Politicos Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-84275-145-X.
In Osama Bin Ladens November 2002 Letter to
America,[3][4] he explicitly stated that al-Qaedas mo Malik, S. K. (1986). The Quranic Concept of War. tives for their attacks include: Western support for atHimalayan Books. ISBN 81-7002-020-4.
tacking Muslims in Somalia, supporting Russian atroci Swarup, Ram (1982). Understanding Islam through ties against Muslims in Chechnya, supporting the Indian
oppression against Muslims in Kashmir, the Jewish agHadis. Voice of Dharma. ISBN 0-682-49948-X.
gression against Muslims in Lebanon, the presence of US
Trifkovic, Serge (2006). Defeating Jihad. Regina troops in Saudi Arabia,[4][5][6] US support of Israel,[7][8]
Orthodox Press, US. ISBN 1-928653-26-X.
and sanctions against Iraq.[9]
9.2. MOTIVES
9.2.1
Sources
See also: Fataw of Osama bin Laden, Videos and audio

recordings of Osama bin Laden and Videos of Ayman
al-Zawahiri
Before the attacks, Al-Qaeda issued proclamations that
provide insight into the motivations for the attacks: one
was the fatw of August 1996,[3] and a second was a
shorter fatwa in February 1998.[4] Both documents appeared initially in the Arabic-language London newspaper Al-Quds Al-Arabi. Three years before the September
11 attacks, Al-Qaeda released a Fatwa, stating We -with Gods help -- call on every Muslim who believes in
God and wishes to be rewarded to comply with Gods order to kill the Americans and plunder their money wherever and whenever they nd it. We also call on Muslim
ulema, leaders, youths, and soldiers to launch the raid
on Satans U.S. troops and the devils supporters allying
with them, and to displace those who are behind them
so that they may learn a lesson.[4] The Fatwa also complains against the presence of the US in Saudi Arabia
and support for Israel.[3][4] After the attacks, bin Laden
and al-Zawahiri have published dozens of video tapes and
audio tapes, many describing the motivations for the attacks. Two particularly important publications were bin
Ladens 2002 Letter to America,[10] and a 2004 video
tape by bin Laden.[11] In addition to direct pronouncements by bin Laden and Al-Qaeda, numerous political
analysts have postulated motivations for the attacks.
9.2.2
Stated motives
Sanctions imposed against Iraq

See also: Iraq sanctions
On 6 August 1990, after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the
UN Security Council adopted Resolution 661, which imposed economic sanctions on Iraq, providing for a full
trade embargo, excluding medical supplies, food, and
other items of humanitarian necessity (these to be determined by the Security Council sanctions committee).
After the end of the Gulf War and after the Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait, the sanctions were linked to removal
of weapons of mass destruction by Resolution 687.[12]
In the 1998 fatwa, Al Qaeda identied the Iraq sanctions
as a reason to kill Americans:
297
imposed after the ferocious war or the fragmentation and devastation....On that basis, and
in compliance with Allahs order, we issue the
following fatwa to all Muslims: The ruling to
kill the Americans and their alliescivilians
and militaryis an individual duty for every
Muslim...[13][14]
In the 2004 Osama bin Laden video, Osama calls
the sanctions the greatest mass slaughter of children
mankind has ever known.[15]
Presence of US military in Saudi Arabia
See also: Operation Southern Watch
After the 1991 Gulf war, the US maintained a presence
of 5,000 troops stationed in Saudi Arabia.[16] One of
the responsibilities of that force was Operation Southern Watch, which enforced the no-y zones over southern Iraq set up after 1991, and the countrys oil exports
through the shipping lanes of the Persian Gulf are protected by the US Fifth Fleet, based in Bahrain.
Since Saudi Arabia houses the holiest sites in Islam
(Mecca and Medina), many Muslims were upset at the
permanent military presence. The continued presence
of US troops after the Gulf War in Saudi Arabia was
one of the stated motivations behind the September 11th
attacks[16] and the Khobar Towers bombing. Further, the
date chosen for the 1998 United States embassy bombings (August 7) was eight years to the day that American troops were sent to Saudi Arabia.[17] Bin Laden interpreted Muhammad as banning the permanent presence
of indels in Arabia.[18]
In 1996, Bin Laden issued a fatwa calling for American
troops to get out of Saudi Arabia. In the 1998 fatwa,
Al-Qaeda wrote: for over seven years the United States
has been occupying the lands of Islam in the holiest of
places, the Arabian Peninsula, plundering its riches, dictating to its rulers, humiliating its people, terrorizing its
neighbors, and turning its bases in the Peninsula into a
spearhead through which to ght the neighboring Muslim peoples.[13] In the December 1999 interview with
Rahimullah Yusufzai, bin Laden said he felt that Americans were too near to Mecca" and considered this a
provocation to the entire Muslim world.[19]
Support of Israel by United States
despite the great devastation inicted on

the Iraqi people by the crusader-Zionist alliance, and despite the huge number of those
killed, which has exceeded 1 million... despite
all this, the Americans are once against trying
to repeat the horric massacres, as though they
are not content with the protracted blockade
See also: IsraelUnited States relations and IsraelUnited

States military relations
In his November 2002 Letter to America, Bin Laden
described the United States support of Israel as a motivation:
298
The expansion of Israel is one of the greatest crimes, and you are the leaders of its criminals. And of course there is no need to explain
and prove the degree of American support for
Israel. The creation of Israel is a crime which
must be erased. Each and every person whose
hands have become polluted in the contribution
towards this crime must pay its price, and pay
for it heavily.[20]
ern ideas, as seen in Arab socialism, Arab liberalism and

Arab secularism.
During the past three centuries, the Islamic

world has lost its dominance and its leadership, and has fallen behind both the modern
West and the rapidly modernizing Orient. This
widening gap poses increasingly acute problems, both practical and emotional, for which
the rulers, thinkers, and rebels of Islam have
not yet found eective answers.[25]
In 2004 and 2010, Bin Laden again repeated the connection between the September 11 attacks and the support of
Israel by the United States.[21][22] Support of Israel was
also mentioned before the attack in the 1998 Al-Qaeda In an essay titled "The spirit of terrorism", Jean Baufatwa:
drillard described 9/11 as the rst global event that questions the very process of globalization.[1]
[T]he aim [of the United States] is also to
serve the Jews petty state and divert attention
from its occupation of Jerusalem and murder
Provoke war with the United States
of Muslims there. The best proof of this is their
eagerness to destroy Iraq, the strongest neighSee also: Pan-Islamism and Secularism in the Middle
boring Arab state, and their endeavor to fragEast
ment all the states of the region such as Iraq,
Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Sudan into paper
statelets and through their disunion and weakSome Middle East scholarssuch as Michael Scott Doness to guarantee Israels survival and the conran and Peter Bergenhave argued that 9/11 was a stratetinuation of the brutal crusade occupation of
gic way to provoke America into a war that incites a
the Peninsula.[4]
pan-Islamist revolution. Doran argued that the attacks
are best understood as being part of a religious conict
within the Muslim world. In an essay, Doran argued that
9.2.3 Inferred motives
Bin Ladens followers consider themselves an island of
true believers surrounded by a sea of iniquity.[26] Doran
Political analysts have inferred some motives for the at- further argued that bin Laden hoped that US retaliation
tacks that were not explicitly stated by Al-Qaeda, such as would unite the faithful against the West, sparking revoluglobalization and a desire to provoke the United States.
tions in Arab nations and elsewhere, and that the Osama
Elliot Neaman stated that the connections Walt and bin Laden videos were attempting to provoke a visceral
Mearsheimer and others, including many German intel- reaction in the Middle East aimed at a violent reaction
lectuals, make between 9/11 and Israel are ahistorical.[23] by Muslim citizens to increased US involvement in their
[27]
He argues that the Palestinians themselves have often region.
pointed to their betrayal by one Arab leader after another
since the founding of the state of Israel, and further that
bin Laden is no exception, as he never showed any concern for the Palestinian cause until he came under the
inuence of Ayman Al-Zawahir and decided to use the
Palestinians as a means to gain the favor of militant Muslims. Al-Qaeda and Hamas continue to have a fraught relationship, and have been argued to have dierent goals
in regard to the Israeli-Palestinian conict.[24]
Globalization
Bernard Lewis is the best-known exponent of the idea of
the humiliation of the Islamic world through globalization. In the 2004 book The Crisis of Islam: Holy War
and Unholy Terror, he argues animosity toward the West
is best understood with the decline of the once powerful Ottoman Empire, compounded by the import of west-
Bergen argued that the attacks were part of a plan to cause

the United States to increase its military and cultural presence in the Middle East, thereby forcing Muslims to confront the idea of a non-Muslim government and establish
conservative Islamic governments in the region.[28]
Research on suicide terrorism

Robert Pape identied 315 incidents, all but 14 of which
they classied as part of 18 dierent campaigns. These
18 shared two elements and all but one shared a third:[29]
1) A foreign occupation; 2) by a democracy; 3) of a different religion. Mia Bloom interviewed relatives and acquaintances of suicide terrorists. Her conclusions largely
support Papes, suggesting that it is much more dicult
to get people to volunteer for a suicide mission without
such a foreign occupation.[30]
9.2. MOTIVES
9.2.4
See also
Planning of the September 11 attacks
9.2.5
References
[1] Baudrillard. The spirit of terrorism. Retrieved 15 December 2009.

[2] Gunarathna, pp. 6162.
[3] bin Laden, Osama (August 1996). Bin Ladens Fatwa.
PBS NewsHour. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
[4] bin Laden, Osama (February 1998). Bin Ladens Second
Fatwa. PBS NewsHour. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
Slate
[6]
Plotz, David (2001) What Does Osama Bin Laden

Want?, Slate
Bergen (2001), p. 3.
Yusufzai, Rahimullah (September 26, 2001). Face
to face with Osama. The Guardian (London).
Archived from the original on January 19, 2008.
US pulls out of Saudi Arabia. BBC News. April
29, 2003. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
Saga of Dr. Zawahri Sheds Light On the Roots of
al Qaeda Terror. Wall Street Journal. July 2, 2002.
Tenth Public Hearing, Testimony of Louis Freeh.
9/11 Commission. April 13, 2004. Retrieved
2011-09-03.
Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders: World Islamic
Front Statement. Federation of American Scientists. February 23, 1998. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
[7] bin Laden, Osama (November 24, 2002). Full text: bin
Ladens 'letter to America'". The Observer. Retrieved
2011-09-03.
[8]
Mearsheimer (2007), p. 67.

Kushner (2003), p. 389.
Murdico (2003), p. 64.
Kelley (2006), p. 207.
Ibrahim (2007), p. 276.
Berner (2007), p. 80.
[9]
Full transcript of bin Ladins speech. aljazeera.

bin Laden, Osama (November 24, 2002). Full
text: bin Ladens 'letter to America'". The Observer.
[10] Full transcript of bin Ladens Letter to America

[11] So I shall talk to you about the story behind those events
and shall tell you truthfully about the moments in which
the decision was taken, for you to consider. 2004
Osama bin Laden video
299
[12] http://www.mideastweb.org/687.htm
[13] 1998 Al Qaeda fatwa
[14] cf. Rubin, Michael (December 2001). Sanctions on Iraq:
A Valid Anti-American Grievance?" 5 (4). Middle East
Review of International Aairs. pp. 100115.
[15] Full transcript of bin Ladins speech. aljazeera. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
[16] US pulls out of Saudi Arabia. BBC News. 2003-04-29.
Retrieved 29 November 2009.
Slate
face with Osama. London: The Guardian. Retrieved
2010-05-13.
[20] Full text of Bin Ladens Letter to America
[21] Bin Ladens 2004 taped broadcast on the attacks, in which
he explains the motives for the attacks and says The
events that aected my soul in a direct way started in 1982
when America permitted the Israelis to invade Lebanon
and the American Sixth Fleet helped them in that. This
bombardment began and many were killed and injured
and others were terrorised and displaced. " (Quoted from
Al Jazeera online here)
[22] Bin Ladens taped broadcast from January 2010, where he
said Our attacks against you [the United States] will continue as long as U.S. support for Israel continues.... The
message sent to you with the attempt by the hero Nigerian Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab is a conrmation of our
previous message conveyed by the heroes of Sept. 11.
(Quoted from Bin Laden: Attacks on U.S. to go on as
long as it supports Israel, in Haaretz.com, online here).
[23] See Elliot Neaman The War That Took Place in Germany; Intellectuals and September 11th, German Politics
and Society (Fall, 2002)
[24] See also Jake Lipton, The War of Words
between Hamas and al-Qaeda,
The Washington Institute Policy Analysis #1254, http:
//www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/
the-war-of-words-between-hamas-and-al-qaeda
[25] The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror. Bernard
Lewis. 2004
[26] somebody-elses-civil-war. foreignaairs. Retrieved 5
December 2009.
[27] Doran, Michael Scott (2005). Understanding the War on
Terror. New York: Norton. pp. 7275. ISBN 0-87609347-0.
[28] Bergen, Peter (2006). The Osama bin Laden I Know: An
Oral History of al Qaedas Leader. New York: Free Press.
p. 229. ISBN 0-7432-7891-7.
300
had prior experience ghting in Bosnia, and had trained

during the 1990s at camps in Afghanistan.[5] When Bin
Laden committed to the September 11 attacks plot idea,
he assigned both Alex and Khan to the plot.[6] Both were
[30] Bloom, Mia (2005). Dying to Kill: The Allure of Suicide
so eager to participate in operations within the United
Terrorism. New York: Columbia U. Pr. ISBN 978-0-231States, that they obtained visas in April 1999.[7] Once se13321-0.
lected, Mihdhar and Hazmi were sent to the Mes Aynak
training camp in Afghanistan. In late 1999, Hazmi, Attash, and Yemeni went to Karachi, Pakistan to see Mo9.3 Hijackers
hammed, who instructed them on Western culture and
travel; however, Mihdhar did not go to Karachi, instead
Further information: September 11 attacks
returning to Yemen.[6]
[29] Pape, Robert A. (2005). Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic
of Suicide Terrorism. New York: Random House. ISBN
0-8129-7338-0.
The hijackers in the September 11 attacks were 19

men aliated with al-Qaeda, and 15 of the 19 were citizens of Saudi Arabia.[1] The others were from the United
Arab Emirates (2), Egypt and Lebanon. The hijackers
were organized into four teams, each led by a pilot-trained
hijacker with three or four muscle hijackers who were
trained to help subdue the pilots, passengers, and crew.
The rst hijackers to arrive in the United States were
Khalid al-Mihdhar and Nawaf al-Hazmi, who settled in
the San Diego area in January 2000. They were followed by three hijacker-pilots, Mohamed Atta, Marwan
al-Shehhi, and Ziad Jarrah mid-2000 to undertake ight
training in south Florida. The fourth hijacker-pilot, Hani
Hanjour, arrived in San Diego in December 2000. The
rest of the muscle hijackers arrived in early and mid2001.
As for the pilots who would go on to participate in

the attacks, three of them were original members of
the Hamburg cell (Mohammed Atta, Marwan al-Shehhi
and Ziad Jarrah). Following their training at Al-Qaeda
training camps in Afghanistan, they were chosen by Bin
Laden and Al-Qaedas military wing due to their extensive knowledge of western culture and language skills, increasing the missions operational security and its chances
for success. The fourth intended pilot, Ramzi bin alShibh, a member of the Hamburg cell, was also chosen to
participate in the attacks yet was unable to obtain a visa
for entry into the United States. He was later replaced by
Hani Hanjour, a Saudi national.[8][9][10]
Mihdhar and Hazmi were also potential pilot hijackers,

but did not do well in their initial pilot lessons in San
Diego. Both were kept on as muscle hijackers, who
would help overpower the passengers and crew, and allow the pilot hijackers to take control of the ights. In
addition to Mihdhar and Hazmi, thirteen other muscle hi9.3.1 Background
jackers were selected in late 2000 or early 2001. All were
from Saudi Arabia, with the exception of Fayez BanihamThe 2001 attacks were preceded by the less well known mad, who was from the United Arab Emirates.
Bojinka plot which was planned in the Philippines by
Ramzi Yousef (of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing) and Khalid Shaikh Mohammed. Its objective was
to blow up twelve airliners[2] and their approximately 9.3.3 Hijacked aircraft
4,000 passengers as they ew from Asia to the United
States. The plan included crashing a plane into the CIA American Airlines Flight 11 One World Trade Cenheadquarters, lending credence to the theory that Khalid ter
Shaikh Mohammed evolved this plot into the September 11 attacks.[3] The plot was disrupted in January Main article: American Airlines Flight 11
1995 after a chemical re drew the Filipino police and
investigation authorities' attention, resulting in the arrest
Hijackers: Mohamed Atta (Egyptian), Abdulaziz alof one terrorist and seizure of a laptop containing the
Omari (Saudi Arabian), Wail al-Shehri (Saudi Arabian),
plans. One person was killed in the course of the plot
Waleed al-Shehri (Saudi Arabian), Satam al-Suqami
a Japanese passenger seated near a nitroglycerin bomb
(Saudi Arabian).[1]
on Philippine Airlines Flight 434.[4] The money handed
down to the plotters originated from Al-Qaeda, the inter- Two ight attendants called the American Airlines resernational Islamic jihadi organization then based in Sudan. vation desk during the hijacking. Betty Ong reported
that the four hijackers had come from rst-class seats:
2A, 2B, 9A, and 9B.[11] Flight attendant Amy Sweeney
called a ight services manager at Logan Airport in
9.3.2 Selection
Boston and described them as Middle Eastern.[11] She
Khalid al-Mihdhar and Nawaf al-Hazmi were both expe- gave the sta the seat numbers and they pulled up the
rienced and respected jihadists in the eyes of al-Qaeda ticket and credit card information of the hijackers, idenleader, Osama bin Laden. Mihdhar and Hazmi both tifying Mohamed Atta.[12]
9.3. HIJACKERS
301
Mohamed Attas voice was heard over the air trac con- Spoken messages from Ziad Jarrah intended for passentrol system, broadcasting messages thought to be intended gers, were also thought mistakenly broadcast over the air
for the passengers.[13]
trac control system:
Jarrah is also heard on the cockpit voice recorder.[21] In
United Airlines Flight 175 Two World Trade Center addition, DNA samples submitted by his girlfriend were
matched to remains recovered in Shanksville.[22]
Main article: United Airlines Flight 175
9.3.4 Investigation
Hijackers: Marwan al-Shehhi (United Arab Emirates),

Fayez Banihammad (United Arab Emirates), Mohand al- Before the attacks
Shehri (Saudi Arabian), Hamza al-Ghamdi (Saudi Arabian), Ahmed al-Ghamdi (Saudi Arabian).[1]
Before the attacks, FBI agent Robert Wright, Jr. had
A United Airlines mechanic was called by a ight at- written vigorous criticisms of FBIs alleged incompetendant who stated the crew had been murdered and the tence in investigating terrorists residing within the United
States. Wright was part of the Bureaus Chicago counterplane hijacked.[14]
terrorism task force and involved in project Vulgar Betrayal which was linked to Yasin al-Qadi.[24]
American Airlines Flight 77 Pentagon
According to James Bamford, the NSA had picked up
communications of al-Mihdhar and al-Hazmi back in
Main article: American Airlines Flight 77
1999, but had been hampered by internal bureaucratic
conicts between itself and the CIA, and did not do a full
Hijackers: Hani Hanjour (Saudi Arabian), Khalid al- analysis of the information it passed on to the agency.
Mihdhar (Saudi Arabian), Majed Moqed (Saudi Ara- For example; it only passed the rst names on, Nawaf
bian), Nawaf al-Hazmi (Saudi Arabian), Salem al-Hazmi and Khalid.[25]
(Saudi Arabian).[1]
Bamford also claims that the CIAs Alec Station (a unit
Two hijackers, Hani Hanjour and Majed Moqed were assigned to bin Laden) knew that al-Mihdhar was planidentied by clerks as having bought single, rst-class ning to come to New York as far back as January 2000.
tickets for Flight 77 from Advance Travel Service in Doug Miller, one of 3 FBI agents working inside the CIA
Totowa, New Jersey with $1,842.25 in cash.[11] Renee station, tried to send a message (a CIR) to the FBI to
May, a ight attendant on Flight 77, used a cell phone to alert them about this, so they could put al-Mihdhar on
call her mother in Las Vegas. She said her ight was be- a watch list. His CIA boss, Tom Wilshire, deputy station
ing hijacked by six individuals who had moved them to chief, allegedly denied permission to Miller. Miller asked
the rear of the plane. Unlike the other ights, there was his associate Mark Rossini for advice; Rossini pressed
no report of stabbings or bomb threats. According to the Wilshires deputy but was again rebued.[26][27]
9/11 Commission Report, it is possible that pilots were
not stabbed to death and were sent to the rear of the plane. Bamford also claims that al-Mihdhar and Hazmi wound
One of the hijackers, most likely Hanjour, announced on up living with Abdussattar Shaikh for a time to save
the intercom that the ight had been hijacked.[15] Pas- money. Shaikh was, coincidentally, an FBI informant,
senger Barbara Olson called her husband, Theodore Ol- but since they never acted suspiciously around him, he
son, the Solicitor General of the United States, stating the never reported them. The CIA Bangkok station told Alec
of this
ight had been hijacked and the hijackers had knives and Station that Hazmi had gone to Los Angeles. None [28]
information
made
it
back
to
the
FBI
headquarters.
[16]
box cutters.
Two of the passengers had been on the
FBIs terrorist-alert list: Khalid al-Mihdhar and Nawaf
al-Hazmi.[17]
Attacks
United Airlines Flight 93
Hijackers: Ziad Jarrah (Lebanese), Ahmed al-Haznawi
(Saudi Arabian), Ahmed al-Nami (Saudi Arabian), Saeed
al-Ghamdi (Saudi Arabian).[1]
Passenger Jeremy Glick stated that the hijackers were
Arabic-looking, wearing red headbands, and carrying
knives.[18][19]
Within minutes of the attacks, the Federal Bureau of Investigation opened the largest FBI investigation in United
States history, operation PENTTBOM. The suspects
were identied within 72 hours because few made any
attempt to disguise their names on ight and credit card
records. They were also among the few non-U.S. citizens and nearly the only passengers with Arabic names on
their ights, enabling the FBI to identify them using such
details as dates of birth, known or possible residences,
visa status, and specic identication of the suspected
pilots.[29] On September 27, 2001 the FBI released pho-
302
tos of the 19 hijackers, along with information about

many of their possible nationalities and aliases.[30] The
suspected hijackers were from Saudi Arabia (fteen hijackers), United Arab Emirates (two hijackers), Lebanon
(one hijacker) and Egypt (one hijacker).
The passport of Satam al-Suqami was reportedly recovered a few blocks from where the World Trade Centers
twin towers once stood";[31][32] a passerby picked it up
and gave it to a NYPD detective shortly before the towers collapsed. The passports of two other hijackers, Ziad
Jarrah and Saeed al-Ghamdi, were recovered from the
crash site of United Airlines Flight 93 in Pennsylvania,
and a fourth passport, that of Abdulaziz al-Omari was recovered from luggage that did not make it onto American
Airlines Flight 11.[33]
According to the 9/11 Commission Report, 26 al-Qaeda
terrorist conspirators sought to enter the United States to
carry out a suicide mission. In the end, the FBI reported
that there were 19 hijackers in all: ve on three of the
ights, and four on the fourth. On September 14, three
days after the attacks, the FBI announced the names of 19
persons.[29] After a controversy about an earlier remark,
U.S. Homeland Secretary Janet Napolitano stated in May
2009 that the 9/11 Commission found that none of the
hijackers entered the United States through Canada.[34]
Nawaf al-Hazmi and Hani Hanjour, attended the Dar alHijrah Islamic Center in Falls Church, Virginia in early
April 2001 where the Imam Anwar al-Awlaki preached.
Through interviews with the FBI, it was discovered that
Awlaki had previously met Nawaf al-Hazmi several times
while the two lived in San Diego. At the time, Hazmi was
living with Khalid al-Mihdhar, another 9/11 hijacker.[35]
The hijackers of the same plane often had very strong
ties as many of them attended school together or lived
together prior to the attacks[36]
9.3.5
Cases of mistaken identity
Jackal Emerges as He Awaits Trial. New York Times.

[3] John J. Lumpkin. Global Security. Global Security.
[4] Kushner, Harvey W. (2003). Encyclopedia of Terrorism.
SAGE Publications. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-7619-2408-1.
[5] McDermott (2005), p. 191
[6] 9/11 Commission Report, Chapter 5.2, pp. 153159
[7] 9/11 and Terrorist Travel, pp. 910
[8] The Hamburg connection. BBC News. August 19, 2005.
[9] http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf
[10] Video on YouTube
[11] Glen Johnson (2001-09-23). Probe reconstructs horror,
calculated attacks on planes. Boston Globe.
[12] Calm Before the Crash. ABC News. 2002-07-18.
Archived from the original on 2002-09-21.
[13] Sherwell, Philip (2011-09-10). 9/11: Voices from the
doomed planes. The Telegraph (London). Retrieved
2011-09-24.
[14] Boston.com / Fighting Terrorism. The Boston Globe.
[15] Investigating 9-11 -- The doomed ights. San Francisco
Chronicle. 2004-07-23.
[16] Transcript: Americas New War: Recovering From
Tragedy. CNN. 2001-09-14.
[17] Remains Of 9 Sept. 11 Hijackers Held. CBS News.
2002-08-17.
[18] Flight 93: Forty lives, one destiny. Post-gazette.com.
2001-10-28. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
[19] Context of '(9:37 a.m.) 11 September 2001: Flight
93 Passenger Jeremy Glick Describes Hijackers, Bomb'".
Cooperativeresearch.org. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
Soon after the attacks and before the FBI had released the
pictures of all the hijackers, several reports claimed some [20] The 9/11 Commission Report, pp. 12, 29
of the men named as hijackers on 9/11 were alive.[37][38] [21] Cockpit Voice Recorder transcript (PDF). FindLaw.
and had their identities stolen.[39][40][41]
[22] How The FBI Identied The 19 Hijackerss Identities
(PDF). 911 Myths.
9.3.6
See also
9.3.7
Notes and references
Notes
[1] CIA Document DCI Testimony Before the Joint
Inquiry into Terrorist Attacks Against the United
States, Date June 18, 2002, Website https:
//www.cia.gov/news-information/speeches-testimony/
2002/dci_testimony_06182002.html
[2] Mazzetti, Mark (November 14, 2009). Portrait of 9/11
[23] Bamford, James; Willis, Scott (February 3, 2009). The

Spy Factory. PBS. Retrieved July 2, 2013.
[24] C-SPAN video, address to the National Press Club on May
30, 2002, with Judicial Watch, via rationalveracity.com
[25] Shadow Factory, James Bamford, Doubleday, 2008,
Chapter 1: Intercept
[26] Bamford, Chapter 1
[27] Spy Factory, Nova, interview with Mark Rossini 2.3.2009
[28] Bamford, Chapter 2: San Diego
9.4. 20TH HIJACKER
[29] FBI Announces List of 19 Hijackers, FBI, national Press

Release September 14, 2001
[30] The FBI releases 19 photographs of individuals believed
to be the hijackers of the four airliners that crashed on 11
September 2001 FBI, national Press Release 27 September
2001
[31] Las Vegas Review Journal, September 16, 2001.
[32] Giuliani holds on to hope, BBC News, 16 September 2001
United States. 9-11commission.gov. Retrieved 201109-11.
[34] Gilles, Rob (May 27, 2009). Napolitano addresses Sept.
11 Canada controversy. Associated Press. Retrieved
May 30, 2009.
[35] Alleged shooter tied to mosque of 9/11 hijackers. Associated Press. November 8, 2009.
[36] http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/
941/863
303
Fouda, Yosri; Fielding, Nick (2003). Masterminds
of Terror: The Truth Behind the Most Devastating
Terrorist Attack the World Has Ever Seen. Arcade.
ISBN 1-55970-708-9.
McDermott, Terry (2005). Perfect Soldiers: The Hijackers: Who They Were, Why They Did It. Harper
Collins. ISBN 0-06-058469-6.
Smith, Paul J. (2005). Terrorism and Violence in
Southeast Asia: Transnational Challenges to States
and Regional Stability. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-76561433-2.
Wright, Lawrence (2006). The Looming Tower: Al
Qaeda and the Road to 9/11. Alfred A. Knopf.
ISBN 0-375-41486-X.

FBI Press Release at the Wayback Machine
(archived December 15, 2001), September 27,
2001.
[37] Der Spiegel Panoply of the Absurd. Spiegel.de. 200109-11. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
[38] Steve Herrmann (2006-10-27). BBC News 9/11 conspiracy theory. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
9.4 20th hijacker
The 20th hijacker is a possible additional terrorist in

the September 11 attacks of 2001, who, for whatever
reason, was not able to participate. The 20th hijacker
[40] Islam Online Saudi Suspects in U.S. Attacks Were Not may not have been present at the actual attack but planning and leading up to the event; the terrorist was very
in the U.S.
much involved. Working behind the scenes to provide a
[41] LA Times FBI Chief Raises New Doubts Over Hijack- successful attack on the Americans.[1] There were many
ers Identities
variations of the 9/11 plot, with the number of terrorists uctuating with available resources and changing circumstances. In the end, there were 19 hijackers: three of
References
the planes were taken over by ve members each and the
James Bamford (2008). Shadow Factory. Double- fourth was hijacked by only four people. The latter plane,
United Airlines Flight 93, was also less successful in its
day.
mission instead of hitting any of the obvious targets in
9/11 Commission Report (PDF). National Com- Washington, D.C., it crashed into a eld near Shanksville,
mission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Pennsylvania, due to resistance from passengers. Thus
the idea of a 20th hijacker came to be widely discussed.
2004. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
[39] Hijack 'suspects alive and well. BBC News. 2001-0923. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
Appendix. 9/11 and Terror Travel (PDF). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the 9.4.1 Hijackers
United States. 2004. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
Ramzi bin al-Shibh allegedly meant to take part in the
Aust, Stefan; Der Spiegel Magazine (2002). Inside attacks, but he was repeatedly denied a visa for entry into
9-11: What Really Happened. Schnibben, Cordt. the US.[2]
MacMillan. ISBN 0-312-98748-X.
Mohamed al-Qahtani, a Saudi Arabian citizen, is of Burke, Jason (2004). Al-Qaeda: The True Story of ten referred to as the 20th hijacker. Jos MelndezPrez, a U.S. Immigration inspector at Orlando InternaRadical Islam. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-85043-666-5.
tional Airport refused his entry into the U.S. in August
Federal Bureau of Investigation (2008-02-04). 2001. He was later captured in Afghanistan and imprisHijackers Timeline (PDF). NEFA Foundation. oned at the U.S. military prison known as Camp X-Ray
at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.[3] In January 2009, Susan J.
304
Crawford asserted that Kahtanis interrogation at Camp 9.4.3 See also

X-Ray amounted to torture.
USS Cole bombing mastermind, multiple individuZacarias Moussaoui, known as the 20th hijacker, was
als were alleged to be the mastermind of the USS
of many Saudi Arabian men involved in the September
Cole bombing
11th terrorism attacks. Moussaoui had been working for
Osama Bin Laden for a few years prior to this attack.
He entered names of donors into a database; this job 9.4.4 References
was given to him because of his connection with Saudi
Royalty family and his educational stance while also be- [1] Sciutto, Jim (4 February 2015). New allegations of Saudi
ing able to speak English. Zacarias Moussaoui was coninvolvement in 9/11. CNN. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
sidered as a replacement for Ziad Jarrah, who at one
point threatened to withdraw from the scheme because [2] Smith, Elliot Blair (September 17, 2002). U.S. blood
'all over his hands". USA Today. Retrieved February 13,
of tensions amongst the plotters. Plans to include Mous2007.
saoui were never nalized, as the al-Qaeda hierarchy had
doubts about his reliability. Ultimately, Moussaoui did [3] Shenon, Philip (January 27, 2004). Panel Says a Deported Saudi Was Likely '20th' Hijacker. The New York
not play a role in the hijacking scheme. He was arrested
Times. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
about four weeks before the attacks.[1]
The other al-Qaeda members who allegedly attempted,
but were not able, to take part in the attacks were Saeed
al-Ghamdi (not to be confused with the successful hijacker of the same name), Tawq bin Attash, Ali Abdul Aziz Ali, Mushabib al-Hamlan, Zakariyah Essabar,
Saeed Ahmad al-Zahrani, Ali Abd al-Rahman al-Faqasi
al-Ghamdi, Saeed al-Baluchi, Qutaybah al-Najdi, Zuhair
al-Thubaiti, and Saud al-Rashi. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the attacks alleged mastermind, had wanted
to remove at least one member Khalid al-Mihdhar
from the operation, but he was overruled by Osama bin
Laden.[4]
[4] Kean, Thomas et al. (July 22, 2004). Final Report of the
National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United
States (PDF). US Government Printing Oce. p. 237.
ISBN 0-16-072304-3. Mihdhar complained about life in
the United States. He met with KSM, who remained annoyed at his decision to go AWOL. But KSMs desire to drop
him from the operation yielded to Bin Ladins insistence to
keep him.
According to the BBC, Fawaz al-Nashimi claimed to have

been the 20th hijacker. An Al-Qaeda video has been
released from a US intelligence organization, showing alNashimi justifying attacks on the west. The U.S dismissed al-Nashimis claims as propaganda.[5] He was also
known as Turki bin Fuheid al-Muteiry and took part in
a May 29, 2004 attack on oil facilities in Khobar, Saudi
Arabia. He was killed in a June 2004 shootout with Saudi
Arabian security forces.[6]
[7] Hallowell, Billy (17 November 2014). Faith Convicted

Terrorist Known as the 20th Hijacker Has a Stunning
Claim About the 9/11 Attacks. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
Moussaoui is now serving a life sentence for his involvement in the 9/11attacks. He pleaded guilty in 2005 to
collaborating with the other hijackers. [7]
9.4.2
In popular culture
The Saudi Arabian novelist Abdullah Thabit wrote a 2006

novel titled Terrorist Number 20 that became a bestseller.
The book recalls his teenage years as a religious extremist and was inspired in part by Ahmad Alnami, one of
the 9/11 hijackers and a fellow resident of Abha who was
vaguely familiar to Thabit. In April 2006, three months
after the release of the book, Thabit was forced to move
from Abha to Jeddah with his family after receiving death
threats from Islamic radicals.[8]
[5] "'Al-Qaeda video' of 20th hijacker. BBC. June 21, 2006.

[6] Shrader, Katherine (June 21, 2006). al-Qaida Video
Shows Alleged 20th Hijacker. Associated Press.
[8] Interview with Abdullah Thabit in Washington Post - R

A Y A - agency for Arabic literature. rayaagency.org.
Chapter 10
Inquiries
10.1 U.S. Congressional Inquiry
and United States Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, especially after an alleged leak from the committee. CNN had reported classied information that the
National Security Agency had received warning of the
attacks on September 10th but failed to translate and
forward them.[4] Sta director L. Britt Snider was pressured to resign in April 2002 because of questions about
whether one or more of his hires had lacked proper clearance to view classied material.[3]
The Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of
September 11, 2001 is the ocial name of the inquiry
conducted by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence into the activities of the U.S. Intelligence Community in connection with the September 11, 2001 attacks. The investigation began in February 2002 and the The Washington Post reported in May of 2002 that Senanal report was released in December 2002.
tor Goss dismissed as a lot of nonsense reports that ve
weeks before the attacks a CIA brieng had alerted President Bush about possible Osama bin Laden associates
10.1.1 Calls for inquiry
plans to highjack aircraft; he said the investigation focus
would be on why the United State intelligence bureauThe White House, Senator Bob Graham (D-FL), chair cracy composed of 13 agencies failed to detect the hijackof the Select Committee on Intelligence, and Representa- ers. Senator Graham said the question was why wasn't
tive Porter Goss (R-FL), chair of the House Intelligence the intelligence precise. Critics on and o of Capitol Hill
Committee, originally rebued calls for an inquiry fol- complained that Goss was too aligned with the CIA and
lowing the September 11 attacks. After December 2001, Graham was insuciently assertive.[5]
initial resolutions in the Senate called for the establishment of an independent bipartisan commission.[1] The In August 2002 unnamed individuals who had read the
Joint Inquiry was announced February 14, 2002 with Sen- report revealed it contained accusations of links between
ator Graham saying it would not play the blame game the government of Saudi Arabia and the attacks. The
about what went wrong from an intelligence perspective, Saudis denied this and asked that the section be made
[6]
and Representative Goss saying, This particular eort public, but President Bush refused. In December of
focuses on the broader issues of terrorism worldwide, 2002 Senator Graham himself revealed in a PBS interour capacity to counter terrorist activities and our pre- view that I was surprised at the evidence that there were
paredness to protect the American people at home and foreign governments involved in facilitating the activities
of at least some of the terrorists in the United States.[7]
abroad.[2]
10.1.2
Investigation
Senator Graham and Representative Goss, accompanied

by their respective committee ranking minority members,
Republican Senator Richard C. Shelby and Democratic
Representative Nancy Pelosi, led the joint inquiry. L.
Britt Snider, the former inspector general of the CIA, was
sta director.[2] He hired a 30 person investigative sta to
gather evidence and interview CIA, Central Intelligence
Agency (FBI) and other intelligence and law enforcement agencies.[3]
10.1.3 The report
The joint inquiry released their ndings in December

2002. The 832 page report (available as both S. Rept.
107-351 and H. Rept. 107-792) presents the joint inquirys ndings and conclusions, an accompanying narrative, and a series of recommendations.[8] The critical
and comprehensive report detailed failings of the FBI and
CIA to use available information, including about terrorHowever, the committee quickly ran into stonewalling, ists the CIA knew were in the United States, in order to
delays and attacks from Vice President Dick Cheney disrupt the plots.[4]
305
306
Redacted sections
The Bush administration decided to classify the controversial twenty-eight pages which allegedly dealt with allegations about links between Saudi Arabia and the hijackers. The committee called for further investigations and
the Saudi government again called for its release.[4] Senator Graham later noted that this material was developed
by the joint inquiry and was not classied information
that was made available to Congress by the executive.[9]
Some leaked information from CIA and FBI documents
alleged that there was incontrovertible evidence that
Saudi government ocials, including from the Saudi embassy in Washington and consulate in Los Angeles, gave
the hijackers both nancial and logistical aid. Named
were then-Saudi Ambassador Prince Bandar and Osama
Bassnan, a Saudi agent, as well as American al-Qaeda
cleric Anwar al-Awlaki, 9/11 ringleader Mohamed Atta,
and Esam Ghazzawi, a Saudi adviser to the nephew of
King Fahd.[10]
In July 2003 Senator Bob Graham pressed the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence to release the material,
per its authority under Senate Resolution 400, which established the Committee in 1976. However, the committee did not vote and his request was merely denied. Thenchair Senator Pat Roberts, (R-KS) and Senator Jay Rockefeller (D-WV) wrote Graham that it is our view that
release of additional information from Part Four could
adversely aect ongoing counterterrorism eorts. Graham later said the response showed that the Intelligence
Committee had shown a strong deference to the executive branch.[9]
In July 2003 Senator Sam Brownback (R-KS) joined approximately 42 Democratic senators in calling on President Bush to release the 28-page section which was censored for national security reasons. Senator Graham
stated the refusal is a continuation of the pattern of the
last seven months-a pattern of delay and excessive use of
national security standards to deny the people the knowledge of their vulnerability.[11]
In December 2013 Representatives Walter B. Jones, Jr.
(R-KY) and Stephen Lynch (D-MA) proposed Congress
pass a resolution urging United States President Barack
Obama to declassify all of the 2002 report.[10][12] They
held a press conference in March, 2014.[13] House Resolution 428 of the 113th Congress had 10 co-sponsors as
of September 2014. [14]
CHAPTER 10. INQUIRIES

ance companies which paid large claims after the attacks,
could sue Saudi Arabia. This permitted attorneys to begin
collecting documents and deposing witnesses.[16]
10.1.4 Aftermath
September 11th victim families were frustrated by the
unanswered questions and redacted material and demanded an independent commission.[4] In late 2002 President Bush and congress established the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, an
independent bipartisan commission popularly known as
the 9/11 Commission.[17]
In 2004 Senator Graham released his book Intelligence
Matters: The CIA, the FBI, Saudi Arabia, and the Failure
of Americas War on Terror which dealt with issues raised
by the investigation.[18][19]
10.1.5 References
[1] Patrick Martin (6 March 2002). Further delay in US
congressional investigation into September 11 attacks.
World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
[2] Press Release of Intelligence Committee, Senate and
House Intelligence Committees Announce Joint Inquiry
into the September 11th Terrorist Attacks, February 14,
2002.
[3] Greg Miller, Leader of 9/11 Probe Resigns Suddenly, Los
Angeles Times, April 30, 2002.
[4] Athan G. Theoharis, editor, The Central Intelligence
Agency: Security Under Scrutiny, Greenwood Publishing
Group, p. 222-224, 2006, ISBN 0313332827
[5] Richard Leiby, A Cloak But No Dagger; An Ex-Spy Says
He Seeks Solutions, Not Scapegoats for 9/11, Washington
Post, May 18, 2002.
[6] James Risen and David Johnston, Report on 9/11 Suggests
a Role By Saudi Spies, Washington Post, August 2, 2003.
[7] Improving Intelligence, PBS interview with Sen. Bob
Graham, December 11, 2002.
[8] Congressional Reports: Joint Inquiry into Intelligence
Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
[9] Ali Watkins, Senate intelligence panel could seek to de-
Family members of September 11 victims have said that

classify documents; it just doesnt, McClatchy Washington Bureau, August 12, 2013.
President Obama told them both individually and in a
group setting that he would release the documents so they
could know the truth. The documents also would be used [10] Paul Sperry, Inside the Saudi 9/11 coverup, New York
Post, December 15, 2013.
to support lawsuits against Saudi Arabia for complicity
in the attacks and deaths. Families have worked closely [11] Jonathan Karl and Steve Turnham, GOP senator joins
with Representatives Jones and Lynch on de-classifying
push to declassify 9/11 report; Bush rejects calls for rethe documents.[15] In June of 2014 the United States
lease of information, CNN Washington Bureau, July 30,
Supreme Court ruled that the families, as well as insur2003.
10.2. 9/11 COMMISSION REPORT
[12] April 10, 2014 Letter to Barak Obama, signed by Representatives Walter B. Jones, Jr. and Stephen Lynch.
[13] Press Conference on Declassication of 9/11 Documents with Representatives Walter Jones, Stephen Lynch,
Thomas Massie (KY-4), and families of 9/11 victims;
Rep. Walter Jones channel at YouTube, March 12, 2014.
307
10.2 9/11 Commission Report

This article is about the nal report issued by the 9/11
Commission. For the 2006 lm, see The 9/11 Commission Report (lm).
The 9/11 Commission Report, formally named Final
[14] H.Res.428 - Urging the president to release information regarding the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks
upon the United States, 113th Congress (2013-2014) at
Congress.gov.
[15] Chris Mondics, Struggling to detail alleged Saudi role in
9/11 attacks, Philadelphia Inquirer, March 31, 2014.
[16] Chris Mondics, Supreme Court lets victims 9/11 suit
vs. Saudi Arabia proceed, Philadelphia Inquirer, July 02,
2014.
[17] Investigating Sept. 11. NewsHour (PBS). November 27,
2002. Archived from the original on February 20, 2009.
[18] Bob Graham, with Je Nussbaum, Intelligence Matters:
The CIA, the FBI, Saudi Arabia, and the Failure of
Americas War on Terror, Random House], 2004, ISBN
1588364526
[19] Interview: Senator Bob Graham, Democrat of Florida,
discusses his theory about a Saudi link to 9/11, NPR,
September 9, 2004.
10.1.6
External links
S. Hrg. 1071086, Volume 1. Joint Inquiry into

Intelligence Community Activities Before and after
the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001. Hearings before the Select Committee on Intelligence,
U.S. Senate and the Permanent Select Committee
On Intelligence, House of Representatives; Volume
I, September 18, 19, 20, 24, and 26, 2002
The cover of the nal 9/11 report
Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks

Upon the United States, is the ocial report of the events
leading up to the September 11, 2001 attacks. It was prepared by the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks
Upon the United States (informally sometimes known as
the 9/11 Commission or the "Kean/Hamilton Commission) at the request of United States president George
S. Hrg. 1071086, Volume 2. Joint Inquiry into
W. Bush and Congress, and is available to the public for
Intelligence Community Activities Before and after
sale or free download.
the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001. Hearings before the Select Committee on Intelligence The commission was established on November 27, 2002
U.S. Senate and the Permanent Select Committee (442 days after the attack) and their nal report was issued
On Intelligence, House of Representatives, Volume on July 22, 2004. The report was originally scheduled for
release on May 27, 2004, but a compromise agreed to by
II, October 1, 3, 8, and 17, 2002
Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert allowed a sixty-day
S. Rept. No. 107-351, 107th Congress, 2d Session; extension through July 26.
H. Rept. No. 107-792. Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the
Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001. Report 10.2.1 Findings
of the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence
and U.S. House Permanent Select Committee on In- The commission interviewed over 1,200 people in 10
telligence Together with Additional Views, Decem- countries and reviewed over two and a half million pages
ber 2002. Final version issued April 24, 2003, via of documents, including some closely guarded classied
FindLaw
national security documents. The commission also relied
308

leader of the attacks, was from Egypt. Two hijackers
were from the United Arab Emirates, and one was from
Lebanon. According to the commission, all 19 hijackers were members of the al-Qaeda terrorist organization,
led by Osama bin Laden. In addition, while meetings between al-Qaeda representatives and Iraqi government ofcials had taken place, the panel had no credible evidence
that Saddam Hussein had assisted al-Qaeda in preparing
or executing the 9/11 attacks.
The commissions nal report also oered new evidence
of increased contact between Iran and al-Qaeda. The report contains information about how several of the 9/11
hijackers passed through Iran, and indicates that ocials
in Iran did not place entry stamps in their passports. However, according to the report (Chapter 7), there is no evidence that Iran was aware of the actual 9/11 plot. Iran
has since implemented several widely publicized eorts
to shut down al-Qaeda cells operating within its country.
9/11 Commission Chairman Thomas Kean
The commission report chose to place blame for failure to notify the military squarely upon the FAA. Ben
Sliney, FAA operations manager at Herndon, Virginia,
and Monte Belger, FAA Acting Deputy Administrator on
9/11 both stated to the commission that military liaisons
were present and participating in Herndons response as
the events of 9/11 unfolded. Sliney stated that everyone who needed to be notied, including the military,
was.[3][4]
heavily on the FBI's PENTTBOM investigation. Before

it was released by the commission, the nal public re- In addition to its ndings, the report made extensive
port was screened for any potentially classied informa- recommendations for changes that can be made to help
prevent a similar attack. These include the creation
tion and edited as necessary.
of a National Intelligence Director over both the CIA
After releasing the report, commission chair Thomas
and the FBI, and many changes in border security and
Kean declared that both Presidents Bill Clinton and
immigration policy.
George W. Bush were not well served by the FBI and
CIA.[1]
In addition to identifying intelligence failures occurring Public diplomacy and War on Terror
before the attacks, the report provided evidence of the
The 9/11 Commission Report states that long-term sucfollowing:
cess demands the use of all the elements of national
Airport security footage of the hijackers as they power: diplomacy, intelligence, covert action, law enforcement, economic policy, foreign aid, public diplopassed through airport security
macy, and homeland defense.[5] Quantitative numbers
Excerpts from the United Airlines Flight 93 cockpit will not defeat the terrorists and insurgents; however the
voice recording, which recorded the sounds of the objectives of defeating the enemy need to be specic
hijackers in the cockpit and the passengers attempts enough so that the public can determine whether the goals
to regain control
are being met. In order to defeat an insurgency one must
Eyewitness testimony of passengers as they de- promote a stronger ideology, value system, and security
scribed their own nal moments to family members environment, than the opposition. The 9/11 Commission
and authorities on airphones and cellphones from the emphasizes the use of public diplomacy. Defeating insurgents and terrorists is not based on traditional war tactics;
cabins of doomed airliners
it encompasses a national strategic eort that employs all
[5]
The commission also concluded 15 of the 19 hijack- elements of national power.
ers who carried out the attacks were from Saudi Arabia,
but found no evidence the government of Saudi Arabia
conspired in the attacks, or that it funded the attackers
even though the report identies Saudi Arabia as the primary source of al-Qaeda funding.[2] Mohamed Atta, the
In 2003, the U.S. government realized how important

political and cultural support was to the counterinsurgency eorts in Afghanistan. An Afghan regional ocial claimed that Afghanistan was on the right track for
a stable government and begged the United States not to
309
leave the theater, claiming that Afghanistan would lose

progress if the U.S. withdrew their political support and
local outreach to the public.[6] The Afghan population is
able to interact with U.S. presence in their country, allowing them to feel more secure and safe, thus countering
the insurgent ideology. The ability of the United States to
interact with the local Afghan population has been an essential tool to winning the counterinsurgency operations
in the country.
the use of public diplomacy, to drive a wedge between

those moderate Muslims and the violent terrorists or
insurgents.[7] The U.S. also needs to stand for a better future and illustrate it to the local population in Afghanistan
and to the Muslim community. The U.S. needs to take
the moral leadership role in Afghanistan and throughout the world. For parents, insurgents in Afghanistan
can only oer their children violence and death; the U.S.
should utilize public diplomacy to counter the insurgent
[10]
According to the 9/11 Commission, conducting public ideology.
diplomacy with the local population of Afghanistan is American values and ideals are something that the Musnecessary for long-term success within the country. A lim population can connect to, agree with, and feel secure
former Under Secretary of the State for Public Diplo- with. The 9/11 Commission advises that the U.S. stands
macy and both chairmen of the 9/11 Commission ex- up for its values and ideals to prevent the insurgents from
pressed the view that public diplomacy tools are at least distorting the ideology of liberty to persuade the Musas important in the war on terrorism as military tools lim world into the insurgent or terrorist ideology.[11] Only
and should be given equal state and increased funding.[7] through use of public diplomacy can the U.S. counter
Long-term public diplomacy eorts in Afghanistan will these political and ideological distortions. Explaining and
help show that the new Afghan government will be able making clear the U.S. stance on morality, freedom, and
to make their lives better and more secure than an insur- liberty to the local populations in the Middle East allows
the U.S. to promote the American counterinsurgency efgency controlled government.
The 9/11 Commission states that currently the United fort in Afghanistan.
States envisions an eventual Afghan government that
is able to build a national army, coordinate infrastructure, and coordinate public services in major provinces
throughout the country.[8] The 9/11 Commission also
suggests an increased eort in the U.S. State Department
and the international community to become involved with
the rule of law and contain rampant crime and narcotics
tracking in the area.[8] However, in order to carry out
these long-term goals the U.S. should rely on civilianmilitary teams in order to reach out to the population
and listen to their concerns and implement them with the
Afghan government eectively.
The 9/11 Commission elaborates on the example of humane treatment of prisoners of war. In order for the local populations of countries like Afghanistan, the U.S.
and allies need to project a higher image of morality
by the civil and humane treatment of terrorists that are
captured.[12] Accusations that the U.S. abuses its prisoners make it more dicult to win political, social, and
diplomatic relations in our civilian-military operations in
Afghanistan.[13] Without careful prevention of derogatory use of information by the enemy, the United States
will become a victim of the enemys use of public diplomacy in war.
Currently there is a strong realization that negative public opinion about the U.S. could directly relate to how
friendly countries in the Middle East will be in the war on
terror, mainly in Afghanistan.[7] Recently American involvement in the Middle East has not been accepted well;
support for the United States has plummeted. The 9/11
Commission shows that favorable ratings for the United
States has fallen from 61% to 15% in Indonesia and from
71% to 38% among Muslims in Nigeria.[9] It also states
that many disgruntled views about the U.S. develop from
uninformed minds about America and that are distorted
by cartoon ideologies. Local newspapers in Middle Eastern countries that reinforce the Jihadist theme, portraying
the U.S. as anti-Muslim, inuence these fragile views.[9]
These ideas need to be eectively countered in order
to win our counterinsurgency eorts in Afghanistan and
our ideological war against Muslim extremism. More recently Congress and the Administration has sought ways
to use these public diplomacy tactics to inuence Arab
populations to combat insurgents and terrorists.[7]
The 9/11 Commission believes that public diplomacy

should be viewed as a dialogue with Arab populations,
to enable a greater understanding between cultures and
societies and to build those long-term relationships and
trust that is needed to be successful at counterinsurgency
warfare. If we dont have long-term relationships with
Muslim populations, we cannot have trust. Without trust,
public diplomacy is ineective.[7]
Most Muslims are moderate and do not agree with violence; the commission claims that it is possible, through
10.2.2 Criticism
Main article: Criticism of the 9/11 Commission
In a 2004 article titled, Whitewash as Public Service:
How The 9/11 Commission Report defrauds the nation,
Harpers Magazine writer Benjamin DeMott stated that:
The plain, sad reality I report this following four full days studying the work is
that The 9/11 Commission Report, despite the
vast quantity of labor behind it, is a cheat and a
fraud. It stands as a series of evasive maneuvers
310

that infantilize the audience, transform candor
into iniquity, and conceal realities that demand
immediate inspection and confrontation. Because it is continuously engaged in scotching all
attempts to distinguish better from worse leadership responses, the Commission can't discharge its duty to educate the audience about
the habits of mind and temperament essential
in those chosen to discharge command responsibility during crises.[14]
Other sources have criticized the commission for not digging deep enough to get to the core of the issues. In a
2004 interview with Bernard Gwertzman, of the Council
on Foreign Relations, Anthony H. Cordesman (of the Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy, the Center for International and Strategic Studies in Washington) stated of the
report:
Again, one of the great problems in the
commission report is that it looked at exactly
one issue counterterrorism and none of
the others. But [U.S.] intelligence users consist of more than one million people, many of
them in uniform, and when you talk about budgeting and programming authority, you have to
consider that. . . . Many of these conclusions are probably very valuable. But this is a
13-chapter report. Eleven chapters are a masterful description of what happened and what
went wrong that led to the 9/11 attack. There
is no chapter that explains what people did after
9/11. There is no chapter that qualies that this
is only one of many problems in intelligence
and intelligence reform.[15]
FAA counter-terrorism expert Bogdan Dzakovic believes
that the security failures at airports that allowed the hijackers to board the planes were not due to the failures
in the system that the report identied. Furthermore,
he stated that Many of the FAA bureaucrats that actively thwarted improvements in security prior to 9/11
have been promoted by FAA or the Transportation Security Administration.[16] The report did not mention his
name, despite Dzakovic giving the following testimony to
the commission regarding his undercover checks on airport security prior to 9/11:
We breached security up to 90 percent of
the time. The FAA suppressed these warnings. Instead, we were ordered not to write up
our reports and not to retest airports where we
found particularly egregious vulnerabilities, to
see if the problems had been xed. Finally, the
agency started providing advance notication
of when we would be conducting our 'undercover' tests and what we would be 'checking.'
. . . What happened on 9/11 was not a failure in the system. Our airports are not safer
now than before 9/11. The main dierence
between then and now is that life is now more
miserable for passengers.[16]
The report has been accused of not giving the whole
story about the warnings the U.S. received prior to the attacks.[17] While the report did describe that the system
was blinking red and that an al Qaeda attack was imminent, it did not include the testimony of former CIA director George Tenet to the commission in January 2004,
in which he claimed to have given a specic warning to
the Administration in a July 2001 meeting with Condoleezza Rice. Commission members Thomas Kean and
Lee Hamilton stated that they had not been told about the
meeting. But the Boston Globe reported that it turns out
that the panel was, in fact, told about the meeting, according to the interview transcript and Democratic commission member Richard Ben-Veniste, who sat in on the
interview with Tenet.[18]
10.2.3 Literary praise

The report garnered praise in some quarters for its literary qualities. Richard Posner, writing for The New York
Times, praised it as uncommonly lucid, even riveting
and called it an improbable literary triumph.[19] The
report rose to the top of several bestseller lists, and became one of the best-selling government reports of all
time.[20] The National Book Foundation named the report
a nalist in its 2004 National Book Awards' non-ction
category.[21][22]
10.2.4 Adaptations
In 2006, The 9/11 Commission Report, a straight to DVD
movie, was released by The Asylum. It is based on the
ndings of the original 9/11 Commission Reports, although it does ctionalize some elements.
The report inspired a controversial television miniseries,
The Path to 9/11. Dramatizing many specic scenes in
the report, it is a synthesis of multiple (and in some cases
partisan) sources in addition to the report itself.
The 9/11 Report: A Graphic Adaptation (ISBN 0-80905739-5), by Sid Jacobson and Ernie Coln, and published
by Hill & Wang, is an abridged graphic novel adaptation
of the report.
On Native Soil is a documentary of the 9/11 Commission
report narrated by Kevin Costner & Hilary Swank.
10.2.5 See also

9/11 Public Discourse Project

US Congressional Inquiry
9/11: Press for Truth
Pacic Air Lines Flight 773 - 1964 cockpit attack
(resulted in 44 deaths)
Federal Express Flight 705 - 1994 cockpit attack
311

York: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 375. ISBN 0-39332671-3.
Southwest Airlines Flight 1763 - August 2000 cock[11] National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the
pit attack
Debt of Honor - 1994 Tom Clancy novel where a
747 is crashed into the US Capitol
Executive Decision - 1996 Kurt Russell movie where
a 747 is used as a weapon targeting Washington DC
Operation Bojinka - plot by Ramzi Yousef and
Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, foiled in 1995, to attack
multiple airliners and crash a plane into the CIA
10.2.6
References
[1] 9/11 Commission nds 'deep institutional failings".

Abc.net.au. 2004-07-23. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
[2] 9/11 probe clears Saudi Arabia. BBC News. 2004-0617. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
[3] National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon
the United States: Twelfth Public Hearing.
911commission.gov. 2004-06-17. Retrieved 2009-1112."Available to us at the Command Center of course is
the military cell, which was our liaison with the military
services. They were present at all of the events that
occurred on 9/11. (Sliney) "...there were military people
on duty at the FAA Command Center, as Mr. Sliney said.
They were participating in what was going on. (Belger)
United States. Govinfo.library.unt.edu. Retrieved 201004-14.
[7] Epstein, Susan B. U.S. Public Diplomacy: Background
and the 9/11 Commission Recommendations (PDF).
CRS Report for Congress. Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2011.


[14] Whitewash as Public Service. Harpers.org. Archived
from the original on 26 April 2010. Retrieved 2010-0414.
[15] Cordesman: 9/11 Commission Report Lacks Specics
Council on Foreign Relations. Cfr.org. Retrieved 201004-14.
[16] Bill Katovsky (2006-07-09). San Francisco Chronicle
Flying the deadly skies/Whistle-blower thinks the state of
U.S. aviation security invites another attack. Sfgate.com.
[17] Rood, Justin (2006-10-03). TPMmuckraker October
3, 2006 11:42am Why Did 9/11 Panel Omit Secret
Meeting?". Tpmmuckraker.com. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
[18] Eggen, Dan (2006-10-03). Tenet told 9/11 panel that
he warned Rice of Al Qaeda The Boston Globe.
Boston.com. Archived from the original on 28 April
2010. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
[19] Posner, Richard A. (August 29, 2004) The 9/11 Report:
A Dissent, The New York Times. Retrieved May 16,
2014.
[20] Wyatt, Edward (July 21, 2005) Publisher Names 9/11
Charities, The New York Times. Retrieved May 16, 2014.
[21] Wyatt, Edward (2004-10-14). 9/11 Report Is National
Book Award Finalist. The New York Times.
[22] The National Book Foundation.
2001-09-11. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
Nationalbook.org.

The 9/11 Commission Report Authorized Edition(2.3 MB PDF)
Free audio version of the 9/11 Commission report,
from LibriVox.
312
XHTML version of the full 9/11 Commission Report (hand-converted XHTML format)
Passports recovered
According to testimony by Susan Ginsberg, a sta mem Video of 9/11 events (split screen) supplemented
ber of the National Commission on Terrorist attacks upon
with text from Commission Report ndings
the United States, in the January 26, 2004 Public Hear Slates The 9/11 Report: A Graphic Adaptation by ing:
Sid Jacobson and Ernie Coln
The Shea Memorandum to the 9/11 Commission
CRS Report: U.S. Public Diplomacy: Background
and the 9/11 Commission Recommendations
News articles
9/11 panel report: 'We must act' from CNN
Bush vows to heed 9/11 report advice from
MSNBC
9/11 Report: Key Findings from the BBC
Four of the hijackers passports have survived

in whole or in part. Two were recovered from
the crash site of United Airlines ight 93 in
Pennsylvania. These are the passports of Ziad
Jarrah and Saeed al Ghamdi. One belonged
to a hijacker on American Airlines ight 11.
This is the passport of Satam al Suqami. A
passerby picked it up and gave it to a NYPD
detective shortly before the World Trade Center
towers collapsed. A fourth passport was recovered from luggage that did not make it from a
Portland ight to Boston on to the connecting
ight which was American Airlines ight 11.
This is the passport of Abdul Aziz al Omari."
10.3 PENTTBOM
PENTTBOM is the codename for the Federal Bureau
of Investigation's probe into the September 11 attacks of
2001, the largest criminal inquiry in the FBIs history. Its
name stands for 'Pentagon/Twin Towers Bombing Investigation'. The investigation was launched on September
11, 2001 and involved 4,000 special agents and 3,000
professional employees.[1][2]
10.3.1
In addition to these four, some digital copies of

the hijackers passports were recovered in post9/11 operations. Two of the passports that have
survived, those of Satam al Suqami and Abdul Aziz al Omari, were clearly doctored. To
avoid getting into classied detail, we will just
state that these were manipulated in a fraudulent manner in ways that have been associated
with al Qaeda."
Identifying the hijackers
The FBI was able to identify the 19 hijackers within a WTC site The passport of hijacker Satam al-Suqami
[7][8]
matter of days as few suspects made any eort to conceal was found a few blocks from the World Trade Center.
their names on ight, credit card, and other records.[3]
Identical letters
Three of the hijackers carried copies of an identical handwritten letter[4][5] (in Arabic) that was found in three
separate locations: the rst, in a suitcase of hijacker
Mohamed Atta that did not make the connection to
American Airlines Flight 11 that crashed into the North
Tower of the World Trade Center; the second, in a vehicle
parked at Washington Dulles International Airport that
belonged to hijacker Nawaf al-Hazmi; and the third at
the crash site of United Airlines Flight 93 in Shanksville,
Pennsylvania.
According to the testimony before the House Intelligence
Subcommittee on Terrorism and Homeland Defense on
October 3, 2001 given by J. T. Carusothe Deputy Assistant Director of the FBIs Counterterrorism Division,
translations of the letter indicate an alarming willingness
to die on the part of the hijackers. [6]
Flight 93 According to the 9/11 Commission, the passports of two of the hijackers Flight 93 were also found
intact in the aircrafts debris eld.[9]
Attas luggage The doctored passport of hijacker Abdulaziz Alomari was found in Mohamed Attas leftbehind luggage.[9]
When examining Mohamed Atta's left-behind luggage,
the FBI found important clues about the hijackers and
their plans. His luggage contained papers that revealed
the identity of all 19 hijackers, and provided information about their plans, motives, and backgrounds.[10] The
FBI was able to determine details such as dates of birth,
known and/or possible residences, visa status, and specic identity of the suspected pilots. None of these
documents have been scrutinized by independent legal
experts.[11]
10.3. PENTTBOM
10.3.2
Linking the hijackers to al Qaeda
The investigators were quickly able to link the 19 men to

the terrorist organization al Qaeda, by accessing their intelligence agency les. The New York Times reported on
September 12 that: Authorities said they had also identied accomplices in several cities who had helped plan
and execute Tuesdays attacks. Ocials said they knew
who these people were and important biographical details about many of them. They prepared biographies of
each identied member of the hijack teams, and began
tracing the recent movements of the men. FBI agents
in Florida investigating the hijackers quickly descended
on ight schools, neighborhoods and restaurants in pursuit of leads. At one ight school, students said investigators were there within hours of Tuesdays attacks.[12]
The Washington Post later reported that In the hours after Tuesdays bombings, investigators searched their les
on [Satam] Al Suqami and [Ahmed] Alghamdi, noted the
pairs ties to [Nabil] al-Marabh and launched a hunt for
him.[13]
On September 27, 2001, the FBI released photos of the
19 hijackers, along with information about the possible
nationalities and aliases of many.[14]
313
[2] The FBIs 9/11 Role by the Numbers. Ten Years After: The FBI SInce 9/11. Federal Bureau of Investigation.
Retrieved 26 March 2014.
[3] Federal Bureau of Investigation - Facts and Figures
2003. Federal Bureau of Investigation.
[4] FBI Releases Copy of Four-Page Letter Linked to Hijackers. FBI. 28 September 2001. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
[5] Last words of a terrorist. The Observer. 30 September
[6] Federal Bureau of Investigation - Congressional Testimony. FBI. 3 October 2001. Retrieved 11 September
2011.
[7] Larry Neumeister (16 September 2001). Suspected hijackers passport found. Arizona Daily Star. The Associated Press. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
[8] Larry Neumeister (16 September 2001). Passport of
suspected hijacker found in debris. Las Vegas ReviewJournal. The Associated Press. Retrieved 11 September
2011.
[9] Seventh public hearing of the National Commission on
On the day of the attacks, U.S. intelligence agencies also

Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. The National
intercepted communications that pointed to Osama bin
26 January 2004.
Laden.[15] It was quickly asserted that Osama bin Laden
was responsible for the attacks, and other suspects were
[10] Dorman, Michael (April 17, 2006). Unraveling 9-11 was
ruled out. Although he denied the attacks at rst, Osama
in the bags. Newsday (New York).
bin Laden has purportedly admitted full and sole respon[16]
sibility for the attacks in a video tape.
[11] Reaves, Jessica (January 2, 2002). The Case Against
Zacarias Moussaoui. Time.
10.3.3
Press Releases
September 11, 2001: FBI opens investigations[17]

September 14: FBI releases list of 9/11 hijacker
suspects[18]
September 27: FBI releases photographs of 9/11 hijacker suspects[14]
September 28: FBI releases four-page letter believed to be written by the hijackers[4]
October 4: FBI releases partial timeline for Bostonbased hijackers[19]
10.3.4
See also
Responsibility for the September 11, 2001 attacks
10.3.5
References
[1] 9/11 Investigation (PENTTBOM)". Famous Cases &

Criminals. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 26
March 2014.
[12] Canedy, Dana; Sanger, David E. (September 13, 2001).

After the attacks: The suspects; Hijacking Trail Leads
F.B.I. to Florida Flight School. The New York Times.
[13] John Mintz; Allan Lengel (21 September 2001). FBI Arrests Kuwaiti Liquor Store Clerk. The Washington Post.
[14] The FBI Releases 19 Photographs of Individuals Believed to be the Hijackers of the Four Airliners that
Crashed on September 11, 2001. FBI. 11 September
[15] Latest on the attacks on America, 7:00 p.m. CBS News.
September 11, 2001.
[16] Bin Laden Confession Video. YouTube. 16 February
2008.
[17] Information Regarding September 11 Incidents. FBI.
11 September 2001. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
[18] FBI Announces List of 19 Hijackers. FBI. 13 September 2001. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
[19] Boston Division Seeks Assistance.
FBI. 4 October
314
10.3.6
External links
FBIs 9/11 Team Still Hard at Work from The Washington Post June 14, 2004
FBI PENTTBOM suspects
Translation of hijacker letters
PENTTBOM timeline
Chapter 11
Permanent memorials
11.1 9/11 Memorial (Arizona)
public funds were used to build or promote the memorial.
Coordinates: 332655N 112537.75W / 33.44861N

112.0938194W
11.1.1 Controversy over design intent
The Arizona memorial to the events of September 11, 2001
The 9/11 Memorial in Arizona is a state memorial to

the events and aftermath of the September 11 attacks, located at the Wesley Bolin Memorial Plaza near the State
Capitol in Phoenix, Arizona. The monument is a circular plan with a at inclined metal ring. The ring was
inscribed with written statements by cutting each letter
through the metal, thus allowing sunlight to project the
statements onto the concrete base of the monument.
A member of the design team, Eddie Jones, stated: The
attacks gave America a sense of what the rest of the world
is feeling, sometimes on a daily basis and We're certainly not as innocent as we used to be.
Although she had no editorial control over the nal result,
the memorial is endorsed by former Arizona Governor,
Janet Napolitano.[1] This Memorial is unique, bold, dynamic, educational and unforgettable, says Napolitano.
The thoughts and remarks etched in stone will serve as
learning tools for all of us, our children and our childrens
children.[2]
Sunlight projects text through the inclined ring.
The memorials unveiling ve years to the date of the 9/11

attacks generated controversy on conservative weblogs,
with many concerned residents alleging an anti-American
bias in some of the written statements and a perceived
pro-Islam bias based on an alleged crescent shape of the
memorial.
Some of the written statements reecting controversial
views inscribed in the memorial include: Erroneous U.S.
Airstrike Kills 46 Uruzgan Civilians, Congress Questions Why CIA and FBI Didn't Prevent Attacks, Middle East violence motivates attacks in the US, and You
Don't Win Battles of Terrorism With More Battles.[3]
Rep. Russell Pearce, R-Mesa, said he was stunned to
learn of the inscriptions. To politicize it to me is absolutely outrageous, instead of a memorial to remember those who have sacriced their lives, he said.[4] The
memorials design was also criticized by Len Munsil, who
was running against Napolitano for Arizona Governor at
the time of the design unveiling.
The memorial is supported by some 9/11 families and

survivors and is sponsored by the city of Phoenix, the In response to public criticism, the Arizona state commisPhoenix reghters union, and Bank of America, among sion responsible for the memorial has promised to review
many other institutions. While built on public land, no the context of the inscriptions.[5] Chairman Billy Shields
315
316
CHAPTER 11. PERMANENT MEMORIALS
is saddened by the political controversy, but promised to with the help of his family, the mayor of Windermere,
reconvene and review the inscriptions.[6]
Gary Bruhn and Coxs Boy Scout Troop, Troop 6. The
dedication to this memorial was held on Saturday, February 20, 2010. A primary plaque described the attacks of
11.1.2 Gallery
9/11 and about the memorial. An ancillary plaque was
placed in the honor of the mayor, Troop 6, and Cox for
erecting the memorial.
11.2.1 Physical features

11.1.3
See also
The physical features of the memorial include a WTC

Steel piece from when the collapse occurred. SurroundPentagon Memorial
ing this is gravel rocks in a circle as well as ceramic tiles
International Freedom Center, adjacent to WTC site with emblems embeded upon them with embellishments
of what happened; it honored those who died. A cement
(abandoned)
path loops around the primary monument and leads to the
Reecting Absence, WTC site (under construction) town hall and the library of Windermere. Grass, trees and
Tribute in Light, WTC site (temporary/periodic per- other plants surround the memorial also.
formance)
11.2.2 Dedication ceremony

11.1.4
References
[1] Message from the Governor

[2] New Page 1
[3] Espresso Pundit
[4] Sept. 11 inscriptions spark outrage | Arizona local news
- Mesa, Scottsdale, Gilbert, Tempe, Chandler | eastvalleytribune.com
[5] Michelle Malkin Arizona 9/11 memorial to be reviewed
[6] Political row over 9/11 Memorial saddens groups chair
11.1.5
External links
Blogger Michelle Malkin alleges bias in design

Link to Rep. Pearce on Fox News regarding the
Memorial
11.2 9/11 Memorial (Florida)
The memorial was dedicated on Saturday, February 20,

2010. Before the actual dedication began, Boys Scouts
from Troop 6 rode in with the Patriot Guard as a parade
of sorts. The parade went through town and stopped just
a small distance from the memorial itself so the Scouts
could start helping with the ceremony immediately. The
opening ceremony included music from several dierent
genres as well as a selection of professional artists. After
the opening presentations of music, family members of
those who died in the attacks were able to talk. Later, the
monument was unveiled by a team of scouts from Troop
6.
11.2.3 See also

Memorials and services for the September 11 attacks
Windermere, Florida
11.2.4 References
Scouts Honor, April 2010
The 9/11 Memorial at Windermere, Florida is a

memorial dedicated to those who lost their lives on
September 11, 2001 in New York City, the Pentagon and
Flight 93. The memorial features a metal piece of the
WTC Steel that smashed to the ground among the rubble
and debris. Surrounding it are ceramic tiles that honor
those who perished in the attacks; each person that lost
their life had a tile representing their country. A cement
path has also been created around the WTC Steel. The
idea for a 9/11 memorial in Windermere was originally
thought of by a Boy Scout for his Eagle Scout Leadership
Service Project; Je Cox. Cox orchestrated the project
Eagle Scout Candidate Creates Unique 9/11 Memorial, February 21, 2010
Scout inspires, plans 9-11 memorial, February 8,
2010
Eagle Scout project to build memorial in Florida
http://blog.ups.com/2010/03/08/
ups-helps-boy-scout-deliver-floridas-first-9-11-memorial/
http://www.wotimes.com/articles/2010/02/24/
news/top_stories/news05.txt
11.3. 9/11 MEMORIAL PROJECT (CALIFORNIA)

http://www.cflscouting.org/NewsampMarketing/
tabid/62/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/110/
Default.aspx
School Review
Scout inspires plans 911 Memorial
Scholastic Article
911 Ceremony
317
11.3.1 Memorial Archive

The memorial archive is the largest single collection of artifacts and items on the West Coast related to September
11, 2001. Signicant items from the permanent collection include:
Artifacts
World Trade Center Steel Building Remnant
Crenshaw School
World Trade Center Glass Building Remnant
Scouts in Action, Unit Marketing Award of Excellence
Pentagon Limestone Building Remnant
Orlando Magazine
Flight 93 Aircraft Remnants
Coordinates: 282941N 813208W / 28.4948N

81.5355W
Pentagon Slate Roof Tile Building Remnant

FDNY Bunker Coat and Helmet utilized at World
Trade Center disaster site
NYPD ESU unit crushed air tank recovered from
World Trade Center disaster site
11.3 9/11 Memorial Project (California)
World Trade Center Disaster Site ID Badge

Flight 93 Disaster Site ID Badges
Ladder 10 Hardhat and Safety Goggles used at
World Trade Center disaster site
Breathing Respirator used at World Trade Center
disaster site
Ironworkers Gloves and welding coat used at World
Trade Center disaster site
Pier 94 volunteer ID sticker badge
Childs letter sent to World Trade Center disaster
site workers
Items
World Trade Center Lost/Missing Person Flyers
Flight 93 Family Memorial Items
World Trade Center Observatory Tickets
Pentagon Blueprint
Windows On The World Restaurant Box Of
Matches
Windows On The World Restaurant Wine List
Project logo
9/11 Memorial Project - Los Angeles is the Los Angeles, California based eort to permanently memorialize,
both in paying honor to and educating about, the events
of September 11, 2001. The memorial consists of a respectful public exhibit of artifacts and items, and a documentary library of materials relevant to those events.
National Day of Prayer and Remembrance Presidential Proclamation

World Trade Center Disaster Site Viewing Tickets
Program from Sept. 20, 2001 Presidential Address
to Joint Session of Congress
Concert For New York City Sta T-shirt
Childs drawing - God Bless America
318
11.3.2
External links
Ocial Memorial website
11.4 Queen Elizabeth II September

11th Garden
[3] Palmer, Alun (12 September 2011). Brits garden of

goodbyes. Daily Mirror. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
[4] Prime Minister Stephen Harper speech at British Garden, New York, Sept. 11. montrealgazette.com. Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
Westminster
Abbey
press
release
http://www.westminster-abbey.
org/press/news/news/2012/may/
dean-of-westminster-dedicates-queen-ii-garden-in-new-york

website
British Memorial Garden Hanover Square entry
at NYC Parks Dept.
Coordinates: 404217N 740034W / 40.704607N
74.009453W
11.5 Empty Sky
Inscribed with names of Counties of England
The Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden is

located in Hanover Square in downtown Manhattan. It
commemorates the 67 British victims of the September
11, 2001 attack on the World Trade Center. It was ocially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on July 6, 2010.[1]
Originally planned as The British Memorial Garden, it
was ocially named The British Garden at Hanover
Square by Prince Harry on May 29, 2009.[2] On May 2,
2012, it was renamed as 'Queen Elizabeth II September
11th Garden' at a rededication ceremony led by the Dean
of Westminster Abbey. This was to include victims of
other Commonwealth countries who died in the September 11, 2001 attacks.[3][4]
11.4.1
References
[1] Kleineld, N. R. (July 6, 2010). Elizabeth II Pays Her

Respects at Ground Zero. New York Times. Retrieved
11 May 2011.
[2] Design and Development. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
Artists rendering of memorial set against Ground Zero site,

across the Hudson River, and engraving of names of New Jersey
victims
Empty Sky is the ocial New Jersey September 11

memorial to the states victims of the September 11 attacks on the United States. It is located in Liberty State
Park in Jersey City at the mouth of Hudson River across
from the World Trade Center site. Designed by Jessica
Jamroz and Frederic Schwartz, it was dedicated on Saturday, September 10, 2011, a day before the tenth anniversary of the attacks.
11.5.1 Design
The design was chosen by unanimous vote of the Families
and Survivors Memorial Committee, out of 320 quali-
11.5. EMPTY SKY

ed entries in the international design competition.[1] The
memorial is dedicated to 746 New Jerseyans killed in the
World Trade Center in 1993 and in the September 11 attacks, as well as those who died on September 11, 2001,
at the Pentagon and in Shanksville, Pennsylvania.[2] The
New Jersey 9/11 Memorial Foundation has stated that the
goal of this memorial is to reect the legacies of those
whose lives were lost, that their unfullled dreams and
hopes may result in a better future for society. Their
unique qualities and characteristics enriched our lives immeasurably and through this memorial, their stories live
on.[2]
The memorial includes twin walls, transecting a gently sloped mound anchored by a granite path that is directed toward Ground Zero.[2] Two 30-foot-high rectangular towers stretch 208 feet, 10 inches long the exact
width of the World Trade Center towers, the proportion
of the walls a symbolic representation of the buildings as
if they were lying on their sides.[2] The name of each of
the 746 victims is etched in stainless steel in 4-inch-high
letters. A granite passage is oriented to face the site of
the twin towers.[2][3] The name of the memorial is taken
from the Bruce Springsteen song "Empty Sky", which is
about the empty sky where the towers once stood.[4]
319
Controversy
Plans for the memorial were met with some controversy,
and a non-prot advocacy group for Liberty State Park
called Friends of Liberty State Park (FOLSP) led a
lawsuit to halt the project.[8] The group stated that the
memorial would block panoramic Manhattan views,
and that it should not be built or should be relocated to an
area near the 750-tree Grove of Remembrance, an existing memorial to 9/11 victims.[8] In addition to the concern that the views of Manhattan would be blocked, Sam
Pesin, president of FOLSP, stated that the main message the group wanted to make clear is that the governor, in this severe economic crisis, is wasting...taxpayers
money.[9] Pesins father, Sam, was one of the parks original founders, in 1976.[10]
Some of those in favor of the memorial called the action of the FOLSP a frivolous lawsuit,[9] and in November 2009 the Appellate Division of New Jersey Superior Court ruled in favor of the states plans for the
memorial.[11] A spokesperson for Governor Jon Corzine
said the memorial that will be erected is the result of an
open public process,[9] and Andrew Pratt, a spokesperson for the New Jersey Department of Treasury, said in
2010, shortly before the 9th anniversary of the attack, that
the state was moving forward aggressively to ensure the
memorial would be completed by the 10th anniversary in
September 2011.[10]
11.5.2 Construction
Funding for the memorial was provided by the state, the
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, and the
New Jersey Building Association[12]
Artists rendering of visitors between the two walls of Empty Sky.
Construction bids twelve million dollars higher than the

projected cost of the memorial (due to the international
spike in the price of stainless steel) resulted in a construction delay in 2007.[13]
Frederic Schwartz, who co-authored the design with

Jessica Jamroz,[5] stated that he listened to the needs
and aspirations of the victims relatives, friends and coworkers, and did not arrive with a preconceived aesthetic approach.[6] Schwartz who, along with Jamroz,
also created "The Rising, the Westchester County, New
York September 11 memorial, stated that You start over
each time....You do serious research, delve into the site,
into the problem.[6]
Construction began in May 2009, with a push to complete the memorial by August 15, 2011, in time for its
scheduled September 11, 2011 dedication.[14] Although
the inside of the walls remained stainless steel, changes to
the original design include a plan to use architecturally
nished concrete for the outside surfaces, so that it will
look more attractive than the at, drab coating of most
concrete nishes.[14]
Some observers are noting that the memorial is reminiscent of Maya Lin's Vietnam War memorial in
Washington,[7] with its walls lled with names, listed
within easy reach and engraved deeply enough to make
hand rubbings possible, but one of the many dierences
between that design and this one will be the way the
memorial visually connects New Jersey with the skyline
of New York - with the memorial walls symbolic of the
felled twin towers across the Hudson River.
11.5.3 Dedication
Dedication ceremonies took place September 10, 2011
and were attended by a number of notable political gures, including Governor Chris Christie of New Jersey,
ve former governors of the state,[15] presidential advisor John O. Brennan,[16] Senators Frank Lautenberg and
Robert Menendez and family members of those whose
320
names are enscribed on the monument.[3][17][18]
11.5.4
See also
The Rising (9-11 memorial)
[17] Katz, Matt (September 10, 2011), 9/11 memorial in Jersey City frames view of the empty sky above twin towers
site, Philadelphia Enquirer, retrieved 2011-09-10
[18] Brody, Leslie (September 10, 2011), "'Empty Sky:'
Homage to New Jerseys 9/11 dead, The Record, retrieved 2011-09-10
To the Struggle Against World Terrorism

Liberation (Holocaust memorial)
11.5.5
References

Empty Sky 9/11 Memorial. Liberty State Park.
Artists rendering State sees November start for
construction of 9/11 memorial in Jersey City.
NJ.com. September 3, 2010.
[1] NJ 911 Memorial page, retrieved February 20, 2011.

[2] NJ 911 Memorial Foundation website, retrieved February
20, 2011.
[3] Calefati, Jessica (September 10, 2011), Empty Sky 9/11
memorial opens in Jersey City with emotional ceremony,
The Star-Ledger, retrieved 2011-09-10
Coordinates: 404230N 740205W / 40.708303N

74.034628W
11.6 Flight 93 National Memorial
The Flight 93 National Memorial is located at the

site of the crash of United Airlines Flight 93, which
was hijacked in the September 11 attacks, in Stonycreek
Jessica Jamroz associate bio, SchwartzArch.com website, Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania, about 2 miles
retrieved August 9, 2011.
(3.2 km) north of Shanksville, and 60 miles (97 km)
southeast of Pittsburgh. The memorial was made to honor
Dunlap, David, For Two 9/11 Memorials, A Man Who
Listened, New York Times, September 9, 2004, retrieved the victims of Flight 93, who stopped the terrorists from
reaching their target. A temporary memorial to the 40
February 20, 2011.
victims was established soon after the crash, and the
Boxer, Sarah, New Jersey Selects Its 9/11 Memorial, rst phase of the permanent memorial was completed,
July 1, 2004, retrieved February 20, 2011.
opened, and dedicated on September 10, 2011. The current design for the memorial is a modied version of the
www.hudsonreporter.com, retrieved August 12, 2011.
entry Crescent of Embrace by Paul and Milena Murdoch.
[4] Design News, SchwarchArch.com, retrieved February 20,

2011.
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9] www.nj.com, retrieved August 12, 1011.

[10] www.hudsonreporter.com, September 5, 2010, retrieved
August 12, 2011.
[11] www.nj.com, November 24, 2009, retrieved August 12,
2011.
[12] Jordan, Bob. Christie unveils Empty Sky memorial.
Daily Record. Retrieved 2011-09-11.
[13] Ben-Ali, Russell, Star-Ledger Sta, October 11, 2007,
High Bids Halt Liberty State Park 9/11 Memorial, retrieved February 20, 2011.
[14] Kaulesser, Ricardo, Hudson Reporter, Empty Sky no
longer 'up in the air'", retrieved February 20, 2011.
[15] Thousands gather i Liberty State Park to dedicate Empty
Sky Memorial for NJ 9/11 victims. CBS. September 10,
2011. Retrieved 2011-09-10.
11.6.1 United Airlines Flight 93

Of the four aircraft hijacked on September 11, Flight 93
is the only one that did not reach its intended target, presumed to be the United States Capitol in Washington,
D.C.[2] Several passengers and crew members made telephone calls aboard the ight and learned about the attacks
on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. As a result, the passengers decided to mount an assault against
the hijackers and wrest control of the aircraft. The plane
crashed in a eld in Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania, about 150 miles (240 km) northwest of Washington,
D.C., killing 39 civilians, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
ocer Richard Jerry Guadagno, and the four hijackers
aboard.
[16] http://www.hudsonreporter.com/
The memorial is located in Stonycreek Township, Pennview/full_stories_home/15459176/
sylvania. The entrance to the memorial is located on U.S.
article--Obama-sends-cabinet-member-to-state-9-11-memorial-ceremony-in-Jersey-City-?
Route 30 (Lincoln Highway).
instance=up_to_the_minute_lead_story_left_column
11.6. FLIGHT 93 NATIONAL MEMORIAL
11.6.2
321
Temporary memorial
Temporary memorial at the Flight 93 crash site.
The site of the crash was enclosed by a fence and was

closed to the public except for victims family members.
The temporary memorial was located on a hillside 500
yards (460 m) from the crash site. The memorial included
a 40-foot (to commemorate the 40 passengers and crew)
chain-link fence on which visitors can leave owers, ags,
hats, rosaries, and other items. The items were collected
by the National Park Service.[3]
Wall of Names at the Flight 93 National Memorial.
Many cities wanted to memorialize the heroes of United
Flight 93. Among the rst was Marshall, Texas, which by
sentatives to establish a National Memorial to be develorder of the City Commission, named United Flight 93
oped by a commission, and ultimately administered by
a street in early 2002. The keynote speaker was Barbara
the National Park Service. On April 16, 2002, Senator
Catuzzi, the mother of victim Lauren Grandcolas.[4]
Arlen Specter (PA) introduced a version of the Flight
Next to the fence were several memorials such as a bronze 93 National Memorial Act in the Senate. On September
plaque of names, ags, and a large cross. The tempo- 10, 2002, the bill passed both houses of Congress. The
rary memorial also included a row of small wooden an- nal bill specically excluded the four hijackers from begels, one for each passenger or crew member. There ing memorialized. When signed by President George W.
were also handwritten messages on the guardrails at the Bush on September 24, 2002, it became Public Law No.
memorial.[3] At the memorial site, there was also a small 107-226, and the site was listed on the National Register
building where visitors could sign a guestbook. The of Historic Places.[8] By September 2005, the commisbuilding was staed by National Park Service volunteers, sion was required to send to the Secretary of the Interior
called ambassadors, who answered questions. In the and Congress recommendations for the planning, design,
years following the attacks, approximately 150,000 vis- construction, and long-term management of a permanent
itors each year came to the memorial site,[5] a number memorial.
that reached nearly a million people as of July 2008.[6]
The proposed boundaries of the National Memorial exThe temporary memorial, for years on land leased for tend from Lambertsville Road to U.S. Route 30. It will
the memorial by Svonavec, Inc. (a coal company based be about 2,200 acres (890 ha), of which about 1,000 acres
in Somerset, Pennsylvania), was moved in 2008 because (400 ha) will be privately held, but protected through
Svonavec said they would not renew the lease.[6] It was partnership agreements. The memorial itself would be
moved across the road, on land that is part of about 900 a 400-acre (160 ha) bowl-shaped area, with 1,800 acres
acres (360 ha) that the Families of Flight 93 foundation (730 ha) surrounding as a buer.[9] In December 2002,
bought in 2008.[6] In August 2009, it was announced that landowner Tim Lambert donated 6 acres (2.4 ha) at the
Svonavec agreed to sell the land based on a price deter- crash site, and entered discussions with the Conservation
mined by the courts.[7]
Fund regarding 160 acres (65 ha) additional.[10] Using
some funds donated from receipts for the lm United 93,
the Families of Flight 93 organization purchased 3 acres
11.6.3 Permanent memorial
(1.2 ha) in the summer of 2006. The organization is also
seeking $10 million in federal funding to use for acquirOn March 7, 2002, Congressman John Murtha (PA-12) ing land.[9] In November 2006, the Conservation Fund
introduced a bill in the United States House of Repre- acquired 100 acres (40 ha) as buer land, to be managed
322
by the Pennsylvania Game Commission.[11] PBS Coals mark the edge of the crash site, where the victims are
Inc. sold 900 acres (360 ha) to the families organization buried.
in March 2008.[12]
The Flight 93 National Memorial Campaign is a partnership among the Families of Flight 93, the Flight 93
Federal Advisory Commission, the Flight 93 Memorial
Task Force, the National Park Service, the National Park
Foundation and many representatives of local, state and
national organizations, agencies and interests, as well
as people from around the world to build a permanent
memorial. Launched in 2005, this public-private partnership is seeking to raise $30 million from philanthropic
individuals, corporations and foundations to enable the
construction of the Flight 93 National Memorial.
Design competition
Benches facing the main memorial and crash site.
Controversy This design drew criticism from some

religious groups and online blogs.[14] One person wrote
in his blog that:[15]
The winning design chosen to memorialize the
heroes and victims of 9/11s Flight 93 is in the
shape of a red crescent that lookseither accidentally or intentionallyremarkably like an
Islamic crescent.
...[A]n azimuthal equidistant world map ...
seems to indicate that the crescent is oriented
toward Mecca.
The Visitor Shelter at the Flight 93 National Memorial.
Jury member Tom Burnett Sr., whose son was killed in

the crash, said he made an impassioned speech to his fellow jurors about what he felt the crescent represented, I
explained this goes back centuries as an old-time Islamic
symbol, Burnett said. I told them we'd be a laughing
stock if we did this.[16] Representative Tom Tancredo
of Colorado has opposed the designs shape because of
the crescents prominent use as a symbol in Islam. Mike
Rosen of the Rocky Mountain News wrote: On the anniversaries of 9/11, its not hard to visualize al-Qaeda celebrating the crescent of maple trees, turning red in the
fall, embracing the Flight 93 crash site. To them, it
would be a memorial to their fallen martyrs. Why invite
that? Just come up with a dierent design that eliminates
the double meaning and the dispute.[17]
Initial design selection The commission decided to

select the nal design for the memorial through a multistage design competition funded by grants from the
Heinz Foundations and the John S. and James L. Knight
Foundation. The competition began on September 11,
2004. With technology from Neighborhood America (now INgage Networks) supporting the competition,
more than 1,000 entries were submitted online.[13] In
February 2005, ve nalists were selected for further
development and consideration. The 15-member nal
jury included family members, design and art professionals, and community and national leaders. After three
days of review and debate, they announced the winner
on September 7, 2005: Crescent of Embrace by a design The architect asserted that this is coincidental and that
team led by Paul and Milena Murdoch of Los Angeles.[5] there was no intent to refer to Muslim symbols. Several
families agreed, including the family of Edward
The design featured a Tower of Voices, containing 40 victims[18]
P.
Felt.
wind chimes one for each passenger and crew member who died. A crescent would have been formed by a
circular pathway lined with red maple trees that follows
the natural bowl shape of the land. Forty groves of red
and sugar maples and eastern white oak trees were to be
planted behind the crescent. A black slate wall would
Others criticized the design as too non-representational.

We don't need giant statues of the guys ramming the
drink cart into the door. But pedantic though such a monument might be, future generations would infer the plot.
All you get from a Crescent of Embrace is a sorrowful
11.6. FLIGHT 93 NATIONAL MEMORIAL

sigh of all-encompassing grief and absolution, as if the
lives of all who died on that spot were equal in tragedy.
They were not, wrote James Lileks, a journalist and architectural commentator.[19]
323
to conduct typographic studies to arrive at the approved
visual representation of the 40 hero names. The objective
for the representation of the names was to create a design
that has the quality of being contemplative and inspirational, and would evoke a timeless tribute to the heroes
of United Airlines Flight 93.
The font Whitney-Semibold Small Caps was chosen for
its simplicity and the angular detail of selected letter
forms. The angular detail relates to subtle architectural
elements of the memorial design. Each name is cut into
a 30- x 96-inch white marble panel with a horizontal
brushed black stainless steel inlay.
Construction
The gate to the crash site.
Design modications In response to criticism, the designer agreed to modify the plan. The architect believes
that the central elements can be maintained to satisfy criticism. Its a disappointment there is a misinterpretation
and a simplistic distortion of this, but if that is a public
concern, then that is something we will look to resolve in
a way that keeps the essential qualities, Murdoch said in
a telephone interview to the Associated Press.[20]
The redesigned memorial has the plain shape of a circle (as opposed to a crescent) bisected by the ights
trajectory. The circle enhances the earlier design by
putting more emphasis on the crash site, ocials said in
the newsletter. A break in the trees will symbolize the path
the plane took as it crashed. [21]
The redesign has been unveiled and can be seen at the
NPS ocial web page for the memorial. Architect Paul
Murdoch describes it as follows:
The image is an aerial view from the bowl looking towards the Sacred Ground. To the left in
the background, a walkway approaches from
an arrival court along the edge of and overlooking the Sacred Ground. The walkway eventually widens in from a ceremonial gate, shown in
bronze, and the wall of names, composed of 40
panels of 3-inch (7.6 cm)-thick slabs of polished
white granite, 8 feet (2.4 m) tall, each inscribed
with a name of the 40 heroes. Two walls anking the gate are clad in polished white granite
and the ight path is paved with black granite.
Beyond the gate is the impact site, shown planted
with wildowers, and the hemlock grove beyond. [22]
Paul Murdoch Architects worked with graphic design
consultants Impact Design Associates and ALT Design
The wall marking the northern edge the crash site at the Flight
93 National Memorial.
The cost of the permanent memorial is estimated at $60

million. As of March 2011, $20 million in private donations had been raised, the commonwealth of Pennsylvania was providing $18.5 million, and Congress had appropriated $10 million.[23] In March 2011, the families
of the victims of Flight 93 urged Congress to appropriate $3.7 million more in the scal year 2012 budget.[23]
The permanent memorial was originally planned for dedication on September 11, 2011;[24] however, the pace of
construction has been delayed[25] due to, among other
factors, shortage of funding and the general economic
downturn in America. Ground was broken on November 8, 2009[26] but as of autumn 2011, completion
was still some way into the future. The rst phase of
the memorial was dedicated on September 10, 2011,
at a public ceremony attended by Vice President Joe
Biden, former presidents George W. Bush and Bill Clinton, Speaker of the House John Boehner, other dignitaries and family members of the passengers, and thousands of others.[27] During the ceremony, Clinton announced that he and Boehner would launch a fundraising eort to raise the $10 million required to complete
the memorial.[28][29] Singer/songwriter Sarah McLachlan
performed both "Angel" and "I Will Remember You" at
the dedication ceremony. The Bells of Remembrance
324
were tolled 40 times, once each of the passengers and

crew as their names were read, a tradition the annual
September 11 Observance.
[5] Goldstein, Steve (September 8, 2005). Memorial to

Flight 93 nalized; The Crescent of Embrace will honor
the passengers and crew who died in Shanksville, Pa., on
9/11. Its a place to heal."". Philadelphia Inquirer.
Fire
[6] Hamill, Sean D. (July 28, 2008). Land Dispute Moves

Memorial for 9/11 Victims Across a Pennsylvania Road.
The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
On October 3, 2014, a re badly burned three administrative buildings at the Memorial, causing extensive dam- [7] National Park Service Signs Agreements with Owners on
age to the buildings, according to U.S. National Park SerLand for Flight 93 Memorial. Press release. U.S. Departvice spokesman Mike Litterst. All employees evacuated
ment of the Interior. August 31, 2009. Archived from
the original on 2009-10-02. Retrieved 2009-09-01. Acsafely, and no injuries were reported. The cause of the
cording to Acting NPS Director Dan Wenk, the NPS was
re was not initially known that day. The buildings serve
successful in reaching negotiated settlements with 7 of 8
as the parks headquarters, including the superintendents
property owners. In January, the eighth property owner,
oce. The re did not aect the actual memorial or the
Svonavec Incorporated, came to a mutual agreement with
construction of the visitors center, which are about two
the NPS to allow the courts to establish fair compensation
miles away from the burned area on the large site. Ofor the property. We expect closings on the remaining
cials are hoping to nish construction of the visitors cenproperties to be complete by mid-October, which allows
ter by June 2015, which would give park ocials three
construction to begin immediately after our groundbreakmonths to install exhibits in time to open by the 14th
ing in November, Wenk said. This keeps us on-track to
anniversary of the attacks.[30] Later, it was announced
complete the Memorial by September 11, 2011.
that the Pennsylvania State Police and the National Park
Service Police were in the process of conducting a joint [8] Flight 93 National Memorial Act (P.L. 107-226)" (PDF).
National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.
investigation into the re and its as-yet unknown cause.
Park sta completed an initial inventory the following
day, Saturday, October 4, and reported that, in addition to [9] Worden, Amy (2006-09-10). Flight 93 memorial gets
the ag that had hung over the U.S. Capitol on September
momentum; The purchase of land near Shanksville, Pa.,
11, 2001, the losses included a handful of personal items
began with a rst small step of three acres. The
Philadelphia Inquirer.
of the passengers and crew, DVD copies of the annual
commemoration ceremony and meetings of the Flight 93
National Memorial Federal Advisory Commission, and [10] Levin, Steve (2002-12-06). Flight 93 memorial gets a
lift. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
about 100 tribute items left by visitors since the 2001
attacks.[31]
[11] 100 acres (0.40 km2 ) near Flight 93 memorial is acquired. The Philadelphia Inquirer. 2006-11-02.
11.6.4
See also
U.S. Route 219 in Pennsylvania a portion of this

highway, running close to the crash site, was cosigned as the Flight 93 Memorial Highway in 2007.
Pentagon Memorial
One World Trade Center
11.6.5
References
2002-09-12. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
[12] Hamill, Sean D. (2008-03-19). Flight 93 Memorial Effort Gains Over 900 acres. The New York Times. ISSN
0362-4331. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
[13] Lake, Alison (Nov 10, 2006). Field of Honor. Public
CIO magazine. Government Technology.
[14] Jennifer Lucchino (October 1, 2005).
"'Crescent
of Embrace' chosen for Flight 93 Memorial design.
Architectural Record.
[15] zombie (September 8, 2005). Flight 93 Memorial
Project. zombietime.
[16] Paula Reed Ward (September 16, 2005). Designer of
Flight 93 memorial receptive to changes. Pittsburgh PostGazette. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
[17] Mike Rosen (September 22, 2005). Lets roll, sans crescent. Rocky Mountain News. Archived from the original
on 2005-12-14. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
[3] Curl, Joseph (September 10, 2002). Visitors ock to

Flight 93 crash site. The Washington Times.
[18] Hamill, Sean D. (2008-05-04). Design of a memorial to

Flight 93 keeps families sparring. The New York Times.
[4] minutes of the Marshall City Commission November

2001
[19] September 11th Memorials - The Construction Continues. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
11.7. PENTAGON MEMORIAL
[20] Flight 93 design provokes uproar

[21] A 9/11 Tribute Loses Its Crescent Shape
[22] New Image of Flight 93 National Memorial Unveiled.
Flight 93 National Memorial. May 4, 2009
[23] Laura Ingle. Families of United Flight 93 Heroes Call
on Congress to Approve $3.7 Million More in Memorial
Funding. Fox News. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
325
Designed by Julie Beckman and Keith Kaseman of the architectural rm of Kaseman Beckman Advanced Strategies[2] with engineers Buro Happold,[3] the memorial
opened on September 11, 2008, seven years after the attack.
11.7.1 Early memorials
[24] Smith, Sonia (2006-09-11). Monuments in the making

Across the nation, tributes big, small are under way. The
Dallas Morning News.
[25] Memorial website, construction updates
[26] Ground broken for Flight 93 memorial in Pa.
[27] In Shanksville, Thousands Gather to Honor Flight 93 Victims
[28] September 11, 2011 Weekend. National Park Service.
Retrieved 6 July 2011.
[29] MSNBC Live Broadcast of the ceremony and reported
news. MSNBC News. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
[30] Fire burns 3 buildings at Flight 93 memorial site. MSN.
Retrieved 4 October 2014.
[31] Flag from 9/11 is lost in Flight 93 Memorial re. MSN.
11.6.6
External links
Ocial website
Flight 93 National Memorial Campaign
Public Law No. 107-226
Pennsylvania memorial
11.7 Pentagon Memorial
Preparing to lower the ag at the Pentagon on October 11, 2001
In the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, an impromptu

memorial was set up on a hill at the Navy Annex, overlooking the Pentagon. People came to pay respects and
place tributes.[4] One month after the attacks, 25,000
people attended a memorial service at the Pentagon for
employees and family members; speakers included President George W. Bush and Secretary of Defense Donald
Rumsfeld.[5] Bush remarked, The wound to this building will not be forgotten, but it will be repaired. Brick
by brick, we will quickly rebuild the Pentagon.[6] The
American ag that hung on the Pentagon, near the damaged section, was lowered during the service.[7]
Rendering of the Pentagon Memorial
Victims of Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon MemoThe Pentagon Memorial, located just southwest of The rial
Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, is a permanent
outdoor memorial to the 184 people who died as victims Main article: Victims of Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon
in the building and on American Airlines Flight 77 during Memorial
the September 11 attacks.[1]
326
On September 12, 2002, the day after the rst anniversary

of the attacks, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and
General Richard Myers, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Sta, dedicated the Victims of Terrorist Attack on the
Pentagon Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery.[8] A
pentagonal[9] granite marker 4.5 feet (1.4 m) high,[10] the
memorial honors the ve people for whom no identiable
remains were found.[10] A portion of the remains of 25
other victims are buried at the site.[11] Around the top
is inscribed Victims of Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon
September 11, 2001. Aluminum plaques, painted black,
are inscribed with the names of the 184 victims.,[10][12]
Americas Heroes Memorial
Construction of the outdoor Pentagon Memorial, as of September

2007
America 's Heroes Memorial
landscaped 1.93-acre (7,800 m2 ) plot. Each bench is engraved with the name of a victim. The benches representing the victims that were inside the Pentagon are arranged
so those reading the names will face the Pentagons south
facade, where the plane hit; benches dedicated to victims
aboard the plane are arranged so that those reading the
engraved name will be facing skyward along the path the
plane traveled. A shallow lighted pool of owing water is
positioned under each memorial bench.[13] If more than
one member of a family died during the attack, family
names are listed in the reecting pool under the bench,
in addition to the separate benches that have been created for each individual.[14] A wall along the edge of the
Memorial begins at a height of 3 inches and rises to a
height of 71 inches, the ages of the youngest and oldest
victim of the attack,[15] and approximately 85 paperbark
maple trees are planted on the memorial grounds.[16]
Opened in September 2002 after Pentagon repairs were

completed, the America 's Heroes Memorial and chapel
are located where American Airlines Flight 77 crashed
into the building.
As of May 2007, $13.8 million had been raised for

construction of the memorial.[17] Donations include
$250,000 from American Forests towards planting trees
at the memorial,[18] and $1 million from the government
of Taiwan.[19]
The memorial includes a book of photographs and biographies of the victims. It also includes ve large
black acrylic panels: one displays the Purple Heart medal
awarded to military members killed in the attacks, another shows the medal given to civilians, two back wall
panels are etched with the victims names, and a center
panel shows tribute statements. The small chapel, located in an adjacent room, has stained glass windows with
patriotic-themed designs.
Construction began on June 15, 2006.[20] By November

2006, site excavation, re-routing of existing utility lines
had been completed, and water lines laid for the fountain
pools.[21] By May 2007, the foundation of the perimeter wall was built and concrete pilings poured for each
bench.[17]
11.7.2
The Memorial was dedicated and opened to the public

on September 11, 2008.[22] President George W. Bush
called the memorial an everlasting tribute to the 184
souls who perished. Over 20,000 people attended the
dedication ceremony, including past Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Sta Michael Mullen, and Secretary of Defense Robert
M. Gates.[23] It was opened to the public at 7 p.m. in a
separate ceremony with a music performance by the Navy
Design and construction
The Pentagon Memorial was constructed from a design

by Beckman and Kaseman of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
with design support from Buro Happold and [Delta Fountains], that was chosen following a design competition.
To honor the 184 victims, 184 illuminated benches have
been arranged according to the victims ages, starting
with Dana Falkenberg, 3, to John Yamnicky Sr., 71, in a
11.7.3 Dedication ceremony
11.7. PENTAGON MEMORIAL
327
Temporary chapel created on Pentagon grounds one
day after the attack
Pentagon chapel, established inside the building as
part of reconstruction following the attack
Crowd at the dedication ceremony on Sep 11, 2008
The rst inscribed memorial unit unveiled at the dedication ceremony on September 11, 2008
Band and the Sea Chanters Chorus. SFC Peter George

Lentz unveiled the rst bench.
Rendering of the Pentagon Memorial
11.7.6 See also

11.7.4
Operations
The Memorial is open seven days a week, year-round. It

is also the only place on the Pentagon grounds where photography is permitted.[24]
As of August 2011, the memorial had received an annual
average of 225,000 to 250,000 visitors.[25]
Anniversary events

Flight 93 National Memorial, Shanksville, Pennsylvania
National September 11 Memorial & Museum, New
York City
One World Trade Center, New York City
To commemorate the anniversary each year, an American 11.7.7 References

ag is hung on the section of the Pentagon hit by Flight 77.
At night, this section of the building is lit up in blue lights. [1] Pentagon Memorial Project Schedule. Pentagon Renovation Program. Retrieved 2006-10-12.
For the fth anniversary, a Tribute of Lights display
included 184 beams of light from the center courtyard
[2] Miro, Nick (11 September 2008). Creating a Place
shining into the sky.
Like No Other. The Washington Post (The Washington
Post Company). Retrieved 2011-07-26.
Anniversary events also include the America Supports
You National Freedom Walk, which has been held
[3] Pentagon Memorial. Retrieved 2010-09-12.
on Sundays. The walk starts at the Lincoln Memorial and ends at the Pentagon.[26] The Arlington Po- [4] Mourners memorial rises near Pentagon. The Washinglice/Fire/Sheri 5K Race is held on Saturdays, around the
ton Times. September 19, 2001.
anniversary, with the course going through part of Crystal
[5] Bush says that from 'sorrow has come great resolve'". The
City and through the Pentagon grounds.
Washington Times. October 12, 2001.
Memorial services are held on the anniversary of 9/11 at

the Pentagon, with one service in an auditorium at the
Pentagon for employees. A smaller service is held at the
memorial site for family and friends of victims killed at
the Pentagon on 9/11.
11.7.5
Gallery
Dedication ceremony marking the start of construction on the Pentagon Memorial

Pentagon lit up for 9/11 sixth anniversary
[6] Garamone, Jim (October 11, 2001). Memorial Service

Honors Pentagon Victims. American Forces Press Service.
[7] Garamone, Jim (October 11, 2001). Flag at Pentagon
Attack Site Lowered, Preserved. American Forces Press
Service.
[8] Garamone, Jim. Remains of Pentagon Attack Victims
Buried at Arlington. American Forces Press Service.
September 12, 2002. Accessed 2011-09-07.
[9] Pusey, Allen. Final Service Honors Victims of Pentagon
Attack. Dallas Morning News. September 13, 2002.
328
[10] Cass, Connie. Cremated Remains of Pentagon Victims

September 13, 2002.

Pentagon Memorial Website
[11] Arlington Funeral Honors Unidentied Victims.

CNN.com. September 12, 2002. Accessed 2011-09-07.
CNN Story on Pentagon Memorial Design Competition
[12] Garamone, Jim. Remains of Pentagon Attack Victims

Buried at Arlington. American Forces Press Service.
From the Inside Out: Sept. 11 Memorialized - DefenseLINK News
[13] Larry Shaughnessy (23 May 2008). Nearly complete

Pentagon memorial tells story of 9/11. CNN.com. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
List of victims in the Pentagon

List of victims on American Airlines Flight 77
Overview of Reecting Pools and Benches
[14] militarygear.com, retrieved August 11, 2011.

[15] Mike Mount (11 September 2008). articles.cnn.com
Pentagon 9/11 memorial honors victims in symbols, concrete. CNN.com. Retrieved 2011-07-26.
[16] Dwyer, Timothy (June 6, 2006). Groundbreaking For
9/11 Memorial at Pentagon. The Washington Post.
[17] Dwyer, Timothy (May 26, 2007). Pentagon Memorial
Progress Is Step Forward for Families. The Washington
Post.
[18] Killian, Erin (September 7, 2007). Forestry group donates $250,000 to Pentagon memorial. Washington
Business Journal.
[19] Joseph Wu visits Pentagon Memorial construction site.
Taipei Times. September 9, 2007.
Coordinates:
385215.4N
38.870944N 77.058694W
77331.3W
11.8 Project 9/11 Indianapolis

Coordinates: 394612N 860957W / 39.7700N
86.1659W Project 9/11 Indianapolis was begun early
in 2010 as a grass roots eort to establish a permanent
Memorial dedicated to those killed in the September
11 attacks. Greg Hess, a reghter paramedic with the
Indianapolis Fire Department, was the primary lead of
the initiative. In 2001, Hess was a member of Indiana
Task Force 1 (INTF-1), one of the rst FEMA Search and
Rescue teams to arrive at Ground Zero. INTF-1 spent 8
days in New York assisting the local agencies in the rescue and recovery eorts.
[20] Ground Broken for Pentagon 9-11 Memorial. Pentagon

Memorial Fund. June 15, 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-12.
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
Project 9/11 Indianapolis is located at 421 West Ohio

Street, next to Indianapolis Fire Station 13 along the
Construction Update.
Pentagon Memorial Fund. Indiana Central Canal. It is a part of a city landscape that
includes the USS Indianapolis Memorial and the Medal
November 13, 2006.
of Honor Memorial. The focal point of the memorial
Wilgoren, Debbie; Nick Miro; Robin Shulman (2008- consists of two 11,000-pound (5,000 kg) beams from
09-11). Pentagon Memorial Dedicated on 7th Anniver- the Twin Towers. Behind the beams stand a pair of
sary of Attacks. The Washington Post (Washington- six-foot tall black granite walls inscribed with rememPost.com). Retrieved 2008-09-11.
brances of the events in New York City; Washington,
D.C.; and Shanksville, Pennsylvania. Perched atop one of
Pentagon Memorial. Department of Defense. Retrieved
the beams is a bronze, life-size sculpture of an American
2011-07-26.
bald eagle, with wings outstretched and gazing east toward New York City.[1]
Visitor Services: Pentagon Tours and Memorial: Pentagon Memorial. United States Department of Defense
Washington Headquarters Services. Retrieved April 18,
2014. For hours of operation, click on Hours of Operation"; for photography information, click on Conduct on
the Pentagon Reservation. Both are under the Pentagon
Memorial tab.
In 2010, Hess petitioned the Port Authority of New York

and New Jersey to obtain the steel beams from Hangar
17 & 18 (an 80,000-square-foot (7,400 m2 ) hangar that
houses all the artifacts recovered from the World Trade
Center)[2] at JFK Airport. In order to bring the beams
from New York to Indianapolis, Hess contacted Sodrel
[25] Barakat, Matthew, (Associated Press), "Pentagon Memo- Trucking to donate the use of a semi-truck and had it
rial oers contemplative spot", Military Times, 10 August emblazoned with a custom vehicle wrap, created and donated by Dream Street Graphics. Over 11,000 bikers es2011.
corted the 9/11 semi-truck carrying the memorial beams
[26] About the DC Walk. U.S. Department of Defense. Re- to Indianapolis, a procession that was estimated at over
trieved 2007-09-13.
47 miles (76 km) in length.[3]
11.10. THE CYCLE OF TERROR AND TRAGEDY
11.8.1
See also
329
The memorial is called Postcards because its two white
marble wing sculptures represent large postcards, each
standing 30 feet (9m) high, to loved ones.[3]
Each Staten Island victim is honored with a 9-by-11-inch

(23 cm 28 cm) granite plaque bearing their name, birth11.8.2 References
date, and place of work on September 11, 2001 as well
as their prole in silhouette.
[1] 9/11 Beams at Conseco,. Project 9/11 Beams at Conseco
Fieldhouse. NBA. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
[2] Panoramic of Hangar 17,. Hangar 17. 9 September
2010. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
[3] 9/11 Memorial Ride,. Memorial Ride Details. Project
9/11 Indianapolis. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
11.8.3
External links
Ocial Site of Project 9/11 Indianapolis

Donor of the Semi-Truck Vehicle Wrap
11.9.2 History
Situated along the North Shore Waterfront near St.
George Terminal, overlooking the New York Harbor,
Lower Manhattan, and the Statue of Liberty, the memorial was designed by New York architect Masayuki Sono,
who won the design competition held in early 2003. Construction began on September 11, 2003. The opening and
dedication took place on September 11, 2004.[4][5][6]
According to Borough President of Staten Island James
Molinaro, Maybe 60 percent of those of the people
whose prole is here, their next of kin, their loved ones,
didn't receive any remains. This is their cemetery.[7]
11.9 ''Postcards'
Coordinates: 403848N 74435W / 40.64667N
74.07639W
Postcards is an outdoor sculpture in the St. George neighborhood of Staten Island, New York City, US. Built in
2004, it is a permanent memorial honoring the 274 Staten
Island residents killed in the September 11 attacks of
2001 and in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.[1][2]
The dead include many who worked at the World Trade
Center, police and reghters who joined the rescue effort, and one passenger on United Airlines Flight 93 who
was lost in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. One individual
who was killed in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing is also represented.
11.9.1
Design
11.9.3 References
[1] Staten Island September 11 Memorial.
landUSA.com. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
StatenIs-
[2] "'Postcards 9/11 Memorial Vandalized. Hungton Post.

August 18, 2010.
[3] Postcards, Staten Islands 9/11 Memorial Gothamist,
September 11, 2008.
[4] Engels, Mary (June 18, 2003). "'Postcards Gets Nod For
S.i. 9/11 Memorial. New York Daily News.
[5] 9/11 Memorial Unveiled On Staten Island. NY1 News.
09/10/2004. Check date values in: |date= (help)
[6] 9-11 Groundbreaking for Memorial On S.I.. New York
Daily News. August 28, 2003.
[7] Staten Island Memorials Honor Lives Of 274 Locals
Lost. NY 1. 09/05/2011. Check date values in: |date=
(help)
11.10 The Cycle of Terror and

Tragedy
The Cycle of Terror and Tragedy is a painting by
Graydon Parrish.
11.10.1 History
Postcards 9/11 memorial, St. George Esplanade, Staten Island
In 2002, Douglas Hyland, the director of the New Britain

Museum of American Art, approached Graydon Parrish
330
11.10.3 References
[1] http://nbmaa.wordpress.com/2010/02/11/
collection-highlights-the-cycle-of-terror-and-tragedy-september-11-2001/
[2] Benjamin Genocchio, The Tragedy of 9/11, on a Long
Sheet of Canvas, 18 February 2007
[3] James Panero, Graydon Parrishs 'Cycle of Terror', 14
November, 2006
[4] Aimee Pozorski, Falling After 9/11: Crisis in American
Art and Literature, page 4. Bloomsbury Publishing USA,
2014
http://nbmaa.wordpress.com/2010/09/10/
collection-highlights-the-cycle-of-terror-and-tragedy-september-11-2001

Genocchio, Benjamin (February 18, 2007). The
Tragedy of 9/11, on a Long Sheet of Canvas. The
New York Times.
The Cycle of Terror and Tragedy (detail) by Graydon Parrish
11.11 The Rising

to create an allegorical tribute to the September 11 attacks. The completed painting, The Cycle of Terror and
Tragedy, is over 18 feet long and is one of the largest realist paintings ever created in America. Today it hangs in
the Chase Wing of the New Britain Museum of American
Art.[1]
11.10.2
Reception
The painting has been noted for its academic style,

inspired both by Jacques-Louis David and William
Bouguereau, and for its highly symbolic content, said to
express the cycle of denial and tragedy. It has been compared and contrasted with Pablo Picasso's Guernica and
Thodore Gricault's The Raft of the Medusa, both comments on catastrophes. A review in The New York Times
summarized that Mr. Parrish has a ne arsenal of talent
and ideas, but this particular work comes o as overly
staged, showy and annoyingly melodramatic, the clichd
pomp and classical symbolism drowning out a gentler,
more compassionate spirit.[2] James Panero, writing in
The New Criterion, believed The cycle of terror and
tragedy: September 11, 2001, is a pretty good painting that manages to be monumentally terrible.[3] In response, Aimee Pozorski wrote that In fact, it is true that
what Parrish has created is a lovely and symmetrical allegory: The twin bodies--strong, virile, and painted as if
part of a Botticelli painting--are also allegories for the virile twin towers about to fall. The children holding planes
represent the loss of innocence of an entire nation.[4]
The Rising is a memorial located in the Kensico Dam

Plaza of Valhalla, Westchester County, New York, created by architect Frederic Schwartz. It stands against
the backdrop of Kensico Dam, commemorating the
September 11 attacks on America and remembering in
a special way the men and women from Westchester
County who were victims of those attacks.[1]
11.12. THE SPHERE
11.11.1
Design
The design for The Rising was unanimously chosen by the

Westchester Family Victims and Survivors Group from
among entries in an international design competition.[2]
The design process was an exacting and intense collaborative eort of architects, engineers 3D computer specialists, sculptors, welders, government representatives,
and members of the families of the victims.[2]
331
11.11.2 The victims

109 Westchester residents are remembered through this
memorial.[5] The memorial also includes the names of
ten additional victims who had been former residents of
Westchester.[6]
11.11.3 Dedication
The memorial was dedicated on September 11, 2006,
ve years after the attacks. It included a recitation of all
the names of the victims remembered by this memorial,
music performed by the Mayors Interfaith Community
Choir of Mount Vernon, and a special performance of
the song, "The Rising, created by Bruce Springsteen.
11.11.4 Awards
The Faith and Form Journal (The Interfaith Journal on
Religion, Art, and Architecture) recognized The Rising
with its 2007 Faith and Form Sacred Landscape Award.[2]
The Rising (Image:Bo Gehring)
11.11.5 See also

The memorial is dedicated to the victims of the 9-11 at Empty Sky (9-11 memorial)
tacks from Westchester, and lists the names of residents
who died as a result of those attacks, along with the names
Memorials and services for the September 11 atof the communities within the counties in which they
tacks
lived. It also includes a quote about each one, engraved
along the outside of the memorials circular base, were
chosen by the survivors in their families.[1] From the base, 11.11.6 External links
109 steel rods, one for each of the victims remembered by
this memorial, extend like spokes of a wheel which then
Photo Gallery.
intertwine.[1] A 110th rod was crafted for the memorial
as well, but that rod was cut apart so that each portion
could be presented to an individual who helped make this 11.11.7 References
memorial possible.[3]
Architect Frederic Schwartz has stated that the goal of
his design was to create a memorial that invites families
and visitors to look back in memory of their loved ones
and look forward as a community, and provides a place
for prayer and reection....The 109 intertwined strands
(like DNA) rise 80 feet from the ground reaching upward
to the heavens. The rods are bound together in a literal
and symbolic gesture exemplifying the strength of the
Westchester community and the families who lost loved
ones.[4]
[1] The Rising: Westchester Countys September 11th

Memorial. WestchesterGov.com. accessed September
15, 2011.
[2] Faith and Form Journal, retrieved February 20, 2011.
[3] Westchester Journal News, retrieved February 20, 2011.
[4] SchwartzArch.com, retrieved February 20, 2011.
[5] VoicesOfSeptember11.org, retrieved February 20, 2011.
[6] Flickr.com, retrieved February 20, 2011.
Schwartz notes that the reective quality of the stainless steel is designed to change according to the time
and light of day, so that there is a dynamic quality to 11.12 The Sphere
the structure, and in many ways the visitors themselves
will become part of the structure as well.[4] The goal, according to Schwartz, is that the memorial might provide For other uses, see Sphere (disambiguation).
a gathering place and rearms the capacity of individuals as well as the Westchester community to renew and The Sphere is a large metallic sculpture by German sculptor Fritz Koenig, displayed in Battery Park, New York
grow.[4]
332
City, that once stood in the middle of Austin J. Tobin

Plaza, the area between the World Trade Center towers
in Manhattan. After being recovered from the rubble of
the Twin Towers after the September 11 attacks in 2001,
the artwork faced an uncertain fate, and it was dismantled
into its components. Although it remained structurally
intact, it had been visibly damaged by debris from the
airliners that were crashed into the buildings and from
the collapsing skyscrapers themselves.
Six months after the attacks, following a documentary
lm about the sculpture, it was relocated to Battery Park
on a temporary basiswithout any repairsand formally
rededicated with an eternal ame as a memorial to the
victims of 9/11. It has become a major tourist attraction,
due partly to the fact that it survived the attacks with only The Sphere after 9/11.
dents and holes.
media in the New York metropolitan area. As it was a
memorable feature of the Twin Towers site, there was
11.12.1 Description
much discussion about using it in a memorial, especially
to have come through the attacks relaThe Sphere is 25 feet (7.6 m) high and cast in 52 bronze since it seemed [3]
tively
unscathed.
segments. Koenig considered it his biggest child. It was
put together in Bremen, Germany and shipped as a whole German lm director Percy Adlon, who had twice preto Lower Manhattan.[1] The artwork was meant to sym- viously devoted lms to Koenig, made Koenigs Kugel
bolize world peace through world trade, and was placed (Koenigs Sphere) at a time when the sculptures fate was
at the center of a ring of fountains and other decorative still uncertain. In the lm, the artist and the director
touches designed by trade center architect Minoru Ya- visit Ground Zero ve weeks after the attacks as the formasaki to mimic the Grand Mosque of Mecca, Masjid mer retells the story of its creation. At rst, Koenig opal-Haram, in which The Sphere stood at the place of the posed reinstalling The Sphere, considering it a beautiful
Kaaba.[2] The structural engineers who took a part on this corpse.[4]
project was Leslie E. Robertson Associates (LERA) that
helped make the globe possible to rotate once every 24
hours, and its base became a popular lunch spot for work- Re-erection and proposed move to 9/11 Memorial
ers in the trade center on days with good weather.
The sculpture was eventually returned to Manhattan, and
on 11 March 2002, six months to the day after the at11.12.2 Acquisition
tacks, it was re-erected in Battery Park, near the Hope
Garden, several blocks away from where it once stood.
The piece was commissioned by the owner of the World Koenig himself supervised the work; it took four engiTrade Center, the Port Authority of New York and New neers and 15 ironworkers to create a new base. Mayor
Jersey (PANYNJ), in 1966. The Authoritys original Michael Bloomberg, his predecessor Rudolph Giuliani
choice had been Henry Moore, but Koenig was chosen and other local ocials spoke at a ceremony rededicating
after architect Minoru Yamasaki saw some of Koenigs it as a memorial to the victims. It was a sculpture, now
work at the Staempi Gallery in Manhattan. Koenig its a monument, Koenig said, noting how the relatively
started work in 1967 in his barn in Bavaria, while the fragile metal globe had mostly survived the cataclysm. It
WTC was in the planning stages, and nished it four years now has a dierent beauty, one I could never imagine. It
later in time for the opening of the towers. Ocially ti- has its own life dierent from the one I gave to it.
tled Groe Kugelkaryatide (Great Spherical Caryatid) by
the artist, New Yorkers soon nicknamed it The Sphere.[1] According to NYC Parks spokeswoman Vickie Karp, the
city was looking to relocate The Sphere in summer 2012,
when construction began to restore the parks lawn, requiring the sculpture to be moved. The Port Authority
11.12.3 Location history
of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ), which owns
The Sphere, is considering placing the sculpture in Liberty
Immediately after 9/11
Park, which will be located between the 90 West Street
After the September 11, 2001 attacks, upon recovery building and the World Trade Center Memorial site. Libfrom the rubble pile the sculpture was dismantled and erty Park wasn't to be constructed until at least 2014,
sent to storage near John F. Kennedy International Air- so a location is needed to place The Sphere until Libport. Its extraction had been widely covered in local news erty Park is completed. As of February 2011, PANYNJ
11.12. THE SPHERE

had not made an ocial nal decision on where to place
the sculpture once Battery Park construction commences,
forcing the sculpture to move. Until Liberty Park opens,
the Sphere may have to go into storage.[5][6]
333
attacks part of memorial
Current location
The Sphere is now located on Battery Park, near the Hope
Garden, and stands as a 9/11 memorial.
A plaque alongside The Sphere reads as follows:
11.12.4 Gallery
Image showing The Spheres back portion.
The Sphere at Battery Park.
The Sphere with the new One World Trade Center
under construction, visible in the distance.
11.12.5 See also

Bent Propeller, a sculpture by Alexander Calder, also
damaged in the 11 September attacks
Plop art
11.12.6 References
The Sphere in Battery Park, July 2007.
An online petition created by 9/11 families demanding

the return of The Sphere to the 9/11 Memorial has gained
more than 7,123 signatures as of 23 July 2011.[7] Ocials from the 9/11 Memorial have stated that they do
not want any 9/11 artifacts cluttering the 8-acre memorial plaza. There are no plans to place The Sphere on
the 9/11 Memorial site, but Liberty Park, which is south
of the 9/11 Memorial, is not part of or on the site of
the 9/11 Memorial.[5][6] On 28 June 2012, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey expressed support
for the eort to move The Sphere to the plaza of the
National September 11 Memorial & Museum.[8] After
a public comment by Michael Burke during a meeting of
the Board of Commissioners, Executive Director Patrick
J. Foye stated:
The point that Mr. Burke made resonates
with many people in New York and New
Jersey and many people here at the Port
Authority, especially given the fact that 84
members of the Port Authority family were
killed on 9/11. This is an artifact that survived
and was aected by the horrors of 9/11, and
placing it on the memorial plaza, we think, is
entirely appropriate.
Patrick J. Foye, Port Authority head supports making WTC sphere that survived 9/11
[1] Percy Adlon (2001). Koenigs Sphere. Leora Films,

Inc. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
[2] Kerr, Laurie (28 December 2001). The Mosque to Commerce: Bin Ladens special complaint with the World
Trade Center. Slate (The Washington Post Company).
Retrieved 27 January 2009.
[3] Robert Kolker (28 November 2005). The Grief Police;
No one says the 9/11 families aren't entitled to their pain.
But should a small handful of them have the power to reshape ground zero?". New York Magazine. Retrieved 24
March 2010.
[4] Percy Adlon (15 December 2001). Koenigs Sphere: The
German Sculptor Fritz Koenig at Ground Zero. Bayerischer Rundfunk (BR).
[5] Shapiro, Julie. 9/11 Family Members Start Petition to
Save World Trade Center Sphere. Digital Network Associates dba DNAinfo.com. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
[6] Chung, Jen. World Trade Center Spheres Uncertain Fate
Worries 9/11 Families. Gothamist LLC. Retrieved 28
February 2011.
[7] Haskell, Peter. Eort Underway To Return Iconic Sphere
Sculpture To World Trade Center. CBS Local Media, a
division of CBS Radio Inc. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
[8] Port Authority head supports making WTC sphere that
survived 9/11 attacks part of memorial. The Washington
Post (Associated Press). Retrieved 29 June 2012.
334
[9] Memorial Plaque at Battery Park, beneath The Sphere

Sculpture, now a Temporary Memorial. photo. Flickr.
11 May 2007. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
11.13.1 Design
The sculpture is in the form of a 100-foot (30 m)

tower made of steel and coated in bronze, split with
a jagged opening through the middle.[1] Inside the
opening hangs a large stainless-steel teardrop, 40 feet
(12 m) high,[1] in memory of those whose lives were
lost during terrorist attacks in the United States.<ref
Media related to The Sphere at Wikimedia Com- name=Tseretelis_ocial>Tseretelis Ocial Biogramons
phy. Tseretelis ocial webpage. Retrieved March 24,
2009.</ref> The eleven sides of the monuments base
bear granite name plates, on which are etched the names
Koenigs Sphere at the Internet Movie Database
of those who died in the September 11 attacks and the
1993 World Trade Center bombing.[3]
Tsereteli did not disclose the cost of the sculpture ex11.13 To the Struggle Against cept to say that he paid for labor and materials. A
lawyer for the sculptor released the cost at about $12
World Terrorism
million.[4] Tsereteli said metals for the sculpture were obtained From a military factory that did airplanes. In
Coordinates: 403949.3N 7448.7W / 40.663694N Dzerzhinsk. A secret city.[5]
74.069083W
It was initially given to the local government of Jersey
City, but was rejected. It was then relocated to its present
placement in Bayonne.[6] In August 2010 the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey announced it had
plans to build a container facility on the location and
the monument would most likely have to be moved.[4]
However these plans have not been conrmed by the
Port Authority. Robert Captain Bob Terzi, a Bayonne taxi driver started an online petition to prevent the
relocation.[4]
Reaction to the monument has been mixed. It was listed
as one of the The Worlds Ugliest Statues by Foreign Policy magazine,[7] while The New Yorker said from far away
it looked like a giant tea biscuit. [5] However reactions
from the general public include Pretty impressive, said
one person and another called it a breathtakingly beautiful creation.[4]
In September 2011, a four-foot section of steel from
the World Trade Center was placed adjacent to the
sculpture.[8]
11.13.2 See also

Empty Sky (memorial)
Memorials and services for the September 11 atTo the Struggle Against World Terrorism (also known
tacks
as the Tear of Grief and the Tear Drop Memorial) is a
10 story sculpture by Zurab Tsereteli that was given to the
United States as an ocial gift of the Russian government 11.13.3 References
as a memorial to the victims of the September 11 attacks
and the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.[1] It stands at [1] The Memorial at Harbor View Park (PDF). Retrieved
the end of the former MOTBY in Bayonne, New Jersey
March 17, 2009.
and was dedicated on September 11, 2006 in a ceremony
attended by former U.S. President Bill Clinton and then [2] The Unveiling of a New World Monument (PDF). RePresident of Russia Vladimir Putin.[1][2]
trieved March 17, 2009.
11.14. VICTIMS OF TERRORIST ATTACK ON THE PENTAGON MEMORIAL
335
[3] To the Struggle Against World Terrorism: A History.

[4] Morley, Mike. White Elephants, Irish American News,
October 2011.
[5] On the Waterfront: Monument, William Finnegan, The
New Yorker, June 25, 2007.
[6] Miller, Jonathan (January 30, 2005). Monument In
Search Of a Home. The New York Times. Retrieved
April 18, 2010.
[7] The Worlds Ugliest Statues. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
[8] Hack, Charles. Motorcyclists to escort piece of World
Trade Center steel to Bayonne memorial site on Sept. 7 ".
NJ.com. August 31, 2011
11.13.4
External links
WebSite for the The Teardrop Memorial Info &

Facts
Memorial to the 253 dead of the USS Serpens, which inspired

the Pentagon victims memorial.
other remains might be commingled.[5] Many of the victims would be military personnel whose families could
choose to have their loved ones buried at Arlington. This
would necessitate a group burial at the cemetery, and an
appropriate monument to mark the grave.
PDF Brochure for The Teardrop Memorial Info Metzler designed the memorial himself. He drew inspiration from the memorial to the 253 dead of the United
& Facts
States Coast Guard ship USS Serpens, which is located in
Article about The Teardrop Memorial to be placed the northern corner of Section 34 at Arlington National
at the Peninsula at Bayonne Harbor.
Cemetery.[5] The Serpens memorial is octagonal in shape
[6]
Bayonne Local Redevelopment Authority Monu- and lists the names of the dead on its side panels.
ment To the Struggle Against World Terrorism
The Victims of Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon Memorial is a pentagonal granite marker 4.5 feet (1.4 m)
The Unveiling of a New World Monument Remem- high.[7][1] On ve sides of the memorial along the top
bering the Victims of September 11th and the 1993 are inscribed the words Victims of Terrorist Attack on
World Trade Center Bombings.
the Pentagon September 11, 2001. Aluminum plaques,
painted black, are inscribed with the names of the 184
victims of the terrorist attack.[1][8] There are ve plaques,
11.14 Victims of Terrorist Attack one for each side of the marker.[7] The names of those
aboard Flight 77 are marked with a diamond in front of
on the Pentagon Memorial
their name. The names of those for whom no remains
could be identied are marked with a star in front of their
The Victims of Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon name. A pentagonal base extends approximately 5 inches
Memorial is a memorial over a group burial site at (13 cm) out and 5 inches (13 cm) down from the main
Arlington National Cemetery in the United States. It body of the memorial.
commemorates the victims of the September 11 attack
on The Pentagon. The memorial specically honors the The United States Department of Veterans Aairs com[8]
ve individuals for whom no identiable remains were missioned the memorial. Granite Industries of Verfound.[1] However, a portion of the remains of 25 other mont, Inc., of Washington County, Vermont, provided
[9]
victims are buried at the site.[2] The names of the 125 the marker. (The company is also the sole provider
[9]
Pentagon employees,[3] as well as the 59 non-terrorist in- of headstones for Arlington National Cemetery.) The
dividuals (53 non-terrorist passengers and 6 crewmem- stone was quarried near Danby, Vermont, at a site 920
bers) aboard American Airlines Flight 77 (which crashed feet (280 m) underground and 1.25 miles (2.01 km) inside a mountain.[9] Michael E. Cappetta, a stoneworker
into the building) are inscribed on the memorial.[4]
with Granite Industries, sculpted the marker.[7] It was
shipped on or about August 20, 2002, to the cemetery.[8]
11.14.1
Creation
After the 2001 terrorist attack on the Pentagon, Arling- 11.14.2 Identication of the dead
ton National Cemetery Superintendent John C. Metzler,
Jr. realized that there was a strong likelihood that many of Identifying remains at the Pentagon was a lengthy and
the victims might not have their remains identied, while technically complex task. The speed at which the air-
336
craft struck the building, as well as the intensity of the
subsequent re, left few human remains to be found.[10]
Furthermore, the re so damaged the DNA in some remains that they were impossible to identify.[10]

4. James T. Lynch, age 55, a civilian video technician
for the U.S. Navy.
5. Rhonda Rasmussen, age 44, a civilian worker for the
U.S. Army.
In some cases, additional remains were discovered and
identied after a person had already been buried by their
families. Some families chose to add these remains to an
existing grave. But 25 families chose to have these fragments interred during the group burial rather than disinter
their loved ones or hold a second memorial service.[1][11]
The additional remains were cremated, mixed together,
and placed in an urn which in turn was placed inside a
single wooden con.[2]
Five sets of remains were found but could not be identied. Military ocials say that, by a process of elimination, they believed these remains to be those of the
hijackers.[11][12] Army Military District of Washington
ocials said the remains which were inextricably commingled were excluded from the burial so that there was
no possibility that any terrorist remains were included.[2]
These terrorist and commingled remains were turned over
The inscribed cover of the burial vault beneath the monument,
to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in February
on display during the funeral service.
2002.[12] The FBI said the remains were disposed of in
a dignied manner'",[10] although a very small amount of
However, DNA analysis helped to identify many of the
suspected terrorist remains were retained to aid in later
dead. Human remains were taken to a military morcriminal prosecutions.[12]
[11]
tuary at Dover Air Force Base in Delaware.
The
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology conducted the DNA
analysis.[12] Polymerase chain reaction was used to am11.14.3 Dedication
plify the amount of usable DNA. The United States Department of Defense had previously collected bloodThe Victims of Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon Memostain cards from all its civilian and military employees,
rial was dedicated on September 12, 2002.[1]
and the DNA on these cards was used to identify many
remains.[13] Families of those aboard Flight 77 provided A funeral service for the 30 victims was held at the
DNA samples (from commonplace household items like Arlington Memorial Amphitheater, the rst time the amcombs or toothbrushes) for use in identifying their loved phitheater had held such a service since the interment of
an unknown member of the armed forces representing
ones.[1]
Vietnam War dead in 1984.[11] About 1,000 relatives atNot all the victims of the terrorist attack on the Pentended the funeral service.[1] The funeral was held the day
tagon qualied for burial at Arlington National Cemetery.
after the one-year anniversary of the September 11 atFamilies of those who did often chose to bury the remains
tacks. Many of these families felt the emotional strain
of their loved ones at a private cemetery. Sixty-four indiwas too much for two days of remembrances, and so
viduals who died at the Pentagon were buried at Arlingchose not to attend the funeral.[10] The September 12 fu[10]
ton, and 57 of them were interred in Section 64, their
neral focused on the families of ve victims whose reheadstones facing the Pentagon about 1,100 feet (340 m)
mains could not be identied, although all victims were
[14]
away to the southeast (visible through a few trees).
memorialized.[11] United States Secretary of Defense
No remains could be identied for ve victims:[1]
Donald Rumsfeld and chaplains from each branch of the
United States armed forces spoke, and United States Air
1. Dana Falkenberg, age three, who was aboard Amer- Force General Richard Myers, chairman of the Chairman
ican Airlines Flight 77 with her parents and older of the Joint Chiefs of Sta, attended.[1] The United States
Navy Band provided music.[15]
sister.
2. Colonel Ronald Golinski (United States Army, re- After the funeral, the casket was carried from the amphitheater by an Armed Forces casket team composed
tired), age 60, a civilian worker at the Pentagon.
of two representatives from each of the four branches of
3. Electronics Technician 1st Class Ronald Hemenway the United States military.[10] The casket team carried the
(United States Navy), age 37.
con to a horse-drawn caisson provided by and guided
11.14. VICTIMS OF TERRORIST ATTACK ON THE PENTAGON MEMORIAL
337
cured and folded the American ag while the Army Band

played America the Beautiful.[10] General Myers accepted
the ag on behalf of the Pentagon.[15] Grief counselors
from Operation Solace (a group founded to assist the families of victims of the 9/11 attacks) were present to assist
families after the service.[7]
The memorial was installed over the group burial site
about a week later.[1] The burial vault was locked, concrete was poured over the vault to ll the grave, and the
memorial emplaced once the concrete set.
Ponsford, Ltd., a company which provides conservation
and curatorial services, maintains the monument and
keeps it clean (as it does for all the monuments at Arlington National Cemetery).[16]
11.14.4 Critical reception
Remains of the dead await burial on September 12, 2002. The

monument with its pentagon-shaped wreath resides temporarily
in the background.
The memorial days before the 10th anniversary of the 9/11 attacks.
The monument has not received much attention. A critic

for The Washington Times, however, approvingly called
it a ve-sided Rock of Ages".[13] Paul Goldberger, architecture critic for The New Yorker magazine, was more
cautious. By inscribing the name of each victim, he said,
the memorial risks becoming a private monument rather
The group burial site is located at the southern end than a monument belonging to the entire nation or a symof Section 64, near Patton Circle. The site is on a bol of something larger than an individual person.[17]
slight rise, which gives it a view of the Pentagon.[1] Several hundred people attended the graveside service.[1]
Wilbert Funeral Services of Laurel, Maryland, provided 11.14.5 Incidents
a burial vault. The grave was dug several days in advance, a concrete foundation for the memorial laid, On June 20, 2014, a man committed suicide by shootand a specially-constructed burial vault placed on the ing himself near the Victims of Terrorist Attack on the
foundation.[5] The vault had a concrete core surrounded Pentagon Memorial. Dozens of police vehicles from the
by three layers of bronze.[5] It was lined with high-impact Arlington County Police Department, cemetery security,
plastic, and the exterior encased in ABS plastic to simu- Fort Myer security, and other federal agencies converged
late marble.[5] The seal of the U.S. Department of De- on the scene.[18] Cemetery ocials said there were no
fense and the name of the memorial was inscribed on the eyewitnesses to the suicide, but were unable to ascertain
cover of the burial vault using a special process.[5] Near if he was a veteran.[19]
the grave was the memorial itself, next to which was displayed a funeral wreath in the shape of a pentagon and
11.14.6 References
made from 184 red carnations.[10]
by the 3rd US Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard).[15]
The United States Army Band, an Army-Air Force honor
guard platoon, a color guard from all four services, and a
Navy-Marine honor guard platoon led the caisson to the
grave site.[10]
A rie party gave a three-volley salute, and a bugler provided by the Navy played Taps.[10] The casket team se-
[1] Cass, Connie (September 13, 2002). Cremated Remains

of Pentagon Victims Are Laid to Rest at National Ceme-
338
tery. Associated Press.

[2] Arlington funeral honors unidentied victims. CNN.
September 12, 2002. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
[3] September 11, A Memorial: Pentagon. CNN. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
[19] St. Martin, Victoria (June 20, 2014). Man Dies of SelfInicted Gunshot at Arlington Cemetery. The Washington Post. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
[4] September 11, A Memorial: AA Flight 77. CNN. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
Media related to Victims of Terrorist Attack on the

Pentagon Memorial at Wikimedia Commons
[5] 9/12 A New Day to Remember (PDF). Wilbert Funeral Services. February 3, 2005. Retrieved 31 October
2012.
Ocial website
[6] The New Book of Knowledge. Danbury, Conn: Grolier

Inc. 1989. p. 26. ISBN 0-7172-0520-7. It was dedicated
on November 16, 1950.
[7] Pusey, Allen (September 13, 2002). Final Service Honors Victims of Pentagon Attack. Dallas Morning News.
[8] America Remembers: Sept. 11th Photo Gallery.
Knoxville News Sentinel. August 20, 2002. Retrieved 31
October 2012. There is some confusion over the nature of
the plaques. In this photo, the Associated Press said the
plaques were bronze; however, many of the other sources
say that they are aluminum.
[9] Mehren, Elizabeth (September 14, 2004). Headstone
Carvers Find Ages of the Fallen Hard to Take at Times.
Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
[10] Vogel, Steve (September 13, 2002). Lost and, Sometimes, Never Found. The Washington Post. Retrieved 31
October 2012.
[11] Vogel, Steve (September 1, 2002). Facing the Scene of
Disaster; 9/11 Service Planned at Rebuilt Pentagon Wall,
But Pain Will Keep Some Victims Families Away. The
Washington Post. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
[12] Ocials struggle with decisions on remains of hijackers.
The Augusta Chronicle. Associated Press. September 11,
2002. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
[13] Murray, Frank J. (September 3, 2002). Remembering
lives of Pentagons 'lost'". The Washington Times. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
[14] Murphy, Dean E. (September 12, 2002). A Single Grief
Knits Together A Vast Country. The New York Times.
[15] Garamone, Jim (September 12, 2002). Remains of Pentagon Attack Victims Buried at Arlington. DefenseLINK
News. American Forces Press Service. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
[16] Pentagon Victims Memorial. Ponsford Ltd. 2003. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
[17] MacMillan, Kyle (August 25, 2002). Planners Seek to
Communicate Beyond Grief to Next Generation. The
Denver Post.
[18] McGarry, Brendan (June 20, 2014). Man Kills Himself at Arlington National Cemetery. Military.com. Retrieved June 20, 2104. Check date values in: |accessdate=
(help)
Chapter 12
Miscellaneous
12.1 Radio communications
ger of collapsing and ordered police to leave the complex, re ocials were not notied . Fire ocials on the
Communication problems and successes played an im- scene were not monitoring broadcast news reports and did
portant role in the September 11, 2001 attacks and their not immediately understand what had happened when the
aftermath. Systems were variously destroyed or over- rst (South) tower did collapse .
whelmed by loads greater than they were designed to There was little communication between New York City
carry, or failed to operate as intended or desired.
Police Department and re department commands even
though an Oce of Emergency Management (OEM) had
been created in 1996 in part to provide such coordina12.1.1 Attackers
tion . A primary reason for OEMs inability to coordinate communications and information-sharing in the
The organizers of the September 11, 2001 attacks ap- early hours of the WTC response was the loss of its emerparently planned and coordinated their mission in face to gency operations center, located on the twenty third oor
face meetings and used little or no electronic communica- of 7 World Trade Center which had been evacuated after
tion. This "radio silence" made their plan more dicult debris from towers collapse struck the building, igniting
to detect.[1]
several res .
12.1.2
Emergency relief eorts in both Lower Manhattan and at

the Pentagon were augmented by volunteer amateur radio
operators in the weeks after the attacks.[3]
Federal government
According to 9/11 Commission sta statement No. 17[1]

there were several communications failures at the federal
government level during and after the 9/11 attacks. Perhaps the most serious occurred in an Air Threat Conference Call initiated by the National Military Command
Center (NMCC) after two planes had crashed into the
World Trade Center, but shortly before The Pentagon was
hit. The participants were unable to include the Federal
Aviation Administration (FAA) air trac control command center, which had the most information about the
hijackings, in the call.
12.1.4 Victims
Cell phones and in-plane credit card phones played a

major role during and after the attack, starting with hijacked passengers who called family or notied the authorities about what was happening. Passengers and
crew who made calls include: Sandra Bradshaw, Todd
Beamer, Tom Burnett, Mark Bingham, Peter Hanson,
Jeremy Glick, Barbara K. Olson, Renee May, Madeline
Amy Sweeney, Betty Ong, Robert Fangman, Brian David
According to the sta report:
Sweeney, and Ed Felt. Innocent occupants aboard United
Airlines Flight 93 were able to assess their situation based
on these conversations and plan a revolt that resulted in
12.1.3 First responders
the aircraft crashing. According to the commission sta:
After the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, radio Their actions saved the lives of countless others, and may
the U.S. Capitol or the White House
repeaters for New York City Fire Department communi- have saved either [4]
from
destruction.
cation were installed in the tower complex. Because they
were unaware that several controls needed to be operated According to the 9/11 Commission Report, 13 passento fully activate the repeater system, re chiefs at their gers from Flight 93 made a total of over 30 calls to both
command post in the lobby of the North Tower thought family and emergency personnel (twenty-two conrmed
the repeater was not functioning and did not use it, though air phone calls, two conrmed cell phone and eight not
it did work and was used by some reghters.[2] When specied in the report). Brenda Raney, Verizon Wireless
police ocials concluded the twin towers were in dan- spokesperson, said that Flight 93 was supported by sev339
340
CHAPTER 12. MISCELLANEOUS
eral cell sites.[5] There were reportedly three phone calls

from Flight 11, ve from Flight 175, and three calls from
Flight 77. Two calls from these ights were recorded,
placed by ight attendants: Betty Ong on Flight 11 and
CeeCee Lyles on Flight 93 [6]
Alexa Graf, an AT&T spokesperson, said it was almost
a uke that the calls reached their destinations.[5] Marvin Sirbu, professor of Engineering and Public Policy at
Carnegie Mellon University said on September 14, 2001,
that The fact of the matter is that cell phones can work in
almost all phases of a commercial ight.[7] Other industry experts said that it is possible to use cell phones with
varying degrees of success during the ascent and descent
Screencap of the frozen WPIX image.
of commercial airline ights.[7]
After each of the hijacked aircraft struck the World Trade
Center, people inside the towers made calls to family and
loved ones; for the victims, this was their last communication. Other callers directed their pleas for help to
9-1-1. Over nine hours of the 9-1-1 calls were eventually released after petitioning by The New York Times and
families of the WTC victims. In 2001, many cell phones
did not yet have texting or photography capabilities that
came by the mid-2000s.
day until WPIX was able to set up alternate transmission

facilities. It shows the WTC at the moment power cut o
to the WPIX transmitter, prior to the towers collapse.
During the September 11 attacks, WCBS-TV channel 2

and WXTV-TV channel 41 stayed on the air. Unlike
most other major New York television stations, WCBSTV maintained a full-powered backup transmitter at the
Empire State Building after moving its main transmitter
to the North Tower of the World Trade Center. The station was also simulcasted nationally on Viacom (which at
12.1.5 General public
the time owned CBS) cable network VH1 that day. In
the immediate aftermath of the attacks, the station lent
After the attack, the cell phone network of New York transmission time to the other stations who had lost their
City was rapidly overloaded (a mass call event) as trac transmitters, until they found suitable backup equipment
doubled over normal levels. Cell phone trac also over- and locations.
loaded across the East Coast, leading to crashes of the cell
phone network. Verizon's downtown wire phone service The Emergency Alert System was never activated in the
was interrupted for days and weeks due to cut subscriber terrorist attacks, as the extensive media coverage made it
cables, and to the 140 West Street exchange being shut unnecessary.
for days. Capacity between Brooklyn and Manhattan was AT&T eliminated any costs for domestic calls originating
also diminished by cut trunk cables.
from the New York City area (phones using area codes
Following the attacks, the issues with the cell network 212/718/917/646/347) in the days following 9/11.
weren't resolved until 36 cellular COWs (cell towers on
wheels) were deployed by September 14, 2001, in Lower
Manhattan to support the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and provide critical phone ser- 12.1.6 Radio communications
vice to rescue and recovery workers.
Since three of the major television broadcast network
owned-and-operated stations had their transmission towers atop the North Tower (One World Trade Center), coverage was limited after the collapse of the tower. The
FM transmitter of National Public Radio station WNYC
was also destroyed in the collapse of the North Tower and
its oces evacuated. For an interim period, it continued
broadcasting on its AM frequency and used NPRs New
York oces to produce its programming.
The satellite feed of one television station, WPIX, froze
on the last image received from the WTC mast; the image
(a remote-camera shot of the burning towers), viewable
across North America (as WPIX is available on cable TV
in many areas), remained on the screen for much of the
Radio communications during the September 11 attacks served a vital role in coordinating rescue eorts by
New York Police Department, New York Fire Department, Port Authority Police Department, and Emergency
Medical Services.
While radio communications were modied to address
problems discovered after the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, investigations into the radio communications during the September 11th attacks discovered that
communication systems and protocols that distinguished
each department was hampered by the lack of interoperability, damaged or failed network infrastructure during
the attack, and overwhelmed by simultaneous communication between superiors and subordinates.
12.1. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS

Background
attacks
341
The facts show that much of the equipment worked as designed and users made the best of what was available to
them.
Typical of any large re, many 9-1-1 calls with conicting

information were received beginning at 8:46 am. In addiA rough time line of the incident could include:
tion to reports that a plane had hit the World Trade Center, the EMS computer-aided dispatch (CAD) log shows
08:46 hrs.: American 11 crashes into the North reports of a helicopter crash, explosions, and a building
Tower, a.k.a. 1 World Trade Center, (0 minutes re. Throughout the incident, people at dierent locaelapsed time).
tions had very dierent views of the situation.[11] After
the collapse of the rst tower, many reghters in the re 09:03 hrs.: United 175 crashes into the South
maining tower had no idea the rst tower had fallen.[12]
Tower, a.k.a. 2 World Trade Center, (17 minutes
A factor in radio communications problems included the
elapsed time).
fact that o-duty personnel self-dispatched to the incident
09:59 hrs.: South Tower, a.k.a. 2 World Trade Cen- scene. Some o-duty sta went into the towers without
ter collapses, (56 minutes after aircraft impact, 73 radios. According to the Commission report and news
minutes elapsed time).
coverage, this was true of NYPD, Port Authority Po[9]
10:28 hrs.: North Tower, a.k.a. 1 World Trade Cen- lice Department (PAPD), and FDNY personnel. Reter collapses, (102 minutes elapsed time and post- gardless of any radio coverage problems, these persons
could not be commanded or informed by radio. In any
impact).
incident of this scale, self-dispatched sta without radios
The scale of the incident was described in the National would likely be a problem. Even if a cache of radios were
Commission report on the attacks as unprecedented. In brought to the scene to hand out, the scale of this incident
be likely to overrun the number of radios in the
roughly fteen minutes from 8:46 to 9:03 am, over a thou- would [13]
cache.
sand police, re, and emergency medical services (EMS)
sta arrived at the scene.[8] At some point during a large
incident, any agency will reach a point where they nd
their resources overrun by needs. For example, the Port
Authority Police could not schedule sta as if a September 11 attack would occur every shift. There is always
a balance struck between readiness and costs. There is
conicting data but some sources suggest there may have
been 2,000 to 3,000 workers involved in the rescue operation. It would be rare for most agencies to see an event
where there were that many people to be rescued.
There is some level of confusion present in any large incident. The National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) asserts commanders did not have adequate information and interagency information sharing
was inadequate.[9] For example, on September 11, persons in the New York City Police Department (NYPD)
9-1-1 center told callers from the World Trade Center to
remain in place and wait for instruction from reghters
and police ocers. This was the plan for managing a re
incident in the building and the 9-1-1 center sta were
following the plan. This was partly countered by public safety workers going oor-by-oor and telling people
to evacuate. The Commission report suggests people in
the NYPD 9-1-1 center and New York City Fire Department (FDNY) dispatch would benet from better situation awareness. The Commission described the call centers as not fully integrated with line personnel at the
WTC.[10] The report suggests the NYPD 9-1-1 center
and FDNY dispatch were overrun by call volumes that
had never been seen before. Adding to the confusion, radio coverage problems, radio trac blocking, and building system problems occurred inside the burning towers.
NIST concluded, at the beginning of the incident, there

was an approximate factor of ve (peak) increase in radio communications trac over a normal level. After
the initial peak, radio trac through the incident followed an approximate factor of three steady increase.[9]
FDNY recordings suggest the dispatch personnel were
overloaded: both re and EMS dispatch were often delayed in responding to radio calls. Many 9-1-1 telephone
calls to dispatch were disconnected or routed to all circuits are busy now, intercept recordings.[14]
Voice radio systems
NIST calculated that about one third of radio messages
transmitted during the surge of communications were incomplete or unintelligible.[9] Documentary footage suggests the tactical channels were also overloaded; some
footage captured audio of two or three conversations occurring simultaneously on a particular channel.
In this study of WTC incident communications, radio systems used at the site had problems but were generally effective in that users were able to communicate with one
another. A 2002 video documentary 9/11 by Gedeon and
Jules Naudet, (referred to as the documentary) was reviewed. It captured audio from hand-held radios in use
at the incident and showed users communicating over radios from the lobby command post in the North Tower.
26 Red Book audio CDs of New York City Fire Department radio transmissions, covering the incidents initial
dispatch and the tower failures, were reviewed. These
CDs were digitized versions of audio from the Fire De-
342
partments logging recorders. In addition, text on an oral derstanding radio trac in spite of audio drop-outs in alhistory CD with transcripts of re personnel debriefed on most every case.[20]
the incident were reviewed.[15]
NYPD and PAPD systems in 2001 In 2001, the
NYPD used Ultra High Frequency (UHF) radios and divided the city into 35 radio zones. Most hand-held radios had at least 20 channels: while not all ocers had
all channels, all ocers had the ability to communicate
citywide.[16] As a characteristic of physics, UHF signals penetrate buildings better than lower Very High Frequency (VHF) frequencies used by the FDNY re units
but generally cover shorter distances over open terrain.
The Commission report did not cite any technical aws
with the NYPD radio system.
PAPD has systems described as low-power UHF. The
Commission report says the systems were specic to a
single site with the exception of one channel which was
Port-Authority-wide. Its unclear whether the PAPD systems were interstitial and limited to 2 watts output, used
normal local-control channels but were limited in power
output by the frequency coordinator, or used leaky cable
systems which were solely intended to work inside the
Port Authority buildings.[17] The report says there were
7, site-specic Port Authority Police channels. In 2001,
ocers at one site could not, (in all cases), carry their radios to another site and use them. Not all radios had all
channels.[18]
Port Authority re repeater system (Repeater 7)

The Port Authority repeater, intended to allow communications inside the towers, did not appear to work as intended on September 11. The system, also called Port
Authority Channel 30, was installed after the 1993 World
Trade Center attack. News accounts said the system had
been turned o for unspecied technical reasons. The
Commission report said it was customary to turn the system o because it somehow caused interference to radios
in use at re operations in other parts of the city. The
documentary lm gives dierent information, with a Fire
Department member from Engine 7/Ladder 1 claiming
that the aircrafts impact caused the system to fail. Evidence suggests the remote control console in the lobby
command was not working but the repeater was. The
radio repeater was located in 5 World Trade Center. A
remote control console was connected to the repeater allowing sta at the North Tower lobby command post to
communicate without using a hand-held radio.
Fire and EMS dispatch channels Recordings of

Citywide, Brooklyn, and Manhattan channels for Fire
and Citywide, Brooklyn, and Manhattan channels for
Emergency medical services were reviewed. Systems
generally performed well. The audio coupling point for
the logging recorder on Manhattan Fire made the dis- A Motorola T-1300 series remote control is built in a telephone
patchers voice dicult to hear. An anonymous re dis- housing. The dial is replaced with a speaker and volume conpatcher who identies as Dispatcher 416 is noteworthy.
trol. This remote control uses a two-wire circuit to control a base
The Commission report says that, in 2001, FDNY used a
system with 5 repeater channels: one for each of the boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, with the Bronx
and Staten Island sharing a single frequency using different Private Line (PL) tones, and a city-wide channel. There were also ve simplex channels in FDNY
radios.[19]
Observation shows, back in 2001, that the citywide EMS
channel was voting more frequently than normal, signals were noisy, interfering signals were present, and that
some receiver sites had equalization dierences. Some
transmissions had choppy audio possibly representative
of interference from FSK paging or intermittent microwave radio paths to one or more receiver sites. For example, if a microwave radio path fails for half-second intervals, the voting comparator may vote out that receiver
site until silence is detected. This can cause dropped
syllables in the voted audio. Some transmissions were
noisy, although transactions show the dispatcher was un-
station.
In a review of the logging recorder track of the Port Authority repeater, someone arrived early during the incident and began to establish a command post. From the
command post in the lobby of the North Tower (1 World
Trade Center), the user can be heard trying to transmit using a remote control unit. After several failed attempts to communicate with a user on the channel, the
user steps through every channel selection on the remote,
trying each one. The recording contains the tone remote
control console stepping through all of its eight function
tones. Someone says, "...the wireline isn't working, over
the Port Authority channel. Something that looks like a
Motorola T-1380-series remote is shown in the documentary. The fact that users pressing buttons on the remote
control can clearly be heard on the logging recorder shows
the transmit audio path was working. The recording does
not reveal whether or not the console function tones were
keying the transmitter.[21]

Some users in the North Tower lobby interpreted the
remote control unit not working as a failure of the entire channel. Other re units, not knowing the channel
had failed, arrived and began using it successfully. The
recordings show at least some units were successfully using the repeater to communicate inside the South Tower
until the moment it collapsed.[22][23] The Commission report says the North Tower lobby command may not have
worked because of a technical problem, the volume control turned all the way down, or because a button that must
be pressed to enable it had not been pushed.[24]
On the audio track, an outside agency, possibly in New
Jersey and using a repeater, comes through the receive
audio on the Port Authority Repeater 7 system. An ambulance being dispatched by the outside (non-FDNY)
agency is heard. This may be what the FDNY had described as interference caused when the repeater was left
enabled at all times. The distant user appears to be repeated through the system, (possibly on the same CTCSS
tone as was congured in Repeater 7). This appears to be
a distant co-channel user on the same input frequency as
Repeater 7. Its possible that by the random button pressing, a user sent a function tone that temporarily put the
base station in monitor and thats what caused the outside
agencys trac to be heard. This is unlikely because subsequent transmit function tones should have toggled the
receiver from monitor back to CTCSS-enabled.[25]
Fire Department system An oral history interview revealed the Port Authority UHF radios were normally used
at incidents inside the World Trade Center. The interviewee said in normal, day-to-day calls, the WTC sta
handed Port Authority UHF radios to reghters on their
arrival and that these radios, worked all over. [26] This
implies, but does not prove, that it was common knowledge among department members that FDNY radios had
coverage problems inside the buildings. The 9-11 Commission uses the phrase, performed poorly to describe
FDNY radios during the incident.[27]
Oral history les show that at least four channels were
employed at WTC:[28]
Channel 5, (possibly also called Command 5), was
to be used for Command in both Towers.
Tactical 1 was to be used for Operations in the North
Tower.
Tactical 3 was to be used for Operations in the South
Tower.
Repeater 7, also known as Port Authority Repeater,
was also used by some units working in the North
Tower.
One ocer said a channel named Command 3 was used
for the North Tower. To those unfamiliar with the details
343
of the FDNY system, it is unclear whether the interviewee
meant Tactical 3 or a fth channel.[29]
FDNY personnel are seen using radios during the documentary footage of the WTC lobby area. Analysis of
these scenes showed the radios all appeared to be receiving properly. Oral history les conrm radio communications were at least partly functional.[30]
A problem that shows up in these types of incidents is
that receivers in hand-held radios are subjected to signal levels that are likely to overload the receiver.[31] Several radios may be transmitting within feet of one another on dierent channels. If overloading occurs, only
very strong signals can be received while weaker signals
disappear and are not received.[32] The hand held radio
receivers shown in the documentary appeared to work
properly even though several other hand-held radios were
transmitting only feet away. This is a hostile environment
and suggests the hand-held equipment used by FDNY had
good quality receivers, though in this case, the suggestion is incorrect. Second-hand observation is hardly the
proper way to 'test' radio receivers or to distinguish 'good
quality' from 'bad' and this is likely a source of continued misunderstanding; particularly when these same radios were operating at higher oors, in closer proximity
to, and in direct line-of-sight of digital cellular repeaters.
Those repeaters were likely operating at unlicensed power
levels, which was a common practice of cellular providers
at the time, and continues to this day.[33] Footage reveals
intelligible recovered audio coming out of the radios and
shows radio users communicating with others. This may
not have been true of the entire WTC complex but was
true of radio users in the crowded lobby.
Analysis of the 26 FDNY audio CDs showed the radios
seemed to transmit into the radio systems okay. Radios
calling dispatch got through. Calling units were intelligible. Users spoke with dispatchers. Dispatchers answered
in ways that suggest they understood what was said. There
were no noisy or truncated transmissions heard on any
channel, (the equivalent of a dropped cellular call).[34]
This suggests the Fire Departments radio backbone is
soundly designed and working properly. It is possible
that system coverage problems are present; problems that
could have been mitigated had the Command Post radio
(with greater transmit power) been used. It is also likely
that some transmissions did not reach any of the receivers
in the system and therefore would not be a detectable
problem when listening to the recordings. At the same
time those recordings were made, the cellular system was
operating at or near full-capacity, meaning every cellular repeater was transmitting. The dense RF interference
environment created in NYC that day was essentially a
'perfect storm'; one in which a radio designed 25 years
prior could not possibly contend with.
In some scenes, captured documentary audio showed the
channels were busy. In some cases, two or more conversations were taking place over a single radio channel at
344
the same time. Users on Tactical 1 may have been close
enough to one another to communicate because signals
in proximity to each other would overpower weaker signals. At any incident of this size, there is likely to be
some overlapping radio trac. In the same way that
large incidents exhaust all the reghting vehicles and
sta, the radio channel resources may become taxed to
their limits. NIST says about one third of the re department radio transmissions were not complete or not
understandable.[35]
Some radio users had selected the wrong channels. For
example, on the Repeater 7 channel, a unit was heard to
call Manhattan dispatch and Citywide. Although the circumstances that lead to the user selecting the wrong channel are not known, this can occur when the user is trapped
in darkness or smoke and cannot see the radio. Users will
typically try to count steps in a rotary switch channel selector starting from one end of the switchs travel.

Tactical 1 This channel was the primary method of
communication in the North tower. It was a simplex
channel. Users complained it would only reach from the
lobby to oors in the thirties.[36] Tactical 1 was a default
channel for use at some re scenes. Some users who realized Repeater 7 was functional switched to that channel
and were aorded better coverage than simplex users on
Tactical 1. Audio recordings on the documentary lm
and NIST analysis show Tactical 1 was overloaded with
heavy radio trac. In contrast, the audio CD of Repeater
7 shows the channel was mostly idle.[37]
The 9-11 commission report said a new portable repeater
system had been developed to address shortcomings of
Tactical 1 at a large incident. The system, called, the
post, is carried to an area near the incident and set up
for the duration to augment weak signals.
Command channel The command channel used by ofcers at the incident was either called Channel 5 or Command 5 in documentation. Documents suggest the channel had a repeater but it was not clear if the repeater was
citywide, installed in the Field Comm van, or housed in a
battalion chiefs vehicle. Recordings of this channel were
lost when the Field Comm van was destroyed. The documentary lm and oral history records show the channel
[36]
FDNY radio programming One annoyance with the being used eectively.
re systems was the presence of unit ID data bursts. These
constant squawks, heard at the end of transmissions, are
decoded at dispatch to identify the calling radio. The an- Interoperability The federal 9/11 Commission Report
noyance of the data bursts is a trade-o that could help included recommendations on communications systems
nd a reghter who has been injured or needs help. It used by police, re, and emergency medical services
also automatically displays the unit ID at the dispatch con- (EMS) at the WTC incident. In the report and in apsole. In most systems, it also saves dispatch personnel pearances on television news programs, commissioners
from typing the unit ID. They press one key and the call- said the capabilities of communications systems lacked
ing units ID is inserted into the current CAD screen or the ability to communicate across department lines. That
is to say, police units could not communicate with re
command line.
units directly by radio. Ambulances could not talk with
Recordings show radios were programmed to send unit police units directly by radio. Commission member Lee
ID on tactical channels. Radios accept unit ID on a per- Hamilton, in several television appearances related to a
channel basis. When mobile or hand-held radios are pro- 2006 book on the topic of the WTC incident, reiterated
grammed, the unit ID encoders should be disabled on all this factually-correct view.
channels where the feature is not used. This saves air time
for about two to three syllables of speech per push-to-talk
press. For example, unless the communications van or Aviation assets An example that was cited by Hamilchiefs vehicles had push-to-talk unit ID decoders, or the ton: during the incident the Police Department helicopter
channels were recorded for later analysis where unit IDs was unable to communicate with Fire Department units in
were decoded from the recordings, the encoders should order to warn them of the towers imminent collapse. The
be turned o for tactical channels to reduce air time used. NIST document suggests the helicopter may have been
A communications van operated by FDNY responded to
the incident. Its radio identier was, Field Comm. A
backup van was in use on the day of the incident because
the primary van was out-of-service. The backup van was
destroyed and audio recordings of tactical channels used
at the incident site were lost.
It also sounded like some vehicle radios may have had

status buttons using the data bursts. If true, the operator presses a button on the vehicle radio which sends a
short data burst to dispatch. Dispatch gets the unit identity and the new status from a data decoder. These can
cause interruptions in voice trac but cut down on total
air time required to conduct business because they occupy
the channel for less time than it takes to say, Engine fty
on scene.
able to oer several minutes warning. Several minutes

may have been enough to get some people from the lower
oors outside. This warning of imminent collapse went
out over at least one police radio channel but there is nothing showing it was relayed to other people or channels.
FDNY operates at least two communications vans: one
of which was brought to the scene at the WTC incident.[9]
The Commission report reveals the primary FDNY van
was equipped to talk to NYPD helicopters but the backup
345
van, (which had no NYPD helicopter capability,) was in derstand how the shared channel worked. This possibly
use on September 11, 2001.[38]
reects a training problem or a technology literacy probIn practice, many US helicopters used in emergency ser- lem. The problem seems to have been remedied since
vices are equipped with radios that allow communica- then.
tions on nearly any conventional two-way radio system,
so long as the aircrew know the frequency and associated signaling tones. The radios usually have presets, like
a cars broadcast radio, that allow some channels to be
congured ahead of need. There was no information in
the Commission report suggesting NYPD helicopters had
such a capability.
Cross-department While it is technically possible to
implement communications across departments, doing so
introduces a host of new training and incident command
problems. These are problems that would need to be
managed in addition to the existing set of issues present
at any large incident. The ability to maintain command,
and monitor the safety of, groups working at an incident
is diminished if a group of reghters cannot be reached
because they've switched over to the EMS channel. This
could cause people to be sent to rescue them when there
was no need. Similarly, if the Manhattan EMS dispatcher
can't reach an ambulance because they are on one of the
re channels, patient care is aected. New York City
Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly, appearing on the
Charlie Rose show, expressed his view that the existing
radio systems performed satisfactorily during the WTC
incident. In his view, the interoperability desired by the
9-11 Commission was not needed.
In another instance, a re agency had thoroughly trained

for interoperability scenarios. During an incident where
two agencies with dierent radio channels responded, a
decision-maker said personnel from his agency would stay
on their own channel. Decision-makers may occasionally act in unpredictable ways, even if technology literate and well-trained. Its the Rumsfeldian concept that
democracy is sometimes messy. It is not solely a technical problem, but an operational problem as well. Changes
to ICS command structure, or operational changes in how
the command post for an incident is set up, may produce better results than buying equipment or adding channels. Sometimes there are interoperability problems even
where a structure for interoperability exists.
ICS: part of the solution? One view of the Incident

Command System is that units across department lines
would communicate with their own representative at the
command post or division level. That representative
would relay any needs to another department. For example, a re unit requesting ve paramedic ambulances
would identify the magnitude of a medical problem to
their re ocer at the command post. This request would
add to their commanders operational picture of the division or incident command as she called EMS to request
the ambulances. Situation awareness is an important part
of eective command and is easy to lose at a large incident. Bypassing incident commanders can contribute to
Need for NYPD/FDNY cross-department links? a decomposing of command.
These problems are not new to the World Trade Center
incident; cross-department and cross-discipline communication has been a hotly contested and long-identied is- Trunked systems, commercial services, and
sue. For example, at the Oklahoma City federal building cross-department netting One approach to crossbombing incident, the inability to communicate among department netting is the capability of some modern
departments was also cited as a problem. Fireghters trunked systems to provide a function called dynamic
heard an evacuation order on their radio channel because regrouping; a feature that Motorola doesn't support in
of the reported presence of a second bomb. Police and simplex (e.g. 'reground') operations. It is therefore
necessary for a disaster to be near enough the infrasEMS workers reportedly did not know of the order.[39]
tructure to allow for repeater access/operation. Many
In Hurricane Katrina's wake, a sergeant in the Louisiana agencies with Motorola trunked systems already have
Department of Wildlife and Fisheries appeared on na- this capability but its hardly ever used; even in a crisis.
tional television to describe not being able to reach per- The diculty of operating such a system is often too
sons from other agencies who were assisting with the re- great for poorly educated dispatchers who often have no
covery. She described seeing the people in a nearby boat college - much less any particular training in computers
but not being able to communicate with them.[40]
or communications systems - other than the 'cursory'
Even if the technical problems are solved, the issue is training they receive in a 3 or 5 day class the vendors
more complicated than just adding radio channels or talk oer. The feature allows the dispatch center personnel
groups. It is also a cultural problem. In one local inci- to send units from dierent agencies who are responding
dent, a large number of ocers from three police agen- to the same incident to a common talk group or virtual
cies were elded to search for a violent criminal who had channel. This assumes the agencies all share a capability
evaded ocers from one of the agencies. The ocers to operate over the same trunked radio system, which
did not coordinate by switching to a shared radio chan- is rare. In an informal survey of three agencies with
nel. After the incident, one participant said the users trunked systems that included this feature, users at two
thought their radios were incompatible and did not un- sites reported they did not think their system included
346
the feature. A representative from a third site said he

"...thought they had the feature but never used it. Of
the three agencies with the feature, no one knew how to
use it. This would suggest, (in at least the three agencies
contacted,) that dynamic regrouping was not valuable.
Like other disaster readiness processes, users would have
to practice using the feature in order for it to be useful
during an incident.[41]
Some agencies use commercial two-way radio as an adjunct to their own communications networks. One professional engineering evaluation of public safety radio
systems explains that commercial systems such as Nextels are not built to the same standards of coverage and
non-blocking as public safety trunked systems. Like toy
walkie talkies marketed to children, they are usable and
helpful for non-urgent communications but should not be
considered reliable enough for life safety uses.[42] It is also
true that most trunked radio system users are likely to
hear busy signals, (error tones showing no channels are
available,) for the rst time during a large disaster. All
systems have a nite capacity.
We don't want or need trunking is what Chief Charles
Dowd (NYPD) was heard to say at an APCO convention in Orlando (2006). NYPD operates a large, conventional repeater network with many legacy channels in the
UHF band; and a technology developed so a large number of users can share a small number of channels (e.g. The complete 9/11 Commission Report available from the
trunking) is clearly unnecessary and a frivolous waste of archived version of the 9/11 Commission website.
money.
With sucient channels, there is no need for trunking.
There are no 'busy' tones in a conventional repeater system. In the event an individual needs to chime in, he
simply waits his turn - just as he would do in a trunked
system.
Mobile data terminals
All 911 ambulances and other FDNY vehicles have data
terminals, sometimes referred to by sta in recordings
and transcripts as MDTs. These terminals are connected to the computer-aided dispatch (CAD) back end
or server. They can display text, page through screens
describing jobs, and display lists of units assigned to a
job.[43]
A thorough analysis of data communications is not possible. What recordings show is that data terminals in at
least some eld units did not work properly during at
least a portion of the incident. At 09:11:14, Division 3
told Manhattan Fire dispatch, referring to the summary
screen, Summary is only giving me a few units. You're
going to have to give it to me over the radio. I'm ready
to write.[44] This means the terminal was not displaying the entire list of units assigned to Division 3, as it
would under normal conditions. The work-around: the
Chief had to hand-write the list of units responding. In
this one instance, the dispatcher reading the list of about
29 units tied up the Manhattan Fire channel for 53 seconds. During the reading of the list of units responding,
one can hear several FDNY units try to interrupt the dispatcher. Their radio trac was delayed until the entire
list was read. This need to read lists of units because of
slow or inoperable terminals occurred in at least three or
four cases.
Its unclear what caused data delays and incomplete
screens on the mobile data terminals. Evidenced by the
dispatcher reading the list of units assigned to Division
3, the CAD system was working properly at dispatch positions. At least some eld units experienced problems.
Possible causes of problems with data terminals in vehicles may have included:
The radio backbone may have been overloaded because of the unusually high volume of requests for
information from eld units. Radio networks carrying data trac have a nite data throughput capacity
and can be overloaded. Even a well-designed system
has some capacity limit.
A bottleneck someplace in the network between the
radio modem and the CAD system back end may
have been overloaded by unusually heavy data trafc.
Data terminals use a robust error correction pro-

tocol. A failure of some part of the radio backbone may have caused reduced radio signals in eld
units. The bit errors caused by weaker signals may
have caused a corresponding increase in resending
of data packets. Resent packets reduce overall data
throughput.
The attack placed an unusually heavy load on voice
system channels. Interference problems caused by
interactions between voice radio channel transmitters and data radio system elements may have caused
an increase in bit errors, slowing data throughput.[45]
347
possible to use cell phones with varying success during the

ascent and descent of commercial airline ights, although
the diculty of maintaining a signal appears to increase
as planes gain altitude.
[8] National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on the United
States, (New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 2002) pp. 293.
The report is a federal government report created by federal employees in the performance of their jobs. There
are no copyright legends or statements inside the publication. Therefore, the entire book is believed to be in the
public domain.
[9] NIST Response to the World Trade Center Disaster:
World Trade Center Investigation Status, S. Shyam Sunder, Acting Deputy Director and Lead Investigator, Building and Fire Research Laboratory, NIST, US Department
of Commerce, 19 October 2004, (PowerPoint presentation).
Data terminals are partly purchased and installed to reduce load on dispatch sta and to reduce trac on voice
channels. When they work properly, they have a signicant operational benet. A data outage during an occurrence of high call trac can quickly overrun dispatch and
voice channel capacity in cases where a routine level of [10] National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on the United
calls for service requires both data terminals and voice
Can you imagine yourself stopping to ponder the overall
channels.
situation at the World Trade Center when you're seeing
calls waiting to be answered in the 9-1-1 ACD queue?
New York City Council investigation

New York City Council member Eric Gioia introduced
a measure to have the Council investigate the issue of
FDNY radio problems.[46]
12.1.7
See also
12.1.8
References
Notes
[1] Improvising a Homeland Defense (PDF). Retrieved
2014-03-21.
[2]
[3] Remembering the World Trade Center - September 11,
2001. Nyc-arecs.org. Retrieved 2015-05-06.
[4] Lewis, Carol Weiss; Stuart Gilman (2005-03-11). The
ethics challenge in public service: a problem-solving guide.
John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780787967567.
[5] Betsy Harter (November 1, 2001). Final Contact. Telephony Online.
Day: The Full Story of 9/11 and Osama bin Laden.
New York: Ballantine. pp. 113,476n. ISBN 9781400066599.
[7] Romero, Simon (September 14, 2001). After the Attacks: Communications; New Perspective on the Issue Of
Cell Phone Use in Planes. The New York Times. Retrieved July 8, 2009. According to industry experts, it is
[11] EMS CAD Logbook (redacted): CALL 0727, EMS

CAD and Port Authority Radio Repeater Transcript: 911-01, (New York: Fire Department, City of New York,
2005) CD-ROM #21.
[12] Heroism and Horror: FDNY Response: Immediate Impact of the Collapse of the South Tower, National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on the United States, (New
York: W.W. Norton and Co., 2002) pp. 306.
[13] Stored caches of radios are often problematic because
of battery life problems and conguration management
problems. For example, changes to radio network conguration are sometimes overlooked in the cached radios.
When an incident happens, it is discovered the cached radios have not been congured to match the radio network
changes and don't work. Cached radios often look dierent from radios in day-to-day use and may have dierent
channels, making their use a training problem. More radios in use would contribute to channel loading, increasing
trac.
[14] This was conrmed by Oral History les on FDNY CD
#23 and, in the Commissions report, "...a chief in the
lobby ...was unable to reach FDNY dispatch by radio or
phone. See: Heroism and Horror: FDNY North Tower
Operations, National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on
the United States, (New York: W.W. Norton and Co.,
2002) pp. 299.
[15] The experiences of radio users in portions of 1 WTC and 2
WTC are also disclosed in the oral history text les. These
were searched for words and phrases related to radio operations. By the fact that chiefs in the lobby are communicating with others, the radios were at least partially
eective. The documentary showed people were getting
messages through in at least some cases. Recordings of
the Port Authority Fire Repeater 7 channel show technical problems but also show that some units were utilizing
the channel eectively.
348
[16] Heroism and Horror: The New York City Police Department, National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on the
United States, (New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 2002),
pp.282.
Since the Port Authority UHF system was designed and

intended for the WTC site, as opposed to the FDNY system which wasborough- or city-wide, it would be normal
for any site-specic system to have better signal coverage.
[17] Leaky cable systems are often used in highway tunnels and
subway systems to aord radio coverage where signals are
blocked by terrain. A coaxial cable is hung along the path.
The cable has slots which leak radio signals along its entire
length.
[28] CD-ROM #21: EMS CAD and Port Authority Radio Repeater Transcript: 9-11-01, (New York: Fire Department, City of New York, 2005) and CD-ROM #23: File
No. 9110197, World Trade Center Task Force Interview
Deputy Chief Thomas Galvin, Interview Date: November
7, 2001, FDNY Oral Histories: 9-11-01, (New York: Fire
Department, City of New York, 2005).

The Commission report says this has been since remedied
by the Port Authority and today all units have capability
to work across all areas.
[19] Herosim and Horror: The Fire Department of New
York, National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on the
United States, (New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 2002)
pp. 283.
[20] Tape 1, Side A, EMS Citywide Dispatch Radio 9-11-01,
(New York: Fire Department, City of New York, 2005)
CD-ROM #1.
[21] FCC regulations require a supervisory switch which disables the remote control in some circumstances. When
several remote controls are connected to a base station or
repeater, the switch disables all but one of them.
[22] CD-ROM #21: EMS CAD and Port Authority Radio Repeater Transcript: 9-11-01, (New York: Fire Department,
City of New York, 2005) and Port Authority Radio Repeater Audio 9-11-01, (New York: Fire Department, City
of New York, 2005), CD 22.
[23] Dwyer, Jim and Fessenden, Ford. Lost Voices of Fireghters, Some on the 78th Floor. The New York Times,
4 August 2002.
States, (New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 2002) pp. 283,
297, 298. This suggests the possibility of a user interface
problem. Any contingency system should, (ideally,) be
always-on, familiar to users, and occasionally tested for
readiness unless users have trained to the point that operating the system is second nature. The remote control
should have a minimum of settings and switches to avoid
confusing the chiefs.
[25] Port Authority Radio Repeater Audio 9-11-01, (New York:
Fire Department, City of New York, 2005), CD 22.
[26] CD-ROM #23: File No. 9110442:, World Trade Center
Task Force Interview, Lieutenant William Walsh, Interview Date: January 11, 2002, FDNY Oral Histories: 911-01, (New York: Fire Department, City of New York,
2005) pp. 8.
The FDNY radios were VHF (150 MHz) while the Port
Authority radios were UHF. A characteristic of physics
is that UHF radios have a shorter wavelength. This allows the signals to t through smaller building openings,
like windows, and to better penetrate into steel buildings.
[29] CD-ROM #23: File 9110328, World Trade Center

Task Force Interview, Lieutenant Neil Brosnan, Interview
Date: December 12, 2001, FDNY Oral Histories: 9-1101, (New York: Fire Department, City of New York,
2005).
[30] CD-ROM #23: File No. 9110208, World Trade Center Task Force Interview, Chief Stephen King, Interview
Date: November 21, 2001, FDNY Oral Histories: 9-1101, (New York: Fire Department, City of New York,
2005).
[31] Its analogous to being blinded by an oncoming car with
their headlamps on bright.
[32] The best hand-held radios have Electronic Industry Association signal to noise plus distortion selectivity ratings
of 80-95 db; but the radios FDNY was carrying on 9/11
were designed in 1976 and changed little since then, and
is a moot point. It was not 'adjacent channel selectivity'
that desensed their radios, preventing them from hearing
dispatchers orders to evacuate. It was digital cellular interference; the combined eects of many digital cellular repeaters in lower Manhattan producing interference
products that did not exist in 1976 when the FDNY radios in use were designed. An analysis of all the licensed
transmitters in the cellular band would likely show subharmonic interference products of sucient amplitude
'on channel', and it was shown at Motorola in February
2001 that FDNY product suered 'desense' in the presence of strong, digital cellular interference of a contemporary nature. This EIA rating describes a standardized
benchmark used to measure receiver performance. Selectivity describes the ability of the receiver to receive a signal in the presence of a signal that is near in frequency
but on a dierent, undesired channel. In evaluating this
number, higher is better. The highest possible ratings are
needed to have a radio perform well in this type of hostile
signal environment, and its clear from the vintage of the
FDNY equipment that they were not the best quality product available. Equipment used in disasters is subjected
to hostile signal environments not present in routine operations. In evaluating FDNY radios, only the documentary footage and recordings of successful communications
talking place between two dierent persons prove the radios were working as designed. Hearing a units transmission on a logging recorder only proved the unit-to-dispatch
half of the path was working.
[33] One of the problems with low-cost hand-held radios is that
their receivers are more likely to be overloaded and unusable in events with so many strong signals present. In public safety applications, no one may see this as a problem
until a large incident reveals it. Even then, the radios will
act in a way the user sees as intermittent. The intermittent
operation won't be reproducible after the incident because
the interfering signals are gone.
[34] The exception is the EMS Citywide channel which appears to have been usable but may have needed repair in
2001.
[35] Repeater 7 audio was recorded on Port Authority Radio Repeater Audio 9-11-01, (New York: Fire Department, City of New York, 2005), CD 22. The problem
of overloaded channels, (people talking at the same time
blocking each others signals,) is mentioned in NIST Response to the World Trade Center Disaster: World Trade
Center Investigation Status, S. Shyam Sunder, Acting
Deputy Director and Lead Investigator, Building and Fire
Research Laboratory, NIST, US Department of Commerce, 19 October 2004, (PowerPoint presentation) and
in National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on the United
[36] CD-ROM #23: File No. 9110197, World Trade Center Task Force Interview Deputy Chief Thomas Galvin,
Interview Date: November 7, 2001, FDNY Oral Histories: 9-11-01, (New York: Fire Department, City of New
York, 2005).
Fire Department, City of New York, 2005), CD 22 and
NIST Response to the World Trade Center Disaster:
[38] Heroism and Horror: FDNY Command and Control
Outside the Towers, National Commission on Terrorist
Attacks on the United States, (New York: W.W. Norton
and Co., 2002) pp. 302.
[39] See: 2.1 Introduction, California EMS Communications
Plan: Final Draft, (Sacramento, California: State of California EMS Authority, September 2000,) pp. 7.
[40] See: Now, Jump Start Productions LLC, 16 September
2005. The sergeants main problem was the catastrophic
failure of communications networks in the wake of the
storm. The view that the catastrophic system failure was
the most signicant problem was echoed by Lieutenant
Governor Landreau on the program.
[41] Dynamic regrouping is described in 800 MHz Trunked
Radio Request For Proposals, (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Public Safety Projects Oce, Oklahoma City Municipal Facilities Authority, 19 October 2000) pp. 99. In
systems where this feature is not available, a work-around
is to program every elded radio in the radio eet with two
or three identical eet-subeets or talk groups. By doing
this, any two radios could meet and communicate.
[42] Contra Costa County Public Safety Mobile Radio Master
Plan, Final Report, June 18, 2002, (Fairfax, Virginia:
Federal Engineering, Inc., 2002).
349
[43] In FDNY jargon, calls, incidents, or events are referred to as jobs. For example, a collision, a medical aid
call, or a pot-on-a-stove re would each constitute a job.
A job can have many attributes including a location and a
type.
[44] Manhattan Fire, 09:11:14, 09-11-2001
[45] Extreme data trac loading and intermittent interference
situations are dicult to test for. Systems are complex and
most government vehicular data systems cannot easily be
turned o, or taken o-line, in order to be tested. Any
agency with such a system would be challenged to thoroughly evaluate loading without help from a consultant or
specialized data communications vendor.
[46] Hazen, Don (November 1, 2007). NYC Council Member Agrees To Push Investigation of Giuliani and the 9/11
Firemen Radio Debacle. Alternet.org.
Further reading
Current Status, Knowledge Gaps, and Research
Needs Pertaining to Fireghter Radio Communication Systems,, National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health, September 2003.
Towers (New York: Times Books, 2004) ISBN 08050-7682-4
Joyce, John (FDNY Capt.) and Bowen, Bill,
Radio Silence F.D.N.Y. - The Betrayal of New
Yorks Bravest, (Chesapeak Books, 2004) ISBN 09759021-3-X
Krenning, Teresa A, Incident management information exchange among operations centers of public
safety agencies, Compendium: papers on advanced
surface transportation systems, 2000, (College Station, Texas: Texas Transportation Institute, 2000,)
p. 163-187.
Special Report: Improving Fireghter Communications, USFA-TR-099/January 1999, (Emmitsburg,
Maryland: U.S. Fire Administration, 1999).
Varone, J. Curtis, Fireground Radio Communication
and Fireghter Safety, National Fire Academy Executive Fire Ocer Program.

An Unimaginable Emergency Put Communications
to the Test, The New York Times 20 September
2001.
The Simple BlackBerry Allowed Contact When
Phones Failed, The New York Times 20 September
2001.
350
Using a Cellphone Signal to Hunt for a Victim in not immediately understand what had happened when the
Desperate Need, The New York Times 20 Septem- rst (South) tower did collapse .
ber 2001.
There was little communication between New York City
Police
Department and re department commands even
Fire Department of New York - September 11, 2001
though
an Oce of Emergency Management (OEM) had
Recorded Communications
been created in 1996 in part to provide such coordination . A primary reason for OEMs inability to coor Recordings of WTC Callers to 9-1-1
dinate communications and information-sharing in the
early hours of the WTC response was the loss of its emergency operations center, located on the twenty third oor
12.2 Radio communications
of 7 World Trade Center which had been evacuated after
debris from towers collapse struck the building, igniting
Communication problems and successes played an im- several res .
portant role in the September 11, 2001 attacks and their
Emergency relief eorts in both Lower Manhattan and at
aftermath. Systems were variously destroyed or overthe Pentagon were augmented by volunteer amateur radio
whelmed by loads greater than they were designed to
operators in the weeks after the attacks.[3]
carry, or failed to operate as intended or desired.
12.2.1
Attackers
The organizers of the September 11, 2001 attacks apparently planned and coordinated their mission in face to
face meetings and used little or no electronic communication. This "radio silence" made their plan more dicult
to detect.[1]
12.2.2
Federal government
According to 9/11 Commission sta statement No. 17[1]

there were several communications failures at the federal
government level during and after the 9/11 attacks. Perhaps the most serious occurred in an Air Threat Conference Call initiated by the National Military Command
Center (NMCC) after two planes had crashed into the
World Trade Center, but shortly before The Pentagon was
hit. The participants were unable to include the Federal
Aviation Administration (FAA) air trac control command center, which had the most information about the
hijackings, in the call.
12.2.4 Victims
Cell phones and in-plane credit card phones played a
major role during and after the attack, starting with hijacked passengers who called family or notied the authorities about what was happening. Passengers and
crew who made calls include: Sandra Bradshaw, Todd
Beamer, Tom Burnett, Mark Bingham, Peter Hanson,
Jeremy Glick, Barbara K. Olson, Renee May, Madeline
Amy Sweeney, Betty Ong, Robert Fangman, Brian David
Sweeney, and Ed Felt. Innocent occupants aboard United
Airlines Flight 93 were able to assess their situation based
on these conversations and plan a revolt that resulted in
the aircraft crashing. According to the commission sta:
Their actions saved the lives of countless others, and may
have saved either the U.S. Capitol or the White House
from destruction.[4]
According to the 9/11 Commission Report, 13 passengers from Flight 93 made a total of over 30 calls to both
family and emergency personnel (twenty-two conrmed
air phone calls, two conrmed cell phone and eight not
specied in the report). Brenda Raney, Verizon Wireless
According to the sta report:
spokesperson, said that Flight 93 was supported by several cell sites.[5] There were reportedly three phone calls
from Flight 11, ve from Flight 175, and three calls from
12.2.3 First responders
Flight 77. Two calls from these ights were recorded,
placed by ight attendants: Betty Ong on Flight 11 and
After the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, radio CeeCee Lyles on Flight 93 [6]
repeaters for New York City Fire Department communication were installed in the tower complex. Because they Alexa Graf, an AT&T spokesperson, said it was[5]almost
were unaware that several controls needed to be operated a uke that the calls reached their destinations. Marto fully activate the repeater system, re chiefs at their vin Sirbu, professor of Engineering and Public Policy at
command post in the lobby of the North Tower thought Carnegie Mellon University said on September 14, 2001,
can work in
the repeater was not functioning and did not use it, though that The fact of the matter is that cell phones
[7]
Other
indusalmost
all
phases
of
a
commercial
ight.
[2]
it did work and was used by some reghters. When
try
experts
said
that
it
is
possible
to
use
cell
phones
with
police ocials concluded the twin towers were in danvarying
degrees
of
success
during
the
ascent
and
descent
ger of collapsing and ordered police to leave the com[7]
plex, re ocials were not notied . Fire ocials on the of commercial airline ights.
scene were not monitoring broadcast news reports and did After each of the hijacked aircraft struck the World Trade

Center, people inside the towers made calls to family and
loved ones; for the victims, this was their last communication. Other callers directed their pleas for help to
9-1-1. Over nine hours of the 9-1-1 calls were eventually released after petitioning by The New York Times and
families of the WTC victims. In 2001, many cell phones
did not yet have texting or photography capabilities that
came by the mid-2000s.
351
facilities. It shows the WTC at the moment power cut o
to the WPIX transmitter, prior to the towers collapse.
During the September 11 attacks, WCBS-TV channel 2

and WXTV-TV channel 41 stayed on the air. Unlike
most other major New York television stations, WCBSTV maintained a full-powered backup transmitter at the
Empire State Building after moving its main transmitter
to the North Tower of the World Trade Center. The station was also simulcasted nationally on Viacom (which at
the time owned CBS) cable network VH1 that day. In
12.2.5 General public
the immediate aftermath of the attacks, the station lent
After the attack, the cell phone network of New York transmission time to the other stations who had lost their
City was rapidly overloaded (a mass call event) as trac transmitters, until they found suitable backup equipment
doubled over normal levels. Cell phone trac also over- and locations.
loaded across the East Coast, leading to crashes of the cell The Emergency Alert System was never activated in the
phone network. Verizon's downtown wire phone service terrorist attacks, as the extensive media coverage made it
was interrupted for days and weeks due to cut subscriber unnecessary.
cables, and to the 140 West Street exchange being shut
AT&T eliminated any costs for domestic calls originating
for days. Capacity between Brooklyn and Manhattan was
from the New York City area (phones using area codes
also diminished by cut trunk cables.
212/718/917/646/347) in the days following 9/11.
Following the attacks, the issues with the cell network
weren't resolved until 36 cellular COWs (cell towers on
wheels) were deployed by September 14, 2001, in Lower 12.2.6 Radio communications
Manhattan to support the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and provide critical phone ser- Radio communications during the September 11 attacks served a vital role in coordinating rescue eorts by
vice to rescue and recovery workers.
New York Police Department, New York Fire DepartSince three of the major television broadcast network ment, Port Authority Police Department, and Emergency
owned-and-operated stations had their transmission tow- Medical Services.
ers atop the North Tower (One World Trade Center), coverage was limited after the collapse of the tower. The While radio communications were modied to address
FM transmitter of National Public Radio station WNYC problems discovered after the 1993 World Trade Cenwas also destroyed in the collapse of the North Tower and ter bombing, investigations into the radio communicaits oces evacuated. For an interim period, it continued tions during the September 11th attacks discovered that
broadcasting on its AM frequency and used NPRs New communication systems and protocols that distinguished
each department was hampered by the lack of interoperYork oces to produce its programming.
ability, damaged or failed network infrastructure during
the attack, and overwhelmed by simultaneous communication between superiors and subordinates.
Background
attacks
A rough time line of the incident could include:
Screencap of the frozen WPIX image.
The satellite feed of one television station, WPIX, froze

on the last image received from the WTC mast; the image
(a remote-camera shot of the burning towers), viewable
across North America (as WPIX is available on cable TV
in many areas), remained on the screen for much of the
day until WPIX was able to set up alternate transmission
08:46 hrs.: American 11 crashes into the North

elapsed time).
09:03 hrs.: United 175 crashes into the South
elapsed time).
09:59 hrs.: South Tower, a.k.a. 2 World Trade Center collapses, (56 minutes after aircraft impact, 73
minutes elapsed time).
352
10:28 hrs.: North Tower, a.k.a. 1 World Trade Cen- lice Department (PAPD), and FDNY personnel.[9] Reter collapses, (102 minutes elapsed time and post- gardless of any radio coverage problems, these persons
impact).
could not be commanded or informed by radio. In any
incident of this scale, self-dispatched sta without radios
The scale of the incident was described in the National would likely be a problem. Even if a cache of radios were
Commission report on the attacks as unprecedented. In brought to the scene to hand out, the scale of this incident
be likely to overrun the number of radios in the
roughly fteen minutes from 8:46 to 9:03 am, over a thou- would [13]
cache.
sand police, re, and emergency medical services (EMS)
sta arrived at the scene.[8] At some point during a large
incident, any agency will reach a point where they nd
their resources overrun by needs. For example, the Port
Authority Police could not schedule sta as if a September 11 attack would occur every shift. There is always
a balance struck between readiness and costs. There is
conicting data but some sources suggest there may have
been 2,000 to 3,000 workers involved in the rescue operation. It would be rare for most agencies to see an event
where there were that many people to be rescued.
There is some level of confusion present in any large incident. The National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) asserts commanders did not have adequate information and interagency information sharing
was inadequate.[9] For example, on September 11, persons in the New York City Police Department (NYPD)
9-1-1 center told callers from the World Trade Center to
remain in place and wait for instruction from reghters
and police ocers. This was the plan for managing a re
incident in the building and the 9-1-1 center sta were
following the plan. This was partly countered by public safety workers going oor-by-oor and telling people
to evacuate. The Commission report suggests people in
the NYPD 9-1-1 center and New York City Fire Department (FDNY) dispatch would benet from better situation awareness. The Commission described the call centers as not fully integrated with line personnel at the
WTC.[10] The report suggests the NYPD 9-1-1 center
and FDNY dispatch were overrun by call volumes that
had never been seen before. Adding to the confusion, radio coverage problems, radio trac blocking, and building system problems occurred inside the burning towers.
The facts show that much of the equipment worked as designed and users made the best of what was available to
them.
Typical of any large re, many 9-1-1 calls with conicting
information were received beginning at 8:46 am. In addition to reports that a plane had hit the World Trade Center, the EMS computer-aided dispatch (CAD) log shows
reports of a helicopter crash, explosions, and a building
re. Throughout the incident, people at dierent locations had very dierent views of the situation.[11] After
the collapse of the rst tower, many reghters in the remaining tower had no idea the rst tower had fallen.[12]
NIST concluded, at the beginning of the incident, there

was an approximate factor of ve (peak) increase in radio communications trac over a normal level. After
the initial peak, radio trac through the incident followed an approximate factor of three steady increase.[9]
FDNY recordings suggest the dispatch personnel were
overloaded: both re and EMS dispatch were often delayed in responding to radio calls. Many 9-1-1 telephone
calls to dispatch were disconnected or routed to all circuits are busy now, intercept recordings.[14]
Voice radio systems
NIST calculated that about one third of radio messages
transmitted during the surge of communications were incomplete or unintelligible.[9] Documentary footage suggests the tactical channels were also overloaded; some
footage captured audio of two or three conversations occurring simultaneously on a particular channel.
In this study of WTC incident communications, radio systems used at the site had problems but were generally effective in that users were able to communicate with one
another. A 2002 video documentary 9/11 by Gedeon and
Jules Naudet, (referred to as the documentary) was reviewed. It captured audio from hand-held radios in use
at the incident and showed users communicating over radios from the lobby command post in the North Tower.
26 Red Book audio CDs of New York City Fire Department radio transmissions, covering the incidents initial
dispatch and the tower failures, were reviewed. These
CDs were digitized versions of audio from the Fire Departments logging recorders. In addition, text on an oral
history CD with transcripts of re personnel debriefed on
the incident were reviewed.[15]
NYPD and PAPD systems in 2001 In 2001, the

NYPD used Ultra High Frequency (UHF) radios and divided the city into 35 radio zones. Most hand-held radios had at least 20 channels: while not all ocers had
all channels, all ocers had the ability to communicate
citywide.[16] As a characteristic of physics, UHF signals penetrate buildings better than lower Very High Frequency (VHF) frequencies used by the FDNY re units
A factor in radio communications problems included the but generally cover shorter distances over open terrain.
fact that o-duty personnel self-dispatched to the incident The Commission report did not cite any technical aws
scene. Some o-duty sta went into the towers without with the NYPD radio system.
radios. According to the Commission report and news PAPD has systems described as low-power UHF. The
coverage, this was true of NYPD, Port Authority Po- Commission report says the systems were specic to a

single site with the exception of one channel which was
Port-Authority-wide. Its unclear whether the PAPD systems were interstitial and limited to 2 watts output, used
normal local-control channels but were limited in power
output by the frequency coordinator, or used leaky cable
systems which were solely intended to work inside the
Port Authority buildings.[17] The report says there were
7, site-specic Port Authority Police channels. In 2001,
ocers at one site could not, (in all cases), carry their radios to another site and use them. Not all radios had all
channels.[18]
353
command was not working but the repeater was. The
radio repeater was located in 5 World Trade Center. A
remote control console was connected to the repeater allowing sta at the North Tower lobby command post to
communicate without using a hand-held radio.
Fire and EMS dispatch channels Recordings of

Citywide, Brooklyn, and Manhattan channels for Fire
and Citywide, Brooklyn, and Manhattan channels for
Emergency medical services were reviewed. Systems
generally performed well. The audio coupling point for
the logging recorder on Manhattan Fire made the dispatchers voice dicult to hear. An anonymous re dis- A Motorola T-1300 series remote control is built in a telephone
housing. The dial is replaced with a speaker and volume conpatcher who identies as Dispatcher 416 is noteworthy.
The Commission report says that, in 2001, FDNY used a
system with 5 repeater channels: one for each of the boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, with the Bronx
and Staten Island sharing a single frequency using different Private Line (PL) tones, and a city-wide channel. There were also ve simplex channels in FDNY
radios.[19]
Observation shows, back in 2001, that the citywide EMS
channel was voting more frequently than normal, signals were noisy, interfering signals were present, and that
some receiver sites had equalization dierences. Some
transmissions had choppy audio possibly representative
of interference from FSK paging or intermittent microwave radio paths to one or more receiver sites. For example, if a microwave radio path fails for half-second intervals, the voting comparator may vote out that receiver
site until silence is detected. This can cause dropped
syllables in the voted audio. Some transmissions were
noisy, although transactions show the dispatcher was understanding radio trac in spite of audio drop-outs in almost every case.[20]
Port Authority re repeater system (Repeater 7)
The Port Authority repeater, intended to allow communications inside the towers, did not appear to work as intended on September 11. The system, also called Port
Authority Channel 30, was installed after the 1993 World
Trade Center attack. News accounts said the system had
been turned o for unspecied technical reasons. The
Commission report said it was customary to turn the system o because it somehow caused interference to radios
in use at re operations in other parts of the city. The
documentary lm gives dierent information, with a Fire
Department member from Engine 7/Ladder 1 claiming
that the aircrafts impact caused the system to fail. Evidence suggests the remote control console in the lobby
trol. This remote control uses a two-wire circuit to control a base

station.
In a review of the logging recorder track of the Port Authority repeater, someone arrived early during the incident and began to establish a command post. From the
command post in the lobby of the North Tower (1 World
Trade Center), the user can be heard trying to transmit using a remote control unit. After several failed attempts to communicate with a user on the channel, the
user steps through every channel selection on the remote,
trying each one. The recording contains the tone remote
control console stepping through all of its eight function
tones. Someone says, "...the wireline isn't working, over
the Port Authority channel. Something that looks like a
Motorola T-1380-series remote is shown in the documentary. The fact that users pressing buttons on the remote
control can clearly be heard on the logging recorder shows
the transmit audio path was working. The recording does
not reveal whether or not the console function tones were
keying the transmitter.[21]
Some users in the North Tower lobby interpreted the
remote control unit not working as a failure of the entire channel. Other re units, not knowing the channel
had failed, arrived and began using it successfully. The
recordings show at least some units were successfully using the repeater to communicate inside the South Tower
until the moment it collapsed.[22][23] The Commission report says the North Tower lobby command may not have
worked because of a technical problem, the volume control turned all the way down, or because a button that must
be pressed to enable it had not been pushed.[24]
On the audio track, an outside agency, possibly in New
Jersey and using a repeater, comes through the receive
audio on the Port Authority Repeater 7 system. An ambulance being dispatched by the outside (non-FDNY)
agency is heard. This may be what the FDNY had de-
354
scribed as interference caused when the repeater was left

enabled at all times. The distant user appears to be repeated through the system, (possibly on the same CTCSS
tone as was congured in Repeater 7). This appears to be
a distant co-channel user on the same input frequency as
Repeater 7. Its possible that by the random button pressing, a user sent a function tone that temporarily put the
base station in monitor and thats what caused the outside
agencys trac to be heard. This is unlikely because subsequent transmit function tones should have toggled the
receiver from monitor back to CTCSS-enabled.[25]
transmitting only feet away. This is a hostile environment

and suggests the hand-held equipment used by FDNY had
good quality receivers, though in this case, the suggestion is incorrect. Second-hand observation is hardly the
proper way to 'test' radio receivers or to distinguish 'good
quality' from 'bad' and this is likely a source of continued misunderstanding; particularly when these same radios were operating at higher oors, in closer proximity
to, and in direct line-of-sight of digital cellular repeaters.
Those repeaters were likely operating at unlicensed power
levels, which was a common practice of cellular providers
at the time, and continues to this day.[33] Footage reveals
intelligible recovered audio coming out of the radios and
Fire Department system An oral history interview re- shows radio users communicating with others. This may
vealed the Port Authority UHF radios were normally used not have been true of the entire WTC complex but was
at incidents inside the World Trade Center. The inter- true of radio users in the crowded lobby.
viewee said in normal, day-to-day calls, the WTC sta
handed Port Authority UHF radios to reghters on their Analysis of the 26 FDNY audio CDs showed the radios
arrival and that these radios, worked all over. [26] This seemed to transmit into the radio systems okay. Radios
implies, but does not prove, that it was common knowl- calling dispatch got through. Calling units were intelligiedge among department members that FDNY radios had ble. Users spoke with dispatchers. Dispatchers answered
coverage problems inside the buildings. The 9-11 Com- in ways that suggest they understood what was said. There
mission uses the phrase, performed poorly to describe were no noisy or truncated transmissions heard on any
channel, (the equivalent of a dropped cellular call).[34]
FDNY radios during the incident.[27]
This suggests the Fire Departments radio backbone is
Oral history les show that at least four channels were soundly designed and working properly. It is possible
employed at WTC:[28]
that system coverage problems are present; problems that
could have been mitigated had the Command Post radio
Channel 5, (possibly also called Command 5), was (with greater transmit power) been used. It is also likely
to be used for Command in both Towers.
that some transmissions did not reach any of the receivers
in the system and therefore would not be a detectable
Tactical 1 was to be used for Operations in the North problem when listening to the recordings. At the same
Tower.
time those recordings were made, the cellular system was
Tactical 3 was to be used for Operations in the South operating at or near full-capacity, meaning every cellular repeater was transmitting. The dense RF interference
Tower.
environment created in NYC that day was essentially a
Repeater 7, also known as Port Authority Repeater, 'perfect storm'; one in which a radio designed 25 years
was also used by some units working in the North prior could not possibly contend with.
Tower.
In some scenes, captured documentary audio showed the
One ocer said a channel named Command 3 was used
for the North Tower. To those unfamiliar with the details
of the FDNY system, it is unclear whether the interviewee
meant Tactical 3 or a fth channel.[29]
FDNY personnel are seen using radios during the documentary footage of the WTC lobby area. Analysis of
these scenes showed the radios all appeared to be receiving properly. Oral history les conrm radio communications were at least partly functional.[30]
A problem that shows up in these types of incidents is
that receivers in hand-held radios are subjected to signal levels that are likely to overload the receiver.[31] Several radios may be transmitting within feet of one another on dierent channels. If overloading occurs, only
very strong signals can be received while weaker signals
disappear and are not received.[32] The hand held radio
receivers shown in the documentary appeared to work
properly even though several other hand-held radios were
channels were busy. In some cases, two or more conversations were taking place over a single radio channel at
the same time. Users on Tactical 1 may have been close
enough to one another to communicate because signals
in proximity to each other would overpower weaker signals. At any incident of this size, there is likely to be
some overlapping radio trac. In the same way that
large incidents exhaust all the reghting vehicles and
sta, the radio channel resources may become taxed to
their limits. NIST says about one third of the re department radio transmissions were not complete or not
understandable.[35]
Some radio users had selected the wrong channels. For
example, on the Repeater 7 channel, a unit was heard to
call Manhattan dispatch and Citywide. Although the circumstances that lead to the user selecting the wrong channel are not known, this can occur when the user is trapped
in darkness or smoke and cannot see the radio. Users will
typically try to count steps in a rotary switch channel se-

lector starting from one end of the switchs travel.
355
for the duration to augment weak signals.
A communications van operated by FDNY responded to

the incident. Its radio identier was, Field Comm. A
backup van was in use on the day of the incident because
the primary van was out-of-service. The backup van was
destroyed and audio recordings of tactical channels used
at the incident site were lost.
Command channel The command channel used by ofcers at the incident was either called Channel 5 or Command 5 in documentation. Documents suggest the channel had a repeater but it was not clear if the repeater was
citywide, installed in the Field Comm van, or housed in a
battalion chiefs vehicle. Recordings of this channel were
lost when the Field Comm van was destroyed. The docFDNY radio programming One annoyance with the
umentary lm and oral history records show the channel
re systems was the presence of unit ID data bursts. These
being used eectively.[36]
constant squawks, heard at the end of transmissions, are
decoded at dispatch to identify the calling radio. The annoyance of the data bursts is a trade-o that could help Interoperability The federal 9/11 Commission Report
nd a reghter who has been injured or needs help. It included recommendations on communications systems
also automatically displays the unit ID at the dispatch con- used by police, re, and emergency medical services
sole. In most systems, it also saves dispatch personnel (EMS) at the WTC incident. In the report and in apfrom typing the unit ID. They press one key and the call- pearances on television news programs, commissioners
ing units ID is inserted into the current CAD screen or said the capabilities of communications systems lacked
command line.
the ability to communicate across department lines. That
Recordings show radios were programmed to send unit is to say, police units could not communicate with re
ID on tactical channels. Radios accept unit ID on a per- units directly by radio. Ambulances could not talk with
channel basis. When mobile or hand-held radios are pro- police units directly by radio. Commission member Lee
grammed, the unit ID encoders should be disabled on all Hamilton, in several television appearances related to a
channels where the feature is not used. This saves air time 2006 book on the topic of the WTC incident, reiterated
for about two to three syllables of speech per push-to-talk this factually-correct view.
press. For example, unless the communications van or
chiefs vehicles had push-to-talk unit ID decoders, or the
Aviation assets An example that was cited by Hamilchannels were recorded for later analysis where unit IDs
ton: during the incident the Police Department helicopter
were decoded from the recordings, the encoders should
was unable to communicate with Fire Department units in
be turned o for tactical channels to reduce air time used.
order to warn them of the towers imminent collapse. The
It also sounded like some vehicle radios may have had NIST document suggests the helicopter may have been
status buttons using the data bursts. If true, the opera- able to oer several minutes warning. Several minutes
tor presses a button on the vehicle radio which sends a may have been enough to get some people from the lower
short data burst to dispatch. Dispatch gets the unit iden- oors outside. This warning of imminent collapse went
tity and the new status from a data decoder. These can out over at least one police radio channel but there is nothcause interruptions in voice trac but cut down on total ing showing it was relayed to other people or channels.
air time required to conduct business because they occupy FDNY operates at least two communications vans: one
the channel for less time than it takes to say, Engine fty of which was brought to the scene at the WTC incident.[9]
on scene.
The Commission report reveals the primary FDNY van
was equipped to talk to NYPD helicopters but the backup
van, (which had no NYPD helicopter capability,) was in
Tactical 1 This channel was the primary method of use on September 11, 2001.[38]
communication in the North tower. It was a simplex
channel. Users complained it would only reach from the In practice, many US helicopters used in emergency serlobby to oors in the thirties.[36] Tactical 1 was a default vices are equipped with radios that allow communicachannel for use at some re scenes. Some users who re- tions on nearly any conventional two-way radio system,
alized Repeater 7 was functional switched to that channel so long as the aircrew know the frequency and associand were aorded better coverage than simplex users on ated signaling tones. The radios usually have presets, like
Tactical 1. Audio recordings on the documentary lm a cars broadcast radio, that allow some channels to be
and NIST analysis show Tactical 1 was overloaded with congured ahead of need. There was no information in
heavy radio trac. In contrast, the audio CD of Repeater the Commission report suggesting NYPD helicopters had
such a capability.
7 shows the channel was mostly idle.[37]
The 9-11 commission report said a new portable repeater
system had been developed to address shortcomings of Cross-department While it is technically possible to
Tactical 1 at a large incident. The system, called, the implement communications across departments, doing so
post, is carried to an area near the incident and set up introduces a host of new training and incident command
356
problems. These are problems that would need to be

managed in addition to the existing set of issues present
at any large incident. The ability to maintain command,
and monitor the safety of, groups working at an incident
is diminished if a group of reghters cannot be reached
because they've switched over to the EMS channel. This
could cause people to be sent to rescue them when there
was no need. Similarly, if the Manhattan EMS dispatcher
can't reach an ambulance because they are on one of the
re channels, patient care is aected. New York City
Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly, appearing on the
Charlie Rose show, expressed his view that the existing
radio systems performed satisfactorily during the WTC
incident. In his view, the interoperability desired by the
9-11 Commission was not needed.
duce better results than buying equipment or adding channels. Sometimes there are interoperability problems even
where a structure for interoperability exists.
on their own channel. Decision-makers may occasionally act in unpredictable ways, even if technology literate and well-trained. Its the Rumsfeldian concept that
democracy is sometimes messy. It is not solely a technical problem, but an operational problem as well. Changes
to ICS command structure, or operational changes in how
the command post for an incident is set up, may pro-
Some agencies use commercial two-way radio as an adjunct to their own communications networks. One professional engineering evaluation of public safety radio
systems explains that commercial systems such as Nextels are not built to the same standards of coverage and
non-blocking as public safety trunked systems. Like toy
walkie talkies marketed to children, they are usable and
ICS: part of the solution? One view of the Incident

Command System is that units across department lines
would communicate with their own representative at the
command post or division level. That representative
would relay any needs to another department. For example, a re unit requesting ve paramedic ambulances
would identify the magnitude of a medical problem to
their re ocer at the command post. This request would
add to their commanders operational picture of the division or incident command as she called EMS to request
the ambulances. Situation awareness is an important part
of eective command and is easy to lose at a large incident. Bypassing incident commanders can contribute to
Need for NYPD/FDNY cross-department links? a decomposing of command.
These problems are not new to the World Trade Center
incident; cross-department and cross-discipline communication has been a hotly contested and long-identied is- Trunked systems, commercial services, and
sue. For example, at the Oklahoma City federal building cross-department netting One approach to crossbombing incident, the inability to communicate among department netting is the capability of some modern
departments was also cited as a problem. Fireghters trunked systems to provide a function called dynamic
heard an evacuation order on their radio channel because regrouping; a feature that Motorola doesn't support in
of the reported presence of a second bomb. Police and simplex (e.g. 'reground') operations. It is therefore
necessary for a disaster to be near enough the infrasEMS workers reportedly did not know of the order.[39]
tructure to allow for repeater access/operation. Many
In Hurricane Katrina's wake, a sergeant in the Louisiana agencies with Motorola trunked systems already have
Department of Wildlife and Fisheries appeared on na- this capability but its hardly ever used; even in a crisis.
tional television to describe not being able to reach per- The diculty of operating such a system is often too
sons from other agencies who were assisting with the re- great for poorly educated dispatchers who often have no
covery. She described seeing the people in a nearby boat college - much less any particular training in computers
but not being able to communicate with them.[40]
or communications systems - other than the 'cursory'
Even if the technical problems are solved, the issue is training they receive in a 3 or 5 day class the vendors
more complicated than just adding radio channels or talk oer. The feature allows the dispatch center personnel
groups. It is also a cultural problem. In one local inci- to send units from dierent agencies who are responding
dent, a large number of ocers from three police agen- to the same incident to a common talk group or virtual
cies were elded to search for a violent criminal who had channel. This assumes the agencies all share a capability
evaded ocers from one of the agencies. The ocers to operate over the same trunked radio system, which
did not coordinate by switching to a shared radio chan- is rare. In an informal survey of three agencies with
nel. After the incident, one participant said the users trunked systems that included this feature, users at two
thought their radios were incompatible and did not un- sites reported they did not think their system included
derstand how the shared channel worked. This possibly the feature. A representative from a third site said he
reects a training problem or a technology literacy prob- "...thought they had the feature but never used it. Of
lem. The problem seems to have been remedied since the three agencies with the feature, no one knew how to
use it. This would suggest, (in at least the three agencies
then.
In another instance, a re agency had thoroughly trained contacted,) that dynamic regrouping was not valuable.
for interoperability scenarios. During an incident where Like other disaster readiness processes, users would have
feature in order for it to be useful
two agencies with dierent radio channels responded, a to practice using the
[41]
during
an
incident.
decision-maker said personnel from his agency would stay

helpful for non-urgent communications but should not be
considered reliable enough for life safety uses.[42] It is also
true that most trunked radio system users are likely to
hear busy signals, (error tones showing no channels are
available,) for the rst time during a large disaster. All
systems have a nite capacity.
We don't want or need trunking is what Chief Charles
Dowd (NYPD) was heard to say at an APCO convention in Orlando (2006). NYPD operates a large, conventional repeater network with many legacy channels in the
UHF band; and a technology developed so a large number of users can share a small number of channels (e.g.
trunking) is clearly unnecessary and a frivolous waste of
money.
With sucient channels, there is no need for trunking.
There are no 'busy' tones in a conventional repeater system. In the event an individual needs to chime in, he
simply waits his turn - just as he would do in a trunked
system.
Mobile data terminals
357
or server. They can display text, page through screens
describing jobs, and display lists of units assigned to a
job.[43]
A thorough analysis of data communications is not possible. What recordings show is that data terminals in at
least some eld units did not work properly during at
least a portion of the incident. At 09:11:14, Division 3
told Manhattan Fire dispatch, referring to the summary
screen, Summary is only giving me a few units. You're
going to have to give it to me over the radio. I'm ready
to write.[44] This means the terminal was not displaying the entire list of units assigned to Division 3, as it
would under normal conditions. The work-around: the
Chief had to hand-write the list of units responding. In
this one instance, the dispatcher reading the list of about
29 units tied up the Manhattan Fire channel for 53 seconds. During the reading of the list of units responding,
one can hear several FDNY units try to interrupt the dispatcher. Their radio trac was delayed until the entire
list was read. This need to read lists of units because of
slow or inoperable terminals occurred in at least three or
four cases.
Its unclear what caused data delays and incomplete
screens on the mobile data terminals. Evidenced by the
dispatcher reading the list of units assigned to Division
3, the CAD system was working properly at dispatch positions. At least some eld units experienced problems.
Possible causes of problems with data terminals in vehicles may have included:
The radio backbone may have been overloaded because of the unusually high volume of requests for
information from eld units. Radio networks carrying data trac have a nite data throughput capacity
and can be overloaded. Even a well-designed system
has some capacity limit.
A bottleneck someplace in the network between the
radio modem and the CAD system back end may
have been overloaded by unusually heavy data trafc.
Data terminals use a robust error correction protocol. A failure of some part of the radio backbone may have caused reduced radio signals in eld
units. The bit errors caused by weaker signals may
have caused a corresponding increase in resending
of data packets. Resent packets reduce overall data
throughput.
The complete 9/11 Commission Report available from the

archived version of the 9/11 Commission website.
The attack placed an unusually heavy load on voice

system channels. Interference problems caused by
interactions between voice radio channel transmitters and data radio system elements may have caused
an increase in bit errors, slowing data throughput.[45]
All 911 ambulances and other FDNY vehicles have data

terminals, sometimes referred to by sta in recordings
and transcripts as MDTs. These terminals are con- Data terminals are partly purchased and installed to renected to the computer-aided dispatch (CAD) back end duce load on dispatch sta and to reduce trac on voice
358
channels. When they work properly, they have a signiof Commerce, 19 October 2004, (PowerPoint presentation).
cant operational benet. A data outage during an occurrence of high call trac can quickly overrun dispatch and
voice channel capacity in cases where a routine level of
calls for service requires both data terminals and voice
Can you imagine yourself stopping to ponder the overall
channels.
situation at the World Trade Center when you're seeing
calls waiting to be answered in the 9-1-1 ACD queue?
New York City Council investigation

New York City Council member Eric Gioia introduced
a measure to have the Council investigate the issue of
FDNY radio problems.[46]
12.2.7
See also
12.2.8
References
Notes
[1] Improvising a Homeland Defense (PDF). Retrieved
2014-03-21.
[2]
[3] Remembering the World Trade Center - September 11,
2001. Nyc-arecs.org. Retrieved 2015-05-06.
[4] Lewis, Carol Weiss; Stuart Gilman (2005-03-11). The
ethics challenge in public service: a problem-solving guide.
John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780787967567.
[5] Betsy Harter (November 1, 2001). Final Contact. Telephony Online.
Day: The Full Story of 9/11 and Osama bin Laden.
New York: Ballantine. pp. 113,476n. ISBN 9781400066599.
[7] Romero, Simon (September 14, 2001). After the Attacks: Communications; New Perspective on the Issue Of
Cell Phone Use in Planes. The New York Times. Retrieved July 8, 2009. According to industry experts, it is
possible to use cell phones with varying success during the
ascent and descent of commercial airline ights, although
the diculty of maintaining a signal appears to increase
as planes gain altitude.
The report is a federal government report created by federal employees in the performance of their jobs. There
are no copyright legends or statements inside the publication. Therefore, the entire book is believed to be in the
public domain.
[9] NIST Response to the World Trade Center Disaster:
[11] EMS CAD Logbook (redacted): CALL 0727, EMS

CAD and Port Authority Radio Repeater Transcript: 911-01, (New York: Fire Department, City of New York,
2005) CD-ROM #21.
[12] Heroism and Horror: FDNY Response: Immediate Impact of the Collapse of the South Tower, National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on the United States, (New
York: W.W. Norton and Co., 2002) pp. 306.
[13] Stored caches of radios are often problematic because
of battery life problems and conguration management
problems. For example, changes to radio network conguration are sometimes overlooked in the cached radios.
When an incident happens, it is discovered the cached radios have not been congured to match the radio network
changes and don't work. Cached radios often look dierent from radios in day-to-day use and may have dierent
channels, making their use a training problem. More radios in use would contribute to channel loading, increasing
trac.
[14] This was conrmed by Oral History les on FDNY CD
#23 and, in the Commissions report, "...a chief in the
lobby ...was unable to reach FDNY dispatch by radio or
phone. See: Heroism and Horror: FDNY North Tower
Operations, National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on
the United States, (New York: W.W. Norton and Co.,
2002) pp. 299.
[15] The experiences of radio users in portions of 1 WTC and 2
WTC are also disclosed in the oral history text les. These
were searched for words and phrases related to radio operations. By the fact that chiefs in the lobby are communicating with others, the radios were at least partially
eective. The documentary showed people were getting
messages through in at least some cases. Recordings of
the Port Authority Fire Repeater 7 channel show technical problems but also show that some units were utilizing
the channel eectively.
[16] Heroism and Horror: The New York City Police Department, National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on the
United States, (New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 2002),
pp.282.
[17] Leaky cable systems are often used in highway tunnels and
subway systems to aord radio coverage where signals are
blocked by terrain. A coaxial cable is hung along the path.
The cable has slots which leak radio signals along its entire
length.
The Commission report says this has been since remedied
by the Port Authority and today all units have capability
to work across all areas.
[19] Herosim and Horror: The Fire Department of New

York, National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on the
United States, (New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 2002)
pp. 283.
[20] Tape 1, Side A, EMS Citywide Dispatch Radio 9-11-01,
(New York: Fire Department, City of New York, 2005)
CD-ROM #1.
[21] FCC regulations require a supervisory switch which disables the remote control in some circumstances. When
several remote controls are connected to a base station or
repeater, the switch disables all but one of them.
[22] CD-ROM #21: EMS CAD and Port Authority Radio Repeater Transcript: 9-11-01, (New York: Fire Department,
City of New York, 2005) and Port Authority Radio Repeater Audio 9-11-01, (New York: Fire Department, City
of New York, 2005), CD 22.
[23] Dwyer, Jim and Fessenden, Ford. Lost Voices of Fireghters, Some on the 78th Floor. The New York Times,
4 August 2002.
States, (New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 2002) pp. 283,
297, 298. This suggests the possibility of a user interface
problem. Any contingency system should, (ideally,) be
always-on, familiar to users, and occasionally tested for
readiness unless users have trained to the point that operating the system is second nature. The remote control
should have a minimum of settings and switches to avoid
confusing the chiefs.
Fire Department, City of New York, 2005), CD 22.
[26] CD-ROM #23: File No. 9110442:, World Trade Center
Task Force Interview, Lieutenant William Walsh, Interview Date: January 11, 2002, FDNY Oral Histories: 911-01, (New York: Fire Department, City of New York,
2005) pp. 8.
The FDNY radios were VHF (150 MHz) while the Port
Authority radios were UHF. A characteristic of physics
is that UHF radios have a shorter wavelength. This allows the signals to t through smaller building openings,
like windows, and to better penetrate into steel buildings.
Since the Port Authority UHF system was designed and
intended for the WTC site, as opposed to the FDNY system which wasborough- or city-wide, it would be normal
for any site-specic system to have better signal coverage.
[28] CD-ROM #21: EMS CAD and Port Authority Radio Repeater Transcript: 9-11-01, (New York: Fire Department, City of New York, 2005) and CD-ROM #23: File
No. 9110197, World Trade Center Task Force Interview
Deputy Chief Thomas Galvin, Interview Date: November
7, 2001, FDNY Oral Histories: 9-11-01, (New York: Fire
Department, City of New York, 2005).
[29] CD-ROM #23: File 9110328, World Trade Center
Task Force Interview, Lieutenant Neil Brosnan, Interview
Date: December 12, 2001, FDNY Oral Histories: 9-1101, (New York: Fire Department, City of New York,
2005).
359
[30] CD-ROM #23: File No. 9110208, World Trade Center Task Force Interview, Chief Stephen King, Interview
Date: November 21, 2001, FDNY Oral Histories: 9-1101, (New York: Fire Department, City of New York,
2005).
[31] Its analogous to being blinded by an oncoming car with
their headlamps on bright.
[32] The best hand-held radios have Electronic Industry Association signal to noise plus distortion selectivity ratings
of 80-95 db; but the radios FDNY was carrying on 9/11
were designed in 1976 and changed little since then, and
is a moot point. It was not 'adjacent channel selectivity'
that desensed their radios, preventing them from hearing
dispatchers orders to evacuate. It was digital cellular interference; the combined eects of many digital cellular repeaters in lower Manhattan producing interference
products that did not exist in 1976 when the FDNY radios in use were designed. An analysis of all the licensed
transmitters in the cellular band would likely show subharmonic interference products of sucient amplitude
'on channel', and it was shown at Motorola in February
2001 that FDNY product suered 'desense' in the presence of strong, digital cellular interference of a contemporary nature. This EIA rating describes a standardized
benchmark used to measure receiver performance. Selectivity describes the ability of the receiver to receive a signal in the presence of a signal that is near in frequency
but on a dierent, undesired channel. In evaluating this
number, higher is better. The highest possible ratings are
needed to have a radio perform well in this type of hostile
signal environment, and its clear from the vintage of the
FDNY equipment that they were not the best quality product available. Equipment used in disasters is subjected
to hostile signal environments not present in routine operations. In evaluating FDNY radios, only the documentary footage and recordings of successful communications
talking place between two dierent persons prove the radios were working as designed. Hearing a units transmission on a logging recorder only proved the unit-to-dispatch
half of the path was working.
[33] One of the problems with low-cost hand-held radios is that
their receivers are more likely to be overloaded and unusable in events with so many strong signals present. In public safety applications, no one may see this as a problem
until a large incident reveals it. Even then, the radios will
act in a way the user sees as intermittent. The intermittent
operation won't be reproducible after the incident because
the interfering signals are gone.
[34] The exception is the EMS Citywide channel which appears to have been usable but may have needed repair in
2001.
[35] Repeater 7 audio was recorded on Port Authority Radio Repeater Audio 9-11-01, (New York: Fire Department, City of New York, 2005), CD 22. The problem
of overloaded channels, (people talking at the same time
blocking each others signals,) is mentioned in NIST Response to the World Trade Center Disaster: World Trade
Center Investigation Status, S. Shyam Sunder, Acting
Deputy Director and Lead Investigator, Building and Fire
360
Research Laboratory, NIST, US Department of Commerce, 19 October 2004, (PowerPoint presentation) and
in National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on the United
[36] CD-ROM #23: File No. 9110197, World Trade Center Task Force Interview Deputy Chief Thomas Galvin,
Interview Date: November 7, 2001, FDNY Oral Histories: 9-11-01, (New York: Fire Department, City of New
York, 2005).
Fire Department, City of New York, 2005), CD 22 and
NIST Response to the World Trade Center Disaster:
[38] Heroism and Horror: FDNY Command and Control
Outside the Towers, National Commission on Terrorist
Attacks on the United States, (New York: W.W. Norton
and Co., 2002) pp. 302.
[39] See: 2.1 Introduction, California EMS Communications
Plan: Final Draft, (Sacramento, California: State of California EMS Authority, September 2000,) pp. 7.
[40] See: Now, Jump Start Productions LLC, 16 September
2005. The sergeants main problem was the catastrophic
failure of communications networks in the wake of the
storm. The view that the catastrophic system failure was
the most signicant problem was echoed by Lieutenant
Governor Landreau on the program.
[41] Dynamic regrouping is described in 800 MHz Trunked
Radio Request For Proposals, (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Public Safety Projects Oce, Oklahoma City Municipal Facilities Authority, 19 October 2000) pp. 99. In
systems where this feature is not available, a work-around
is to program every elded radio in the radio eet with two
or three identical eet-subeets or talk groups. By doing
this, any two radios could meet and communicate.
[42] Contra Costa County Public Safety Mobile Radio Master
Plan, Final Report, June 18, 2002, (Fairfax, Virginia:
Federal Engineering, Inc., 2002).
[43] In FDNY jargon, calls, incidents, or events are referred to as jobs. For example, a collision, a medical aid
call, or a pot-on-a-stove re would each constitute a job.
A job can have many attributes including a location and a
type.
[44] Manhattan Fire, 09:11:14, 09-11-2001
[45] Extreme data trac loading and intermittent interference
situations are dicult to test for. Systems are complex and
most government vehicular data systems cannot easily be
turned o, or taken o-line, in order to be tested. Any
agency with such a system would be challenged to thoroughly evaluate loading without help from a consultant or
specialized data communications vendor.
[46] Hazen, Don (November 1, 2007). NYC Council Member Agrees To Push Investigation of Giuliani and the 9/11
Firemen Radio Debacle. Alternet.org.
Further reading
Current Status, Knowledge Gaps, and Research
Needs Pertaining to Fireghter Radio Communication Systems,, National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health, September 2003.
Towers (New York: Times Books, 2004) ISBN 08050-7682-4
Joyce, John (FDNY Capt.) and Bowen, Bill,
Radio Silence F.D.N.Y. - The Betrayal of New
Yorks Bravest, (Chesapeak Books, 2004) ISBN 09759021-3-X
Krenning, Teresa A, Incident management information exchange among operations centers of public
safety agencies, Compendium: papers on advanced
surface transportation systems, 2000, (College Station, Texas: Texas Transportation Institute, 2000,)
p. 163-187.
Special Report: Improving Fireghter Communications, USFA-TR-099/January 1999, (Emmitsburg,
Maryland: U.S. Fire Administration, 1999).
Varone, J. Curtis, Fireground Radio Communication
and Fireghter Safety, National Fire Academy Executive Fire Ocer Program.

An Unimaginable Emergency Put Communications
to the Test, The New York Times 20 September
2001.
The Simple BlackBerry Allowed Contact When
Phones Failed, The New York Times 20 September
2001.
Using a Cellphone Signal to Hunt for a Victim in
Desperate Need, The New York Times 20 September 2001.
Fire Department of New York - September 11, 2001
Recorded Communications
Recordings of WTC Callers to 9-1-1
12.3 Patriot Day

For the anniversary of the beginning of the American
Revolution and the holiday celebrated in Massachusetts,
Maine, and other states, see Patriots Day. For the
Quebec holiday, see National Patriots Day.
12.3. PATRIOT DAY
361
Gary Ackerman (D-NY)
Rick Boucher (D-VA)
Eliot L. Engel (D-NY)
Phil English (R-PA)
Randy Forbes (R-VA)
Benjamin A. Gilman (R-NY)
Felix Grucci, Jr. (R-NY)
President Barack Obama, First Lady Michelle Obama,

and White House sta observe a moment of silence on
September 11, 2009.
Maurice Hinchey (D-NY)

Steve Israel (D-NY)
Peter T. King (R-NY)
Ray LaHood (R-IL)
Nita Lowey (D-NY)
Carolyn B. Maloney (D-NY)
Michael R. McNulty (D-NY)
Jim Moran (D-VA)
Jerrold Nadler (D-NY)
John E. Peterson (R-PA)
President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick

Cheney on September 11, 2004 lead a moment of silence
on the South Lawn with White House sta and families
of victims of 9/11.
Thomas M. Reynolds (R-NY)

Ed Schrock (R-VA)
Don Sherwood (R-PA)
Ed Towns (D-NY)
In the United States, Patriot Day observed as the Na James T. Walsh (R-NY)
tional Day of Service and Remembrance,[1] occurs on
September 11 of each year in memory of the 2,977 killed
In observance of Pub.L. 11113, the Edward M. Kennedy
in the 2001 September 11 attacks.
Serve America Act, each year since 2009 President
Barack Obama has (by presidential proclamation) designated September 11 as Patriot Day and National Day
12.3.1 History
of Service and Remembrance.[6][7][8][9][10]
In the immediate aftermath of the attacks, President
George W. Bush, proclaimed Friday September 14,
12.3.2 Observance
2001, as a National Day of Prayer and Remembrance
for the Victims of the Terrorist Attacks on September
The ag of the United States is own at half-sta at the
11, 2001.[2]
White House and on all U.S. government buildings and
A bill to make September 11 a national day of mourn- establishments throughout the world; ags are also ening was introduced in the U.S. House on October 25, couraged to be displayed on individual American homes.
2001, by Rep. Vito Fossella (R-NY) with 22 co-sponsors, Additionally, a moment of silence is observed to correamong them eleven Democrats and eleven Republicans.[3] spond with the attacks, beginning at 8:46 AM (Eastern
The bill requested that the President designate Septem- Daylight Time), the time the rst plane, American Airber 11 of each year as Patriot Day. Joint Resolution 71 lines Flight 11, struck the North Tower of the World
passed the House by a vote of 4070, with 25 members Trade Center on September 11, 2001.
not voting.[4] The bill passed the Senate unanimously on Patriot Day is not a federal holiday; schools and busiNovember 30. President Bush signed the resolution into nesses remain open in observance of the occasion, allaw on December 18 as Pub.L. 10789.[5] On Septem- though memorial ceremonies for the victims are often
ber 4, 2002, Bush used the authority of the resolution to held. Volunteer and service opportunities are coordiproclaim September 11, 2002, as the rst Patriot Day.
nated by the Corporation for National and Community
Original co-sponsors in the House were:[3]
Service.
362

36 U.S.C. 144
2001 proclamation 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006,
2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011
Detailed information on the bill from THOMAS
12.4 Collapse of the World Trade

Center
Coordinates:
404241.12N
40.7114222N 74.0122222W
740044.00W
In Washington, D.C., three American ags y at half-sta on

Columbus Circle (outside of Union Station) on Patriot Day 2013.
The ags of several US states and territories can be seen also
ying at half-sta in the background.
12.3.3
References
[1] Presidential Proclamation: Patriot Day and National Day

of Service and Remembrance (Press release). Oce
of the Press Secretary. September 10, 2014. Retrieved
September 10, 2014.
[2] National Day of Prayer and Remembrance for the Victims
Of the Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001 A Proclamation by the President of the United States of America
[3] Bill Summary & Status 107th Congress (2001 - 2002)
H.J.RES.71 All Information - Oce of the Clerk. Retrieved 2012-06-16.
[4] Final Vote Results for Roll Call 407. Oce of the Clerk.
[5] Public Law 107-89
of Service and Remembrance. White House Oce of the
Press Secretary. 2009-09-10. Retrieved 2014-09-10.
12.3.4
External links
Text of the statute

Public Law 107-89
The collapse of 2 World Trade Center seen from Williamsburg,

Brooklyn
The towers of the World Trade Center collapsed on

September 11, 2001, as a result of the centers Twin Towers being hit by jet airliners hijacked by terrorists aliated with al-Qaeda during the September 11 attacks.[1]
Two of the four hijacked airliners crashed into the Twin
Towers, one into the North Tower (1 World Trade Center) and the other into the South Tower (2 World Trade
Center).[2] The collapse of the twin towers destroyed the
rest of the complex, and debris from the collapsing towers
severely damaged or destroyed more than a dozen other
adjacent and nearby structures. The South Tower collapsed at 9:59 am, less than an hour after being hit by the
hijacked airliner, and at 10:28 am the North Tower collapsed. Later that day, 7 World Trade Center collapsed at
12.4. COLLAPSE OF THE WORLD TRADE CENTER

5:21 pm from res that had started when the North Tower
collapsed.[3] As a result of the attacks to the towers, a total
of 2,763 people died. Of the people who died at ground
level and in the towers, 2,192 were civilians, 71 were law
enforcement ocers, and 343 were reghters who were
in the towers and in the surrounding area. Aboard the two
airplanes, 147 civilian passengers and crew members and
10 hijackers also died.[4]
363
ing, and there were 47 heavier columns in the core. All
of the elevators and stairwells were located in the core,
leaving a large column-free space between the perimeter
that was bridged by prefabricated oor trusses.[7]
The oors consisted of 4-inch-thick (10 cm) lightweight
concrete slabs laid on a uted steel deck. A grid of
lightweight bridging trusses and main trusses supported
the oors with shear connections to the concrete slab for
composite action.[7] The trusses had a span of 60 feet (18
m) in the long-span areas and 35 feet (11 m) in the shortspan area.[7] The trusses connected to the perimeter at
alternate columns, and were therefore on 6.8-foot (2.1
m) centers. The top chords of the trusses were bolted
to seats welded to the spandrels on the exterior side and
a channel welded to interior box columns on the interior
side. The oors were connected to the perimeter spandrel
plates with viscoelastic dampers, which helped reduce the
amount of sway felt by building occupants.
Immediately following the attacks, a building performance study (BPS) team of engineering specialists was
formed by the Structural Engineering Institute of the
American Society of Civil Engineers (SEI/ASCE) and
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The
BPS team issued its report in May 2002, nding that
the aircraft impacts caused extensive structural damage,
including localized collapse and that the resulting res
further weakened the steel-framed structures, eventually leading to total collapse. They also presented recommendations for more detailed engineering studies of The towers also incorporated a hat truss or outrigger
the disaster.[5]
truss located between the 107th and 110th oors, which
The BPS team investigation was later followed by a more consisted of six trusses along the long axis of core and
detailed investigation conducted by the National Institute four along the short axis. This truss system allowed opof Standards and Technology (NIST), which also con- timized load redistribution of oor diaphragms between
sulted outside engineering entities. This investigation was the perimeter and core, with improved performance becompleted in September 2005. The NIST investigators tween the dierent materials of exible steel and rigid
did not nd anything substandard in the design of the concrete allowing the moment frames to transfer sway
WTC towers, noting that the severity of the attacks and into compression on the core, which also mostly supthe magnitude of the destruction was beyond anything ex- ported the transmission tower.
perienced in U.S. cities in the past. They also emphasized
the role of the res and found that sagging oors pulled
inward on the perimeter columns: This led to the inward Safety concerns regarding aircraft impacts
bowing of the perimeter columns and failure of the south
face of WTC 1 and the east face of WTC 2, initiating the The structural engineers working on the World Trade
collapse of each of the towers.[6]
Center considered the possibility that an aircraft could
The cleanup of the site involved round-the-clock operations, many contractors and subcontractors, and cost hundreds of millions of dollars. The demolition of the surrounding damaged buildings continued even as new construction proceeded on the World Trade Centers replacement, One World Trade Center, which was structurally
completed on May 10, 2013, when the nal component
of the spire was installed atop the skyscraper. As of 2014,
1 World Trade Center, 4 World Trade Center and 7 World
Trade Center have been replaced.
12.4.1
Structural design
Main article: Construction of the World Trade Center

The towers were designed as tube in tube structures,
which provided tenants with open oor plans uninterrupted by columns or walls. Numerous, closely spaced
perimeter columns provided much of the strength to the
structure, along with gravity load shared with the steel
box columns of the core. Above the tenth oor, there
were 59 perimeter columns along each face of the build-
crash into the building. In July 1945, a B-25 bomber

that was lost in the fog had crashed into the 79th oor of
the Empire State Building. A year later, another airplane
crashed into the 40 Wall Street building,[8] and there was
another near-miss at the Empire State Building.[9] Leslie
Robertson, one of the chief engineers working on the design of the World Trade Center, has since claimed to have
personally considered the scenario of the impact of a jet
airlinera Boeing 707which might be lost in the fog
and ying at relatively low speeds, seeking to land at JFK
Airport or Newark Airport. However in an interview with
the BBC, Robertson states, with the 707, the fuel load
was not considered in the design, I don't know how it
could have been considered.[9][10]
NIST found a three-page white paper that mentioned another aircraft-impact analysis, involving impact of a Boeing 707 at 600 miles per hour (970 km/h), but the original documentation of the study, which was part of the
buildings 1,200-page structural analysis, was lost when
the Port Authority oces were destroyed in the collapse
of the 1 WTC; the copy was lost in 7 WTC.[11] In 1993,
John Skilling, lead structural engineer for the WTC, recalled doing the analysis, and remarked, Our analysis
364
indicated the biggest problem would be the fact that all

the fuel (from the airplane) would dump into the building. There would be a horrendous re. A lot of people
would be killed, he said. The building structure would
still be there.[12] In its report, NIST stated that the technical ability to perform a rigorous simulation of aircraft
impact and ensuing res is a recent development, and that
the technical capability for such analysis would have been
quite limited in the 1960s.[13][note 1]
Fireproong
In April 1970, the New York City Department of Air
Resources ordered contractors building the World Trade
Center to stop the spraying of asbestos as an insulating
material.[14] Fireproong was incorporated in the original construction and more was added after a re in 1975
that spread to six oors before being extinguished. After
the 1993 bombing, inspections found reproong to be
decient. The Port Authority was in the process of replacing it, but replacement had been completed on only
18 oors in 1 WTC, including all the oors aected by the
aircraft impact and res,[15] and on 13 oors in 2 WTC,
although only three of these oors (77, 78, and 85) were
directly aected by the aircraft impact.[16][note 2]
12.4.2
September 11, 2001
Point of impact:
Close to the center
and nearly normal
to the building
WTC 1
take o from Bostons Logan International Airport. In its

nal moments, American Airlines Flight 11 ew south
over Manhattan and crashed at roughly 440 miles per
hour (710 km/h) into the northern facade of the World
Trade Centers North Tower at 8:46 am, impacting between the 93rd and 99th oors. Seventeen minutes later,
United Airlines Flight 175 approached from the southwest, over New York Harbor, and crashed into the South
Towers southern facade at 9:03 am between the 77th and
85th oors at 540 miles per hour (870 km/h).[7] In addition to severing numerous load-bearing columns on the
perimeter and inicting other structural damage, the resulting explosions in each tower ignited 10,000 US gallons
(38,000 L) of jet fuel along with oce contents.[note 3][17]
Jet fuel from the impact traveled down at least one elevator shaft and exploded on the 78th oor of the North
Tower, as well as in the main lobby.[18]
Fires
The light construction and hollow nature of the structures
allowed the jet fuel to penetrate far inside the towers, igniting many large res simultaneously over a wide area
of the impacted oors. The fuel from the planes burned
at most for a few minutes, but the contents of the buildings burned over the next hour or hour and a half.[19]
It has been suggested that the res might not have been
as centrally positioned, nor as intense, had traditionally
heavy high-rise construction been standing in the way of
the aircraft. Debris and fuel would likely have remained
mostly outside the buildings or concentrated in more peripheral areas away from the building cores, which would
then not have become unique failure points. In this scenario, the towers might have stood far longer, perhaps
indenitely.[20][21] The res were hot enough to weaken
the columns and cause oors to sag, pulling perimeter
columns inward and reducing their ability to support the
mass of the building above.[22]
Collapse of the South Tower
Main article: Two World Trade Center
WTC 2
As the res continued to burn, occupants trapped in the

upper oors of the South Tower provided information
about conditions to 9-1-1 dispatchers. At 9:37 am, an
occupant on the 105th oor of the South Tower reported
that oors beneath him in the 90-something oor had
collapsed.[23] The New York City Police Department aviImpact locations on 1 and 2 WTC
ation unit also relayed information about the deteriorating condition of the buildings to police commanders.[24]
Only 14 people escaped from the impact zone of the
South Tower after it was hit (including Stanley PraimAircraft impact
nath, who saw the plane coming at him), and only four
On September 11, 2001, hijackers associated with alfrom the oors above it. They escaped via Stairwell A, the
Qaeda took control of two early morning Los Angeles- only stairwell which had been left intact after the impact.
bound ightsboth Boeing 767 jetlinerssoon after Numerous police hotline operators who received calls
Point of impact:
Close to the corner
and with an angle

from individuals inside the South Tower were not well
informed of the situation as it rapidly unfolded. Many
operators told callers not to descend the tower on their
own, even though it is now believed that Stairwell A was
most likely passable at and above the point of impact.[25]
At 9:52 am, the NYPD aviation unit reported over the
radio that large pieces may be falling from the top of
WTC 2. Large pieces are hanging up there.[23] With the
warnings, the NYPD issued orders for its ocers to evacuate. During the emergency response, there was minimal
communication between the NYPD and the New York
City Fire Department (FDNY), and overwhelmed 9-11 dispatchers did not pass along information to FDNY
commanders on-scene. At 9:59 am, the South Tower collapsed, 56 minutes after being struck.
365
as all stairwells and elevator shafts on those oors were
destroyed or blocked.[29]
After the collapse, light dust reached as far as the Empire
State Building, located 2.93 miles (4.72 km) away.
Collapse of 7 World Trade Center
Collapse of the North Tower

Main article: One World Trade Center
After the South Tower collapsed, NYPD helicopters re-
7 World Trade Center on re after the collapse of the Twin Towers on September 11, 2001
Main article: 7 World Trade Center
Portions of the outer shell of the North Tower lean against the remains of 6 WTC which suered massive damage when the North
Tower collapsed. The remains of 7 WTC are at upper right
layed information about the deteriorating conditions of

the North Tower. At 10:20 am, the NYPD aviation unit
reported that the top of the tower might be leaning, and
a minute later reported that the North Tower, is buckling on the southwest corner and leaning to the south.
At 10:28 am, the aviation unit reported that the roof is
going to come down very shortly.[23] The North Tower
collapsed at 10:28 am, after burning for 102 minutes.
After the South Tower collapsed, FDNY commanders issued orders for reghters in the North Tower to evacuate. Due to radio communications problems, reghters inside the towers did not hear the evacuation order
from their supervisors on the scene, and most were unaware that the other tower had collapsed.[26] 343 reghters died in the Twin Towers, as a result of the collapse of
the buildings.[24][27][28] No one was able to escape from
above the impact zone in the North Tower after it was hit,
As the North Tower collapsed, heavy debris hit 7 World

Trade Center, causing damage to the south face of the
building[30] and starting res that continued to burn
throughout the afternoon.[31] Structural damage occurred
to the southwest corner between Floors 7 and 17 and
on the south face between Floor 44 and the roof; other
possible structural damage includes a large vertical gash
near the center of the south face between Floors 24 and
41.[31] The building was equipped with a sprinkler system, but had many single-point vulnerabilities for failure: the sprinkler system required manual initiation of
the electrical re pumps, rather than being a fully automatic system; the oor-level controls had a single connection to the sprinkler water riser; and the sprinkler system
required some power for the re pump to deliver water.
Also, water pressure was low, with little or no water to
feed sprinklers.[32][33]
Some reghters entered 7 World Trade Center to search
the building. They attempted to extinguish small pockets
of re, but low water pressure hindered their eorts.[34]
Fires burned into the afternoon on the 11th and 12th
oors of 7 World Trade Center, the ames visible on
366
the east side of the building.[35][36] During the afternoon, re was also seen on oors 610, 1314, 19
22, and 2930.[30] In particular, the res on oors 7
through 9 and 11 through 13 continued to burn out of
control during the afternoon.[37] At approximately 2:00
pm, reghters noticed a bulge in the southwest corner
of 7 World Trade Center between the 10th and 13th
oors, a sign that the building was unstable and might
cave to one side or collapse.[38] During the afternoon,
reghters also heard creaking sounds coming from the
building and issued uncertain reports about damage in
the basement.[39] Around 3:30 pm FDNY Chief Daniel
A. Nigro decided to halt rescue operations, surface removal, and searches along the surface of the debris near
7 World Trade Center and evacuate the area due to concerns for the safety of personnel.[40] At 5:20:33 pm EDT
on September 11, 2001, 7 World Trade Center started to
collapse, with the crumble of the east mechanical penthouse, while at 5:21:10 pm EDT the entire building collapsed completely.[41][42] There were no casualties associated with the collapse.

$325 million.[44][45] The building was nally demolished
in November 2009 and construction of its replacement
began on December 1, 2009.[46] The adjacent Verizon
Building, an art deco building constructed in 1926, had
extensive damage to its east facade from the collapse of
7 World Trade Center, though it was able to be restored
at a cost of US$1.4 billion.[47]
7 World Trade Center housed U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) les relating to numerous
Wall Street investigations, as well as other federal investigative les. All the les for approximately 3,000 to
4,000 SEC cases were destroyed. Although some were
backed up elsewhere, others were not, especially those
classied as condential. Files relating to Citigroups
connection to the WorldCom scandal were lost.[48] The
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission estimated
over 10,000 cases would be aected.[49] Investigative les
in the Secret Service's largest eld oce, with more than
200 employees, were also lost in the collapse of WTC
7. All the evidence that we stored at 7 World Trade,
in all our cases, went down with the building, said one
agent.[50]
Mechanics of Twin Towers collapse
Both buildings collapsed symmetrically and more or less
straight down, though there was some tilting of the tops
of the towers and a signicant amount of fallout to the
sides. In both cases, the portion of the building that had
been damaged by the airplanes failed, which allowed the
section above the airplane impacts to fall onto the undamaged structure below. As the collapse progressed, dust
and debris could be seen shooting out of the windows several oors below the advancing destruction, caused by the
sudden rush of air from the upper levels. The rst fragments of the outer walls of the collapsed North Tower
struck the ground 11 seconds after the collapse started,
and parts of the South Tower after 9 seconds. The lower
portions of both buildings cores (60 stories of WTC 1
and 40 stories of WTC 2) remained standing for up to 25
seconds after the start of the initial collapse before they
too collapsed.[13]
Fiterman Hall after 7 WTCs collapse
While the buildings were designed to support enormous

static loads, they provided little resistance to the moving
mass of the sections above the oors where the collapses
initiated. Structural systems respond very dierently to
static and dynamic loads, and since the motion of the
falling portion began as a free fall through the height of at
least one story (roughly three meters or 10 feet), the structure beneath them was unable to stop the collapses once
they began. Indeed, a fall of only half a meter (about 20
inches) would have been enough to release the necessary
energy to begin an unstoppable collapse.[51]
When 7 World Trade Center collapsed, debris caused

substantial damage and contamination to the Borough of
Manhattan Community College's Fiterman Hall building, located adjacent at 30 West Broadway, to the extent
that the building was not salvageable. In August 2007,
Fiterman Hall was scheduled for deconstruction.[43] A
revised plan called for demolition in 2009 and comple- Collapse initiation After the planes struck the buildtion of the new Fiterman Hall in 2012, at a cost of ings, but before the buildings collapsed, the cores of both

towers consisted of three distinct sections. Above and
below the impact oors, the cores consisted of what were
essentially two rigid boxes; the steel in these sections was
undamaged and had undergone no signicant heating.
The section between them, however, had sustained signicant damage and, though they were not hot enough
to melt it, the res were weakening the structural steel.
As a result, the core columns were slowly being crushed,
sustaining plastic and creep deformation from the weight
of oors above. As the top section tried to move downward, however, the hat truss redistributed the load to the
perimeter columns. Meanwhile, the perimeter columns
and oors were also being weakened by the heat of the
res, and as the oors began to sag they pulled the exterior walls inwards. In the case of 2 WTC, this caused the
eastern face to buckle, transferring its loads back to the
failing core through the hat truss and initiating the collapse. In the case of 1 WTC, the south wall later buckled
in the same way, and with similar consequences.[52]
367
structural engineers and experts spoke to the media, describing what they thought caused the towers to collapse.
Hassan Astaneh, a structural engineering professor at the
University of California at Berkeley, explained that the
high temperatures in the res weakened the steel beams
and columns, causing them to become soft and mushy,
and eventually they were unable to support the structure above. Astaneh also suggested that the reproofing became dislodged during the initial aircraft impacts.
He also explained that, once the initial structural failure occurred, progressive collapse of the entire structure
was inevitable.[55] Cesar Pelli, who designed the Petronas
Towers in Malaysia and the World Financial Center in
New York, remarked, no building is prepared for this
kind of stress.[56]
On September 13, 2001, Zdenk Baant, professor of
civil engineering and materials science at Northwestern
University, circulated a draft paper with results of a simple analysis of the World Trade Center collapse. Baant
suggested that heat from the res was a key factor, causing steel columns in both the core and the perimeter to
weaken and experience deformation before losing their
carrying capacity and buckling. Once more than half of
the columns on a particular oor buckled, the overhead
structure could no longer be supported and complete collapse of the structures occurred. Baant later published
an expanded version of this analysis.[57] Other analyses
were conducted by MIT civil engineers Oral Buyukozturk and Franz-Josef Ulm, who also described a collapse
mechanism on September 21, 2001.[58] They later contributed to an MIT collection of papers on the WTC collapses edited by Eduardo Kausel called The Towers Lost
and Beyond.[59]
About 0.79 H
About 0.87 H
Total progressive collapse The collapse of the World

Trade Center has been called the most infamous
paradigm of progressive collapse.[53] Once the collapse
initiated, the mass of failing oors overwhelmed the
oors below, causing a progressive series of oor failures which accelerated as the sequence progressed. Soon,
large portions of the perimeter columns and possibly the
cores were left without any lateral support, causing them
to fall laterally towards the outside pushed by the increasing pile of rubble. The result was the walls peeling o
and separating away from the buildings by a large distance
(about 500 feet in some cases), hitting other neighboring
buildings. Some connections broke as the bolts snapped,
leaving many panels randomly scattered.[54] Signicant
parts of the naked cores (about 60 stories for the North 12.4.4 Investigations
Tower and 40 for the South Tower) remained standing for
a few seconds before they also collapsed themselves.[13] Immediately following the collapses, there was some confusion about who had the authority to carry out an ocial
investigation. While there are clear procedures for the in12.4.3 Initial opinions and analysis
vestigation of aircraft accidents, no agency had been appointed in advance to investigate building collapses.[60]
A team was quickly assembled by the Structural Engi99th oor
neers Institute of the American Society of Civil Engi85th oor
93rd oor
neers, led by W. Gene Corley, Senior Vice President of
77th oor
CTLGroup. It also involved the American Institute of
Steel Construction, the American Concrete Institute, the
National Fire Protection Association, and the Society of
Fire Protection Engineers.[61] ASCE ultimately invited
FEMA to join the investigation, which was completed
South
North
Face
Face
under the auspices of the latter.[61]
The investigation was criticized by some engineers and
lawmakers in the U.S. It had little funding, no authority
to demand evidence, and limited access to the WTC site.
One major point of contention at the time was that the
Impact locations for 1 WTC (right) and 2 WTC (left)
cleanup of the WTC site was resulting in the destruction
of the majority of the buildings steel components.[62] InIn the immediate aftermath of the attacks, numerous deed, when NIST published its nal report, it noted the
View from the East
WTC 2: Hit at 9:02:59 a.m.

WTC 1: Hit at 8:46:30 a.m.

368
scarcity of physical evidence that it had had at its dis- NIST report
posal to investigate the collapses. Only a fraction of a
percent of the buildings remained for analysis after the
cleanup was completed: some 236 individual pieces of
steel, although 95% of structural beams and plates and
50% of the reinforcement bars were recovered.[63]
FEMA published its report in May 2002. While NIST
had already announced its intention to investigate the collapses in August of the same year, by September 11,
2002 (a year after the disaster), there was growing public
pressure for a more thorough investigation.[64] Congress
passed the National Construction Safety Team bill in October 2002, giving NIST the authority to conduct an in- The outer shell of the South Tower (tower 2) of the WTC is still
vestigation of the World Trade Center collapses.[65]
standing at right. The 22-story Marriott Hotel in the foreground
was crushed when the south tower collapsed.
FEMA building performance study
After the FEMA report had been published, and following pressure from technical experts, industry leaders and families of victims, the Commerce Departments National Institute of Standards and Technology
conducted a three-year, $16 million investigation into
the structural failure and progressive collapse of several WTC complex structures.[71] The study included inhouse technical expertise, along with assistance from several outside private institutions, including the Structural
Engineering Institute of the American Society of Civil
Engineers, Society of Fire Protection Engineers, National
Fire Protection Association, American Institute of Steel
Construction, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc., Council
on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, and the Structural
Engineers Association of New York.
FEMA suggested that res in conjunction with damage

resulting from the aircraft impacts were the key to the
collapse of the towers. Thomas Eagar, Professor of Materials Engineering and Engineering Systems at MIT, described the res as the most misunderstood part of the
WTC collapse. This is because the res were originally said to have melted the oors and columns.[66] Jet
fuel is essentially kerosene and would have served mainly
to ignite very large, but not unusually hot, hydrocarbon
res.[67] As Eagar said, The temperature of the re at
the WTC was not unusual, and it was most denitely not
capable of melting steel.[68] This led Eagar, FEMA and
others to focus on what appeared to be the weakest point
of the structures, namely, the points at which the oors
The scope of the NIST investigation was focused on idenwere attached to the building frame.[69]
tifying the sequence of events that triggered the collapse, and did not include detailed analysis of the colThe large quantity of jet fuel carried by
lapse mechanism itself (after the point at which events
each aircraft ignited upon impact into each
made the collapse inevitable).[72][73][74] In line with the
building. A signicant portion of this fuel was
concerns of most engineers, NIST focused on the airplane
consumed immediately in the ensuing reballs.
impacts and the spread and eects of the res, modeling
The remaining fuel is believed either to have
these using the software program Fire Dynamics Simuowed down through the buildings or to have
lator. NIST developed several highly detailed structural
burned o within a few minutes of the aircraft
models for specic sub-systems such as the oor trusses
impact. The heat produced by this burning jet
as well as a global model of the towers as a whole which
fuel does not by itself appear to have been sufis less detailed. These models are static or quasi-static,
cient to initiate the structural collapses. Howincluding deformation but not the motion of structural elever, as the burning jet fuel spread across sevements after rupture as would dynamic models. So, the
eral oors of the buildings, it ignited much
NIST models are useful for determining how the collapse
of the buildings contents, causing simultanewas triggered, but do not shed light on events after that
ous res across several oors of both buildpoint.
ings. The heat output from these res is estimated to have been comparable to the power
produced by a large commercial power generating station. Over a period of many minutes, this heat induced additional stresses into
the damaged structural frames while simultaneously softening and weakening these frames.
This additional loading and the resulting damage were sucient to induce the collapse of
both structures.[70]
James Quintiere, professor of re protection engineering at the University of Maryland, called the spoliation
of the steel a gross error that NIST should have openly
criticized.[75] He also noted that the report lacked a timeline and physical evidence to support its conclusions.[76]
Some engineers have suggested that understanding of the
collapse mechanism could be improved by developing an
animated sequence of the collapses based on a global dynamic model, and comparing it with the video evidence

of the actual collapses.[77]
7 World Trade Center
369
who had been working on 7 World Trade Center were
assigned full-time from June 2004 to September 2005
to work on the investigation of the collapse of the twin
towers.[13] In June 2007, Shyam Sunder explained, We
are proceeding as quickly as possible while rigorously
testing and evaluating a wide range of scenarios to reach
the most denitive conclusion possible. The 7 WTC investigation is in some respects just as challenging, if not
more so, than the study of the towers. However, the current study does benet greatly from the signicant technological advances achieved and lessons learned from our
work on the towers.[80]
Plan view of collapse progression, with structural failure initiating on lower oors, on the east side of the building and vertical
progression up to the east mechanical penthouse
In May 2002, the Federal Emergency Management

Agency (FEMA) issued a report on the collapse based
on a preliminary investigation conducted jointly with the
Structural Engineering Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers under leadership of Dr. W. Gene
Corley, P.E. FEMA made preliminary ndings that the
collapse was not primarily caused by actual impact damage from the collapse of 1 WTC and 2 WTC but by res
on multiple stories ignited by debris from the other two
towers that continued unabated due to lack of water for
sprinklers or manual reghting. The report did not reach
conclusions about the cause of the collapse and called for
further investigation.
In response to FEMAs concerns, the National Institute
of Standards and Technology (NIST) was authorized to
lead an investigation into the structural failure and collapse of the World Trade Center twin towers and 7
World Trade Center.[78] The investigation, led by Dr S.
Shyam Sunder, drew not only upon in-house technical
expertise, but also upon the knowledge of several outside private institutions, including the Structural Engineering Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers (SEI/ASCE), the Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE), the National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA), the American Institute of Steel Construction
(AISC), the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
(CTBUH), and the Structural Engineers Association of
New York (SEAoNY).[79]
The bulk of the investigation of 7 World Trade Center
was delayed until after reports were completed on the collapse of the World Trade Center twin towers.[37] In the
meantime, NIST provided a preliminary report about 7
World Trade Center in June 2004, and thereafter released
occasional updates on the investigation.[30] According to
NIST, the investigation of 7 World Trade Center was delayed for a number of reasons, including that NIST sta
Few photos and video clips exist that show the damage sustained
to the south face of 7 World Trade Center on 9/11. From a news
helicopter, ABC News captured footage of the south face of 7
World Trade Center, including a glimpse of a gash, extending
approximately 10 stories.
In November 2008, NIST released its nal report on the

causes of the collapse of 7 World Trade Center.[31] This
followed their August 21, 2008 draft report which included a period for public comments.[37] In its investigation, NIST utilized ANSYS to model events leading up
to collapse initiation and LS-DYNA models to simulate
the global response to the initiating events.[81] NIST determined that diesel fuel did not play an important role,
nor did the structural damage from the collapse of the
twin towers, nor did the transfer elements (trusses, girders, and cantilever overhangs). But the lack of water to
ght the re was an important factor. The res burned out
of control during the afternoon, causing oor beams near
Column 79 to expand and push a key girder o its seat,
triggering the oors to fail around column 79 on Floors
8 to 14. With a loss of lateral support across nine oors,
Column 79 soon buckled pulling the East penthouse
and nearby columns down with it. With the buckling
of these critical columns, the collapse then progressed
east-to-west across the core, ultimately overloading the
perimeter support, which buckled between Floors 7 and
17, causing the entire building above to fall downward as
a single unit. From collapse timing measurements taken
from a video of the north face of the building, NIST observed that the buildings exterior facade fell at free fall
370
acceleration through a distance of approximately 8 stories (32 meters, or 105 feet), noting the collapse time
was approximately 40 percent longer than that of free fall
for the rst 18 stories of descent.[82] The res, fueled by
oce contents, along with the lack of water, were the key
reasons for the collapse.[31]
collapse, as did 90 West Street. One Liberty Plaza survived structurally intact but sustained surface damage including shattered windows. 30 West Broadway was damaged by the collapse of 7 WTC. The Deutsche Bank
Building, which was covered in a large black shroud
after September 11 to cover the buildings damage, was
The collapse of the old 7 World Trade Center is remark- deconstructed because of water, mold, and other severe
[88][89]
able because it was the rst known instance of a tall damage caused by the neighboring towers collapse.
building collapsing primarily as a result of uncontrolled
res.[37] Based on its investigation, NIST reiterated sev- Lost artworks
eral recommendations it had made in its earlier report
on the collapse of the twin towers, and urged immediate Many works of art were destroyed in the collapse.
action on a further recommendation: that re resistance
should be evaluated under the assumption that sprinklers
Ideogram (1967) stainless steel sculpture by James
are unavailable; and that the eects of thermal expanRosati
sion on oor support systems be considered. Recogniz Cloud Fortress (1975) a large, black granite piece by
ing that current building codes are drawn to prevent loss
Japanese artist Masayuki Nagare, destroyed in the
of life rather than building collapse, the main point of
9/11 rescue and recovery eorts.
NISTs recommendations is that buildings should not col[31]
lapse from re even if sprinklers are unavailable.
The World Trade Center Tapestry a 20' x 35' tapestry
by Joan Mir that hung in the South Tower Lobby.
Other investigations
In 2003 Asif Usmani, Professor of Structural Engineering at University of Edinburgh, published a paper with
two colleagues. They provisionally concluded the res
alone, without any damage from the airplanes, could have
been enough to bring down the buildings. In their view,
the towers were uniquely vulnerable to the eects of large
res on several oors at the same time.[83] When the NIST
report was published, Barbara Lane, with the UK engineering rm Arup, criticized its conclusion that the loss
of re proong was a necessary factor in causing the collapses; We have carried out computer simulations which
show that the towers would have collapsed after a major
re on three oors at once, even with reproong in place
and without any damage from plane impact.[84] Jose L
Torero from the BRE Centre for Fire Safety Engineering at the University of Edinburgh is pursuing further research into the potentially catastrophic eects of re on
real-scale buildings.[85][86][87]
Sky Gate, New York (197778) large wooden sculpture by Louise Nevelson
A memorial fountain for the victims of the 1993
World Trade Center bombing by Elyn Zimmerman
World Trade Center Stabile (1971) a 25' red steel
sculpture by Alexander Calder. Approximately 30%
of the sculpture was recovered.
Some 300 sculptures and drawings by Auguste
Rodin, part of the Cantor Fitzgerald collection.
Needle Tower (1968) by Kenneth Snelson.
Recollection Pond, a tapestry by Romare Bearden.
Path Mural, by Germaine Keller.
Commuter Landscape, a large mural by Cynthia
Mailman.
Fan Dancing with the Birds, a mural by Hunt
Slonem.
The Entablature Series by Roy Lichtenstein
12.4.5
Aftermath
Other buildings
Many of the surrounding buildings were also either damaged or destroyed as the towers fell. 5 WTC suered a
large re and a partial collapse of its steel structure. Other
buildings destroyed include St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church, Marriott World Trade Center (Marriott Hotel 3 WTC), South Plaza (4 WTC), and U.S. Customs (6
WTC). The World Financial Center buildings, 90 West
Street, and 130 Cedar Street suered res. The Deutsche
Bank Building, the Verizon Building, and World Financial Center 3 suered impact damage from the towers
Approximately 40,000 negatives of photographs by

Jacques Lowe documenting the presidency of John
F. Kennedy.
The Sphere, an abstract sculpture by Fritz Koenig,
survived the collapse but was seriously damaged,
and now serves as a memorial.
Many other works of art and valuable artifacts, found in
safe deposit boxes located throughout the towers, were
also destroyed. Two other sculptures were damaged, but
not destroyed by the attacks. These are Red Cube by
Isamu Noguchi and Joie de Vivre by Mark di Suvero, located down the street from the World Trade Center. They
were repaired and still stand today.
371
Cleanup
A New York City reman calls for 10 more rescue workers to

make their way into the rubble of the World Trade Center.
The cleanup was a massive operation coordinated by

the City of New York Department of Design and Construction. On September 22, a preliminary cleanup plan
was delivered by Controlled Demolition, Inc. (CDI) of
Phoenix, Maryland.[90] It involved round-the-clock operations, many contractors and subcontractors, and cost
hundreds of millions of dollars.[91] The large pile of debris left on the site burned for three months, resisting attempts to extinguish the blaze until the majority of the
rubble was nally removed from the site.[92][93] By early
November, with a third of the debris removed, ocials
began to reduce the number of reghters and police ocers assigned to recovering the remains of victims, in order to prioritize the removal of debris. This caused confrontations with reghters.[94] In 2007, the demolition
of the surrounding damaged buildings was still ongoing
as new construction proceeded on the World Trade Centers replacement, 1 World Trade Center.
A solitary reghter stands amid the rubble and smoke in New

York City
eects were found among rst responders including elevated levels of asthma, sinusitis, Gastroesophageal reux
disease and posttraumatic stress disorder.[97]
The thousands of tons of toxic debris resulting from the

collapse of the Twin Towers contained more than 2,500
contaminants, including known carcinogens.[98][99] Subsequent debilitating illnesses among rescue and recovHealth eects
ery workers are said to be linked to exposure to these
carcinogens.[100][101] The Bush administration ordered
Main articles: Health eects arising from the September the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to issue re11 attacks and EPA 9/11 pollution controversy
assuring statements regarding air quality in the aftermath
of the attacks, citing national security; however, the EPA
returned to preThe collapse of the World Trade Center produced enor- did not determine that air quality had
[102]
September
11
levels
until
June
2002.
mous clouds of dust that covered Manhattan for days. On
September 18, 2001, the United States Environmental Health eects also extended to residents, students,
Protection Agency (EPA) issued a statement assuring the and oce workers of Lower Manhattan and nearby
public that the air in Manhattan was safe to breathe.[95] Chinatown.[103] Several deaths have been linked to the
In a report published in 2003, however, the EPAs inspec- toxic dust, and the victims names will be included in
tor general found that the agency did not at that time have the World Trade Center memorial.[104] Approximately
sucient data to make such a statement. In fact, the col- 18,000 people have been estimated to have developed illlapse of the World Trade Center resulted in serious reduc- nesses as a result of the toxic dust.[105] There is also scitions in air quality and is likely the cause of many respira- entic speculation that exposure to various toxic products
tory illnesses among rst responders, residents, and oce in the air may have negative eects on fetal development.
workers in lower Manhattan. Asbestosis is such an ill- A notable childrens environmental health center is curness, and asbestos would have been present in the dust.[96] rently analyzing the children whose mothers were pregIn 2011 signicant long term medical and psychological nant during the WTC collapse, and were living or working
372
nearby.[106] A study of rescue workers released in April

2010 found that all those studied had impaired lung functions, and that 3040% were reporting little or no improvement in persistent symptoms that started within the
rst year of the attack.[107]
signicant portion of the reproong, contributing to the

buildings collapse, though many engineers, including one
of NISTs top advisers, strongly disputed that claim, instead saying the reproong was simply not thick enough.
[3] According to NIST estimates, Flight 11 was carrying
around 10,000 US gallons (38,000 L) when it hit the North

Years after the attacks, legal disputes over the costs of illTower. Up to 1,500 US gallons (5,700 L) was instantly
nesses related to the attacks were still in the court system.
consumed in the initial reball and a similar amount was
On October 17, 2006, a federal judge rejected New York
consumed in the reball outside the building. ApproxiCitys refusal to pay for health costs for rescue workers,
mately 7,000 US gallons (26,000 L) burnt inside the oce
allowing for the possibility of numerous suits against the
spaces igniting combustibles.
[108]
city.
Government ocials have been faulted for urgFlight 175 was carrying around 9,100 US gallons (34,000
ing the public to return to lower Manhattan in the weeks
L) when it hit the South Tower. Up to 1,500 US gallons
shortly after the attacks. Christine Todd Whitman, ad(5,700 L) was instantly consumed in the initial reball and
ministrator of the EPA in the aftermath of the attacks,
up to 2,275 US gallons (8,610 L) was consumed in the
was heavily criticized by a U.S. District Judge for incorreball outside the building. More than 5,325 US gallons
(20,160 L) was burnt in the oce spaces.
rectly saying that the area was environmentally safe.[109]
NIST estimated that each oor of both buildings conMayor Giuliani was criticized for urging nancial industained around four pounds per square foot (60 tons per
try personnel to return quickly to the greater Wall Street
oor) of combustibles.
[110]
area.
Some Americans, alarmed at the prospect of ying, instead traveled by car. This resulted in an estimated
1,595 additional highway deaths in the ensuing year.[111] Citations
12.4.6
See also
Health eects arising from the September 11 attacks

12.4.7
References
Explanatory notes
[1] The three-page white paper titled Salient points with regard to the structural design of The World Trade Center
towers described an analysis of a Boeing 707 weighing
336,000 pounds (152 t) and carrying 23,000 US gallons
(87 m3 ) of fuel impacting the 80th oor of the buildings
at 600 miles per hour (970 km/h). It is unclear whether
the eect of jet fuel and aircraft contents was a consideration in the original building design, but this study is
in line with remarks made by John Skilling following the
1993 WTC bombing. Without original documentation
for either study, NIST said any further comments would
amount to speculation.NIST 2005. pp. 305307
[2] Despite reports that both towers had asbestos reproong
to their 64th oors. Fox News and that the reproong
was being replaced due to its asbestos content; in fact the
builders had been informed of a proposed ban on using
asbestos/vermiculite reproong during construction and
had ceased using it. By this time, only the reproong of
the lower 40 oors of the north tower had been completed,
and more than half of this was later replaced before the
building was completed. NIST concluded that the thickness of the reproong was 0.75 inches (1.9 cm) in the
North Tower and 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) in the South Tower.
NIST noted that upon reviewing the building records, it
could not determine how this thickness was arrived at.
NIST further concluded that the aircraft impact removed a
[1] Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11. CBC News.

October 29, 2004. Retrieved January 11, 2009. al-Qaeda
leader Osama bin Laden appeared in a new message aired
on an Arabic TV station Friday night, for the rst time
claiming direct responsibility for the 2001 attacks against
the United States.
[2] Security Council Condemns, 'In Strongest Terms, Terrorist Attacks on the United States. United Nations.
September 12, 2001. Retrieved September 11, 2006. The
Security Council today, following what it called yesterdays horrifying terrorist attacks in New York, Washington, D.C., and Pennsylvania, unequivocally condemned
those acts, and expressed its deepest sympathy and condolences to the victims and their families and to the people
and Government of the United States.
[3] PartIIC WTC 7 Collapse (PDF). NIST Response to the
World Trade Center Disaster. National Institute of Standards and Technology. April 5, 2005. Retrieved 200611-01.
[4] Foderaro, Lisa W. (September 11, 2009). 9/11s Litany
of Loss, Joined by Another Name. The New York Times.
[5] Corley, G.; Hamburger, R.; McAllister, T. (2002), McAllister, T., ed., World Trade Center Building Performance
Study: Data Collection, Preliminary Observations, and
Recommendations (PDF) (ASCE/FEMA) http://www.
fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_execsum.pdf Missing or
empty |title= (help); |chapter= ignored (help)
[6] NIST Response to the World Trade Center Disaster
(PDF). Retrieved 2008-04-23.
[7] Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center
(chapter 1)" (PDF). National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST). September 2005.
[8] Pilot Lost in Fog, New York Times, May 21, 1946, p. 1
[9] Glanz, James and Eric Lipton (September 8, 2002). The

Height of Ambition. The New York Times.
[10] Robertson, Leslie E. (2002). Reections on the World
Trade Center. The Bridge Volume 32, Number 1. National Academy of Engineering. Retrieved 2006-07-28.
[11] Sadek, Fahim. Baseline Structural Performance and Aircraft Impact Damage Analysis of the World Trade Center Towers(NCSTAR 12 appendix A). NIST 2005. pp.
305307.
[12] Nalder, Eric (February 27, 1993). Twin Towers Engineered to Withstand Jet Collision. The Seattle Times.
[13] Answers to Frequently Asked Questions. National Institute of Standards and Technology. August 2006. Retrieved 2012-05-25.
[14] New York Times: April 28, 1970, p. 83
[15] NCSTAR 16, p lxxi
[16] NCSTAR 16, p lxviilxix
[17] McAllister, T.; Barnett, J.; Gross, J.; Hamburger,
R.; Magnusson, J. (2002), McAllister, T., ed., World
Trade Center Building Performance Study: Data Collection, Preliminary Observations, and Recommendations (PDF) (ASCE/FEMA) http://www.fema.gov/pdf/
library/fema403_ch1.pdf Missing or empty |title= (help);
|chapter= ignored (help)
[18] NCSTAR 1-5A, p 80
[19] Field, Andy (2004). A Look Inside a Radical New Theory of the WTC Collapse. Fire/Rescue News. Retrieved
2006-07-28.
[20] Gross, John L., Therese P. McAllister (2004). Structural
Fire Response and Probable Collapse Sequence of the
World Trade Center Towers (PDF). Federal Building and
Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster NIST NCSTAR 16. National Institute of Standards
and Technology. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
[21] Wilkinson, Tim (2006). World Trade Center Some
Engineering Aspects. Retrieved 2006-07-28.
the World Trade Center Towers (PDF). NIST.
[23] Lawson, J. Randall, Robert L. Vettori (September 2005).
NIST NCSTAR 18 The Emergency Response Operations (PDF). National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. 37.
[24] McKinsey Report NYPD. August 19, 2002. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
2004). The 9/11 Commission Report (PDF) (rst ed.). W.
W. Norton & Company. p. 294. ISBN 0-393-32671-3.
373
[27] McKinsey Report Emergency Medical Service response (PDF). FDNY / McKinsey & Company. August
9, 2002. Retrieved 2007-07-12.
[28] NY Fireghters attack Giuliani, BBC News, July 12,
2007 BBC.co.uk
[29] Stairwell sign from the World Trade Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, 2002
[30] Interim Report on WTC 7 (PDF). Appendix L. National
Institute of Standards and Technology. 2004. Retrieved
August 20, 2007.
[31] NIST NCSTAR1-A: Final Report on the Collapse of World
Trade Center Building 7 (PDF). NIST. November 2008.
[32] Grosshandler, William. Active Fire Protection Systems
Issues (PDF). NIST. Retrieved September 11, 2007.
[33] Evans, David D (September 2005). Active Fire Protection Systems (PDF). NIST. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
[34] Oral Histories From Sept. 11 Interview with Captain
Anthony Varriale (PDF). The New York Times. December 12, 2001. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
[35] Spak, Steve (September 11, 2001). WTC 9-11-01 Day of
Disaster (Video). New York City: Spak, Steve.
[36] Scheuerman, Arthur (December 8, 2006). The Collapse
of Building 7 (PDF). NIST. Retrieved June 29, 2007.
[37] Questions and Answers about the NIST WTC 7 Investigation. NIST. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
[38] WTC: This Is Their Story, Interview with Chief Peter
Hayden. Firehouse.com. September 9, 2002. Retrieved
March 3, 2011.
[39] WTC: This Is Their Story, Interview with Captain Chris
Boyle. Firehouse.com. August 2002. Retrieved March
3, 2011.
[40] Oral Histories From Sept. 11 Interview with Chief
Daniel Nigro. The New York Times. October 24, 2001.
[41] Gilsanz, Ramon, Edward M. DePaola, Christopher Marrion, and Harold Bud Nelson (May 2002). WTC7
(Chapter 5)". World Trade Center Building Performance
Study (PDF). FEMA. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
[42] CBS News (September 11, 2001). CBS Sept. 11, 2001
4:51 pm 5:33 pm (September 11, 2001) (Television).
WUSA, CBS 9, Washington, D.C. View footage of the
collapse captured by CBS
[43] Fiterman Hall Project Updates. Lower Manhattan
Construction Command Center/LMDC. Retrieved August 23, 2007.
[44] Fiterman is Funded BMCC News, November 17, 2008
[26] Dwyer, Jim, Kevin Flynn and Ford Fessenden (July 7,

2002). 9/11 Exposed Deadly Flaws in Rescue Plan. The
New York Times.
[45] Agovino T Ground Zero building to be razed Crains New

York Business November 13, 2008
374
[46] Lower Manhattan: Fiterman Hall. LowerManhattan.info. Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center. Retrieved January 18, 2010.
[63] Sylvie Boulanger and Sylvain Boulanger Steel and sustainability 2: Recovery strategies Canadian Institute of
Construction. March 17, 2004. CISC-ICCA.ca
[47] Verizon Building Restoration. New York Construction

(McGraw Hill). Retrieved June 28, 2007.
[64] Dwyer, Jim. Investigating 9/11: An Unimaginable

Calamity, Still Largely Unexamined. The New York
Times. September 11, 2002. Skyscrapersafety.org
[48] Citigroup Facing Subpoena in IPO Probe. The Street.

[49] Federal Agencies: Re-Creating Lost Files. New York
Lawyer. September 14, 2001. Retrieved July 9, 2008.
[50] Ground Zero for the Secret Service. July 23, 2002. Retrieved July 9, 2008.
Engineers) 134 (10): 892. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)07339399(2008)134:10(892).
[52] NIST report, p. 29
[53] Baant, Zdenk P.; Mathieu Verdure (March 2007).
Mechanics of Progressive Collapse:
Learning
from World Trade Center and Building Demolitions (PDF). J. Engrg. Mech. 133 (3): 308319.
doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2007)133:3(308).
[54] Hamburger, Ronald et al. World Trade Center Building
Performance Study (PDF). Federal Emergency Management Agency. pp. 227 & 235. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
[55] Perlman, David (September 12, 2001). Jets hit towers in
most vulnerable spots. San Francisco Chronicle.
[56] Gugliotta, Guy (September 12, 2001). "'Magnitude Beyond Anything We'd Seen Before'; Towers Built to Last
But Unprepared For Such an Attack. The Washington
Post.
[57] Baant, Zdenk P.; Yong Zhou (January 2002). Why
Did the World Trade Center Collapse?Simple Analysis (PDF). Journal of Engineering Mechanics 128 (1): 2
6. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2002)128:1(2). Retrieved June 18, 2009.
[58] Buyukozturk, Oral, Franz-Josef Ulm (2001). How safe
are our skyscrapers?: The World Trade Center collapse.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 200606-26.
[59] Kausel, Eduardo (2002). The Towers Lost and Beyond.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 200606-26.
[60] Snell, Jack. The Proposed National Construction Safety
Team Act. NIST Building and Fire Research Laboratory.
2002. NIST.gov
[61] Experts Debate Future of the Skyscraper in Wake of Disaster. Engineering News-Record. September 24, 2001.
[62] Glanz, James and Eric Lipton. Nation Challenged: The
Towers; Experts Urging Broader Inquiry In Towers Fall.
The New York Times December 25, 2001
[65] NISTs Responsibilities Under the National Construction

Safety Team Act. Archived from the original on April
19, 2010. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
[66] Eagar & Musso 2001, p. 8: The re is the most misunderstood part of the WTC collapse. Even today, the media
report (and many scientists believe) that the steel melted.
[67] Eagar & Musso 2001, p. 10: The maximum ame temperature increase for burning hydrocarbons (jet fuel) in air
is, thus, about 1,000 Chardly sucient to melt steel at
1,500 C.
[68] Eagar & Musso 2001, p. 9: The temperature of the re
at the WTC was not unusual, and it was most denitely not
capable of melting steel.
[69] Eagar & Musso 2001, p. 11: It survived the loss of several exterior columns due to aircraft impact, but the ensuing re led to other steel failures. Many structural engineers believe that the weak pointsthe limiting factors on
design allowableswere the angle clips that held the oor
joists between the columns on the perimeter wall and the
core structure.
[70] FEMA(403) Executive Summary, p. 2.
[71] Newman, Michael E. (2002). Commerces NIST Details Federal Investigation of World Trade Center Collapse. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
[72] Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of
the World Trade Center Disaster. NIST. Retrieved May
17, 2011.
[73] Bazant (2007), p. 2
[74] NIST nal report (2005). NCSTAR 1, p. xxxvii.
[75] Committee on Science (October 26, 2005). The investigation of the World Trade Center collapse: ndings, recommendations, and next steps. commdocs.house.gov. p.
259. Retrieved 2007-04-01.
[76] Quintiere, James (December 2004). 2004 Report to
Congress of the National Construction Safety Team Advisory Committee (PDF). NIST. p. 8.
[77] Parker, Dave (October 6, 2005). WTC investigators resist call for collapse visualisation. New Civil Engineer
(England & Wales: EMAP Publishing).
[78] NISTs World Trade Center Investigation. NIST. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
[79] Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers (PDF). National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST). September 2005. Retrieved August
26, 2010.
[80] Newman, Michael (June 29, 2007). NIST Status Update on World Trade Center 7 Investigation (Press release). National Institute of Standards and Technology.
[81] McAllister, Therese (December 12, 2006). WTC 7
Technical Approach and Status Summary (PDF). NIST.
375
[97] First Long-term Study of WTC Workers Shows

Widespread Health Problems 10 Years After Sept. 11.
ScienceDaily.
[98] Gates, Anita (September 11, 2006). Buildings Rise from
Rubble while Health Crumbles. The New York Times.
[99] What was Found in the Dust. The New York Times.
World Trade Center Building 7 (PDF). National Insti[100] New York: 9/11 toxins caused death. CNN. May 24,
tute of Standards and Technology. November 2008. pp.
2007. Archived from the original on June 18, 2007. Re4446.
trieved 2011-09-04.
[83] Usmani, A.S.; Y. C. Chung; J. L. Torero (2003). How [101] DePalma, Anthony (May 13, 2006). Tracing Lung Aildid the WTC towers collapse: a new theory (PDF).
ments That Rose With 9/11 Dust. The New York Times.
Fire Safety Journal (Elsevier Ltd.) 38 (6): 501533.
doi:10.1016/S0379-7112(03)00069-9. Retrieved 200705-07.
[84] Row erupts over why twin towers collapsed. New Civil
2011-09-04.
Engineer. 2005. Retrieved 2006-07-28.
[103] Updated Ground Zero Report Examines Failure of Gov[85] BRE Centre for Fire Safety Engineering, University of
ernment to Protect Citizens. Sierra Club. 2006. ReEdinburgh (2006). Dalmarnock Full-Scale Experiments
trieved 2011-09-04.
25 & 26 July 2006. BRE Centre for Fire Safety Engineering, University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 2008-04-23. [104] Smith, Stephen (April 28, 2008). 9/11 Wall of Heroes
To Include Sick Cops. CBS News. Retrieved 2011-09[86] Christian, Nicholas (2006). Glasgow tower block to shed
04.
light on 9/11 re. The Scotsman. Retrieved 2006-07-28.
of 9/11 plagues thousands of people. BBC News. Re[87] Skyscraper Fire Fighters. BBC Horizon. 2007. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
trieved 2007-07-31.
[88] Varchaver, Nicholas (March 20, 2008). The tombstone [106] CCCEH Study of the Eects of 9/11 on Pregnant
Women and Newborns (PDF). World Trade Center Pregat Ground Zero. CNN. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
nancy Study. Columbia University. 2006. Retrieved
[89] 130 Liberty Street: Project Updates. Lower Manhattan
2011-09-04.
Construction Command Center. March 25, 2011. Re[107] Grady, Denise (April 7, 2010). Lung Function of 9/11
trieved 2011-04-11.
Rescuers Fell, Study Finds. The New York Times. Re[90] Post, Nadine M. and Debra K. Rubin. Debris Mountrieved 2011-09-04.
tain Starts to Shrink. Engineering News Record, 10/1/01.
Construction.com
[91] Kugler, Sara (October 23, 2006). Ocials Wanted More
Searching at WTC. The Washington Post. Retrieved
[109] Neumeister, Larry (February 2, 2006). Judge Slams Ex2007-10-29.
EPA Chief Over Sept. 11. San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 24,
[92] WTC Fire Extinguished. Peoples Daily Online. De2008. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
cember 20, 2001. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
[93] CBS News WTC Fires All But Defeated December [110] Smith, Ben (September 18, 2006). Rudys black cloud.
WTC health risks may hurt Prez bid. New York: Daily
19, 2001 23:22:25. CBS News. December 19, 2001.
News. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
[94] Rubin, Debra K.; Janice L. Tuchman (November 8,
2001). WTC Cleanup Agency Begins Ramping Up [111] Gardner, Daniel (2008). The Science of Fear: Why
We Fear the Things We Shouldn'tand Put Ourselves in
Operations. Engineering News Record. McGraw-Hill.
Greater Danger. Dutton Adult. p. 3. ISBN 0-525-95062Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Re1.
trieved 2009-10-20.
[95] EPA Response to September 11. Retrieved 2007-0827.
[96] United States Environmental Protection Agency Oce of
Inspector General. EPAs Response to the World Trade
Center Collapse. Report No. 2003-P-00012. August 21,
2003. EPA.gov
Bibliography
Dwyer, Jim; Kevin Flynn (2004). 102 Minutes:
The Untold Story of the Fight to Survive Inside the
Twin Towers. Times Books. ISBN 0-8050-7682-4.
OCLC 156884550.
376
Corley, G.; Hamburger, R.; McAllister, T. (2002),
Executive Summary (PDF), in FEMA Report
403, World Trade Center Building Performance
Study: Data Collection, Preliminary Observations
and Recommendations, Federal Emergency Management Agency, retrieved 2012-11-25

Seth Kramer, Daniel Miller (2002). America Rebuilds: A Year at Ground Zero (Television series).
United States: PBS home video.
Answers to Frequently Asked Questions (August
30, 2006)". NIST Federal Building and Fire Safety
Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster.
National Institute of Standards and Technology.
2006. Retrieved 2008-04-21.
National Institute of Standards and Technology,

Technology Administration (2006). NIST and the
World Trade Center. NIST building and re safety
investigation. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved 2006-05-02.
12.4.8
Wilkinson, Tim (2006). World Trade Center
Some Engineering Aspects. School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney. Retrieved 200605-02.
McAllister, Therese et al.; W. Gene Corley (2002).
World Trade Center Building Performance Study:
Data Collection, Preliminary Observations, and
Recommendations (FEMA 403)" (PDF). Federal
Emergency Management Agency. Retrieved 200605-02.
Eagar, T. W.; Musso, C. (2001), Why did
the world trade center collapse?
Science,
engineering, and speculation (PDF), JOM
53 (12):
8, Bibcode:2001JOM....53l...8E,
doi:10.1007/s11837-001-0003-1, retrieved 201211-29
Baant, Zdenk P.; Yong Zhou (2001). Why
Did the World Trade Center Collapse? Simple
Analysis (PDF). Journal of Engineering Mechanics ASCE, 9/13/01 (Northwestern University). Retrieved 2006-09-11.
Clifton, G. Charles (2001). Collapse of the World
Trade Centre Towers. CAD Digest. TenLinks, Inc.
Edgar, Dr. Thomas; NOVA (2002). The Collapse:
An Engineers Perspective. Why the Towers Fell.
WGBH Educational Foundation. Retrieved 200605-02.
Usmani, A.S.; Y. C. Chung; J. L. Torero (2003).
How did the WTC towers collapse: a new theory
(PDF). Fire Safety Journal (Elsevier Ltd.) 38 (6):
501533. doi:10.1016/S0379-7112(03)00069-9.
NOVA online (2002). The structure of metal.
Why the Towers Fell. WGBH Educational Foundation. Retrieved 2006-05-02.
Kean, Thomas H. (2004). Eleventh Public Hearing. Hearings. National Commission on Terrorist
Attacks Upon the United States. Retrieved 200605-02.
Further reading
Corley, G.; Hamburger, R.; McAllister, T. (2002),

Executive Summary, in McAllister, T., World
Trade Center Building Performance Study: Data
Collection, Preliminary Observations, and Recommendations (PDF), ASCE/FEMA
McAllister, T.; Barnett, J.; Gross, J. et al. (2002),
Chapter 1. Introduction, in McAllister, T., World
Trade Center Building Performance Study: Data
Collection, Preliminary Observations, and Recommendations (PDF), ASCE/FEMA
Hamburger, R.; Baker, W.; Barnett, J. et al. (2002),
Chapter 2. WTC 1 and WTC 2, in McAllister,
T., World Trade Center Building Performance Study:
Data Collection, Preliminary Observations, and Recommendations (PDF), ASCE/FEMA
Baker (2002), Chapter 3. WTC 3, in McAllister,
Data Collection, Preliminary Observations, and Recommendations (PDF), ASCE/FEMA |rst2= missing |last2= in Authors list (help)
Barnett, J.; Gewain, R.; Gilsanz, R. et al. (2002),
Chapter 4. WTC 4, 5, and 6, in McAllister,
Gilsanz, R.; DePaola, E. M.; Marrion, C. et al.
(2002), Chapter 5. WTC 7, in McAllister, T.,
Smilowitz, R.; Hapij, A.; Smilow, J. (2002), Chapter 6. Bankers Trust Building, in McAllister, T.,
McAllister, T.; Biggs, D.; DePaola, E. M. et al.
(2002), Chapter 7. Peripheral Buildings, in
McAllister, T., World Trade Center Building Performance Study: Data Collection, Preliminary Observations, and Recommendations (PDF), ASCE/FEMA
12.5. SLOGANS AND TERMS

Milke, J.; Kodur, V.; Marrion, C. (2002), Appendix A. Overview of Fire Protection in Buildings, in McAllister, T., World Trade Center Building Performance Study: Data Collection, Preliminary Observations, and Recommendations (PDF),
ASCE/FEMA
Fisher, J.; Iwankiw, N. (2002), Appendix B. Structural Steel and Steel Connections, in McAllister,
377
World Trade Center Some Engineering Aspects
Early suggestion by University of Sydney engineering instructor about how the towers might have collapsed.
Bill Biggarts Final Exposures contains a photo of
the WTC Marriott severely damaged by the collapse
of 2 WTC immediately before the collapse of 1
WTC in which the photographer was killed.
New light on 7 WTC collapse
Barnett, J.; Biederman, R. R.; Sisson, Jr., R. D.

12.5 Slogans and terms
(2002), Appendix C. Limited Metallurgical Examination, in McAllister, T., World Trade Center Building Performance Study: Data Collection, The September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States
Preliminary Observations, and Recommendations spawned a number of catchphrases, terms, and slogans,
many of which continue to be used more than a decade
(PDF), ASCE/FEMA
after the event.
Gilsanz, R.; Massa, A. (2002), Appendix D. WTC
Steel Data Collection, in McAllister, T., World
Trade Center Building Performance Study: Data 12.5.1 Various terms and catchphrases
Collection, Preliminary Observations, and RecomNine-eleven or 9/11 in the U.S. date notation for
mendations (PDF), ASCE/FEMA
September 11. The practice of referring to omi McAllister, T., ed. (2002), Appendix E. Aircraft
nous dates through this shorthand has continued,
Information, World Trade Center Building Perforfor example, with 7/7 for the 2005 London bombmance Study: Data Collection, Preliminary Observaings.[1][2][3][4][5]
tions, and Recommendations (PDF), ASCE/FEMA
Pre-9/11 and Post-9/11 Terms used to describe the pe DePaola, E. M. (2002), Appendix F. Structural Enriod of time and the state of the world before and
gineers Emergency Response Plan, in McAllister,
after the attack, regarding 9/11 as an epoch. They
are often used to denote foreign policy and domestic
Data Collection, Preliminary Observations, and Recsecurity measures as they existed before or after the
ommendations (PDF), ASCE/FEMA
attacks.
Eagar, T. W.; Musso, C. (2001). Why did the Ground Zero Ground zero is generic term for the point
world trade center collapse? Science, engineeron the Earths surface closest to a detonation. Caping, and speculation (PDF). JOM (Springer)
italized, it is shorthand for the World Trade Center
53 (12):
8.
Bibcode:2001JOM....53l...8E.
site; used for example in Ground Zero mosque a
doi:10.1007/s11837-001-0003-1.
pejorative for the Cordoba House or Park51 Islamic
center.
Banovic, S. W.; Foecke, T.; Luecke, W. E.
et al.
(2007), The role of metallurgy in The Bathtub the excavated foundations of the World
the NIST investigation of the World Trade
Trade Center. Although not a new term, it gained
Center towers collapse, JOM (Springer) 59
prominence during rescue, cleanup and ongoing re(11):
2230, Bibcode:2007JOM....59k..22B,
construction eorts.[6]
doi:10.1007/s11837-007-0136-y
The Pile the rubble of the collapsed World Trade
Center.[7][8][9]
12.4.9
External links
Jumper A jumper is someone who commits suicide by

jumping from a height. It is unclear which of the
NIST and the World Trade Center The National Injumpers seen falling from the WTC had jumped
stitute of Standards and Technologys page on the
and which fell while trying to climb to safety.[10]
collapse of the WTC. Contains most recent develThe medical examiners oce ruled homicide for
opments in investigations and FAQs.
all bodies, unable to distinguish jumpers from those
Video: The Collapse of World Trade Center 7: Why
who died inside the towers.[11] "The Falling Man" is
the Building Fell (NIST)
an iconic photograph of a jumper.
378
"Lets roll" reported to have been uttered by Flight 93 12.5.4 References

passenger Todd Beamer shortly before he and fellow
passengers apparently rushed the cockpit.[12]
[1] nine-eleven - Bing Images.
FPCON Delta the highest state of terrorist alert issued
by the U.S. Armed Forces
[2] Nine Eleven.

[3] 911forum.org.
12.5.2
Media slogans
Various slogans and captions were employed by media

outlets to brand coverage of the September 11th terrorist attack, its after eects, and the U.S. government response. The slogans for American media were typically
positioned on the bottom third of television broadcasts,
or as banners across the top of newspaper pages. Designs
typically incorporated a patriotic red, white, and blue motif, along with an explicit graphic of the American ag.
Examples include:
America Attacked, A Nation United (ABC)
Attack on America (NBC)
A Nation Challenged, Day of Terror, Portraits
of Grief (The New York Times)
Americas New War, War Against Terror,
America under Attack (CNN)
War on Terror (Fox News)
America on Alert, America under Attack
(MSNBC)
The Second Pearl Harbor (Honolulu Advertiser)
War On America (The Daily Telegraph)
12.5.3
U.S. government

United States.
[5] The Guardian (London). 1 September 2011 http://www.
guardian.co.uk/world/series/9-11-the-10th-anniversary.
Missing or empty |title= (help)
[6] Andrew Tarantola. How New York City Built a Massive
$3.8 Billion Underground Transit Station in the WTCs
Footprints. Gizmodo. Gawker Media.
[7] ABC News. The Pit and The Pile: Ground Zero Is
Gone. ABC News.
[8] Sare, William (11 November 2001). The Way We Live
Now: 11-11-01: On Language; Ground Zero. The New
York Times.
[9] Ex-NYPD ocers remember the pile"". PoliceOne.
[10] Leonard, Tom (11 September 2011). 9/11 jumpers:
America wants to forget victims who fell from Twin Towers. Mail Online (London). Retrieved 20 November
2012.
[11] Cauchon, Dennis; Martha Moore (2 September 2002).
Desperation forced a horric decision. USA Today. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
[12] Lets roll (Note: Wikipedia is not ordinarily used as a reference; however this article is well-referenced and its references support the statement here.)
[13] Eric Schmitt; Thom Shanker (26 July 2005). U.S. Ofcials Retool Slogan for Terror War. New York Times.
Retrieved 8 January 2015.
War on Terrorism (also Global War on Terror) refers to the political response from the U.S.
Government to the attacks of 9/11 and includes
the invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq, the color- 12.6 Survivors Staircase
coded national threat condition reporting system,
the Patriot Act, and the prison camp in Guantnamo The Survivors Staircase was the last visible remainBay, Cuba.[13]
ing original structure above ground level at the World
Trade Center site. It was originally two outdoor ights of
Enduring Freedom name for U.S.-led mili- granite-clad stairs and an escalator that connected Vesey
tary response in Afghanistan, Philippines, Horn of Street to the World Trade Center's Austin J. Tobin Plaza.
Africa, and Trans Sahara.
During the September 11 attacks, the stairs served as
an escape route for hundreds of evacuees from 5 World
Innite Justice original name for U.S.-led mil- Trade Center, a 9-oor building adjacent to the 110-story
itary response, dropped after religious overtones towers. The staircase is now an important feature of the
National September 11 Memorial & Museum.
were pointed out by a reporter at a press brieng
12.6. SURVIVORS STAIRCASE
379
$700,000 to complete. Those supporting dismantling the
staircase claimed such a procedure would cost over $2
million.[2]
In early August 2007, Avi Schick, Governor Eliot
Spitzer's redevelopment chief, outlined plans to remove
the stairs from their concrete structure for eventual use in
the World Trade Center Memorial museum. All 38 steps
would be inlaid into the side of the staircase leading from
the visitors center to the underground museum.[3]
Conrming earlier plans, the LMDC announced on October 31, 2007 that the stairs would be removed and preserved, and would be restored in the future at a location
inside the World Trade Center Memorial museum with a
display explaining their signicance.[4]
On March 9, 2008, the Staircase was moved by crane
about 200 feet on Vesey Street.[5] In 2010, as construction
throughout the World Trade complex reached peak activity level, the staircase - as well as two tridents of Twin
Tower facade, and other oversize artifacts - was placed
into the National September 11 Memorial & Museum
space before the Memorial Plaza and museum entrance
pavilion were built above it. The staircase is now a major
feature of the museum.
12.6.2 Gallery
The Survivors Staircase in 2015 in the National 9/11 Museum
12.6.1
Preservation eorts
2006
2007
2008
The preservation of the staircase became a matter of dispute since May 11, 2006, when it was listed as one of
Americas Most Endangered Places by the National Trust 12.6.3 See also
for Historic Preservation.[1]
Cortlandt Street (IRT Broadway Seventh Avenue
The stairs occupied part of the site of a new oce buildLine)
ing which the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was contractually obligated to clear before the site was
Stairwell A
turned over to developer Larry Silverstein of Silverstein
Properties, who in turn has a contractual obligation to develop the site as the 200 Greenwich Street oce building, 12.6.4 References
which is also referenced as Tower 2 in the master plan.
The World Trade Center Survivors Network urged the
Port Authority and Silverstein to make a commitment to
preserve the stairs, but neither made a public decision
on the issue. Meanwhile, the already heavily-damaged
stairs continued to deteriorate due to the heavy vibrations
caused by construction of the permanent PATH station,
the World Trade Center Memorial and 1 World Trade
Center on the site.
In January 2007, the Lower Manhattan Development
Corporation (LMDC), according to Real Estate Weekly,
rejected a plan proposed by structural engineer Robert
Silman, who functioned as an independent consultant,
to move the staircase in its entirety. Silman estimated
the move would cost somewhere between $500,000 and
[1] Dunlap, David W. (2006-05-11). Ground Zero Staircase Is Put on List of Most Endangered Sites. New York
Times. p. B2.
[2] Wole, Danielle (2007-01-24).
slammed. Real Estate Weekly.
WTC staircase plan
[3] Dunlap, David W (2007-08-06). Stairs to Remain Intact

in Ground Zero Plan. New York Times.
[4] Final Mitigation Plan for Adverse Eects on the Vesey
Street Stair Remnant Pursuant to the World Trade Center
Memorial and Redevelopment Plan Programmatic Agreement. Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (Renew New York).
[5] World Trade Center Staircase Moved
380
12.6.5
External links
Media related to Survivors Staircase at Wikimedia Commons

Save the Stairway.org
National Trust for Historic Preservation listing
the Survivors Staircase in the National 9/11 Museum from Google Maps Street View
12.7 Tribute in Light
In 2009, as seen from the ProPublica oce on One Exchange

Plaza.
In 2014, as seen from Bayonne, New Jersey. Here, the Tribute
in Light is not located on the former site of the Twin Towers, but
is projected from further south in Manhattan, as indicated by the
One World Trade Center's placement at left.
12.7.1 Overview
The Tribute in Light initially ran as a temporary installation from March 11 to April 14, 2002, and was launched
again in 2003 to mark the second anniversary of the attack. As of 2013, it has been repeated every year on
September 11. It had been announced that 2008 would be
its nal year,[1] but the tribute was continued in 2009.[2]
On December 17, 2009, it was conrmed that the tribute
would continue through to the tenth anniversary of the attacks in 2011, but continued again in 2012.[3] As of July
23, 2012, plans are underway for the National September 11 Memorial & Museum to assume the lease for the
MTA property used during this tribute, and to begin transitioning operation of the tribute from the Municipal Art
Society to the memorial foundation.[4]
In 2010, as seen from Brooklyn.
The Tribute in Light is an art installation of 88

searchlights placed next to the site of the World Trade
Center to create two vertical columns of light in remembrance of the September 11 attacks. It is produced annually by the Municipal Art Society of New York.
12.7.2 Development
Those working on the project came up with the concept in

the week following the attack. On September 13, 2001,
the idea was presented to executives of Consolidated Edison, the electric utility company serving New York City,
The two beams cost approximately $1,858.56 (assuming by John Englehart, then president of the brand innova$0.11 kWh) to run for 24 hours. There are 88 spotlights tion rm Arnell Group [5] Architects John Bennett and
(44 for each tower) which each consume 8,000 watts.
Gustavo Bonevardi of PROUN Space Studio distributed
12.7. TRIBUTE IN LIGHT

their Project for the Immediate Reconstruction of Manhattans Skyline. Artists Julian LaVerdiere and Paul
Myoda, who before September 11 were working on the
91st oor of the World Trade Center north tower on a
proposed light sculpture on the giant radio antenna with
Creative Time, conceived of a project called Phantom
Towers. They were commissioned by The New York
Times Magazine to create an image of the project for its
September 23 cover.[6]
381
12.7.3 Media appearances

The Tribute in Light has been featured in Boyz II Men's
music video for Color of Love. It also made a notable
appearance during the opening credits of Spike Lee's
2002 lm 25th Hour. In the Spider-Man 2 Video Game
for Xbox, PlayStation 2 and GameCube, it appeared as a
virtual memorial.
Richard Nash Gould, a New York architect, presented

12.7.4
the concept to the Municipal Art Society. On September
19, Municipal Art Society chairman Philip K. Howard
wrote to Mayor Rudy Giuliani, asking him to consider
placing two large searchlights near the disaster site, projecting their light straight up into the sky.[7]
See also
After some consideration it was decided to contact lighting experts in the eld of high intensity light displays. An
Italian searchlight company named Space Cannon was
chosen to help design the installation and to supply the
88 special xtures that would be needed.[8]
The project was originally going to be named Towers of
Light, but the victims families felt that the name emphasized the buildings destroyed instead of the people
killed.[9]
On clear nights, the lights could be seen from over
60 miles away, visible in all of New York City and
most of suburban Northern New Jersey and Long Island, Faireld County, Connecticut, Westchester County,
Orange County, New York and Rockland County, New
York. The beams were clearly visible from the terrace at
Century Country Club in Purchase, New York, from at
least as far west as western Morris County, in Flanders,
New Jersey, at least as far as the barrier beach of Fire
Island in Suolk County, New York on Long Island,
and as far south near Trenton, New Jersey in nearby
Hamilton.[10]
In 2011, as seen from the East Village.

Pentagon Memorial
Flight 93 National Memorial
Other beams
20th Century Fox logo (designed circa 1935)
famous non-military use of searchlights.
A permanent xture of the Tribute in Light was to be installed on the roof of One World Trade Center,[11][12] but
never was due to the Durst Organization who redesigned
the spire, which did not include the permanent xture of
Tribute in Light.[13]
Cathedral of light, a 1937 Nazi propaganda

display with massed searchlights pointing skyward.
spectra (installation), a series of light and
sound artworks featuring searchlights
Since 2008, the generators that power Tribute in Light

have been fueled with biodiesel made from used cooking
oil collected from local restaurants provided by Tri-State
Biodiesel. [14]
A Symphony of Lights, a contemporary light

display in Hong Kong
The lights have caused confusion for thousands of migrating birds, trapping them in the beams, and requiring that
the lights be switched o for 20 minute periods to allow
the birds to escape.[15] To ensure the lights do not aect
migrating birds, the Municipal Art Society works with 12.7.5
the New York City Audubon on the illumination.[16]
Luxor Hotel and Casino skybeam since the

mid-1990s, the worlds brightest searchlightstyle display.
References
[1] Chan, Sewell (2007-09-11). Will Tribute in Light Go

Dark After 08?". New York Times. Retrieved May 26,
2010.
[2] " September 11th Tribute Lights Up Again. NY1.com.
382
[3] Dunlap, David W. (2010-09-10). "Tribute in Light Will

Keep Shining, This Year and the Next. New York Times.
Retrieved Sep 11, 2010.
[4] Mann, Ted. "'Tribute' Handover. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
[5] http://www.arnell.com
[6] Tribute in Light. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
[7] Tribute In Light The Municipal Art Society of New
York. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
[8] http://archpaper.com/news/articles.asp?id=2775
[9] Tribute in light to New York victims. BBC News. March
6, 2002. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
[10] Moran, Lee (September 8, 2011). Twinkling tribute to
the Twin Towers: World Trade Center rises in poignant
pillars of light as New York makes nal preparations for
9/11 anniversary. Daily Mail (London).
[11] Freedom Tower rendering Time-lapse.
Properties Inc. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
Silverstein
[12] SOM Freedom Tower Fact Sheet (PDF). Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. Retrieved 22 March
2015.
[13] Design changes to base, spire of 1 World Trade Center.
Fox New York. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
[14] Tri-State Biodiesel fuels Sept. 11 memorial. Retrieved
2009-09-11.
[15] Allen, Nick (2010-09-15). 10000 birds trapped in Twin
Towers memorial light. London: Daily Telegraph. Retrieved Sep 15, 2010.
[16] Laermer, Emily (2011-08-18). Tribute in Light seeks
funders. Crains. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
12.7.6
External links
The Municipal Art Society of New York, annual

producers of The Tribute in Light
Creativetime.org: Tribute in Light ocial website
Richard Nash Gould Architects ocial website
Coordinates: 404239N 740052W / 40.71096N
74.01440W
Chapter 13
Text and image sources, contributors, and

licenses
13.1 Text
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Leandrod, AntonioMartin, Stevertigo, Nevilley, Edward, Lorenzarius, Bdesham, Ceaser, Lir, Patrick, Infrogmation, JohnOwens, Tillwe,
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Tamravidhir, BattyBot, HectorMoet, Beefjerky06, Marino13, Triggerhippie4, ThirdWard, Angela MacLean, Bzweebl, Chfogel, ZappaOMati, John from Idegon, DoctorKubla, Tandrum, Khazar2, Six Sided Pun Vows, SNAAAAKE!!, Enemyusuar, Vshenko, SuperHero2111,
Stumink, Atakuzier, Toa Nidhiki05 (iPod), Qxukhgiels, EagerToddler39, Midnight Hands, Wassup234, Dexbot, Rezonansowy, Franck
Holland, RayKalm, Muns94, LightandDark2000, Hmainsbot1, Jonny Nixon, Charles Essie, Gibbyboy15, Jackninja5, Mxheil, UmbrellaCorp128, XXzoonamiXX, UsefulWikipedia, The Nuke, Lugia2453, Hto9950, AldezD, Charlie22712, Johnxsmith, Soda drinker,
SPECIFICO, Zziccardi, The minister of poker at sea, Solarislv, Zane28, Starship9000, Qudratullah Faraz, Sxg169, SimplesC, Epicgenius, LumaP15, Londomollari42, Alexander9595, Smarty9108, Vanamonde93, Stickler4accuracy2, Inglok, Zdawg1029, Everymorning,
VanishedUser sdu9aya9fs232, Soredo, Rybec, Dwscomet, Go-karting on a cloudy day, Lindenhurst Liberty, Ediann1961, GravRidr,
Monochrome Monitor, Steven Rogers, Ginsuloft, Big Caboose, Two kinds of pork, GreatTruth123, Whizz40, Edgth, Ponorinc, Cubby666,
Meteor sandwich yum, YamSuf, Ismael755, Sportsguy17, Goleafs2014, Coat of Many Colours, Balon Greyjoy, Screamliner, Babestress,
Monkbot, Subhirocks1, Nightfury21, Ptb1997, PresWK, Biblioworm, Sciophobiaranger, Gouncbeatduke, Libertarian12111971, Thereppy,
Poiuytrewqvtaatv123321, Paveld6, ChamithN, CookieMonster755, Rakesh Vankayalapati, WikiTrollTerminator, 101wizards, Spiderjerky,
FriarTuck1981, MJH92, Soccercaliskan, AYL Abdular 11, Tetra quark, Jason foren daniel, Escorner, Nawras223, Prinsgezinde, KasparBot,
Kent Krupa and Anonymous: 2039
Timeline of the September 11 attacks Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_September_11_attacks?oldid=648410320
Contributors: AxelBoldt, The Cunctator, Andre Engels, Enchanter, PierreAbbat, Imran, Rlee0001, Arno, JDG, Mrwojo, FrankH, Nixdorf, MartinHarper, IZAK, Paul Benjamin Austin, Goatasaur, Jiang, GCarty, Guaka, Timwi, Reddi, WhisperToMe, Wik, VeryVerily,
Skybunny, Robbot, Mirv, Sverdrup, Texture, Hadal, Aomarks, Tom harrison, Matthead, Golbez, Gadum, Quadell, GD~enwiki, Marc
Mongenet, Figure, P8, Ta bu shi da yu, Rich Farmbrough, Aude, RoyBoy, Viriditas, Maurreen, PWilkinson, ProhibitOnions, Evil Monkey,
Woohookitty, Ghost of Jeerson, Kbdank71, SNIyer12, Yuletide, StuOfInterest, RussBot, Splash, Tony1, Emijrp, Ageekgal, Th1rt3en,
Ybbor, Serendipodous, SmackBot, AndreniW, Jcarroll, Bluebot, JeW, ForestH2, Looskuh, Headbomb, Acroterion, Pablothegreat85,
Jyothis, Umeboshi, LastChanceToBe, JGHowes, Zarek, Acps110, ClueBot, Supertouch, Niceguyedc, Carriearchdale, HappyJake, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Deamon138, Lightbot, LiteralKa, Examtester, CityFeedback, Sfazzio, Visite fortuitement prolonge, EmausBot, Reuben
Walton, JohnCengiz77, Michael Essmeyer, Isaac really sucks, Yettaw, Braincricket, MerlIwBot, Yossarian68, Jeancey, Ollieinc, ZappaOMati, Epicgenius, Libertarian12111971 and Anonymous: 54
Planning of the September 11 attacks Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning_of_the_September_11_attacks?oldid=663142288
Contributors: Jimbo Wales, Atlan, Patrick, Ixfd64, GCarty, WhisperToMe, CBDunkerson, Tschild, Mrand, Nv8200pa, Topbanana, Branddobbe, Donreed, Michael Snow, Walloon, Dbenbenn, Tom harrison, Mboverload, Tothebarricades.tk, Klemen Kocjancic, Trilobite,
Metron, Lan56, Brianhe, Avriette, TrbleClef, Aude, Bobo192, Elipongo, Sherurcij, Geo Swan, Sleigh, Woohookitty, TigerShark, PoccilScript, Trdel, MONGO, Ghost of Jeerson, Rjwilmsi, Wikibofh, Carbonite, Vegaswikian, Fish and karate, SNIyer12, JeShaddock,
Ground Zero, Kerowyn, Gurch, RobyWayne, YurikBot, Tommyt, StuOfInterest, RussBot, Conscious, Gaius Cornelius, Redspork02,
Vlad, AirLiner, Ageekgal, Alakazam, Fram, Thelb4, Johnpseudo, Katieh5584, DearPrudence, That Guy, From That Show!, Sacxpert,
SmackBot, Bjelleklang, Nickst, Chris the speller, Keegan, Kaid100, Bov, MJBurrage, Derek R Bullamore, JzG, John, Pronoun, PseudoSudo, Synergism, Noleander, Caiaa, Phuzion, Levineps, Woodshed, PhillyPartTwo, CmdrObot, Tex, Travelbird, BDS2006, Whiskey
Pete, AndTheCrowdGoesWild, Nathantj51894, Epbr123, Barticus88, Bobblehead, Pmrobert49, Jj137, Alphachimpbot, Epeeeche, Conspiration, Bongwarrior, Hullaballoo Wolfowitz, X-factor, JaGa, Jonathan7895, R'n'B, AlexiusHoratius, Balsa10, Notreallydavid, Bonadea,
Crass conversationalist, Dchall1, Dilermando, Famguy231, Ponyo, Ori, Smsarmad, Flyer22, Tiptoety, Fratrep, StaticGull, Anchor Link Bot,
Twinsday, ClueBot, Dlabtot, Drmies, Mild Bill Hiccup, Willboywonder, Puchiko, Kels666, Msy2a, Sparrowgoose, DumZiBoT, Dthomsen8, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Alaskan assassin, Jojhutton, Tothwolf, Deamon138, Tide rolls, Jarble, AnomieBOT, A More Perfect Onion,
NelsonRockefeller2, AdjustShift, Gogandmagog2, Gogandmagog5, Gogangmagog9, Gogandmagog2345, Gogandmagog5678, Gogandmagog6789, Los Cardinales, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Platypus2012, Nappyrootslistener, J04n, BulldogBeing, JediMaster362, A Quest
For Knowledge, Moxy, BoomerAB, Themeparkgc, FrescoBot, Sky Attacker, Ironboy11, Iqinn, Killian441, Peltirasia, Jeremyalexander,
Enemenemu, Callanecc, S254, IRISZOOM, RjwilmsiBot, Lopifalko, Wikipelli, John Cline, JohnCengiz77, Someguy432, BNSF1995,
Bpbhat7, Infernoapple, Aarp65, Kaidacommie, ClueBot NG, EdwardZhao, Amp71, SugarRat, JoshuSasori, Lucp15, Dantheman4297,
Egeymi, UnknownLegacy, Ghazwan Mattoka, Milkey75, Domepor, Faizan, Thomasc77, Leoesb1032, Noyster, Wackoutoftune, Polymathica, Biblioworm, AirPlaneGamer505, Sayes77, Zzap101, SilverSurngSerpant and Anonymous: 146
388
Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_the_day_of_the_September_11_

attacks?oldid=662628985 Contributors: The Cunctator, Berek, Sean, Imran, Arno, Montrealais, Hephaestos, JDG, Rickyrab, Edward,
Patrick, Nixdorf, MartinHarper, Ixfd64, Paul Benjamin Austin, Minesweeper, Goatasaur, Ugen64, Nikai, Jiang, Evercat, Madir, WhisperToMe, Furrykef, Morwen, Tempshill, VeryVerily, Shizhao, Hajor, Skybunny, Denelson83, Pigsonthewing, Misterrick, Chrism, Moncrief,
Naddy, Mirv, Sverdrup, Bkell, TPK, Walloon, Jpo, Tom harrison, Dissident, Ausir, Everyking, Andris, Orrc, Bobblewik, Golbez, Chowbok,
CryptoDerk, Antandrus, GD~enwiki, Estel~enwiki, JimWae, Neutrality, Trevor MacInnis, Lacrimosus, Kate, Gazpacho, Lan56, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Dpm64, MattTM, Aude, Shanes, Sietse Snel, Riyehn, Bill Thayer, Bobo192, Viriditas, Pikawil, Maurreen, SNIyer1, Jez, NickCatal, Gary, Polarscribe, Rd232, Thorns among our leaves, TommyBoy, Velella, Danthemankhan, Sleigh, Kitch,
Novacatz, Woohookitty, Kmg90, Zzyzx11, Sweetfreek, KyuuA4, Kbdank71, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream, Commander, Linuxbeak, SenorAnderson, Horseytown, DuKot, SNIyer12, JeShaddock, SchuminWeb, Gareth E Kegg, DVdm, Peter G Werner, RussBot, ChrisP2K5,
Zaroblue05, Splash, Epolk, CambridgeBayWeather, Shanel, Golfcam, -OOPSIE-, RattleMan, Tvtonightokc, Hybrid1486, PhilipO, Desk
Jockey, Danlaycock, Zwobot, Falcon9x5, Mieciu K, DeadEyeArrow, Kona1611, Googl, Deville, CQ, PTSE, Ageekgal, ChrisGriswold,
Theda, KDLarsen, Arthur Rubin, Th1rt3en, Curpsbot-unicodify, Katieh5584, Kungfuadam, Serendipodous, Je Silvers, Luk, Dirtgirl,
Amalthea, MartinGugino, KnightRider~enwiki, SmackBot, Derek Andrews, Buf7579, CyclePat, Fitch, Jab843, CrypticBacon, Yamaguchi , Brianski, Daysleeper47, Rmosler2100, Marc Kupper, Chris the speller, Veggies, Allemannster, Chlewbot, OrphanBot, Kaimiddleton, TKD, Morton devonshire, Andy120290, Zvar, Bolivian Unicyclist, Henningklevjer, Cybercobra, Savidan, CIS, Tombadevil, Ser
Amantio di Nicolao, Dak, John, Tktktk, Goodnightmush, IronGargoyle, PseudoSudo, Nobunaga24, Loadmaster, Audude08, Kyle C Haight,
Dhp1080, Darry2385, Xionbox, MrDolomite, Jim Tour, Levineps, Iridescent, V111P, DaveHepler4Prez, Americasroof, PhillyPartTwo, Jlbarron, Runningonbrains, Bennyp77, Batchelor, Birdhurst, SRK~enwiki, NumberJunkie, Andreasegde, ForestH2, Tawkerbot4, Pvsheridan,
RazerM, Ssilvers, Pauljeersonks, JayW, Dirtysocks, Thijs!bot, Qwyrxian, Andyjsmith, Headbomb, Marek69, Vertium, PYLrulz, Leon7,
Nick Number, Asdfj, Ualdsp, Mentisto, Edit Centric, NBGPWS, Modernist, MECU, Ephery, GrasslandT, NapoliRoma, Ericoides, InniteHunter, RJ4, Dcooper, Arcadina, Acroterion, Slshow, Magioladitis, VoABot II, AuburnPilot, Dekimasu, Jdlankin, Jazz2006, Glen,
Chris G, Canberra User, Hmshiau, MartinBot, Joelfarm, Dhargus, Lahaun, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Apple9, Tgeairn, Rgoodermote, Jesant13, Camr, McSly, Spacehusky~enwiki, Noahcs, Casper10, 217mattq, Million Moments, JGHowes, Cmntgmry, Philip Trueman, Sroc,
The Original Wildbear, V-te, Corvus cornix, LeaveSleaves, UnitedStatesian, Brystarco, Ron schalow, Pribar, Chris9086, Greswik, Darthblaze99, Atlantabravz, NHRHS2010, Theoneintraining, Euryalus, Vickie0608, Wildonrio, Cskapper2, Marico123~enwiki, Denisarona,
ImageRemovalBot, ClueBot, Helenabella, Crazy1880, Mild Bill Hiccup, LandosCommandos741, Nytimes19992000, BoyInTheTree, Excirial, Sbfw, Jvolkblum, Jackus2008, Mlas, Thingg, Bleeding Blue, Rahaeli, Carlson288, Cokeandpoprocks, Thompsontough, Apparition11, XLinkBot, AMRDeuce, Ost316, Avoided, Bertettojay, Kbdankbot, Jojhutton, Deamon138, Txaggie2011, Tide rolls, Lightbot,
Conspiracydeprover, Astropata, Yobot, Fraggle81, Donfbreed, Redcrown01, Seloloving, AnomieBOT, Jim1138, AdjustShift, Theseeker4,
B137, Materialscientist, Limideen, TOF1000, Roxy the Goth, Citation bot, Embram, IViking, Conay, AaronO2599, Dancing is Forbidden, J4lambert, A Quest For Knowledge, MerlLinkBot, Leor klier, A.amitkumar, Cgersten, ElectricMandarine, FrescoBot, Xmike920,
VS6507, Citation bot 1, Gfcvoice, Pinethicket, I dream of horses, Jonesey95, Rushbugled13, JamesGrimshaw, Robo Cop, Train2104,
Grapesoda22, Vrenator, Raven714, Defender of torch, Dcs002, Visite fortuitement prolonge, WaitingForConnection, Diannaa, Skakkle,
Minimac, Andrea105, Duiarmia, RjwilmsiBot, VerucaViolet, DASHBot, Ben Bohn, John of Reading, Chevy111, Charlesaaronthompson,
AQFK, Figgboy, Heymid, BS24, Radiodj1520, RenamedUser01302013, Somebody500, Wikipelli, Evanh2008, Illegitimate Barrister,
Mr.Slinks, Shuipzv3, Fountofwisdomhaha, Minor4th, Boy1999, Popecreator, Wayne Slam, David J Johnson, BNSF1995, ShaneMc2010,
Sailsbystars, Autiej, Carmichael, ClueBot NG, Since 10.28.2010, O.Koslowski, KevinLuna, Widr, Kalwallygarrick17, MerlIwBot, Helpful Pixie Bot, Levanderthomas, Honeymanl, WNYY98, ArtifexMayhem, MusikAnimal, SugarRat, QuietLunatic, Jeancey, Gregandamyt,
Ollieinc, Archivech, Rockcenter, UnusedFuture, TheGoodBadWorst, Ushau97, Khazar2, Amtrakfan4, Tohler, Gibbyboy15, Lugia2453,
NealCruco, Tjelsund, James1863, Epicgenius, Greengreengreenred, StuieMonster1975, Melonkelon, FDNY18, Sol1, Ugog Nizdast, YiFeiBot, Ginsuloft, Gabetheboss, Monkbot, Vieque, C1776M, Dsprc, JJJJJJJJpaul, Uaauuaau, Goud4290, Elizabeth1DeservesBetter and
Anonymous: 597
Timeline for September following the September 11 attacks Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_September_following_
the_September_11_attacks?oldid=659929448 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Zundark, Rmhermen, Imran, Arno, MartinHarper, Paul Benjamin Austin, Dori, Goatasaur, Jdforrester, Kingturtle, Jiang, Charles Matthews, Andrewman327, WhisperToMe, Morwen, Tempshill,
VeryVerily, Indefatigable, Frazzydee, Francs2000, Skybunny, Denelson83, Pigsonthewing, Moondyne, Mirv, Sverdrup, Walloon, Diberri,
Cyrius, BigT27, Jyril, Tom harrison, Everyking, Bobblewik, Quadell, GD~enwiki, Mike Rosoft, Jayjg, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot,
Cavebear42, Sietse Snel, RoyBoy, TMC1982, Maurreen, SNIyer1, ABCD, Kurieeto, Saga City, RJFJR, GabrielF, SmthManly, Shankark,
Woohookitty, FPAtl, Jpers36, Zzyzx11, Frostyservant, Kbdank71, RxS, Carbonite, Fred Bradstadt, SNIyer12, Pacic Coast Highway,
JdforresterBot, Gareth E Kegg, Mcy919, Splash, Hydrargyrum, Flup, Ageekgal, Sardanaphalus, SmackBot, Jim62sch, WilyD, Ccscott, PeterSymonds, Daysleeper47, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Dual Freq, Snowmanradio, Nakon, Savidan, NotMuchToSay, Majorclanger, PseudoSudo, InedibleHulk, Kyle C Haight, TJ Spyke, Levineps, Dakart, FairuseBot, CmdrObot, Bennyp77, Grammaticus Repairo, Adamtw,
JB196, Desmond Hobson, Steven Russell, Headbomb, Ags412, LeedsKing, Y2kcrazyjoker4, Pablothegreat85, Magioladitis, Faizhaider,
Cgingold, IvoShandor, Themachine42, Nikki311, S, Pahari Sahib, Dilermando, Jdaloner, Sthompson3, ClueBot, Nytimes19992000,
Niceguyedc, NiciVampireHeart, Wrestlinglover, Ost316, Kbdankbot, Download, Deamon138, Lightbot, Qwertyytrewqqwerty, Yobot,
REDyellowGreenBLUE, Examtester, AnomieBOT, Roxy the Goth, Citation bot, Xqbot, A Quest For Knowledge, MerlLinkBot, Shadowjams, PigFlu Oink, EmausBot, Dewritech, Fountofwisdomhaha, RedSoxFan274, Ultra X987, Realizzem, PhnomPencil, 1292simon,
Astros4477, ZappaOMati, Khazar2, Gibbyboy15, Mathematician314, Epicgenius, Libertarian12111971 and Anonymous: 54
Timeline for October following the September 11 attacks Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_for_October_following_the_
September_11_attacks?oldid=646301237 Contributors: General Wesc, The Cunctator, Malcolm Farmer, Andre Engels, Dachshund, MartinHarper, Minesweeper, Jiang, Mulad, WhisperToMe, Morwen, Tempshill, VeryVerily, Pigsonthewing, Moondyne, Mirv, Sverdrup,
GD~enwiki, Sfoskett, Kate, Rich Farmbrough, Maurreen, Woohookitty, Zzyzx11, Kbdank71, RxS, Fred Bradstadt, Mirror Vax, Ground
Zero, Jezarnold, RussBot, Nobs01, Splash, Cholmes75, Ageekgal, SmackBot, Chris the speller, Onorem, Nakon, Savidan, Levineps, Abog,
Headbomb, Y2kcrazyjoker4, Pablothegreat85, Cgingold, Rgoodermote, Speciate, Dilermando, Lisatwo, Dallyripple, Nytimes19992000,
Kbdankbot, Download, Deamon138, Rogerb67, Xqbot, Full-date unlinking bot, EmausBot, Realizzem, BG19bot, SugarRat, Krystaleen,
Hillbillyholiday, Oneultralamewhiteboy and Anonymous: 18
Timeline beyond October following the September 11 attacks Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_beyond_October_
following_the_September_11_attacks?oldid=648410599 Contributors: Eclecticology, Skybunny, Tom harrison, Woohookitty, SNIyer12,
Ageekgal, SmackBot, TimBentley, Andy120290, Jagarin, MrDolomite, Levineps, Joseph Solis in Australia, Ericleb01, Alaibot, Headbomb, Asdfj, Dogru144, LeedsKing, Cgingold, Vaderson1, DandyDan2007, Dilermando, Supertouch, Arjayay, Kbdankbot, Deamon138,
Lightbot, AnomieBOT, Xqbot, J4lambert, Greatguygreat, Full-date unlinking bot, EmausBot, JohnCengiz77, The last Wikibender,
13.1. TEXT
389
Obamapinoy1982, Halokid12, SugarRat, Fairlyoddparents1234, Folgertat, WebTV3, BattyBot, Libertarian12111971 and Anonymous:
20
Casualties of the September 11 attacks Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualties_of_the_September_11_attacks?oldid=
662358881 Contributors: Rmhermen, Paul Benjamin Austin, Darkwind, Qwirty, Val42, Thomasedavis, Mattaschen, Tom harrison,
Pashute, Btphelps, Btmaisel, Mike R, CaribDigita, Rdsmith4, Kingal86, Rich Farmbrough, Quiensabe, Ylee, Aude, Alansohn, LtNOWIS,
Geo Swan, Pgimeno~enwiki, Kinema, Lensovet, Cuchullain, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream, Marasama, ViriiK, Petiatil, NawlinWiki,
Bruce Hall, Ageekgal, Rms125a@hotmail.com, Red Jay, Sacxpert, SmackBot, Nil Einne, Hmains, Tadiew, Sloane, Aaton77, Andy120290,
Nakon, Bretonbanquet, John, MilborneOne, Andrwsc, Kevin W., Levineps, Iridescent, Arkangel lucifer, Reywas92, PKT, Headbomb, Biyu
copy, Widefox, JAnDbot, Dogru144, Sophie means wisdom, Dricherby, Acroterion, Hurmata, Magioladitis, Bg007, Cgingold, DGG,
Flexdream, Anaxial, R'n'B, J.delanoy, Tdadamemd, WiiAlbanyGirl, RenniePet, Olegwiki, Egard89, Danbloch, JuneGloom07, Metasailor, UnitedStatesian, Fizbin, Dirkbb, W4chris, Fanatix, SieBot, TJRC, Cjcody2010, 1zackman, Mygerardromance, ClueBot, Kennvido,
Zebaslam, The Thing That Should Not Be, Mild Bill Hiccup, Delicious Manager, Ktr101, Ibeowulf, NuclearWarfare, Soundvisions1,
VsevolodKrolikov, Another Believer, Trulystand700, Addbot, Jojhutton, Saberwolf116, Lemonade100, Jarble, Yobot, Louisstar, H11,
Legobot II, Donfbreed, Feldkurat Katz, AnomieBOT, DerAndre, LilHelpa, Kieronoldham, Mark Schierbecker, A Quest For Knowledge,
Moxy, Dannymuttley, ElectricMandarine, FrescoBot, Xmike920, Reecedave, Mistakender, Brain use, Pinethicket, Cleveland84, Hessamnia, Samuel Salzman, Lotje, Vrenator, Aoidh, Stundra, Bahreq, RjwilmsiBot, TheArguer, Thomas Peardew, DiligentDavidG, Mrk74,
EmausBot, Heymid, Dewritech, Dee Fraser, Sg86, Wikipelli, Mz7, Illegitimate Barrister, JohnCengiz77, Thargor Orlando, Cn Francisco,
H3llBot, Unreal7, Wayne Slam, David J Johnson, Knight Merlin, Wiggles007, Mayur, Autiej, CiriloMechas, TBM10, ClueBot NG, Yambaram, Realizzem, Frietjes, OLBKatz, Patapsco913, Karlbonner1982, JarobGilliam666, Helpful Pixie Bot, Kr1st1deejay97, Dan567890,
BG19bot, Kendall-K1, 1776gwash, Pista235, Farmer Tom 2004, Bengalmama, Alex31321, , Loriendrew, Shaun, Jemdt, BattyBot,
Justincheng12345-bot, Angela MacLean, DoctorKubla, Jionpedia, SilverFox183, Harsh 2580, Smalleditor, Mogism, JZNIOSH, Jackninja5, XXzoonamiXX, Lugia2453, Gloamist, Huwidavies, Epicgenius, Dustin V. S., Bladesmulti, Monkbot, GinAndChronically, LukasMatt, Libertarian12111971, Today9009, TheMagikCow, Xanderox, Friendoexi, Book2015, Jalexchavi, Slim Waka, Apriori-Mentality
and Anonymous: 225
American Airlines Flight 11 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_11?oldid=662093608 Contributors: The
Cunctator, Brion VIBBER, Mav, Bryan Derksen, Rmhermen, Arno, Someone else, Patrick, MartinHarper, Gabbe, Ixfd64, Paul Benjamin
Austin, WhisperToMe, Tpbradbury, VeryVerily, SEWilco, Raul654, Denelson83, Misterrick, Chrism, Moncrief, Securiger, Lowellian,
Orthogonal, Mirv, Postdlf, Merovingian, PBP, Exploding Boy, Laudaka, Tom harrison, Niteowlneils, Joshuapaquin, Pascal666, Brockert,
Golbez, ChicXulub, Jonathan Grynspan, Quadell, Antandrus, GD~enwiki, Kaldari, CaribDigita, Michaeltaft, Deleting Unnecessary Words,
Neutrality, Trilobite, Trevor MacInnis, Lacrimosus, D6, N328KF, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Vague Rant, Jerde~enwiki,
Agorski, Bender235, Mr. Billion, Aude, CeeGee, RobNS, PatrikR, Apollo2011, Maurreen, SNIyer1, Pearle, Gary, Hektor, SnowFire,
Sherurcij, Polarscribe, Sligocki, XLR8TION, Malo, Wtmitchell, ProhibitOnions, CJS102793, MarkGeater, SmthManly, Crosbiesmith,
Zntrip, Firsfron, Woohookitty, Mazca, MONGO, Hbdragon88, BartBenjamin, StevenHW, Graham87, KyuuA4, Kbdank71, Rjwilmsi,
Tim!, Nightscream, Koavf, JoshuacUK, Vegaswikian, Ravik, MLRoach, Yamamoto Ichiro, SNIyer12, SchuminWeb, RobertG, Bibigon,
Preslethe, Gareth E Kegg, VolatileChemical, Whosasking, Bartleby, EamonnPKeane, YurikBot, Dmesg, Mukkakukaku, RussBot, Dreammaker182, Kyle Andrew Brown, Zaroblue05, Splash, Ironist, Wiki alf, Semolo75, Rgilder, Cholmes75, Amcfreely, CKHideki, Nick C,
Tony1, Ospalh, Falcon9x5, Mysid, Vlad, Engineer Bob, Schavira, Ageekgal, Zeppelin4life, Fang Aili, Thelb4, Jaranda, Airodyssey, Allens, Dandelions, Sacxpert, Sardanaphalus, SmackBot, Melchoir, Jaydeebee1, Lifebaka, Notxmyidea, Gilliam, Hmains, Skizzik, Bluebot,
Keegan, Jcc1, Miquonranger03, Timneu22, Bov, Veggies, Chlewbot, Zone46, OrphanBot, OOODDD, Morton devonshire, Andy120290,
Jmlk17, Flyguy649, Jaibe, Dream out loud, Dcamp314, Powelldinho, IanRitchie, Tesseran, Ohconfucius, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, John,
Tomservo3000, Mgiganteus1, Mantanmoreland, InedibleHulk, SandyGeorgia, RMHED, Mailbox101, WilliamJE, Fsotrain09, Tawkerbot2, Bstepp99, Xcentaur, JForget, Sveter, CmdrObot, Dub8lad1, Skeletor2112, Clipper471, SelfStudyBuddy, Tex, Starcity ai, Cydebot,
Fnlayson, Reywas92, Gogo Dodo, JFreeman, Boardhead, Medovina, Muhandis, Steven Russell, Chrislk02, Banditgeneral, Scarpy, Omicronpersei8, Datsuyk, Daniel Olsen, Malleus Fatuorum, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Daniel, Minutiaman, DanTD, TurboForce, Natalie Erin, Asdfj,
AntiVandalBot, RogueNinja, Smartse, JAnDbot, Leuko, Husond, Tony Myers, Hut 8.5, TAnthony, SiobhanHansa, Acroterion, Jonathan
ryan, Moni3, Doshindude, Magioladitis, Rubn Pea, Valeriesherman, Gecko 7, Bongwarrior, Than217, KConWiki, DFR1985, BilCat,
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brain, NellieBly, Cpay, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Jojhutton, Sr.96, Bonekingz, Adam Shafran, AkhtaBot, Derekm1986, Benniboy217, City
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Jbruin152, J JMesserly, GrouchoBot, SassoBot, JediMaster362, Cyfraw, Moxy, N419BH, Tktru, Zaps93, Xmike920, Lucas Duke, Intagli,
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Shipnerdbear, Unreal7, David J Johnson, ACSBehemothHellcatCruiser, Seattle, Rcsprinter123, Brandmeister, L Kensington, Quantumor, S Whistler, Mayur, Donner60, Vanished 1850, TBM10, ClueBot NG, BOMBINI, , Amr.rs, Helpful Pixie Bot, Calidum, Honeymanl, Cbrick77, Bosco Warden, Blake Burba, HGK745, Wiki13, Interchangeable, Furkaocean, Dr. Whooves, SugarRat, TRLIJC19,
Public awareness, Portuguese Man o' War, FireboltSkull, Batty of gold, Tradestorie, Thankyouforlastnight, ProudIrishAspie, Jediknightelectro1997, Time Becton, Mrt3366, Dantheman4297, Dexbot, Dodgeviper2, XXzoonamiXX, Solarislv, Epicgenius, Beingsshepherd,
Lizabetha, Zdawg1029, WorldTraveller101, Pianoturtle57, Ken Seh, LieutenantLatvia, N509FZ, Wackoutoftune, Snowager, Babestress,
Angelgreat, Monkbot, Liam-dino, Darth Jadus, Hommi69, JhonsJoe, Buddy bosgo, Minecraft291, Aceofspades009, Hunterwl and Anonymous: 464
390
United Airlines Flight 175 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175?oldid=659064988 Contributors: The Cunctator, Bryan Derksen, Arno, Edward, Patrick, MartinHarper, Gabbe, Ixfd64, Paul Benjamin Austin, Ahoerstemeier, Darrell Greenwood,
Evercat, WhisperToMe, VeryVerily, SEWilco, Denelson83, Orthogonal, Postdlf, Cyrius, PBP, Tom harrison, Angmering, Bobblewik,
Golbez, ChicXulub, Chowbok, Geni, Quadell, Antandrus, GD~enwiki, CaribDigita, JimWae, Kevin B12, Jeremykemp, Deleting Unnecessary Words, Ctac, Trevor MacInnis, D6, Rich Farmbrough, Dpm64, Digamma~enwiki, Agorski, Night Gyr, Aude, Shanes, Palm
dogg, CeeGee, PatrikR, Bobo192, Apollo2011, Maurreen, SNIyer1, Sherurcij, Cnelson, AzaToth, XLR8TION, MattWade, Miltonhowe,
Velella, KTC, CJS102793, SmthManly, Dismas, Falcorian, Mahanga, Zntrip, Brhaspati, MONGO, BartBenjamin, Pgilman, Zzyzx11,
Graham87, KyuuA4, Kbdank71, FreplySpang, Melesse, Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Nightscream, Koavf, NIKE~enwiki, BlueMoonlet, Vegaswikian, SNIyer12, Qqqqqq, FlaBot, RexNL, Gurch, President Rhapsody, Phoenix2~enwiki, Whosasking, The Rambling Man, YurikBot, Cculber007, Mukkakukaku, Fabricationary, CambridgeBayWeather, NawlinWiki, ENeville, Wiki alf, RattleMan, Cleared as led,
Alex43223, Ospalh, Mieciu K, Mysid, Haemo, Ageekgal, Arthur Rubin, Th1rt3en, Airodyssey, Blau, Je Silvers, Rykotsusei, Sacxpert, Sardanaphalus, SmackBot, Dieboybun, C.Fred, Ssbohio, Notxmyidea, Gilliam, Hmains, Betacommand, Sepa, Jcc1, Miquonranger03,
Sloane, TripleH1976, Verrai, Scwlong, Veggies, Shalom Yechiel, Chlewbot, Zone46, OrphanBot, Jmlk17, Savidan, Mwtoews, Tesseran,
Ohconfucius, CIS, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Riccardov~enwiki, Halfempty85, VerruckteDan, Cacetudo, Slakr, 2T, Scorpion0422, Mailbox101, BranStark, WilliamJE, Iridescent, Matt.hatton, Az1568, Courcelles, FairuseBot, Bstepp99, Ric36, Kylu, Clipper471, Blackvault,
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, Snoozlepet, Pilot850,
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Shaw, Illegitimate Barrister, JohnCengiz77, Jaydiem, Floridaful312, H3llBot, Titanicman13, David J Johnson, Yoshi66, RaqiwasSushi,
Jj98, Mike Denicola, Silverapple4, Usertest257, ClueBot NG, 6ii9, Nks12345, Helpful Pixie Bot, Innity11, Blake Burba, Dynamicwork,
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Blaze Books and Anonymous: 358
American Airlines Flight 77 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_77?oldid=663377964 Contributors: The
Cunctator, Mav, Bryan Derksen, BlckKnght, Ed Poor, Ellmist, Daniel C. Boyer, Arno, Edward, Patrick, Nwt, TimShell, Modster, Nixdorf,
MartinHarper, Gabbe, Ixfd64, Paul Benjamin Austin, Darrell Greenwood, Bueller 007, Guaka, Dysprosia, Sertrel, WhisperToMe, Tpbradbury, VeryVerily, SEWilco, Oaktree b, Paranoid, Dale Arnett, Misterrick, Chris Roy, Orthogonal, Postdlf, Merovingian, Der Eberswalder,
Hadal, Dave6, Vaoverland, Graeme Bartlett, Seabhcan, Tom harrison, Meursault2004, Edcolins, Golbez, ChicXulub, Quadell, Antandrus, GD~enwiki, Kaldari, Jklamo, Deleting Unnecessary Words, Neutrality, Joyous!, Oknazevad, Trilobite, Adashiel, Trevor MacInnis,
Gazpacho, N328KF, Rich Farmbrough, Rhobite, Agorski, Bender235, ESkog, CanisRufus, Aude, Tom, Art LaPella, RoyBoy, CeeGee,
Jpgordon, Bobo192, Circeus, Whosyourjudas, Viriditas, Elipongo, Maurreen, SNIyer1, Raemie, Jonathunder, Ultra megatron, Nsaa,
Espoo, Knucmo2, Alansohn, PaulHanson, Cnelson, Water Bottle, Malo, NTK, KJK::Hyperion, Ombudsman, Arag0rn, RyanGerbil10,
Paradiver, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Woohookitty, Thorpe, MONGO, Jrkarp, CiTrusD, Hbdragon88, Emerson7, SqueakBox, Graham87, KyuuA4, Descendall, BD2412, Kbdank71, RxS, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Nightscream, Jake Wartenberg, Carbonite, Vegaswikian, Durin,
SNIyer12, Ian Pitchford, SchuminWeb, G Clark, RobertG, NekoDaemon, Gurch, President Rhapsody, Fresheneesz, TeaDrinker, Lamrock, Jer, Modular, Whosasking, Jpfagerback, The Rambling Man, Phantomsteve, AVM, Hydrargyrum, Gaius Cornelius, NawlinWiki,
ENeville, Badagnani, CJK, Cleared as led, Airline, RFBailey, PhilipO, RL0919, Tony1, Ospalh, Mieciu K, Eurosong, Deeday-UK, Noclip,
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SmackBot, Slashme, Prodego, Hydrogen Iodide, Anastrophe, Cla68, Hmains, Sepa, Miquonranger03, Sloane, TripleH1976, Drakew,
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13.1. TEXT
391
AndersBot, Jonny99, Lightbot, Krano, The Bushranger, Math Champion, Astropata, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Fraggle81, DarthKieduss, Facilitatetruth, Brian78046, AnomieBOT, VanishedUser sdu9aya9fasdsopa, Cptnono, Jake sanchard, AdjustShift, Materialscientist, Citation
bot, Shorele17, ArthurBot, Xqbot, IHelpWhenICan, Mnnlaxer, Donpayette, Sellyme, Ched, J JMesserly, SassoBot, Zipotur, A Quest
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Mkonoza, DReifGalaxyM31, Irbisgreif, Arbero, ArXivist, Trappist the monk, Lotje, Callanecc, Suomi Finland 2009, Tbhotch, JimmyBallgame, Bobby122, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Duiarmia, RjwilmsiBot, Undescribed, DASHBot, EmausBot, Pygar2, Sumsum2010, Sp33dyphil,
Werieth, ZroBot, PS., Illegitimate Barrister, JohnCengiz77, Wackywace, H3llBot, A Texas Historian, David J Johnson, Mike Denicola,
-xwingsx-, Ihardlythinkso, ClueBot NG, Yettaw, Scjiwillbe, Frietjes, Delusion23, Widr, AOCJedi, Myskoxen, Blake Burba, Mark Arsten, Elcounte, Public awareness, ProudIrishAspie, TheGoodBadWorst, Time Becton, BattyBot, RichardMills65, ChrisGualtieri, Dantheman4297, Dontlookforme, Dobie80, Dexbot, Gibbyboy15, Keegbarn, XXzoonamiXX, Lugia2453, Jamesx12345, Pride Aair, You Can
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SarahRMadden, Monkbot, Filedelinkerbot, Liam-dino, Awareness2, Pingumeister, Crystallizedcarbon, Esquivalience, Spongebob1944,
Lijealso1, Lightning Sabre, Mickey Featherstone, Nawras223, Tdadamemd sioz, Aceofspades009, Blaze Books and Anonymous: 482
United Airlines Flight 93 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93?oldid=663244093 Contributors: AxelBoldt,
The Cunctator, Mav, Bryan Derksen, Koyaanis Qatsi, Jagged, Arvindn, Rmhermen, Toby Bartels, Shii, AdamRetchless, Dwheeler, Arno,
Modemac, Olivier, Someone else, Patrick, HollyAm, Michael Hardy, Lexor, MartinHarper, Gabbe, Ixfd64, Chinju, Dcljr, Paul Benjamin
Austin, Minesweeper, Egil, Ahoerstemeier, Darrell Greenwood, Nikai, Netsnipe, Jiang, Evercat, Smith03, Guaka, Daniel Quinlan, WhisperToMe, Haukurth, CBDunkerson, Timothy Muggli, Saltine, Tempshill, VeryVerily, SEWilco, EikwaR, Rls, Kenatipo, Raul654, Oaktree
b, Jason M, Jerzy, Francs2000, Denelson83, Robbot, Sensor, LuckyWizard, Chrism, Kizor, Donreed, Moncrief, Naddy, TimothyPilgrim, Pillsbur, Chris Roy, Orthogonal, Mirv, Postdlf, Hadal, Saforrest, Walloon, Xanzzibar, PBP, Mattaschen, Exploding Boy, Laudaka,
Philwelch, Tom harrison, Bkonrad, Curps, JoeHine, Allstar86, Brockert, Golbez, Lucky 6.9, Stevietheman, Mike R, SarekOfVulcan,
Quadell, Antandrus, GD~enwiki, Russell E, Balcer, Trilobite, Trevor MacInnis, Mike Rosoft, D6, N328KF, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, KillerChihuahua, Smyth, Ericamick, MattTM, Tgies, Harry Hayeld, CanisRufus, El C, Bletch, Aude, Art LaPella, Bookofjude,
Phiwum, CeeGee, Bill Thayer, Bobo192, Circeus, TomStar81, Longhair, 23skidoo, Smalljim, Reinyday, Elipongo, Maurreen, CoolGuy, MPerel, Polylerus, Nsaa, Alansohn, Gary, SnowFire, Sherurcij, Mo0, Cnelson, Polarscribe, Lektu, Jonasaurus, Riana, Eagleamn,
Pouya, Lightdarkness, TommyBoy, XLR8TION, Malo, Katefan0, Bart133, Dhartung, Max rspct, Tony Sidaway, RainbowOfLight, Mikeo,
Macgruder, Alai, Coolgamer, Kitch, Trxi, Forteblast, SmthManly, Falcorian, Tariqabjotu, Zntrip, Paradiver, Simetrical, OwenX, BillC,
WadeSimMiser, MONGO, Eaolson, Pgilman, SDC, Wayward, Matthewsoft, Xiong Chiamiov, Ggonnell, Graham87, Marskell, KyuuA4,
Kbdank71, Enzo Aquarius, Rjwilmsi, Eoghanacht, Tim!, Nightscream, Rogerd, OneWeirdDude, Carbonite, Tangotango, Staecker, Voretus,
Vegaswikian, Oo64eva, SNIyer12, Mirror Vax, RobertG, GrayFox92, TheMidnighters, Wlaw422, NekoDaemon, Phatmonkey, Verybigsh86, Karrmann, Jeremygbyrne, Nuge, Fresheneesz, Rrenner, Ahunt, Imnotminkus, Spencerk, Lamrock, Chobot, Mmx1, Random user
39849958, VolatileChemical, Dresdnhope, ShadowHntr, Mysekurity, Whosasking, Starwind Amada, Banaticus, Borgx, Stevenmilloy, Cculber007, Red Slash, Herzog, GusF, Ansell, RadioFan, Tenebrae, CambridgeBayWeather, Lavenderbunny, Andie Gilmour, GunnarRene,
MosheA, NawlinWiki, ENeville, Dysmorodrepanis~enwiki, Markt3, RattleMan, DB, Grafen, Dforest, Trovatore, RazorICE, Morhange,
Cleared as led, Raven4x4x, Moe Epsilon, Juanpdp, OettingerCroat, Tony1, Ospalh, Mieciu K, Mysid, Lcmortensen, DeadEyeArrow, T-rex, CLW, Leeds42us, Deeday-UK, Zzuuzz, Marketdiamond, BillyCreamCorn, Ageekgal, Theda, Spondoolicks, Mike Selinker,
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sleep, clown will eat me, MisterHand, Scray, Chlewbot, OrphanBot, Snowmanradio, OOODDD, Paul E Ester, SpinyNorman, Wes!, Morton devonshire, Backspace, PaxonGator, PiMaster3, Bulbous, Cybercobra, Savidan, JonasRH, Oanabay04, JRaue, OranL, EVula, Dream
out loud, Parrot of Doom, Ekaterina tony, Saippuakauppias, Pilotguy, Kukini, Ceoil, TenPoundHammer, Cvieg, Ohconfucius, Aandrei,
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Thomist, Peter Horn, Atakdoug, Mailbox101, JeK1971, Levineps, Hetar, WilliamJE, Iridescent, 293.xx.xxx.xx, Hayttom, Janus303,
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Rockfan1, CWY2190, Kylu, El aprendelenguas, Clipper471, Jonathan F, No1lakersfan, Cydebot, Comar4, Dianathemath, Aunursa, Zalzalahbuttsaab, Slp1, Skyyer9, Djg2006, Grammaticus Repairo, SyntaxError55, BlueAg09, Wikipediarules2221, Soetermans, PAWiki,
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Theea912, Esemono, Twoblackeyes, DanTD, VaneWimsey, JustAGal, Vchao, CharlotteWebb, Big Bird, Haha169, Natalie Erin, Asdfj,
AntiVandalBot, Thrawn03, Luna Santin, Root50, Opelio, QuiteUnusual, DarkAudit, Darklilac, Aspensti, Jhsounds, Yellowdesk, Quakerman, Pixelface, Dunnhaupt, Ani td, Canadian-Bacon, Husond, Davewho2, NapoliRoma, MER-C, Dsp13, Supertheman, Hello32020,
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PTR, CommonsDelinker, Pomte, Steve8675309, Fighting for Justice, J.delanoy, DrKiernan, Timbh, Trusilver, GoatGuy, AAA!, TamCaP, Jerry, Vision3001, Mappase, Zeisseng, Notreallydavid, Mikael Hggstrm, JaxBax5, Noahcs, Mmurawinski, Rominandreu, Ohms
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13.1. TEXT
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Ngapleaz, User3127-2, ToxicArtichoke, Orfen, Jman8088, Natalie Erin, Dalliance, Chrisp7, Green-Dragon, Ollie87, I already forgot,
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398
CsDix, Theamazo, Melonkelon, Zdawg1029, Everymorning, Rybec, Beerest355, PussBroad, Stamptrader, Tttt, Agent0047, P-123, Jim
Carter, BethNaught, Yup69 and Anonymous: 1459
September 11 attacks advance-knowledge conspiracy theories Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks_
advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theories?oldid=660817434 Contributors: Rmhermen, Edward, Anders Feder, Tom harrison, Gamaliel,
Varlaam, Neutrality, Njh@bandsman.co.uk, Rich Farmbrough, BillyTFried, Espoo, Geo Swan, Hipocrite, Titanium Dragon, Arnold1,
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Anonymous: 63
World Trade Center controlled demolition conspiracy theories Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_controlled_
demolition_conspiracy_theories?oldid=663320376 Contributors: 6birc, Tzaquiel, Bueller 007, Conti, DJ Clayworth, Haukurth, Tempshill,
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NickW557, Timtrent, Tex, Cydebot, Reywas92, Gindo, Wildnox, DumbBOT, JustFacts, Mike1942f, Thurn X, Thijs!bot, Biruitorul,
O Govinda, Sagaciousuk, Headbomb, EdJohnston, CharlotteWebb, Thelongroad1980, AntiVandalBot, Chegis, Thomas Basboll, Deadbeef, Orion the Hunter, Bakasuprman, Lindes, Dscotese, Hut 8.5, Dricherby, Acroterion, Pablothegreat85, VoABot II, Hasek is the best,
Mystictim~enwiki, SalvNaut, KConWiki, Mfoch, Ishmael Romanov, Umeboshi, TheOnlyChoice, Subatomicguy, Cgingold, Selig5, Biod,
Zarcon, Demosfoni, XP, Guyanakoolaid, Wowest, Ekotkie, Locewtus, Maxxoccupancy, RedAlpha, MartinBot, NuclearUmpf, ColorOfSuering, CommonsDelinker, Chtfn, VirtualDelight, Tgeairn, Lee Vonce, A Nobody, Gsmith659, Damien Shiest, Lord Airen, Apostle12,
P4k, WhoWillTellThePeople, DanCrowter, Spartelite, Doug141, BooyakaDell, Uhai, Remember the dot, DH85868993, DerwinUMD,
Rosenkreuz, WLRoss, JulesVerne, Andreas Plank, F.F.McGurk, Moscatanix, Netmonger, Javance, Je G., BudokanNYC5, Beguiled,
Complete Truth, The Original Wildbear, Manmanwiki, SqueakySqueakyMouse, Hqb, Air Races, Dchall1, Don't try dis at Home, DennyColt, Kjell.kuehne, UnitedStatesian, Rumiton, Rougieux, Wolfrock, Torontonian1, The Devils Advocate, Brianga, Edkollin, Northfox,
RbdaviesTB3, Scottywong, Byzanz, Kevin77v, Tekjester, 4RM0~enwiki, Exert, Cicorp, Hanoi Girl, Wannsee~enwiki, Ynda20, Mik1984,
Coop222, Hamiltondaniel, Aqwiz, Markpaul2007, Corleonebrother, Eld Surefoot, ImageRemovalBot, ClueBot, SirEditALot, Badger
Drink, Fyyer, Rhenzel, Ignorance is strength, Acornwebworks, Counteraction, Bean dhleir, Jeanenawhitney, Excirial, Mr.Z-man.sock,
John Nevard, Ice Cold Beer, Dragon784, Bonewah, Josiahkeller, Steelydev, Wateronthebrain~enwiki, Tony0937, Thingg, Gorkelobb, MelonBot, Conspiracy Smasher, Mmmmtmmmm, DumZiBoT, Hunter and Gatherer, Perscurator, Kongen af fodbold, Ninja247, Zinbielnov,
Burningview, Feinoha, WillOakland, WikHead, Kbdankbot, Kodster, Addbot, DOI bot, Jojhutton, Stnewton09, CanadianLinuxUser, Debresser, Artaxus, Terrillja, Nashledanou, HandThatFeeds, TimOssman, LiteBrigade, Verbal, Go-here.nl, Lightbot, Wheregerbil, Marenach, CountryBot, Yobot, VengeancePrime, Fraggle81, Legobot II, DisillusionedBitterAndKnackered, RKOwens4, Alakasam, Broadsideballadeer, AnomieBOT, Seandulac, John Holmes II, Jim1138, Dreaven3, OpenFuture, Soxwon, IrFactor, Jarel75, Citation bot, Coursian,
ArthurBot, Quebec99, Xqbot, Toa Nidhiki05, A Quest For Knowledge, SchnitzelMannGreek, A.amitkumar, Ihaveabutt, Rgebmf, Glitch82,
Cs32en, SCFilm29, Cannolis, Yrulaughing418, Symplectic Map, Chrastic, 10metreh, GWST11, Reader2010, Aetylus, SpaceFlight89,
TechOce5031, Kgrad, Jordgette, SciCorrector, Visite fortuitement prolonge, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, Ncsr11, RA0808, Novisibersk,
Solarra, PowerAustin, Mojokabobo, ZroBot, MithrandirAgain, Gershake, Thargor Orlando, H3llBot, Cybergothiche, GreenIn2010, ,
Brandmeister, L Kensington, HandsomeFella, TitaniumCarbide, ClueBot NG, AlamedaReader, Coastwise, Delusion23, Sren Koopmann,
ArtifexMayhem, M0rphzone, Lovepompitus, Allecher, ManchesterRenamedPersonchester, Yerdoneson, Mr.Johnson1982, Harizotoh9,
Westwindworld, MrBill3, BattyBot, Pratyya Ghosh, Ssscienccce, Toa Nidhiki05 (iPod), Tashadox, CsDix, Stickler4accuracy2, Melonkelon,
Monkbot, Zumoarirodoka, BethNaught, Leetolson, Al Murphy and Anonymous: 401
Economic eects arising from the September 11 attacks Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_effects_arising_from_
the_September_11_attacks?oldid=647198486 Contributors: The Cunctator, Mintguy, Nixdorf, MartinHarper, Sam Francis, Tannin,
Minesweeper, Rob.derosa, RickK, WhisperToMe, Timc, Tpbradbury, VeryVerily, Topbanana, Josh Cherry, Mirv, Sverdrup, Centrx,
Tom harrison, HectorRodriguez, Gscshoyru, Discospinster, Timsabin, Lalala666, Aude, Vitoghf, Smalljim, Pearle, Evil Monkey, Mikeo,
Philthecow, Woohookitty, Wainblatrobert, Paxsimius, BD2412, Kbdank71, Rjwilmsi, Ttwaring, SNIyer12, Lmatt, DVdm, Splash, Thane,
NawlinWiki, Grafen, NihilisticMystic, PGPirate, Avalon, Ageekgal, Closedmouth, SmackBot, Edgar181, Mslimix, ERcheck, ButtonwoodTree, Stevenmitchell, Savidan, AndyBQ, IronGargoyle, Levineps, Joseph Solis in Australia, Courcelles, Timrem, Eastlaw, Old Guard,
Nighthawkf117, Barticus88, TFX, Kablammo, Bobblehead, Chillysnow, Hmrox, Widefox, QuiteUnusual, Prolog, Acroterion, Seleucus,
Cgingold, Allstarecho, CliC, PCock, Mrh30, Philip Trueman, Are1981, Aqwfyj, TrulyBlue, Ks0stm, Martarius, ClueBot, The Thing That
Should Not Be, Supertouch, Ktr101, Shrips, Crnorizec, Kbdankbot, Giftiger wunsch, DOI bot, Guoguo12, Deamon138, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Nicolas Love, Yobot, Jim1138, AdjustShift, Materialscientist, Citation bot 1, Edderso, Vrenator, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, RjwilmsiBot,
13.1. TEXT
399
Super48paul, Plymouthpictures, Goswamir14, Tommy2010, Wayne Slam, Openstrings, ClueBot NG, Yettaw, Widr, Calabe1992, Mediator Scientiae, MusikAnimal, AwamerT, Geslingd, Ollieinc, Shirudo, Nuyhij, Arcandam, Lugia2453, Romtam, Maxyboyz and Anonymous:
128
Health eects arising from the September 11 attacks Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_arising_from_the_
September_11_attacks?oldid=650198270 Contributors: WhisperToMe, Bearcat, Donreed, E0N, Tom harrison, Chowbok, Neutrality, D6,
Rich Farmbrough, Bender235, Viriditas, Indio~enwiki, Elipongo, Alansohn, Kurieeto, XLR8TION, Eno~enwiki, CloudNine, Stemonitis,
Woohookitty, Mandarax, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Tintazul, Fred Bradstadt, SNIyer12, Ground Zero, Wavelength, Gaius Cornelius, GeeJo,
Ozzykhan, Taco325i, Tony1, Georgewilliamherbert, Ageekgal, Tom Morris, SmackBot, Davewild, Saros136, Midnight12, Mbhskid520,
Rklawton, Khono, Joelmills, Pierre cb, Levineps, THF, Raz1el, Reywas92, Bellerophon5685, Marek69, Nick Number, Asdfj, Vendettax,
HanzoHattori, Dogru144, Acroterion, Top Gun, Websterwebfoot, Ryangibsonstewart, Swpb, WhatamIdoing, Cgingold, Ekotkie, Pauly04,
R'n'B, Leyo, Bridge Partner, Mindsknife, Alcsul, DH85868993, Torinoiori, Thelittlesavage, Pwnage8, Bbcsills, Spacerat3004, Everything
counts, Abrod~enwiki, Vchimpanzee, Edkollin, Nycstudent578, PerryTachett, Hoplon, Mkdustboss, Mr. Granger, Twinsday, Wik266,
ImperfectlyInformed, Supertouch, Peter.C, Halgin, Chipmunker, Electric Farmer, DumZiBoT, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Fyrael, Debresser,
Deamon138, Yobot, Librsh, AnomieBOT, Odlaw, Citation bot, Cyphoidbomb, Mynameinc, J04n, Philip72, Moxy, CarminPolitano, Citation bot 4, Trappist the monk, RjwilmsiBot, H3llBot, Helpful Pixie Bot, Technical 13, 220 of Borg, JZNIOSH, Jackninja5, Mxheil,
Collectiveort, Therealtred and Anonymous: 55
Aftermath of the September 11 attacks Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_September_11_attacks?oldid=
662678389 Contributors: The Cunctator, Mav, Arno, Edward, Nixdorf, MartinHarper, Paul Benjamin Austin, Rossami, Jiang, WhisperToMe, Morwen, VeryVerily, Francs2000, Skybunny, Pigsonthewing, PBS, Moondyne, E0N, Mirv, Sverdrup, AaronS, Auric, Mattaschen, Tom harrison, Dissident, Get-back-world-respect, Golbez, Fergananim, Quadell, GD~enwiki, Neutrality, Discospinster, Rhobite, Guanabot, YUL89YYZ, Mr. Billion, Aude, Tom, TomStar81, Cmdrjameson, Patsw, Alansohn, Nealcardwell, Andrew Gray, Hohum, Wtmitchell, Evil Monkey, Kelly Martin, Woohookitty, Scriberius, Uncle G, Plumcouch, MONGO, SDC, Kbdank71, Rjwilmsi,
Koavf, Bill37212, TheRingess, Fred Bradstadt, SNIyer12, Ground Zero, Gurch, DVdm, Wavelength, Splash, WikidSmaht, AB-me, Mcgeorge, Ageekgal, Shakehandsman, Arthur Rubin, MacsBug, A bit iy, SmackBot, Classiclms, Prodego, Jagged 85, Esaborio, Midway,
Alksub, Edgar181, Hmains, Kitrus, Hamedog, Chris the speller, Jprg1966, Stubblyhead, Darth Panda, Bov, Morton devonshire, Echtoran, Fuhghettaboutit, Funkah, Xiutwel, Ohconfucius, Deepred6502, Bagel7, NYCJosh, Codepro, Armon, Macabe, JeK1971, Levineps,
Nehrams2020, Joseph Solis in Australia, Imad marie, Fsotrain09, O1ive, CmdrObot, Alfredo Molina, Borism, No1lakersfan, Fletcher,
Beh-nam, Wikipediarules2221, Blindman shady, Jacnoc, PureLogic, Headbomb, Conqueror Hibernensis, Big Bird, Danielfolsom, Hmrox,
AntiVandalBot, Farosdaughter, Dogru144, Fetchcomms, Buchick, Acroterion, Pablothegreat85, Magioladitis, Appraiser, KConWiki,
WhatamIdoing, Jaakobou, Cgingold, JaGa, CommonsDelinker, Gregory12, Pharaoh of the Wizards, PCock, Jerry, Ken g6, Deor, Philip
Trueman, Amos Han, Dchall1, Someguy1221, Anna Lincoln, Melsaran, UnitedStatesian, SheeldSteel, SQL, Brianga, Brenont, N-HH,
Caltas, Srushe, Bentogoa, Joesr55, StaticGull, Anchor Link Bot, Pinkadelica, Corleonebrother, ImageRemovalBot, ClueBot, EoGuy, Supertouch, John Nevard, MickMacNee, Halgin, Rahaeli, Carlson288, Versus22, Trulystand700, DumZiBoT, Dthomsen8, Common Good,
Kbdankbot, Ronhjones, CanadianLinuxUser, Lihaas, Deamon138, Lightbot, Andre Toulon, Yobot, Librsh, AdjustShift, Wrelwser43, A
Quest For Knowledge, Moxy, MerlLinkBot, I dream of horses, Full-date unlinking bot, White Shadows, Tbhotch, Reach Out to the Truth,
Noommos, DASHBot, Sbrianhicks, Davejohnsan, Anir1uph, H3llBot, Unreal7, Wayne Slam, David J Johnson, GeorgeBarnick, Afranelli,
ClueBot NG, Yettaw, Baseball Watcher, WikiPuppies, Helpful Pixie Bot, Cyberpower678, SugarRat, H.Tamahagane, Ollieinc, KZIZIZI,
Owenlfc97, LoneWolf1992, Klilidiplomus, Mogism, Silkindude11, Mychemicalromancefan123, Tonopia, Epicgenius, Matperez, Ginsuloft, Nafets2223, Ejsiskskw, Reporterlive23 and Anonymous: 180
List of entertainment aected by the September 11 attacks Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_entertainment_affected_
by_the_September_11_attacks?oldid=662203971 Contributors: NathanBeach, Bryan Derksen, Chuq, Zanimum, Tregoweth, Docu, Mulad, K1Bond007, VeryVerily, Denelson83, SD6-Agent, R3m0t, Moncrief, Mirv, Sverdrup, JoeBaldwin, Popebrak, Seth Ilys, PBP, Tom
harrison, Theon~enwiki, Everyking, Cantus, Niteowlneils, Calexico, Beland, DragonySixtyseven, Beginning, Lacrimosus, Freakofnurture, Aralvarez, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Daydream believer2, Eric Shalov, JustPhil, Aude, RoyBoy, Nickj, Thunderbrand,
TMC1982, Bobo192, 23skidoo, Walkiped, SNIyer1, Grutness, Anthony Appleyard, Sherurcij, Scarecroe, Ynhockey, Roadrunner3000,
Lapinmies, Mrowlinson, Ianblair23, Alai, Kitch, Bacteria, Firsfron, ByeByeBaby, Woohookitty, LeonWhite, Kiltman67, ArCgon, Hooperx,
Taestell, BD2412, Kbdank71, JIP, Jhskg7843hjskdyg7843ythiul43h, ZanderSchubert, Randomgbear, SNIyer12, SchuminWeb, Ground
Zero, CR85747, Bennie Noakes, Barnolde, Gareth E Kegg, Mrschimpf, Gplefka, Wavelength, Rapido, Splash, C777, Gaius Cornelius,
Kyorosuke, Tvtonightokc, Jakash, Dudtz, Emersoni, Oakster, Psy guy, Canuckguy, David Underdown, Nick123, Pegship, Ageekgal,
Alakazam, Banus, Eenu, Cumbiagermen, SmackBot, Slashme, Prodego, Jonyyeh, TBH, Jfg284, ZS, MisterHand, Shunpiker, TonySt,
Andy120290, DanGates, Brianhenke, Digresser, WereWolf, Bert bert, Jagarin, Jeremyb, Tehw1k1, PhilipB, Alcuin, Kransky, Jaywubba1887, Zepheus, TJ Spyke, Levineps, Nehrams2020, Josh Dunkelman, Abog, Gregarchy, Geeman, PhillyPartTwo, CmdrObot,
Compn, Sk5893, ShelfSkewed, Korky Day, Otto4711, Desmond Hobson, After Midnight, BetacommandBot, JamesAM, Headbomb, Digiend, JustAGal, Scaredpoet, Dark dude, Nick Number, Mr 47, Gdo01, Mrath, JAnDbot, Dogru144, Albany NY, MegX, Bwanaunsignedhype, Rich257, JaaCakeLover, Cgingold, That Don Guy, Woo tangent, Brettalan, Alphamone, Rettetast, Hipvicar, Perry mason, Belovedfreak, White 720, Joshua Issac, Kriplozoik~enwiki, Je G., B Pete, Childhoodtrauma, Dilermando, Michaelsbll, Hmwith, StAnselm,
Dough4872, Holiday56, Crisis, Twinsday, Sfan00 IMG, Mild Bill Hiccup, Elegie, Trivialist, RJX74, CowboySpartan, Mlas, Dana boomer,
Tezero, Mimitchi33, DumZiBoT, 13 of Diamonds, DoctorHver, NellieBly, Birdienest81, Humble user, Kbdankbot, Addbot, RandySavageFTW, Morriswa, SoloWing3844, Deamon138, Tassedethe, Lightbot, Legobot, Gongshow, AnomieBOT, Crackthewhip775, GB fan,
LilHelpa, Xqbot, Transity, J4lambert, Daria5363, FrescoBot, Spidey104, Rolen47, MrTwinTowers, RjwilmsiBot, Charlesaaronthompson,
Mysteryman19, GoingBatty, RenamedUser01302013, TuneyLoon, Mr.Slinks, H3llBot, Unreal7, BNSF1995, SteamboatBilly, BookDen,
BornonJune8, 1007D, ClueBot NG, Rhain1999, Zz pot, Joerg Bader, Lionhead99, BZTMPS, Culturawiki, Sendu1984, Heyrubengarcia,
ChrisGualtieri, Gibbyboy15, Mogism, SSuper64, BDE1982, Joshtaco, GalaxyFighter55, Oneultralamewhiteboy, Epicgenius, PattyTheWalrus, Magicperson6969, Zdawg1029, CSB radio, DecibelleMusic, Gerbel, SydneyMaster, AirportExpert, Music&MovieLuvah, Libertarian12111971, PODSelah, Bigpoppa65, FriarTuck1981, StewdioMACK, Emlice, Alec Borden and Anonymous: 233
Closings and cancellations following the September 11 attacks Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closings_and_cancellations_
following_the_September_11_attacks?oldid=654853294 Contributors: The Cunctator, Andre Engels, Edward, Bdesham, Nixdorf, MartinHarper, Tannin, Minesweeper, Gaz~enwiki, Angela, Jiang, Conti, RickK, Fuzheado, Astrotrain, VeryVerily, Jamesday, Skybunny,
Shantavira, SD6-Agent, Dale Arnett, Moncrief, Mirv, Sverdrup, Paul G, Walloon, DocWatson42, Tom harrison, HectorRodriguez, Gus
Polly, Wikisux, AdamJacobMuller, Beland, Tothebarricades.tk, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Jnestorius, Aude, RoyBoy, Riyehn, Dralwik, Circeus, 23skidoo, SNIyer1, SPUI, Alansohn, CyberSkull, Mlessard, Hu, Fpo, Jakek101, Blaxthos, Bastin, Woohookitty, GVOLTT,
Jpers36, Kbdank71, Search4Lancer, Rjwilmsi, SNIyer12, Pacic Coast Highway, SchuminWeb, RMc, NoseNuggets, Mrschimpf, EvilZak,
400
RussBot, Clib, WikidSmaht, Royalbroil, Special-K, Bachrach44, Doctorindy, Oakster, Phgao, Ageekgal, Alakazam, Jaysbro, Cumbiagermen, MacsBug, SmackBot, Smadge1, Va girl2468, Sam8, KelleyCook, Hmains, GoneAwayNowAndRetired, Ian3055, JonRidinger,
Rrburke, DanGates, Crd721, Jagarin, Xiutwel, Producercunningham, Pronoun, Levineps, Abog, Joseph Solis in Australia, Saltlakejohn,
Marcpatt14, Bstepp99, PurpleRain, Killswitch Engage, CmdrObot, Mikemcnary, Birdhurst, Karenjc, WallyCuddeford, Desmond Hobson,
Ttenchantr, Bobblehead, JustAGal, X96lee15, The Legendary Ranger, Alextwa, Ingolfson, NE2, Acroterion, Magioladitis, LDKEUIF,
Mjrmtg, Cgingold, Nicholas Weiner, Racepacket, R'n'B, Seoidau, WiiAlbanyGirl, The dragon123, RBHendrick, VolkovBot, The Bay
Area Lover, Dvmedis, Edkollin, Chuck Sirloin, TJRC, Dough4872, Acps110, AntonBreusov, Titanosaurus, Delta1989, Mr.Z-man.sock,
MickMacNee, Jed 20012, Vanished user k3rmwkdmn4tjna3d, Kbdankbot, Vanished user 352535, Paper Luigi, Morriswa, Lihaas, Deamon138, Tassedethe, Lightbot, Legobot, Yobot, 1oddbins1, AnomieBOT, AdjustShift, Dynablaster, BalticPat22, Xqbot, J4lambert, Guitarherochristopher, Gingee22, Full-date unlinking bot, TRBP, Cnwilliams, Jedi94, Vdubbs, Nascar1996, Nhajivandi, ScottyBerg, John
Cline, Shuipzv3, Unreal7, Souvalou, Yettaw, MusicGeek101, RomaZI, Ytpete, Vcohen, BattyBot, Mdann52, Dobie80, Epicgenius, Beingsshepherd, Thomasc77, Erru il 1988, Gt24, Pat power11, Dekkerofarrell and Anonymous: 100
List of cultural references to the September 11 attacks Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cultural_references_to_the_
September_11_attacks?oldid=661939662 Contributors: Zundark, KF, Zanimum, Wiwaxia, Pigsonthewing, E0N, Postdlf, Texture, Tom
harrison, Varlaam, DragonySixtyseven, SoM, WikiPediaAid, Aude, Rpresser, Pikawil, Polylerus, Mareino, Djproject, Grutness, Maso79,
DrBat, Gippersh, Kesh, Crablogger, Erik II, Tom.k, Woohookitty, Carcharoth, CS42, Peacefulvalley, LILVOKA, Stefanomione, Stevemcl,
Graham87, Euchrid, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream, Koavf, Stilgar135, Ground Zero, Ragan651, Michaelritchie200, VolatileChemical, Wavelength, RussBot, MoriyaMug, Barefootguru, Gaius Cornelius, Bachrach44, Xample, GenestealerUK, Morhange, Retired username, NihilisticMystic, PhilipC, DeadEyeArrow, Haemo, Tomsak, Pegship, Ageekgal, Closedmouth, Arthur Rubin, Alakazam, Jogers, Doktor Waterhouse, Airodyssey, Nimbex, Lunarsurface, Premkudva, SmackBot, Classiclms, Closetoeuphoria, Rouenpucelle, Evanreyes, Trystan,
Ogdred, TimBentley, HawkXZ, Jnelson09, Doggyboy, Sloane, Nozzleman, Wutschwlllm, FordPrefect42, Goldenboy, Patriarch, Suicidalhamster, MisterHand, DanMat6288, Radagast83, Cybertooth85, NickPenguin, Ramrod?, Suetsumuhana, Tehw1k1, Salamurai, Skinnyweed, TenPoundHammer, Ohconfucius, Nareek, Kuru, JethroElfman, Worthlessboy1420, Tony Corsini, IAngelofFuryI, Kransky, Rm
w a vu, Grumpyyoungman01, Grumpman, Darwin Tallhouse, Theimperial, Levineps, Iridescent, Abog, Deanh, GiantSnowman, DeadCow, AshcroftIleum, ChrisCork, Eastlaw, Misterzed, JForget, PhillyPartTwo, CmdrObot, Hornean, Addict 2006, Uniqueclone, VForVendetta, Sidewinder468, Sk5893, ShelfSkewed, Jonathan F, Eposty, Malamockq, Cydebot, Djg2006, Fernandovalentin~enwiki, Desmond
Hobson, The Lake Eect, Leather Tuscadero, Mathew5000, Instaurare, PamD, Coleco78, Headbomb, Ushionna, DmitTrix, John254,
Jehardywhyx, ProfL, DanyaRomulus, AgentPeppermint, Blathnaid, Majorly, Shirt58, Czj, ABCxyz, E. A. Green, Darklilac, Alphachimpbot, Stavaface, Nebulanfree, Porlob, Geneisner, Skomorokh, Dalek Cab, MegX, Lawilkin, Mtjaws, Kaneshirojj, ComposerMN, Rich257,
Twsx, Benzocane, Cgingold, Antmusic, Americanhero, Matzoball1982, Chris G, Bryson109, Bjmp11, MissIzzy, Padillah, Jarhed, Fighting for Justice, Whateverlolawants, A Nobody, Eaglesbus18, Tommy11111, J.A.McCoy, Shawn in Montreal, Trvsdrlng, Nikki311,
Saikokira, GrahamHardy, Dvmlny, The Duke of Waltham, Indubitably, Hobbesy3, Fences and windows, BillSung, WOSlinker, Lhw1,
Borobarmy, KafteinnKkps, DerGolgo, Indymag, Kingdomof, Freepopcornonfridays, OcerPhil, Rlaist2000, Crystal-palace4life, Rebelofnj, Skibz777, Feudonym, Dilophosaurus, Jakedockter, Logan, Ohiostandard, Theoneintraining, StAnselm, Iamthedeus, Thegreatcurve,
JT72, Dannycali, France3470, Arbor to SJ, Pokemonisaiah, JKwhatever, Guiyilan, Jmj713, GodlessAmerica, Deavenger, Akermish,
Twinsday, Martarius, De728631, Dustman15, Rleigh78, Demarius, Supertouch, Drmies, Mild Bill Hiccup, Krieberu, Blackandblue11,
Niceguyedc, Ottawahitech, SeanQuinlan, Liberal Saudi, NiciVampireHeart, Arjayay, ConsequencesIX, O.Duke, Bobman108, TheMissileSilo, DumZiBoT, CSOCSOCSO, XLinkBot, Foxxy parka, Farfelou, Rjs2371, Kbdankbot, Anticipation of a New Lovers Arrival, The,
Mercius, Stevenrl, Cooksi, Sourpuss1066, Ace Mendiola, Saberwolf116, Glane23, Lihaas, Stc139, Deamon138, Wall Screamer, Tassedethe, Lightbot, Mtminchi08, PlankBot, Sitandrotate, Teh BaKa-NEKO, Jcware, AnomieBOT, Mintrick, EHRice, AdjustShift, Eumolpo,
GenQuest, JediMaster362, NelsonCM, Green Cardamom, FreeKnowledgeCreator, Captain Cheeks, FrescoBot, Cybersurfer25, PigFlu
Oink, Sugarlover101, Spidey104, Foobarnix, Full-date unlinking bot, Karaoke Prince, NYC8974, Othemap13, Kitfoxxe, RjwilmsiBot,
Petitscel, GoingBatty, Smoore3, Nordicman72, Manicjedi, Beware the Unknown, JohnCengiz77, UpperPuppy, H3llBot, What was this guy
eating?, Scott Blake, Michaelmas1957, Wendyroseberry, Catlemur, NordhornerII, Joefromrandb, Mommolau, Widr, WikiPuppies, Helpful
Pixie Bot, Rockchalk717, Donalddon, Culturawiki, Daringwinchester, Bdschuman, Chicklitcrit, Kyotohit, Dewy60, ForgetMeNotProductions, Lea Sarraf, Thomasjkinney, Mogism, Chris2618, Canadopsis, Epicgenius, DJG2013, Libertarian12111971, CookieMonster755,
Jdistler2, Amintly, Serwords and Anonymous: 354
Detentions following the September 11 attacks Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detentions_following_the_September_11_attacks?
oldid=597526183 Contributors: AxelBoldt, The Cunctator, Ed Poor, SimonP, Hephaestos, Soulpatch, Llywrch, Nilmerg, HectorRodriguez, Fenice, Maurreen, PaulHanson, Woohookitty, Graham87, Rjwilmsi, Harro5, MZMcBride, SNIyer12, NekoDaemon, Farside6,
Toya, Ageekgal, SmackBot, Grazon, Gilliam, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Savidan, Rodrigogomespaixao, NYCJosh, Iridescent, Penbat,
MikeWren, Cydebot, Nuwewsco, SummerPhD, Robsmyth40, Cgingold, Supertouch, Good Olfactory, Kbdankbot, Harjk, Deamon138,
Yobot, JediMaster362, Cyfraw, Lotje, GoingBatty, BattyBot, Jeremy112233, Khazar2, Michael Anon and Anonymous: 11
Post-9/11 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-9/11?oldid=661132525 Contributors: Tom harrison, Rich Farmbrough, YUL89YYZ,
Anthony Appleyard, RJFJR, Woohookitty, SNIyer12, SchuminWeb, Kollision, Aeusoes1, Tony1, Ageekgal, Smurfy, SmackBot,
Tigerghost, Jnelson09, Hgrosser, Kevlar67, ILike2BeAnonymous, Cast, NickW557, Seven of Nine, Dancter, Instaurare, Big Bird,
MoogleDan, LeedsKing, CosineKitty, Cgingold, Almost Anonymous, Noahcs, Everything counts, Pishogue, Zalinda Zenobia, Insanity
Incarnate, Michael Frind, Fanra, Twinsday, DumZiBoT, Aujourd'hui, maman est morte, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Jojhutton, Morriswa, Lihaas, LuK3, Yobot, Pganas, Materialscientist, MerlLinkBot, Captain Cheeks, Ndboy, Bobmack89x, RjwilmsiBot, Charlesaaronthompson,
John Cline, Primus128, Unreal7, David J Johnson, VictorianMutant, ClueBot NG, Helpful Pixie Bot, Flax5, Zagurzem, Dred05m, 23W,
Robdeagan, Iluvlamp, Epicgenius, Hastyreader, Rayna Jaymes, DCTXsuper and Anonymous: 44
Reactions to the September 11 attacks Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_the_September_11_attacks?oldid=
662486451 Contributors: Feedmecereal, Uriber, WhisperToMe, E0N, Lowellian, HaeB, Tom harrison, Aratuk, Rich Farmbrough,
YUL89YYZ, Aude, Alansohn, Julianortega, Lugevas, Computerjoe, Paradiver, Woohookitty, Apokrif, Angusmclellan, MZMcBride,
SNIyer12, Heptor, Nihiltres, DannyDaWriter, Atrix20, Bgwhite, Nolookingca, Wavelength, Eraserhead1, StuOfInterest, RussBot, NawlinWiki, GHcool, Number 57, Tony1, Sandstein, Ageekgal, Kyaa the Catlord, SmackBot, Midway, Nickst, WookieInHeat, Canthusus,
PeterSymonds, Kisholi, Jprg1966, JonHarder, Mmehdi.g, Ohconfucius, Soap, Dantheman102100, Levineps, Shanem201, Joseph Solis in Australia, Imad marie, Tanthalas39, Moreschi, Fletcher, Quibik, NorthernThunder, Numen, Phopon, Big Bird, Tiamut, Richytps,
PhilKnight, Dream Focus, Jaakobou, Cgingold, R'n'B, Pedrito, PC78, RingtailedFox, Xenophrenic, Dchall1, BrotherSulayman, Alborz
Fallah, Falcon8765, Michael Safyan, Sposer, N-HH, Hertz1888, Yintan, Maelgwnbot, Martarius, Supertouch, Otolemur crassicaudatus,
Taifarious1, Ebglider91, Millionsandbillions, DumZiBoT, NoCal100, Vanished user k3rmwkdmn4tjna3d, Stickee, John Bahrain, Good
Olfactory, Kbdankbot, Novidmarana, Morriswa, AI009, Lihaas, Fireaxe888, Tide rolls, Lightbot, LuK3, Drpickem, Yobot, Hallowsinde-
13.1. TEXT
401
ciption, AnomieBOT, Einsteindonut, AdjustShift, Kavas, Citation bot, ProtectionTaggingBot, Omar77, Mathonius, JediMaster362, Moxy,
CaptainFugu, HCPUNXKID, Snoggger, Hariboneagle927, Jonesey95, Supreme Deliciousness, Jschnur, Pristino, Mramz88, Fastardul,
RjwilmsiBot, Nhajivandi, BS24, Ryguy611, Pouyana, Evanh2008, Illegitimate Barrister, Bollyje, MAINEiac4434, TyA, Karthikndr,
LisaSandford, ClueBot NG, Yambaram, Skylar130, Marechal Ney, GuyHimGuy, DBigXray, BG19bot, Murry1975, France05alpes, ComputerJA, Martinkp, The Almightey Drill, Kel766, Stepbed, Ddcm8991, Uanyc, Quant18, Mogism, Expertseeker90, Joshtaco, Nathant408,
Nicholasemjohnson, Josh Bryant, QatarStarsLeague, Jodosma, Oxr033, Whizz40, Realjoeaustin, Stormmeteo, WikiWinters, 51044364DG,
IVTEC-DOHC, Fufudu and Anonymous: 140
U.S. military response during the September 11 attacks Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._military_response_during_the_
September_11_attacks?oldid=651308396 Contributors: DJ Clayworth, Alan Liefting, Marine 69-71, Rich Farmbrough, Kdammers, Espoo, Alansohn, BDD, Firsfron, Woohookitty, LOL, Dandv, The Wordsmith, MONGO, Rjwilmsi, ElKevbo, Diza, Ageekgal, SmackBot,
Nickst, Brianski, Chris the speller, Jprg1966, Delfeye, Sloane, Threeafterthree, Nakon, Kevlar67, JHunterJ, Slakr, Levineps, Mike1942f,
Headbomb, Hcobb, Smartse, LeedsKing, Hello32020, Xeno, Aprils Fool, Buckshot06, R'n'B, Justin Z, J.delanoy, TomCat4680, Touch
Of Light, The Original Wildbear, GirasoleDE, LeadSongDog, Hordaland, Corleonebrother, Binksternet, Gene93k, Mattgirling, Mild Bill
Hiccup, Blameoften, Ktr101, Vanished User 1004, Kbdankbot, Alaskan assassin, Debresser, Deamon138, Kaaskop6666, AnomieBOT,
Citation bot, Gilo1969, A Quest For Knowledge, Moxy, Parserpractice, Shanmugamp7, Dcs002, RjwilmsiBot, Rayman60, Illegitimate
Barrister, Shuipzv3, H3llBot, David J Johnson, ClueBot NG, Realizzem, Helpful Pixie Bot, ArtifexMayhem, Wiki13, Farmer Tom 2004,
Cli12345, BattyBot, Cyberbot II, Khazar2, Monkbot and Anonymous: 22
U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._government_response_to_the_
September_11_attacks?oldid=651005471 Contributors: AxelBoldt, The Cunctator, Andre Engels, Bdesham, Patrick, Michael Hardy,
Nixdorf, MartinHarper, Minesweeper, Cyan, Timwi, RickK, WhisperToMe, VeryVerily, Chris Roy, Mirv, Sverdrup, Hadal, Tom harrison, HectorRodriguez, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Maurreen, SNIyer1, RDL, Connel MacKenzie, Andrewpmk, Xanadu~enwiki, BDD,
Axeman89, Kitch, Woohookitty, LOL, Fbv65edel, Graham87, Descendall, Kbdank71, SNIyer12, Bkhouser, Splash, Gaius Cornelius,
Toya, Nlu, Ageekgal, Arthur Rubin, Alakazam, SmackBot, Esaborio, Nickst, Bov, Zvar, CSA956, Savidan, John, Levineps, Iridescent,
OMGsplosion, MikeWren, Haha169, Acroterion, Magioladitis, JaseFace, Cgingold, Plasticup, Speciate, The Original Wildbear, Flyer22,
Corleonebrother, ClueBot, The Thing That Should Not Be, Supertouch, DumZiBoT, Kbdankbot, Deamon138, Lightbot, Yobot, Webmgr,
AnomieBOT, AdjustShift, Soxwon, Moxy, A.amitkumar, Bmclaughlin9, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, The Utahraptor, RjwilmsiBot, Hajatvrc,
DASHBot, Peaceray, Passionless, EricTTung, Wikipelli, BurtAlert, H3llBot, ClueBot NG, Glacialfox, Lugia2453, Monkbot, Richard Yin
and Anonymous: 51
Rescue and recovery eort after the September 11 attacks Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_and_recovery_effort_after_
the_September_11_attacks_on_the_World_Trade_Center?oldid=661787374 Contributors: The Cunctator, Andre Engels, SimonP, Edward, Patrick, Nixdorf, MartinHarper, Ixfd64, Minesweeper, WhisperToMe, Wik, VeryVerily, Donald Friedman, Topbanana, Francs2000,
Mirv, Sverdrup, Moink, Tom harrison, HectorRodriguez, Everyking, Golbez, Chowbok, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Aude, Giraedata, Alansohn, Anthony Appleyard, XLR8TION, Kaiser matias, GringoInChile, Ceyockey, Woohookitty, Tabletop, Marudubshinki,
Mandarax, Graham87, Kbdank71, Rjwilmsi, Tawker, SNIyer12, Mirror Vax, Gareth E Kegg, Wavelength, Kencaesi, Brandmeister (old),
Splash, DeadEyeArrow, Ageekgal, Allens, Tom Morris, Matt Heard, Dirtgirl, SmackBot, Mattarata, Bigbluesh, Gilliam, Durova, Chris
the speller, Scwlong, Nakon, Savidan, Dreadstar, Tomtom9041, Zahid Abdassabur, GCW50, Wacdragon1701, Scetoaux, Slakr, Levineps,
Wjejskenewr, Damoncampagna, Escaper7, Musashi1600, Oden, Fletcher, Fernandovalentin~enwiki, Nolatime, Headbomb, Sbirn, Asdfj,
Dr. Blofeld, ABCxyz, Wiki-User, Dogru144, Acroterion, Magioladitis, Scanlan, Cgingold, Philg88, Welshleprechaun, Dcsnj, Rettetast,
CommonsDelinker, Skier Dude, Jvcdude, Danbloch, Philip Trueman, Moogwrench, The Original Wildbear, Pwnage8, Dormskirk, Kevinamassey, Henryodell, AHMartin, Cozmojoe, Brozozo, Dodger67, Revelian, ClueBot, The Thing That Should Not Be, Supertouch, Mild Bill
Hiccup, Blameoften, Paulcmnt, Peter.C, JamieS93, Tnxman307, Jackus2008, Canadianpaddy, Halgin, Carlson288, Chipmunker, DumZiBoT, Hayscom, Kbdankbot, Don'tKnowItAtAll, DOI bot, Download, Deamon138, SpBot, LemmeyBOT, Lightbot, MileyDavidA, Yobot,
Donfbreed, Coryrules2, AnomieBOT, Citation bot, LilHelpa, Tad Lincoln, BritishWatcher, Moxy, Shadowjams, RightCowLeftCoast, FrescoBot, Cs32en, Mrsggt2008, Hazmat84, Gzrandr, Stundra, Ammodramus, RjwilmsiBot, RenamedUser01302013, Tommy2010, Wikipelli,
The Blade of the Northern Lights, H3llBot, L Kensington, Pun, HandsomeFella, EdoBot, CharlieEchoTango, TBM10, ClueBot NG,
Codynosbig, Realizzem, DBigXray, Squad51kmg365, BattyBot, Jeremy112233, ChrisGualtieri, Khazar2, Mogism, JZNIOSH, Mxheil,
XXzoonamiXX, Jxb025, Tkvap, Jdd039, Leo003, Ans027, Epicgenius, Jamesmcmahon0, Willibrord44, Icensnow42, Monkbot, Brittniy
and Anonymous: 125
Financial assistance following the September 11 attacks Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_assistance_following_the_
September_11_attacks?oldid=577220940 Contributors: The Cunctator, Jiang, RickK, WhisperToMe, Big Bob the Finder, VeryVerily, Jamesday, Chocolateboy, Mirv, Sverdrup, HectorRodriguez, Sam, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Indrian, Polarscribe, Saga City,
Boothy443, Woohookitty, Kbdank71, MZMcBride, Extraordinary Machine, Splash, Ageekgal, SmackBot, Peloneous, Morton devonshire,
Nakon, Boshalladay, Cgingold, Satani, , Dilermando, Supertouch, Quercus basaseachicensis, Kbdankbot, Deamon138, Legobot,
Xqbot, Full-date unlinking bot, Realizzem, Epicgenius, Melonkelon and Anonymous: 7
Operation Support Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Support?oldid=423900906 Contributors: Ahoerstemeier, PaulinSaudi, Indefatigable, SD6-Agent, Bearcat, Robbot, RedWolf, Andrew Gray, Markaci, Woohookitty, Kbdank71, Josh Parris, SNIyer12,
SigPig, Ageekgal, SmackBot, n i r , OrphanBot, TenPoundHammer, DLiebisch, Harej bot, Cydebot, Bobblehead,
RobotG, Cgingold, MetsBot, MCG, Maralia, Supertouch, Leobold1, Kbdankbot and Anonymous: 1
Operation Yellow Ribbon Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Yellow_Ribbon?oldid=659178852 Contributors: SimonP,
DavidLevinson, Montrealais, Evercat, WhisperToMe, DJ Clayworth, Indefatigable, Jusjih, Denelson83, Bearcat, Dale Arnett, Moncrief,
Psychonaut, Postdlf, Komet, Radagast, Psb777, Tom harrison, RealGrouchy, IRelayer, Quarl, Plasma east, JimWae, Rich Farmbrough,
Dpm64, Legalizeit, SocratesJedi, Zscout370, RoyBoy, Webgeer, Circeus, Cmdrjameson, SNIyer1, Niki K, Zippanova, Kurieeto, Wtmitchell, Saga City, Alai, Woohookitty, Commander Keane, Ardfern, Btyner, PeregrineAY, Kbdank71, Search4Lancer, Gameover~enwiki,
Vegaswikian, SNIyer12, SchuminWeb, Ground Zero, Andymadigan, Ben Babcock, Peter Grey, Xela, Quixote317, Kirill Lokshin, CambridgeBayWeather, Gcapp1959, RFBailey, Ageekgal, Petri Krohn, SuperJumbo, SmackBot, Verne Equinox, Sam8, Brianski, KD5TVI,
TCY, OrphanBot, Flyguy649, BrotherFlounder, Euchiasmus, Cacetudo, MrDolomite, Levineps, Hayttom, Travisl, BeenAroundAWhile,
Harej bot, Cydebot, Cahk, Alexcaban, Impossiblepolis, M.S.K., Jmg38, Esemono, MECU, TheRealdeal, Ingolfson, Cgingold, CommonsDelinker, Rgoodermote, Chiswick Chap, Ichthyos, Dilermando, John Spraggs, Flyer22, ImageRemovalBot, ClueBot, Supertouch, Ktr101,
Vanished user k3rmwkdmn4tjna3d, IAMTrust, SilvonenBot, MystBot, Sha721, J Hazard, Kbdankbot, Addbot, CanadianLinuxUser, Leszek
Jaczuk, Kbola, Drpickem, Yobot, Uranidiotblahblah, AnomieBOT, Phil13, AdjustShift, Nemesis63, GrouchoBot, Bmcnamee, Ratmangxa, Obamapinoy1982, Auchansa, Blelbach, Paul63243, TBrandley, BattyBot, Gt24, Dyspeptic skeptic, Perapin, Kristrivedi, BraedenMayer and Anonymous: 77
402
Memorials and services for the September 11 attacks Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorials_and_services_for_the_

September_11_attacks?oldid=658926673 Contributors: The Cunctator, Malcolm Farmer, Andre Engels, Heron, Nixdorf, MartinHarper,
Zanimum, Minesweeper, Jiang, Focus mankind~enwiki, Mulad, Jwrosenzweig, Qwirty, Sertrel, WhisperToMe, VeryVerily, Indefatigable,
RedWolf, Mirv, Dmadeo, Sverdrup, Texture, Seth Ilys, Mattaschen, Tom harrison, HectorRodriguez, Bovlb, Bluejay Young, R. end,
Antandrus, Latitude0116, Burgundavia, Sam Hocevar, Rich Farmbrough, Nvj, Thebrid, Zscout370, Aude, Giraedata, SNIyer1, RDL,
Kurieeto, Evil Monkey, Zawersh, SteinbDJ, Dtobias, Woohookitty, Scjessey, Thruston, Tokek, Graham87, Kbdank71, Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi,
Nightscream, Carbonite, MZMcBride, SNIyer12, President Rhapsody, Tysto, Psantora, Wasted Time R, Dili, Splash, Hydrargyrum,
Ageekgal, Staxringold, Slinberg, Tim1965, Courageous, Amalthea, SmackBot, Mangoe, Wittylama, Hamedog, Schmiteye, Chris the
speller, Bluebot, Dual Freq, George Ho, Eliyahu S, Onorem, DanGates, Savidan, Valenciano, Csimmons, TenPoundHammer, Ohconfucius,
SilverStar, MThome, Michael Bednarek, Loadmaster, JHunterJ, AEMoreira042281, MrDolomite, DabMachine, Levineps, DCM~enwiki,
Abog, Joseph Solis in Australia, Goggage, Bottesini, FairuseBot, George100, CmdrObot, CWY2190, Noha307, BT14, Travelbird, ST47,
Starionwolf, After Midnight, Omicronpersei8, Instaurare, Headbomb, Peace01234, Nick Number, Somnabot, Zigzig20s, Ozgod, Ekabhishek, Arch dude, Acroterion, Magioladitis, Fitnr, Slapshot46, Cgingold, JaGa, MartinBot, CommonsDelinker, Peteyknuckle, ChrisfromHouston, Tdadamemd, Paris1127, Speciate, Shuvaev, Momos, Dough4872, AbeEzekowitz, Lightmouse, Wuhwuzdat, ImageRemovalBot,
Supertouch, Drmies, Niceguyedc, Bchaosf, Halgin, DumZiBoT, WikHead, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Morriswa, Deamon138, Lightbot, Andrevruas, Yobot, AnomieBOT, IRP, Kdm85, Ulric1313, LilHelpa, TUFKAAP, IHelpWhenICan, Gensanders, Nasa-verve, Miesianiacal,
Moxy, MerlLinkBot, Sept11Memorial, FrescoBot, Drunauthorized, PigFlu Oink, HRoestBot, Lars Washington, Cullen328, Full-date unlinking bot, C messier, ALOHARONN, Jedi94, Musycla2, Lotje, Suomi Finland 2009, RjwilmsiBot, Mattmatt1987, EmausBot, Ashton
29, NearTheZoo, PS., Gruntledky, Bluetorpedo123, ClueBot NG, Kkcoolj, Yettaw, Elliothood, CopperSquare, Weisbeckdesign, Helpful
Pixie Bot, Mrs Skylark, Totalvisionary, Mark Arsten, South19, Folgertat, AntanO, Dmaiolo, BattyBot, ZappaOMati, Sk8terguy27, Epicgenius, Carrot-Top Flags, Soapoyhonen, Ginsuloft, Soa 1806, DougChampagne, Wakkoman92, TheG3NERAL John 3:16, Filedelinkerbot,
Tribute911 and Anonymous: 84
Responsibility for the September 11 attacks Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_September_11_attacks?
oldid=661686109 Contributors: The Cunctator, Derek Ross, Uriyan, Bryan Derksen, Andre Engels, Rmhermen, PierreAbbat, Zoe, Graft,
Mintguy, Rickyrab, JohnOwens, Nixdorf, Liftarn, MartinHarper, Gabbe, Tannin, Delirium, Minesweeper, Mr100percent, Ahoerstemeier,
Schneelocke, Smith03, Reddi, MINDBOMB, WhisperToMe, Zoicon5, CBDunkerson, VeryVerily, Paranoid, PBS, Mirv, Sverdrup, Der
Eberswalder, Andrew Levine, Jyril, Tom harrison, HectorRodriguez, Bobblewik, Wiki Wikardo, Golbez, Wmahan, Neilc, Stevietheman,
Quadell, Comandante, Sam Hocevar, Commodore Sloat, Neutrality, Ukexpat, Gazpacho, Kingal86, Jayjg, Rich Farmbrough, NeilTarrant, Jaberwocky6669, Pedant, Shrike, Zenohockey, Aude, Art LaPella, RoyBoy, Cmdrjameson, Maurreen, Jguk 2, L33tminion, 198,
Mareino, Espoo, SnowFire, Sherurcij, Cnelson, Atlant, Ynhockey, Malo, Snowolf, Gbeeker, Rebroad, Garzo, Itschris, Lucidity, Falcorian,
Simetrical, Woohookitty, LOL, PoccilScript, SP-KP, MONGO, Wayward, Ghost of Jeerson, Marudubshinki, Mandarax, Graham87,
Kbdank71, RxS, Kane5187, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream, Koavf, Rogerd, Gabrielsimon, Carbonite, Vegaswikian, Dianelos, SNIyer12, Ground
Zero, Mick2, Fragglet, AI, Gurch, Nasyed, EamonnPKeane, RussBot, Hornplease, Zaroblue05, Splash, Njh~enwiki, CambridgeBayWeather, Derex, Moe Epsilon, Falcon9x5, Kona1611, Szhaider, Blindjustice, Terry Longbaugh, Arthur Rubin, Canley, Archer7, That Guy,
From That Show!, Sardanaphalus, Crystallina, SmackBot, Pokipsy76, Esaborio, Nickst, Renesis, Hmains, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Cush,
Kurykh, Jcc1, SchftyThree, Konstable, Bov, Tim Pierce, Kaimiddleton, InnocentMind, Morton devonshire, WikiTony, Nakon, Shamir1,
Weregerbil, Hunter2005, Xiutwel, Coconuteire, JzG, John, NYCJosh, JHunterJ, Larrymcp, Noleander, Levineps, Dreftymac, Joseph Solis
in Australia, Mrdthree, Twas Now, 1liberator, Lovelight, ChrisCork, Levi P., KyleGardiner, CmdrObot, Mattbr, Lighthead, Cream147,
SyntaxError55, Bellerophon5685, Travelbird, Umdunno, ANTIcarrot, Odie5533, Steven Russell, Whiskey Pete, Zer0faults, PKT, Btball,
Ultimus, Mechcozmo, Headbomb, Luna Santin, Grandmaster e, Kent Witham, Historypre, Bjenks, Flubrain, Erxnmedia, HanzoHattori, Lilstarsh, Epeeeche, FurnaceOfMonkl, JimCubb, Stevenwarran, Acroterion, Wallless, Pablothegreat85, Spicetrader, VoABot II,
8653564, Mastoo, Umeboshi, Ali'i, Chris G, JaGa, Wowest, Kayau, PTR, TheEgyptian, Jemather, Jargon777, PCock, KazakhPol, Athaenara, McSly, RenniePet, Plasticup, Whoblitzell, Keecheril, Tiggerjay, Bennyxbo, Rosenkreuz, Lights, KonigArtus, BoogaLouie, Overdispersion, Philip Trueman, Rollo44, The Original Wildbear, Pwnage8, Dchall1, Kellym133, DennyColt, ^demonBot2, Deipnosopher, Osdihfjospdahf, Spiral5800, Dilophosaurus, Edkollin, Brenont, Bachcell, Wwefan980, Phe-bot, Brayman33, Jdaloner, Rupert Horn, Corleonebrother, ClueBot, ImperfectlyInformed, Supertouch, Boing! said Zebedee, Auntof6, Rhatsa26X, V7-sport, Clauteray, DumZiBoT, Rowantoad, Dthomsen8, Ost316, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Altetendekrabbe, Freakmighty, Adrian 1001, Littleskinny, Deamon138, Hearsay~enwiki,
Thefactis, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Jarble, Drpickem, Sachein91, AnomieBOT, Zgemmek, AdjustShift, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Neurolysis, Capricorn42, Srich32977, Zipotur, A Quest For Knowledge, MerlLinkBot, Elemesh, ScottBaioismymaster, Clearcrash1, EmilTyf,
Cs32en, Iqinn, Citation bot 1, Jonesey95, Cos-fr, Full-date unlinking bot, White Shadows, Trappist the monk, Isthisjustfantasy, Playthedrums, Ansumang, Skins Brew, Skakkle, KeptSouth, RjwilmsiBot, AQFK, Marcin ukasz Kiejzik, ZxxZxxZ, Tommy2010, JohnCengiz77,
H3llBot, Unreal7, SporkBot, David J Johnson, Donner60, Iamaccile, TheTimesAreAChanging, Ad Orientem, ClueBot NG, Yettaw,
CopperSquare, Widr, Helpful Pixie Bot, Anentiresleeve, Iste Praetor, MusikAnimal, Mark Arsten, Altar, Public awareness, Hamish59,
A1candidate, Athy143, BattyBot, ChrisGualtieri, Dissident93, SFK2, Jeandeve, RotlinkBot, Epicgenius, BreakfastJr, Cholowao, Tttt,
BushBandarSting, Monkbot, AntiqueReader, WikiLite91, Jakey96425, Jamesdamutt and Anonymous: 245
Motives for the September 11 attacks Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motives_for_the_September_11_attacks?oldid=663383689
Contributors: Tom harrison, Golbez, ESkog, RHaworth, Mandarax, BD2412, Sj, Rjwilmsi, Spencerk, Dbrs, Miwunderlich, SmackBot, Nakon, Redlegsfan21, A. Parrot, Noleander, DougHill, JForget, Unionhawk, Headbomb, Hmrox, Thomas Basboll, Bjenks, Matthew
Fennell, Acroterion, Connormah, Mange01, SoCalSuperEagle, Oshwah, Onore Baka Sama, Falcon8765, Mbz1, Crash Underride, Supertouch, LeoFrank, Addbot, MrOllie, Aunva6, Luckas-bot, Yobot, MonticelloMark, AnomieBOT, AmritasyaPutra, Materialscientist, Moxy,
Cs32en, Elena Emanova, RjwilmsiBot, Dolescum, John Cline, DavidMCEddy, Unreal7, David J Johnson, Tolly4bolly, Cyberdog958,
Mrmindonmymoney, Stopzionistediting, TheTimesAreAChanging, ClueBot NG, Realizzem, Happypancakereturns, Happypancakereturns1, Happypancakereturns2, Happypancakereturns4, OrenWiley, The Almightey Drill, Blocky1OOO, HelicopterLlama, XXzoonamiXX, Wikieugene, BurritoBazooka, SimplesC, BreakfastJr, Berguy1, XXTB0NESXx, Skr15081997, Jonathan C. Armstrong, Jimjar1,
Anterick, Ranchgrower, 1008h and Anonymous: 52
Hijackers in the September 11 attacks Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijackers_in_the_September_11_attacks?oldid=
663254275 Contributors: AxelBoldt, TwoOneTwo, General Wesc, The Cunctator, WojPob, Wesley, Andre Engels, Rmhermen, Nate
Silva, Rade Kutil, Lir, Patrick, Nwt, Nixdorf, MartinHarper, Tannin, Minesweeper, Kingturtle, Feedmecereal, Mr spudboy, RickK, WhisperToMe, VeryVerily, Wiwaxia, Daran, Moncrief, Mirv, Postdlf, Tom harrison, Brian Kendig, HectorRodriguez, Quadell, Antandrus,
Rdsmith4, Oneiros, Klemen Kocjancic, Safety Cap, Gazpacho, Shiftchange, Discospinster, User2004, Chadlupkes, Bender235, Mr. Billion, El C, Zenohockey, Aude, Smalljim, Maurreen, Nhandler, Hagerman, Alansohn, Sherurcij, Free Bear, Geo Swan, Ricky81682, Riana, Cdc, Kaiser matias, Crosbiesmith, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Woohookitty, LOL, MiniMary12, WadeSimMiser, MONGO,
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Scotts, Hbdragon88, Marudubshinki, Graham87, Kbdank71, RxS, Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream, Carbonite, Vegaswikian, Bogusstory,
Enumclaw, Mirror Vax, Nivix, AI, DVdm, Nowhozdisiz, Mmx1, Sceptre, Splash, RadioFan, Ihope127, Rsrikanth05, NawlinWiki, RazorICE, Cabreet, Ageekgal, Theda, KDLarsen, Arthur Rubin, Pb30, BorgQueen, Scotsworth, Airconswitch, That Guy, From That Show!,
Luk, Sardanaphalus, SmackBot, Nahald, Hydrogen Iodide, Bigbluesh, Nickst, IronDuke, Gilliam, Skizzik, Rmosler2100, Djstriker91,
ScottS, Robindch, Miquonranger03, Sloane, Baa, Dual Freq, Medleysoul, OrphanBot, Morton devonshire, Andy120290, Zvar, Nakon,
Savidan, A.V.~enwiki, Xiutwel, ChaChaFut, Turpin, Midkay, Don't give an Ameriag, Bless sins, InedibleHulk, Ryulong, JoeBot, Courcelles, FairuseBot, CWY2190, Yopienso, Septimus13, Jac16888, DCAnderson, Bellerophon5685, Huysman, Steven Russell, DBaba,
Ukbn2, Omicronpersei8, Taprootisking1, Joseph.nobles, Epbr123, N5iln, Id447, CharlotteWebb, Heroeswithmetaphors, AntiVandalBot,
Luna Santin, Noroton, Bjenks, Myanw, Ioeth, Leuko, Epeeeche, Nthep, Midnightdreary, Dscotese, PhilKnight, Acroterion, Pablothegreat85, Bongwarrior, FireBall00, Mastaku, Waacstats, DGsynthi, Mastoo, Catgut, Okloster, Arjun01, NuclearUmpf, R'n'B, Fighting for
Justice, J.delanoy, Trusilver, KazakhPol, Adavidb, Ginsengbomb, Therman^, Noahcs, Belovedfreak, Tgj1, Gregtzy, KylieTastic, Funandtrvl, Zingostar, Beguiled, Philip Trueman, SlyFrog, UnitedStatesian, Natg 19, Triesault, CoolKid1993, Dilophosaurus, AlleborgoBot,
Euryalus, SeiteNichtGefunden, Bentogoa, Shink X, Dkderick, ClueBot, Sennen goroshi, The Thing That Should Not Be, VaughnJess,
9oker, Otolemur crassicaudatus, Auntof6, Excirial, Tmak786, Muhandes, NuclearWarfare, CowboySpartan, JasonAQuest, Nationofjoe,
DumZiBoT, Alchemist Jack, Stickee, Sabrazhang, Facts707, WikHead, Kbdankbot, Mojska, AVand, Tim hannah88, Fieldday-sunday,
G0T0, Download, Deamon138, HonorTheKing, Tide rolls, 1j1z2, JEN9841, Vegaswikian1, Ben Ben, Legobot, Manutdreddevs, Amirobot,
AnomieBOT, VanishedUser sdu9aya9fasdsopa, Jim1138, Stpuidhead, AdjustShift, Soxwon, Flewis, Materialscientist, E2eamon, MrTomR,
LilHelpa, JimVC3, Aquila89, Mnnlaxer, Zipotur, A Quest For Knowledge, Moxy, Erik9, Sesu Prime, Edgars2007, Lagavulin23, FrescoBot,
Awakened82, Lucas Duke, HJ Mitchell, Cs32en, PigFlu Oink, Pinethicket, Calmer Waters, Mpsunxhckr, Lucky-Neko-San, DJPISTON,
Gliktch, TahoeThom, Cherrycascade, RjwilmsiBot, Chriss.2, Slon02, Gfoley4, Tanitheosophy, Racerx11, Themindsurgeon, Bootkinero,
Tommy2010, Sheeana, FSMT, JohnCengiz77, Redhanker, H3llBot, David J Johnson, Cod6playa, Rcsprinter123, Diving2010, ClueBot NG,
Yettaw, MelbourneStar, Qwedfred, ConconJondor, Widr, Santcruz, Helpful Pixie Bot, BG19bot, CityOfSilver, MusikAnimal, Derkmajirk,
Editer 0012159, Mejoribus, ProudIrishAspie, Conifer, BattyBot, Dantheman4297, Jackninja5, TwoTwoHello, Lugia2453, AldezD, Nicolas
Pol, Solarislv, Fuckface123456789, Epicgenius, Alexander9595, Beingsshepherd, XBLPET, Twinch123, Imamuthafukintroll, Trendlanna,
Two kinds of pork, Wendy83, Lukecaac1, Jeroenvisscher, Angelgreat, Monkbot, Cnas13, Prisencolinensinainciusol, TaterzNcorn, Ranothil, CamelCase, Libertarian12111971, Nizamhussain19, Wedfor, DBmvsfvfwvwvrwgrwrgwgr, Nawras223, Xtom8 and Anonymous:
369
20th hijacker Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_hijacker?oldid=661193445 Contributors: Patrick, Ronabop, Evercat, Mulad,
WhisperToMe, Fredrik, Tom harrison, Quadell, JimWae, PFHLai, Klemen Kocjancic, Rich Farmbrough, Berkut, Bender235, BACbKA,
Mr. Billion, Aude, Viriditas, Hooperbloob, Sherurcij, Geo Swan, Reinoutr, Woohookitty, Descendall, Kbdank71, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, Mitrebox, Peripatetic, Drumguy8800, Chueyjoo, Wiki alf, Ageekgal, Barry Wells, Sardanaphalus, SmackBot, The Moose, Shouta, Veggies,
MisterHand, Zvar, MartyAcks, Ohconfucius, Like tears in rain, Walterego, AntiVandalBot, Ascap scab, Aspensti, Scottalter, Fighting for
Justice, Mills77, Sannita, UnitedStatesian, Njbob, Natg 19, Monty845, Flyer22, Ost316, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Donfbreed, Citation bot,
LilHelpa, Trappist the monk, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, Illegitimate Barrister, JohnCengiz77, H3llBot, Staszek Lem, Aarp65, Calasanmarko, CopperSquare, Benefac, ChrisGualtieri, Jackninja5, Zhoban, AldezD, WikiU2013, Stamptrader, Coltynjane, Nemesis2473 and
Anonymous: 33
Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Inquiry_into_Intelligence_Community_Activities_before_and_after_the_Terrorist_Attacks_
of_September_11%2C_2001?oldid=646328289 Contributors: The Cunctator, Stevertigo, ChrisG, Wizzy, Tom harrison, Gzornenplatz,
Sam Hocevar, Neutrality, Acsenray, Clubjuggle, Rich Farmbrough, The King Of Gondor, Sherurcij, Woohookitty, Trdel, Kbdank71,
Ted Wilkes, Copperchair, Splash, Ageekgal, SmackBot, Robosh, Levineps, Cydebot, Asdfj, Carolmooredc, Magioladitis, Pnoble805,
Darkfey, 9oker, Bonewah, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Yobot, JimVC3, Mnnlaxer, GrouchoBot, Guitarherochristopher, Parserpractice, Chevymontecarlo, Ida Shaw, Mogism, SPECIFICO, Noyster, Philly1787 and Anonymous: 3
9/11 Commission Report Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_Commission_Report?oldid=663163854 Contributors: Fnielsen,
William Avery, Patrick, Ixfd64, CesarB, Jdforrester, Kaihsu, Evercat, Scott Sanchez, Jerzy, Riddley, ChrisG, Postdlf, Phthoggos, HaeB,
Enochlau, Wizzy, Tom harrison, Cantus, Quadell, Cberlet, Ukexpat, Calwatch, Shiftchange, Rich Farmbrough, Mr. Billion, El C,
Aude, Jpgordon, PatrikR, John Vandenberg, Cmdrjameson, PaulHanson, Sherurcij, Andrewpmk, Gavindow, Crablogger, Tony Sidaway,
Johntex, Crosbiesmith, Firsfron, MONGO, Deltabeignet, Kbdank71, Ted Wilkes, Feydey, Brighterorange, Ysangkok, Mmx1, YurikBot, Wavelength, LastChance, Daveswagon, Welsh, ONEder Boy, CrazyLegsKC, BOT-Superzerocool, PanchoS, Zzuuzz, Arthur Rubin, Duroy~enwiki, MagneticFlux, Jack Upland, Katieh5584, SmackBot, Ohnoitsjamie, Hegariz, RayAYang, Sloane, Brinerustle, PrinceMyshkin, Bov, DHeyward, Garydh, Atropos, Morton devonshire, Cybercobra, Thething88, Weregerbil, Metamagician3000, Xiutwel, JzG,
John, Don't give an Ameriag, NYCJosh, Chickem4o~enwiki, Noah Salzman, Levineps, Woodshed, Lovelight, Facingthetrend, Cydebot,
DCAnderson, Whiskey Pete, JustFacts, Daniel Olsen, LactoseTI, Headbomb, Marek69, Stoshmaster, NigelR, Zang0, Asdfj, AntiVandalBot, Fritzz44, Colin MacLaurin, Ioeth, Jeremy a, Freedom usually cares, kindly, Hullaballoo Wolfowitz, Jerseypolitics, Jatkins, JLMadrigal, Umeboshi, Cgingold, Glen, Wowest, Locewtus, MartinBot, Keith D, Smokizzy, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Tdadamemd, BrokenSphere,
Noahcs, STBotD, LeoRomero, VolkovBot, Bovineboy2008, The Original Wildbear, PizzaBox, Caster23, Akronpow, Monkey Bounce,
Broadbot, Fizbin, The Devils Advocate, Fanatix, GirasoleDE, Babalooo, SieBot, Goustien, Corleonebrother, Twinsday, ClueBot, Happysomeone, Treezum, Supertouch, Markg713, LittleFishies, Trivialist, Counteraction, Relata refero, Saralonde, Fictionauthor, Doc9871,
MystBot, Addbot, Lethalimmunity, Hot200245, Chromagnun, Chzz, Mtminchi08, JEN9841, Yobot, Fraggle81, Louisstar, CENSEI, Hag2,
DrFleischman, AnomieBOT, LilHelpa, Moxy, Shadowjams, Preobrazhenskiy, Parserpractice, Cs32en, Aboriginal Noise, DXSXDXSXD,
Mississippi1234, RjwilmsiBot, DASHBot, GoingBatty, JohnCengiz77, ClueBot NG, Snotbot, Helpful Pixie Bot, Haleyparks, ArtifexMayhem, Bloodbandit, Blake Burba, PhnomPencil, Jason from nyc, Ddcm8991, Enver Masud, Tahc, Webclient101, Nicolas Pol, Gadulka,
AlbertAndTheLion, HowCanThisHaveHappened?, Comspiracytheorist101, KasparBot and Anonymous: 114
PENTTBOM Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PENTTBOM?oldid=650183181 Contributors: Scott Sanchez, Tothebarricades.tk,
Necrothesp, Neutrality, Pedant, Aude, Mysdaao, Malber, Anthony Ivano, Crosbiesmith, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, Sardanaphalus,
SmackBot, Gilliam, Spearmind, Onorem, Xiutwel, John, Chickem4o~enwiki, Mrdthree, Legotech, Headbomb, Acroterion, WODUP,
Cgingold, Alanfeld, Fanatix, SieBot, Kumioko, Corleonebrother, DumZiBoT, Sannleikur, Kbdankbot, Addbot, AnomieBOT, Williamsburgland, Srich32977, Cs32en, Lotje, Nogurohere, RjwilmsiBot, Illegitimate Barrister, Michael Essmeyer, Insommia, Sren Koopmann
and Anonymous: 23
9/11 Memorial (Arizona) Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_Memorial_(Arizona)?oldid=658926670 Contributors:
Kiteinthewind, Penwhale, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream, Koavf, Hmains, Colonies Chris, Springeragh, Skiasaurus, Robosh, 041744, Nicko6,
404
Levineps, Illyria05, Missvain, AgentPeppermint, The Anomebot2, MartinBot, Know Body~enwiki, Mdsalen, LastChanceToBe, GrahamHardy, Wpktsfs, Goldnpuppy, Snigbrook, FieldMarine, Roadcrusher, Warhead293, DumZiBoT, Kbdankbot, Cygnusloop99~enwiki,
Yobot, IHelpWhenICan, Nasa-verve, Thx1138az, John of Reading, Victor-ny, CopperSquare, Epicgenius, Libertarian12111971 and
Anonymous: 13
9/11 Memorial (Windermere, Florida) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_Memorial_(Windermere%2C_Florida)?oldid=
658926669 Contributors: Gilliam, JustAGal, JNW, Jllm06, The Anomebot2, Cgingold, Jevansen, GrahamHardy, Deor, Another Believer,
Yobot, LilHelpa, IHelpWhenICan, J04n, DASHBot, John of Reading, Polston, Marshall, Shmilyshy, Epicgenius and Anonymous: 3
9/11 Memorial Project California Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_Memorial_Project_%E2%80%93_California?oldid=
662606123 Contributors: Brion VIBBER, Bryan Derksen, The Anome, CesarB, Charles Matthews, Fredrik, Memorial curator, Sherurcij, Grenavitar, Dominic, Kbdank71, Jclemens, Bovineone, Cloudbound, Shyam, SmackBot, Bluebot, Levineps, Zigzig20s, Magioladitis,
The Anomebot2, Cgingold, Deor, Philip Trueman, FieldMarine, Stepheng3, Life of Riley, Dthomsen8, Kbdankbot, Yobot, AnomieBOT,
IHelpWhenICan, Srich32977, DASHBot, Shmilyshy, Vanished 1850, ClueBot NG, Ducknish, Mink 0o345789, Epicgenius and Anonymous: 7
Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_September_11th_Garden?
oldid=658926680 Contributors: Qwirty, Quiensabe, RoySmith, Malo, Danthecan, Gareth E Kegg, Danbarnesdavies, Welsh, Pegship, War
Hawk, Missvain, Jllm06, The Anomebot2, Jim.henderson, GrahamHardy, Station1, Rosiestep, SchreiberBike, XLinkBot, Transpoman,
Lightbot, GoingBatty, Arg342, RazorBrainsAndWisdomStains, BattyBot, Davidpeterkin, Epicgenius and Anonymous: 6
Empty Sky (memorial) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_Sky_(memorial)?oldid=659013308 Contributors: Bearcat, Tom harrison, TiMike, Neutrality, Nightscream, TexasAndroid, Headbomb, Missvain, Albany NY, Jllm06, The Anomebot2, GrahamHardy,
Djem, Another Believer, LuK3, Yobot, LilHelpa, FrescoBot, Masterknighted, ItsZippy, NearTheZoo, ClueBot NG, NJ911MF, Jellicus,
Cborkowski01, Vcohen, Epicgenius, Svillager and Anonymous: 10
Flight 93 National Memorial Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_93_National_Memorial?oldid=662022144 Contributors: Zoe,
Dominus, Ixfd64, Julesd, Mrand, Tom harrison, Btphelps, Mike R, Neutrality, Rich Farmbrough, Rhobite, Aude, Giraedata, Polylerus,
Pearle, Patsw, LtNOWIS, Polarscribe, XLR8TION, Tony Sidaway, Richard Weil, Tariqabjotu, Woohookitty, TomTheHand, Rjwilmsi,
Eoghanacht, Tim!, Nightscream, Mosamiazaz, WillC, NekoDaemon, Bgwhite, Bleakcomb, Markt3, Ruhrsch, Moe Epsilon, EEMIV,
TastyCakes, CLW, Eurosong, Sethery, Marketdiamond, Chris Chittleborough, SmackBot, Norweigan Forest, Herostratus, Brianski,
Hmains, Bluebot, Droll, Scwlong, Simpsons contributor, Tamfang, OrphanBot, Zvar, Djchuang, FreeMorpheme, Pilotguy, Dogears, Will
Beback, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, John, Jaywubba1887, VerruckteDan, Loadmaster, Larrymcp, PRRfan, MrDolomite, Levineps, Iridescent, Esposimi, Pamanorske, Esahr, Cydebot, Nebular110, Reywas92, Ameliorate!, DonaldFenton, Ebyabe, Instaurare, Headbomb,
DanTD, Strausszek, Honeygo, Ekabhishek, Barek, Conk 9, Acroterion, Schmorleitz, Nomorecyber, Jllm06, Nyttend, Nodekeeper, Know
Body~enwiki, Ericpaulson, CommonsDelinker, Beit Or, Tdadamemd, Vision3001, Dispenser, Notreallydavid, B64, Sarnalios~enwiki,
Deor, RingtailedFox, Civilengtiger, UnitedStatesian, Onore Baka Sama, Rontrigger, StAnselm, Pubdog, Lightmouse, Grassre, ImageRemovalBot, Rockyphantom, ClueBot, Dean Wormer, JoeyBLS, Roadcrusher, Roadcrusher3, Drueler, NuclearWarfare, Found5dollar,
Halgin, Kbdankbot, KristiGNA, Addbot, Dpuskar, Morriswa, Leszek Jaczuk, LaaknorBot, Bullfrog619, Lightbot, Slugowen, Luckas-bot,
SomersetCounty, AnomieBOT, Charlie fong, Nappyrootslistener, Jdsteakley, N419BH, FrescoBot, LucienBOT, Lucas Duke, Peetlesnumber1, Kgrad, Lotje, Weedwhacker128, John of Reading, ZroBot, Illegitimate Barrister, JohnCengiz77, H3llBot, David J Johnson, Aewalrii, ClueBot NG, Helpful Pixie Bot, Kevin marisay, Colleendvdsn, Arius20, Mauwehu, XXzoonamiXX, Ekbb3, Epicgenius, Mkbngr,
PointsofNoReturn, Asdfnicole, CookieMonster755, FriarTuck1981 and Anonymous: 74
Pentagon Memorial Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagon_Memorial?oldid=661498170 Contributors: Sertrel, WhisperToMe,
Dale Arnett, Tom harrison, Quadell, Adambondy, Aude, Tom, AJP, Patsw, PaulHanson, Fourthords, Richard Weil, MONGO, Rjwilmsi,
Eoghanacht, XLerate, SchuminWeb, Gareth E Kegg, Bgwhite, Bovineone, GeeJo, Tne80, Mareklug, Shyam, Tim1965, D Monack,
Alin0Steglinski, SmackBot, Cla68, Gilliam, Bluebot, Headwes, Miquonranger03, Dual Freq, BigMacSC99, PRRfan, Levineps, Cg-realms,
Usgnus, JamesBenjamin, Starionwolf, Barticus88, Headbomb, Felix116, The Anomebot2, Squatchy, Racepacket, Know Body~enwiki,
CommonsDelinker, Ssolbergj, Uncle Dick, Tkn20, Noahcs, LA Songs, Andy Marchbanks, Million Moments, Happyme22, Goldnpuppy, Fanatix, Lightmouse, Techman224, ClueBot, Mariordo, CybDarla, Kafka Liz, FieldMarine, Drmies, Halgin, AgnosticPreachersKid, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Morriswa, Saberwolf116, Lightbot, StG1990, Zorrobot, Luckas-bot, AnomieBOT, Charlie fong, Stags2011,
Chromenano, Drilnoth, MastiBot, OMGWEEGEE2, DReifGalaxyM31, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, RjwilmsiBot, NearTheZoo, Awesumlentz,
H3llBot, ChuispastonBot, ClueBot NG, Primergrey, Helpful Pixie Bot, BG19bot, Brandon1122, XXzoonamiXX, Antwanwms, Epicgenius,
Samb338, Hppalm, Monkbot, Mkbngr, Pillarmerech, Wayne.v.hall, 245282a and Anonymous: 50
Project 9/11 Indianapolis Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_9/11_Indianapolis?oldid=658926675 Contributors: Rogerd, Indyguy, Magioladitis, The Anomebot2, CommonsDelinker, ImageRemovalBot, SchreiberBike, Lightbot, FrescoBot, RjwilmsiBot, Elliothood, Epicgenius and Anonymous: 1
Postcards (memorial) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcards_(memorial)?oldid=658926677 Contributors: Anthony Appleyard,
SmackBot, Gilliam, SQGibbon, Headbomb, Ekabhishek, Jllm06, The Anomebot2, JaGa, Jim.henderson, CommonsDelinker, GrahamHardy, Vipinhari, Chesterct, Another Believer, Sullivanesque, Addbot, Cygnusloop99~enwiki, Luckas-bot, The Earwig, Threedogmoon, RjwilmsiBot, Djembayz, ZroBot, Epicgenius and Anonymous: 6
The Cycle of Terror and Tragedy Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cycle_of_Terror_and_Tragedy?oldid=658926666 Contributors: Mandarax, Lockley, Slinberg, SmackBot, Gilliam, Colonies Chris, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Nick Number, DavidCW, JNW, Hekerui,
Johnbod, GrahamHardy, Hafspajen, Yobot, Erik9bot, Brodieofskye, ClueBot NG, Epicgenius, Libertarian12111971 and Anonymous: 3
The Rising (memorial) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rising_(memorial)?oldid=658926674 Contributors: Bearcat,
Nightscream, Headbomb, The Anomebot2, KConWiki, GrahamHardy, Another Believer, Yobot, NearTheZoo, BG19bot, NSwett, Epicgenius and Gghfrtyudkls
The Sphere Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sphere?oldid=658926692 Contributors: Zadcat, Qwirty, Zoicon5, AnonMoos,
Mushroom, Cam, Kjetil r, MakeRocketGoNow, D6, Freakofnurture, Aude, Phiwum, TMC1982, InShaneee, Wanderingstan, Deror avi,
Angr, LOL, Daniel Case, Graham87, Sparkit, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream, NekoFever, Mike Peel, FlaBot, SchuminWeb, Eubot, Ground
Zero, Nihiltres, Kencaesi, DE, Bovineone, Zwobot, IceCreamAntisocial, Shyam, The Raven, Amalthea, Commander Keane bot, Pieter
Kuiper, Darth Panda, Threepwood45, Ohconfucius, John, BigMacSC99, DennisJOBrien@yahoo.com, Dl2000, Phoenixrod, Headbomb,
AdamDeanHall, MECU, Conteordeo, Cgingold, Drm310, Rettetast, CommonsDelinker, Filll, Markbriggs, Johnbod, Alexanderkg, Jorfer,
GrahamHardy, Broadbot, Newyork12, Bentley4, AHMartin, YourEyesOnly, Killagb, ClueBot, FieldMarine, Supertouch, Star Mississippi,
13.1. TEXT
405
Another Believer, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Luckas-bot, CinchBug, Eric-Wester, Silverblood, KevFB, White Master King, Full-date unlinking
bot, Enemenemu, Mercy11, LoriLee, Seahorseruler, RjwilmsiBot, 7mike5000, CopperSquare, Reify-tech, Innity11, Vcohen, TheJJJunk,
Epicgenius and Anonymous: 45
To the Struggle Against World Terrorism Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_the_Struggle_Against_World_Terrorism?oldid=
658926678 Contributors: AnonMoos, Texture, BalthCat, Capsgm2002, D6, ChrisRuvolo, Man vyi, PaulHanson, Jaardon, Lensovet,
Sparkit, Nightscream, Rillian, Chsf, Russavia, Subwayguy, CapitalLetterBeginning, Bestlyriccollection, SmackBot, Hmains, Bluebot,
AdamFirst, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, 041744, Noah Salzman, Johnjreiser, Dron007, Cydebot, Missvain, Z-vap, Jllm06, The Anomebot2,
Cgingold, Eqdoktor, GrahamHardy, Funandtrvl, Djem, Vmondry, XParadigm777x, Newvanilla, AHMartin, SieBot, Flyer22, Werldwayd,
ClueBot, Icarusgeek, Supertouch, Another Believer, Simon Villeneuve, Addbot, GeneralAtrocity, Tide rolls, Luckas-bot, Yobot, IHelpWhenICan, Conrem, Green Cardamom, LucienBOT, Vladmirsh, Rushbugled13, RedBot, RjwilmsiBot, Gotham77, ZroBot, ClueBot
NG, Gareth Grith-Jones, Rtucker913, O.Koslowski, Bcerney, Qbgeekjtw, Eladynnus, Leonworld, The Anonymouse, Epicgenius, Ferrera2 and Anonymous: 51
Victims of Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon Memorial Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victims_of_Terrorist_Attack_on_the_
Pentagon_Memorial?oldid=658926889 Contributors: Tom harrison, Tim1965, Headbomb, Nick Number, GrahamHardy, Funandtrvl,
Derekcurrie, Whoop whoop pull up, Antwanwms, Epicgenius, Dsrtstrmvt and Anonymous: 6
Communication during the September 11 attacks Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_during_the_September_11_
attacks?oldid=661156456 Contributors: The Cunctator, Andre Engels, Arno, DevilRaysFan, Patrick, Nixdorf, MartinHarper, Paul Benjamin Austin, Minesweeper, Ugen64, RickK, WhisperToMe, VeryVerily, JonathanDP81, Denelson83, Mirv, Sverdrup, Scottfarrar, Tom
harrison, HectorRodriguez, Everyking, Prichardson, Beland, The Inedible Bulk, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Pmsyyz, ArnoldReinhold, MattTM, Aude, RobNS, 23skidoo, BrokenSegue, Dismas, Woohookitty, Secretcurse, Graham87, Kbdank71, Rjwilmsi, Mirror Vax,
SchuminWeb, Splash, Welsh, Ageekgal, David Jordan, Dirtgirl, SmackBot, Jamott, XDB~enwiki, KD5TVI, Kharker, Savidan, Loadmaster, MrDolomite, Levineps, Lent, CBichet, Cydebot, Acs4b, BetacommandBot, JustAGal, Asdfj, Dogru144, Lawikitejana, Erpbridge,
Jim.henderson, Sroc, Dodger67, MBK004, Jusdafax, Rahaeli, Mikon8er, Kbdankbot, Deamon138, AnomieBOT, JayJay, FrescoBot,
DrilBot, Full-date unlinking bot, Lotje, Pringati singarimbun, A930913, EdoBot, CaroleHenson, Helpful Pixie Bot, BattyBot, Miszatomic,
Epicgenius, Beingsshepherd, EduardoFernandez, Monkbot, UglowT, Oiyarbepsy, OTR Lover and Anonymous: 41
Radio communications during the September 11 attacks Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_during_the_
September_11_attacks?oldid=661156456 Contributors: The Cunctator, Andre Engels, Arno, DevilRaysFan, Patrick, Nixdorf, MartinHarper, Paul Benjamin Austin, Minesweeper, Ugen64, RickK, WhisperToMe, VeryVerily, JonathanDP81, Denelson83, Mirv, Sverdrup,
Scottfarrar, Tom harrison, HectorRodriguez, Everyking, Prichardson, Beland, The Inedible Bulk, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Pmsyyz,
ArnoldReinhold, MattTM, Aude, RobNS, 23skidoo, BrokenSegue, Dismas, Woohookitty, Secretcurse, Graham87, Kbdank71, Rjwilmsi,
Mirror Vax, SchuminWeb, Splash, Welsh, Ageekgal, David Jordan, Dirtgirl, SmackBot, Jamott, XDB~enwiki, KD5TVI, Kharker, Savidan, Loadmaster, MrDolomite, Levineps, Lent, CBichet, Cydebot, Acs4b, BetacommandBot, JustAGal, Asdfj, Dogru144, Lawikitejana,
Erpbridge, Jim.henderson, Sroc, Dodger67, MBK004, Jusdafax, Rahaeli, Mikon8er, Kbdankbot, Deamon138, AnomieBOT, JayJay, FrescoBot, DrilBot, Full-date unlinking bot, Lotje, Pringati singarimbun, A930913, EdoBot, CaroleHenson, Helpful Pixie Bot, BattyBot,
Miszatomic, Epicgenius, Beingsshepherd, EduardoFernandez, Monkbot, UglowT, Oiyarbepsy, OTR Lover and Anonymous: 41
Patriot Day Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Day?oldid=652969811 Contributors: Twilsonb, Zanimum, Minesweeper, Tregoweth, Docu, Jiang, DJ Clayworth, Saltine, VeryVerily, Topbanana, Wetman, Branddobbe, Pigsonthewing, Kizor, Sverdrup, LGagnon,
Bkell, Alexwcovington, DocWatson42, NightThree, Tom harrison, NeoJustin, Guanaco, Slowking Man, MistToys, Lordmoz, Liberlogos, Pastinakel, Rich Farmbrough, Andrewferrier, Jnestorius, SNIyer1, JohnAlbertRigali, Lectonar, Ncdoyle, Sciurin, LFaraone, P
Ingerson, BDD, Kenyon, Iriefrank, Kevin.dickerson, Behun, GoldRingChip, Kbdank71, Schmendrick, Koavf, OneWeirdDude, Displague,
SNIyer12, Qqqqqq, RobPetrone, Vidkun, Eternal Agony, Finnegar, DVdm, Zimbabweed, Moe Epsilon, FlyingPenguins, Phgao, Ageekgal,
Dmartien, Red Jay, Andyluciano~enwiki, True Pagan Warrior, SmackBot, Skudrafan1, Delldot, Binarypower, Kintetsubualo, Hibernian,
Hmich176, Sk'py Skwrrrl, Cybercobra, Severinus, Crd721, Kukini, Tlesher, Jaywubba1887, IronGargoyle, Hvn0413, MrDolomite, Lucid,
Rnb, Phoenixrod, Mnemnoch, Joncnunn, Sk5893, Tingrin87, Cydebot, Fnlayson, ChristTrekker, Bellerophon5685, Zzsql, Englishnerd,
Tewapack, Damon207, Rockymountains, N5iln, SGGH, AgentPeppermint, The Obento Musubi, StringRay, Dylan Lake, Jhsounds, Magioladitis, Spicetrader, Swpb, WODUP, Hiplibrarianship, Cgingold, Minorthing91, Trichotomous, Arjun01, Keith D, J.delanoy, Branson03,
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Nklouua, Bytree, Yuiohdfd, Dlioujs, Seraphimajoan and Anonymous: 167
Collapse of the World Trade Center Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapse_of_the_World_Trade_Center?oldid=659875182
Contributors: Rmhermen, Roadrunner, JDG, Rickyrab, Chuq, Frecklefoot, Ixfd64, Paul Benjamin Austin, Baylink, GCarty, SaintPaddy, Fuzheado, WhisperToMe, Furrykef, Jgm, Tempshill, VeryVerily, Kwantus, Raul654, Jason M, Donarreiskoer, Merriam~enwiki,
ChrisO~enwiki, Kizor, Donreed, Chris Roy, Postdlf, Acegikmo1, Toiyabe, Cyrius, DocWatson42, Seabhcan, Nunh-huh, BenFrantzDale,
Tom harrison, Ferkelparade, Cool Hand Luke, Marcika, Curps, Niteowlneils, BigBen212, Mboverload, Bobblewik, Golbez, Sexyfoxboy,
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Pevernagie, ApolloBoy, King of Hearts, Jersey Devil, Bornhj, Mmx1, RetiredUser167213, Gary Joseph, Peter Grey, Wasted Time R,
HJKeats, Tommyt, Tyjones2000, ChrisP2K5, Chris Capoccia, Gaius Cornelius, Wimt, Friday, Msikma, CJK, Justin Eiler, Ches88,
406
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Carlangas, Chrisbat92024, Mkpumphrey, Tomkara, UnitedStatesian, Everything counts, AumakuaSatori, XRedSkittle, FatPatriot, Crazy
dude17, RaseaC, Moley1974, The Devils Advocate, Insanity Incarnate, Fanatix, Chergles, TJRC, Pmocek, DavisGL, Slearn2, Ybidiotic,
The Evil Spartan, Ayudante, Lightmouse, Smurfmeister, Blue Laser, Capitalismojo, Paulinho28, Florentino oro, Scobac~enwiki, Kortaggio, Wikirwd, ImageRemovalBot, WikipedianMarlith, Twinsday, ClueBot, Binksternet, Badger Drink, Rjd0060, Wysprgr2005, Ignorance
is strength, Frisco89, Mezigue, BootsLebaron, Roadcrusher, Paulcmnt, Excirial, Alexbot, Eeekster, John Nevard, TheEmac, Ice Cold Beer,
Arjayay, Sixsixseveneight, CowboySpartan, Ratesreal1, Beaver225, Theramin, Jackus2008, Rui Gabriel Correia, Halgin, SoxBot III, YunYuuzhan (lost password), DumZiBoT, Thewayitswritten, SMP0328., XLinkBot, Tarheel95, Ninja247, Ost316, Capitana, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Transpoman, DOI bot, Jojhutton, Prairieplant, Morriswa, TutterMouse, Debresser, Floridianed, 7Lazy7, HandThatFeeds, Tide rolls,
MarioLOA, MuZemike, Astropata, Luckas-bot, Tohd8BohaithuGh1, Donfbreed, Theheroofthegods, Brian78046, AnomieBOT, Uikku,
Piano non troppo, Soxwon, Roxy the Goth, Citation bot, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Gods love is everlasting, Sellyme, Toa Nidhiki05, Tad Lincoln, ProtectionTaggingBot, Basket of Puppies, JediMaster362, A Quest For Knowledge, Moxy, Shadowjams, Frumphammer, Cgersten,
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IRISZOOM, Some Wiki Editor, Arcrombie, Whisky drinker, Duiarmia, Bahreq, RjwilmsiBot, DexDor, Holdensedan, 30yearconspiracy,
Jjtomash81, Tinss, Ida Shaw, H3llBot, David J Johnson, Marquis de Montcalm, Mike Denicola, Jasonli42, Wcw847, E. Fokker, Untillu loose, ClueBot NG, NorbertNagel, Rtucker913, YuMaNuMa, Phily08, 888phoenix888, Kevin Gorman, Jorgenev, Sren Koopmann,
Helpful Pixie Bot, Innity11, Honeymanl, MarieDubray, BG19bot, ArtifexMayhem, Smitty121981, MusikAnimal, Lovepompitus, Augustinosc, SugarRat, Rpbarbati, Vcohen, Canadacalgaryguy, Farmer Tom 2004, Boriparamivida, Nickzlapeor, BattyBot, Wikieditperson4,
Logc34, JZNIOSH, XXzoonamiXX, SSuper64, Epicgenius, Berguy1, Stickler4accuracy2, Eyesnore, Zdawg1029, Andreasyiangoumelbourne, Emergencycode66, Ginsuloft, AddWittyNameHere, Rethinkeverything911, JaconaFrere, Monkbot, Ptb1997, Jejdjndj, Jasne9,
Signedzzz, UnderArmourKid, UA rocks!, AA77 Pentagon, UA rocks! 2, Brandon loves jeus Christ, Tha124ar and Anonymous: 568
Slogans and terms derived from the September 11 attacks Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slogans_and_terms_derived_from_
the_September_11_attacks?oldid=646335511 Contributors: The Cunctator, Jeronimo, Andre Engels, Patrick, Nixdorf, MartinHarper,
Minesweeper, DropDeadGorgias, Jiang, Jimregan, VeryVerily, Stormie, Rschmertz, JosephBarillari, Mirv, Sverdrup, Tom harrison, HectorRodriguez, MistToys, CyclopsScott, Jnestorius, RoyBoy, 23skidoo, Enigma00, Max rspct, Firsfron, Woohookitty, Graham87, Keeves,
Kbdank71, Splash, Netscott, Ageekgal, BytEfLUSh, SmackBot, MisterHand, Theonejanitor, D0NK3Y, Kransky, Ckatz, MrDolomite,
Levineps, Fernandovalentin~enwiki, The Mad Bomber, Cgingold, DanCrowter, Andyroo g, Pwnage8, Dilermando, Mlf107, Goon Noot,
Ost316, David FLXD, Kbdankbot, LaaknorBot, Deamon138, Lightbot, Yobot, Mel 23, Xqbot, AlexanderKaras, ElijahBosley, RjwilmsiBot, Lrlfrance, EmausBot, ClueBot NG, Monkbot and Anonymous: 27
Survivors Staircase Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivors{}_Staircase?oldid=658926684 Contributors: WhisperToMe,
CoolGuy, Patsw, SchuminWeb, Daikiki, SmackBot, Gilliam, Circumspice, TPIRFanSteve, Bwpach, Iuio, Alaibot, Headbomb,
Dawnseeker2000, Bluedustmite, Cgingold, Mattringo, Twinsday, Jeremiestrother, Kbdankbot, Seloloving, AnomieBOT, Spazzingbean,
SluisHeart, Full-date unlinking bot, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, 6ii9, Vcohen, Epicgenius and Anonymous: 15
Tribute in Light Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute_in_Light?oldid=662746268 Contributors: The Cunctator, MartinHarper,
Muriel Gottrop~enwiki, Jwrosenzweig, Savantpol, Fuzheado, Qwirty, Maximus Rex, Jamesday, RadicalBender, Postdlf, HaeB, Dmn, PBP,
HectorRodriguez, Sam Hocevar, TiMike, Rich Farmbrough, Rama, Aude, AJP, Elipongo, SNIyer1, Man vyi, Patsw, Chardish, Graham87,
Search4Lancer, Rjwilmsi, Eoghanacht, Nightscream, Phantom784, Vegaswikian, ElKevbo, SNIyer12, SchuminWeb, NekoDaemon, Srleer, Gareth E Kegg, Tommyt, Sceptre, Bovineone, LaszloWalrus, Elkman, Ericn06, Ageekgal, Flyerhell, Shyam, Staxringold, Nsevs,
Bizkit311J, DVD R W, SmackBot, Bigbluesh, Gilliam, Charlespeifer, Master Jay, Juhlster1021, Jumping cheese, Dogears, Zooobala,
Mlaurenti, Ckatz, Darry2385, Andrew Davidson, CmdrObot, Thijs!bot, Marek69, JustAGal, Gopherbone, David Shankbone, Ekabhishek, Repoed2, The Anomebot2, Cgingold, Know Body~enwiki, Fountains of Bryn Mawr, Johnwxh30, Broadbot, Everything counts,
MCTales, The Devils Advocate, Ageyban, Blood sliver, Tsmith35, RobbieAreBest, Jmj713, Iamwisesun, Icarusgeek, FieldMarine,
Adampuddy123, Uncle Milty, Trulystand700, XLinkBot, MystBot, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Transpoman, Queenmomcat, Morriswa, Bertrc,
Lightbot, Ptbotgourou, GateKeeper, Raphaelgriswold, AnomieBOT, LilHelpa, N419BH, Seric2, Chronus, Archenthusiast, Mvellandi,
Jsillsmas, ScottHW, Cramyourspam, TransBlitzz, RjwilmsiBot, Lightmanvegas, Karthikndr, ClueBot NG, Helpful Pixie Bot, Cold Season, Aranea Mortem, Dtjoyce, Hollywood175, Riverhed, Sjhibdon, Enotronj, Hmanck, SSuper64, DeshaW, The Mol Man, Epicgenius,
Gevanslightman, Liftr486, DLManiac, CookieMonster755, GeorgeBJames and Anonymous: 92
13.2. IMAGES
407
13.2 Images
File:12.6.11TimothyMaudePanelS-74ByLuigiNovi2.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/12.6.
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File:2004-10-29_Bin_Laden_still.jpg Source:
cense: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/59/2004-10-29_Bin_Laden_still.jpg Li-
File:4.28.12Flight11PanelN-74ByLuigiNovi2.jpg
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File:9-11_tribute_in_Melbourne,_Aus.jpg
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File:911_Flipbook_by_Scott_Blake.jpg Source:
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png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.9-11commission.gov/press/911report_cover_HIGHRES.jpg Original artist: Cleanup
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File:A_tour_of_the_Flight_93_National_Memorial_-_13.jpg Source:
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File:Abcnews-wtc7damage.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Abcnews-wtc7damage.jpg License: Fair use
Contributors:
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org/details/abc200109111323-1404) Original artist: ?
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http://upload.
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File:Atta_in_airport.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Atta_in_airport.jpg License: Public domain

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by User:Darwinius) Original artist: security camera
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File:Aviacionavion.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Aviacionavion.png License: Public domain Contributors:
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File:Boeing_767-222,_United_Airlines_AN0188143.jpg Source:
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767-222%2C_United_Airlines_AN0188143.jpg License: GFDL 1.2 Contributors:
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File:Bolin_plaza_9-11_memorial.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Bolin_plaza_9-11_memorial.
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File:Boston_Logan_Gate_C19_with_Flag_and_Jet.jpg Source:
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Logan_Gate_C19_with_Flag_and_Jet.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: I Jeremy Kemp created this work entirely by myself. This
photo is dedicated to Vincent Boland who died in the attack on WTC1 - http://memorial.mmc.com/pgBio.asp?BioID=27&curpage=4#
scribbleboard. His murderers weapon departed from a dierent terminal in the same Airport. Original artist: Jeremy Kemp
File:Building_and_ship_comparison_to_the_Pentagon2.svg
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Public domain Contributors: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:
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File:Bush_Ground_Zero.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Bush_Ground_Zero.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Bush_phone_9-11.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Bush_phone_9-11.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: whitehouse.gov, Pledging support for New York, President George Bush talks with Governor George Pataki and Mayor
Rudolph Giuliani Original artist: White House photo by Eric Draper
File:CNN_Breaking_News_911.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1d/CNN_Breaking_News_911.jpg License:
Fair use Contributors:
September 11th Television Archive (about 1:35 into video) Original artist: ?
File:Chrysler_building-_top.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Chrysler_building-_top.jpg License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Photograph by User:Leena Hietanen (In real life: fi:Leena Hietanen) March 2005. (Uploaded with permission.) Original artist: The original uploader was Petri Krohn at English Wikipedia Later versions were uploaded by Cacophony at
en.wikipedia.
File:Clyde_NC_WTC_monument.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Clyde_NC_WTC_monument.jpg
License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: AbeEzekowitz
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Complete_9-11_Commission_Report.pdf Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Complete_9-11_
Commission_Report.pdf License: Public domain Contributors: http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/index.htm Original artist: 9/11
Commission
File:Cortlandt_St_station_demolished.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7e/Cortlandt_St_station_demolished.
jpg License: Fair use Contributors:
http://www.nycsubway.org/perl/stations?6:1058 Original artist: ?
File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg License:
LGPL Contributors: Sabine MINICONI Original artist: Sabine MINICONI
File:DJIA_during_911.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/DJIA_during_911.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Drilnoth using CommonsHelper. Original artist:
Original uploader was Lalala666 at en.wikipedia
File:DM-SD-02-03886.JPEG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/DM-SD-02-03886.JPEG License: Public
domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: DoD photo by: CPL JASON INGERSOLL, USMC
File:DN-SD-04-12744.JPEG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/DN-SD-04-12744.JPEG License: Public
domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: JO1 MARK D. FARAM, USN
File:DNA_collection_PA_crash_site.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/DNA_collection_PA_crash_
site.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology/National Museum of Health and Medicine Original
artist: James Ross, bioformatics manager, AFDIL, AFIP.
File:Damaged_Pentagon_being_reconstructed.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Damaged_
Pentagon_being_reconstructed.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Dust_covered_911_victims.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Dust_covered_911_victims.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/service/pnp/ppmsca/01800/01813v.jpg Original artist: Don Halasy
13.2. IMAGES
409
File:EPA_WTC_2001-10-10.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/EPA_WTC_2001-10-10.jpg License:

Public domain Contributors: This image is from the FEMA Photo Library. Original artist: Photo by Mike Rieger/ FEMA News Photo
File:EdFreemanMoH.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/EdFreemanMoH.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: www.army.mil Original artist: Army Public Aairs
File:Edit-clear.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The
Tango! Desktop Project. Original artist:
The people from the Tango! project. And according to the meta-data in the le, specically: Andreas Nilsson, and Jakub Steiner (although
minimally).
File:EmptySky1.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/EmptySky1.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: www.schwartzarch.com Original artist: Frederic Schwartz Architects
File:EmptySky2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/EmptySky2.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Schwartzarch.com Original artist: Frederic Schwartz architects
File:Engine_parts_of_flight_175.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Engine_parts_of_flight_175.jpg
License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ctac
File:F-15A_Eagle_of_the_101st_Fighter_Squadron_flying_over_New_York_City_after_September_11,_2001.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/F-15A_Eagle_of_the_101st_Fighter_Squadron_flying_over_New_York_City_
after_September_11%2C_2001.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.af.mil/photos/media_search.asp?q=102nd Original
artist: U.S. Air Force photo by Lt. Col. Bill Ramsay
File:FEMA_-_4042_-_Photograph_by_Michael_Rieger_taken_on_09-21-2001_in_New_York.jpg
Source:
http://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/FEMA_-_4042_-_Photograph_by_Michael_Rieger_taken_on_09-21-2001_in_New_York.
jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This image is from the FEMA Photo Library. Original artist: Michael Rieger
File:FEMA_-_5401_-_Photograph_by_Andrea_Booher_taken_on_09-28-2001_in_New_York.jpg
Source:
http://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/FEMA_-_5401_-_Photograph_by_Andrea_Booher_taken_on_09-28-2001_in_New_York.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: This image is from the FEMA Photo Library. Original artist: Andrea Booher
File:FirstFloor_Pentagon_Bodies.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/FirstFloor_Pentagon_Bodies.
png License: Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: U.S. Government
File:Firstplane.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2a/Firstplane.jpg License: ? Contributors:
The documentary lm 9/11. Original artist: ?
File:Fiterman_hall_damage.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Fiterman_hall_damage.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: FEMA - World Trade Center Building Performance Study, chapter 7 (peripheral buildings). Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Based on: http://www.manuelbelgrano.gov.ar/bandera_colores.htm Original artist: (Vector graphics by Dbenbenn)
File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Austria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work, http://www.bmlv.gv.at/abzeichen/dekorationen.shtml Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.elibrary.az/docs/remz/pdf/remz_bayraq.pdf and http://www.meclis.gov.az/?/az/topcontent/21 Original
artist: SKopp and others
File:Flag_of_Bahrain_1972.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Flag_of_Bahrain_1972.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Image:Flag of Bahrain 1972.png Original artist: Hoshie
File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.dcaa.com.bd/Modules/CountryProfile/BangladeshFlag.aspx Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Belarus_(1995-2012).svg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Belarus_
%281995-2012%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: This le was derived from: Flag of Belarus.svg Original artist:
Flag_of_Belarus.svg: Author: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Bermuda.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Version 1: Made by Caleb Moore from the Open Clip Art website and uploaded by
Nightstallion Version 2: Made by Nameneko from version 1 of Image:Flag of Bermuda.svg and version 2 of Image:Coa Bermuda.svg
by Cronholm144.
File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: The ag of Bulgaria. The colors are specied at http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0034&n=
000005&g= as: Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Chile.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Colombia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: SKopp
410
File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg License: Public domain

Contributors: http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=4317 Original artist: Nightstallion, Elephantus, Neoneo13, Denelson83, Rainman,
R-41, Minestrone, Lupo, Zscout370,
<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:MaGa' title='User:MaGa'>Ma</a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png'
class='image'><img
alt='Croatian
squares
Ljubicic.png'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/15px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png'
width='15'
height='15'
srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/23px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/30px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png
2x' data-le-width='202' data-le-height='202' /></a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MaGa' title='User
talk:MaGa'>Ga</a> (based on Decision of the Parliament)
File:Flag_of_Cuba.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:Madden Original artist: see below
File:Flag_of_Cte_d'Ivoire.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jon Harald Sby
File:Flag_of_Ecuador.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.presidencia.gob.ec/pdf/Simbolos-Patrios.pdf Original artist: President of the Republic of Ecuador, Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: Open Clip Art
File:Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: user:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.ethiopar.net/type/Amharic/hopre/bills/1998/654.ae..pdf Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1996-2009).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%
29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: taken from the le history of Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg Original artist: Drawn by SKopp, simplied
by Fibonacci
File:Flag_of_Europe.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
File based on the specication given at [1]. Original artist: User:Verdy p, User:-x-, User:Paddu, User:Nightstallion, User:Funakoshi,
User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_FR_Yugoslavia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Flag_of_FR_Yugoslavia.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: The original uploader was Milan B. at English
Wikipedia
File:Flag_of_Finland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780380 Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg License: Public domain
File:Flag_of_Greece.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: own code Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk)
File:Flag_of_Greenland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jerey Connell (IceKarma)
File:Flag_of_Guyana.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg License: Public domain
File:Flag_of_Haiti.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Coat of arms from: Coat of arms of Haiti.svg by Lokal_Prol and Myriam Thyes Original artist: (colours and size changes
of the now deletied versions) Madden, Vzb83, Denelson83, Chanheigeorge, Zscout370 and Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Honduras.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/chi/r_flag/index.html Original artist: Tao Ho
File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
Flags of the World Hungary Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_India.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Law: s:id:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 (http://badanbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/
lamanbahasa/sites/default/files/UU_2009_24.pdf) Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe
13.2. IMAGES
411
File:Flag_of_Iran.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg License: Public domain Contributors: URL http://www.isiri.org/portal/files/std/1.htm and an English translation / interpretation at URL http://flagspot.net/flags/ir'.html
Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Iraq_(1991-2004).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991-2004%29.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Ireland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Israel.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%20History/Israel%20at%2050/The%20Flag%20and%20the%20Emblem Original artist: The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of the Flag of the State of Israel of 25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948) provides
the ocial specication for the design of the Israeli ag.
File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Jamaica.svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg License:
Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: The source code of this SVG is <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text'
href='http://validator.w3.org/check?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%2FFlag_of_
Jamaica.svg,,&,,ss=1#source'>valid</a>.
File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Jordan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg License: Public domain
File:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: own code, construction sheet Original artist: -x File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.kenyarchives.go.ke/flag_specifications.htm Original artist: User:Pumbaa80
File:Flag_of_Kuwait.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, construction sheet. Redo by: cs:User:-xfi- Original artist: Made by Andrew Duhan for
the Sodipodi SVG ag collection, and is public domain.
File:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: Traced based on the CIA World Factbook with some modication done to the colours based on information
at Vexilla mundi.
File:Flag_of_Libya_(1977-2011).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Flag_of_Libya_%281977-2011%
29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Lithuania_1989-2004.svg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Flag_of_Lithuania_
%281988-2004%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg License:
domain Contributors: Create based on the Malaysian Government Website (archive version)
Original artist: SKopp, Zscout370 and Ranking Update
Public
File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domain

Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006
File:Flag_of_Moldova.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: vector coat of arms image traced by User:Nameneko from Image:Moldova gerb large.png. Construction sheet can be found
at http://flagspot.net/flags/md.html#const Original artist: Nameneko and others
File:Flag_of_Mongolia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Current version is SVG implementation of the Mongolian ag as described by Mongolian National Standard MNS
6262:2011 (Mongolian State Flag. General requirements [1]
Original artist: User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Nepal.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Constitution of The Kingdom of Nepal, Article 5, Schedule 1 [1] Original artist: Drawn by User:Pumbaa80, User:Achim1999
File:Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg License: Public
File:Flag_of_New_York_City.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: http://www.mch.govt.nz/files/NZ%20Flag%20-%20proportions.JPG Original artist: Zscout370, Hugh Jass
and many others
File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg License: Public domain
File:Flag_of_North_Korea.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Template:
Original artist: Zscout370
412
File:Flag_of_Norway.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg License: Public domain

Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dbenbenn
File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: The drawing and the colors were based from agspot.net. Original artist: User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Paraguay.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg License: CC0 Contributors: This le is from the Open Clip Art Library, which released it explicitly into the public domain (see here). Original artist: Republica
del Paraguay
File:Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: from the xrmap ag collection 2.7 Original artist: Simtropolitan, Jean-Pierre Demailly (old version)
File:Flag_of_Peru.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Peru Original artist: David Benbennick
File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/republica/simbolos/bandeiras/index.html#imgs Original artist: Columbano
Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vtor Lus Rodrigues; Antnio Martins-Tuvlkin (2004; this specic vector set: see sources)
File:Flag_of_Qatar.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi File:Flag_of_Romania.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: AdiJapan
File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg License:
CC0 Contributors: the actual ag Original artist: Unknown
File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Per specications in the Constitution of South Africa, Schedule 1 - National ag Original artist: Flag design by
Frederick Brownell, image by Wikimedia Commons users
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413
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Commonwealth of Virginia
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svg License: Public domain Contributors:
-x-'s le
-x-'s code
Zirlands codes of colors
Original artist:
(of code): SVG version by cs:-x-.
File:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg_(1997-2003).svg Source:
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File:Flight_paths_of_hijacked_planes-September_11_attacks.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/
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13.2. IMAGES
415
File:Lufthansa_-_Airbus_A340_(D-AIFC)_at_Cairo_International_Airport_(April_2009).jpeg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.

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File:Manhattan_1971.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Manhattan_1971.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0
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File:Manhattan_on_September_12_-_Landsat7.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Manhattan_on_
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File:Manhattan_smoke_plume_on_September_11,_2001_from_International_Space_Station_(Expedition_3_crew).jpg Source:
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File:Map_of_New_York_highlighting_New_York_County.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Map_
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, (- / ITAR-TASS)
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Original artist: U.S. Navy Photo by Journalist 1st Class Preston Keres
13.2. IMAGES
421
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Source:
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jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.september11news.com/WTC_1993_ATF.jpg Original artist: Bureau of ATF 1993
Explosives Incident Report
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jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kinu Panda
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commons/8/8b/World_Trade_Center%2C_NY_-_2001-09-11_-_Debris_Impact_Areas.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own
work. Derived from File:911 - FEMA - Areas debris impact (graphic).png by Therese McAllister, Jonathan Barnett, John Gross, Ronald
Hamburger, Jon Magnuson of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) of the United States Department of Homeland
Security. As a work of the United States government, it was released to the public domain. It can be located on page 6 of this FEMA
study. Original artist: cm (talk)
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CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jemock
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License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work based on Image:World Trade Center 9-11 Attacks Illustration with Birds-eye Impact Locations.jpg originally from [1]; compass rose by Brosen; plane from Image:Giant planes comparison.svg by Ctillier; Towers from
Image:World_Trade_Center_Building_Design_with_Floor_and_Elevator_Arrangment.svg by me Original artist: MesserWoland
422
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from [1] Original artist: MesserWoland
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cropped from http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.02121, slide 196 Original artist: Anonymous. Courtesy of the Prints and Photographs
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September 11 attacks

1.1.11 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Timeline of the attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

September 11, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Origins of the 9/11 attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arrival in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2.10 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

September 11, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rest of September 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Monday, October 1, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tuesday, October 2, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wednesday, October 3, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Thursday, October 4, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Friday, October 5, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Saturday, October 6, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sunday, October 7, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Monday, October 8, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Friday, October 12, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.5.10 Monday, October 15, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.5.11 Saturday, October 20, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.5.12 Sunday, October 21, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.5.13 Monday, October 29, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.5.14 Wednesday, October 31, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Beyond October 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

American Airlines Flight 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

United Airlines Flight 175 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nationalities of people on the plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

American Airlines Flight 77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rescue and recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

United Airlines Flight 93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

World Trade Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Original buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

New buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

The Pentagon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Hall of Heroes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Other uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Stonycreek, Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Flight 93 Memorials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Airport security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

Changes in airport security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Conspiracy theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Cover-up allegations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Suggested historical precedents

Media reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

6.2.10 Criticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

6.2.15 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

Advance-knowledge conspiracy theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Using planes as missiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Insider trading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Intelligence warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

al-Qaeda investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

Foreign government foreknowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Possible warnings given to individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172